CERTIFICATE IN ADVANCED ENGLISH

Preparation Course
Students Booklet

Cambridge Institute Plaza de Espaa 6, 28013

917 587 556
arronde@cambridgeinstitute.net 1

Format of the CAE exam

Cambridge English: Advanced (by University o Ca!bri"#e ES$L E%a!inations& is a t'orou#' an" "e!an"in# test o a(( areas o (an#ua#e abi(ity) It *onsists o ive papers) Ea*' *ontributes +,- o t'e tota( !ar.s avai(ab(e/ Reading, Writing, Use of English, Listening, an" Speaking) T HE READING TEST T'e Rea"in# test *onsists o 01 2uestions over our se*tions) T'e Rea"in# paper (asts or 3 'our 34 !inutes) A variety o te%t types are use" in*(u"in# arti*(es ro! ne5spapers6 !a#a7ines6 8ourna(s6 e%tra*ts ro! boo.s ( i*tion an" non9 i*tion&6 pro!otiona( an" in or!ationa( !ateria(s) T'e types o tas.s use" in*(u"e !u(tip(e *'oi*e6 !at*'in# an" a #appe" te%t tas. 5'ere *an"i"ates rea" a te%t ro! 5'i*' si% para#rap's 'ave been re!ove" an" p(a*e" in a 8u!b(e" or"er) TEST FOCUS T'e Rea"in# Test re2uires *an"i"ates to s'o5 t'ey *an un"erstan" an" "ea( *on i"ent(y 5it' "i erent types o En#(is' (an#ua#e te%t)It tests abi(ity to un"erstan" t'e !ain i"eas an" "etai( o 5ritten te%t a(on# 5it' t'e opinion6 tone6 purpose6 attitu"e6 an" te%t or#anisation eatures (su*' as e%e!p(i i*ation6 *o!parison6 re eren*e&) THE :RITING TEST T'e :ritin# test *onsists o t5o tas.s 5'i*' re2uire *an"i"ates to be ab(e to 5rite a variety o "i erent te%t types su*' as essays6 proposa(s6 reports an" revie5s) art ! *onsists o one *o!pu(sory tas.) Can"i"ates 5rite an arti*(e6 a report6 a proposa(6 or a (etter base" on !ateria( o up to 34, 5or"s) In art "6 *an"i"ates !ust *o!p(ete one tas. ro! a *'oi*e o ive) T5o o t'e ive 2uestions are base" on set reading texts) Test focus Can"i"ates !ust s'o5 t'ey *an 5rite non9spe*ia(i7e" types o En#(is' (an#ua#e te%t6 su*' as an arti#le, an essa$, a letter, a proposal or a report% Can"i"ate responses are eva(uate" in re(ation to t'eir *'oi*e an" !ana#e!ent o *ontent an" t'eir *ontro( o or#ani7ation an" *o'esion6 t'e ran#e o stru*tures an" vo*abu(ary use"6 an" t'eir use o re#ister an" or!at) Can"i"ates are re2uire" to s'o5 t'at t'ey *an use 5ritin# to *o!!uni*ate e e*tive(y6 "e!onstratin# abi(ity to a"vise6 persua"e6 *o!pare6 eva(uate6 e%press opinions6 'ypot'esi7e an" 8usti y) Set texts for Cambridge English: Advanced until &e#em'er "(!)* $ne or bot' o t'e o((o5in# te%ts !ay be rea" as preparation or t'e t5o optiona( set te%t tas.s/

:i((ia! Go("in#/ Lord of the Flies (Tea*'ers !ay *'oose to prepare *an"i"ates or 2uestions on t'is set te%t by stu"yin# a i(! version as 5e(( as6 or instea" o 6 t'e nove()& P D ;a!es/ The Lighthouse (T'ere is *urrent(y no i(! version o t'is boo.)&

Candidates should be made aware that they should not attempt the set text question unless they have the necessary vocabulary and understanding of the text to answer the task set. Teachers are best placed to make a judgment as to which if any of the 2

set texts and!or film versions may be appropriate and stimulating for a given teaching situation. T HE USE $F ENGLISH TEST T'e Use o En#(is' test *onsists o 4, 2uestions over ive parts) T'e test uses a variety o tas.s/ !u(tip(e *'oi*e6 #ap9 i((6 5or" or!ation6 .ey 5or" trans or!ation an" #appe" senten*es) TEST FOCUS T'e Use o En#(is' test re2uires *an"i"ates to "e!onstrate t'eir abi(ity to app(y t'eir .no5(e"#e o En#(is' vo*abu(ary an" #ra!!ati*a( stru*tures appropriate to t'e C3 (eve() THE LISTENING TEST T'e Listenin# test *onsists o 0, 2uestions in our se*tions) Types o tas. use" in*(u"e !u(tip(e *'oi*e6 senten*e *o!p(etion an" !u(tip(e !at*'in#) Can"i"ates !ust ans5er 2uestions a ter (istenin# to eit'er s'ort !ono(o#ues or intera*tin# spea.ers) TEST FOCUS Di erent parts o t'e test o*us on "i erent types o (istenin# e%perien*e an" *o!pre'ension) T'e *an"i"ate is re2uire" to be ab(e to o((o5 an" un"erstan" a ran#e o spo.en !ateria(s su*' as/ (e*tures6 spee*'es6 intervie5s6 "is*ussions an" ane*"otes) Can"i"ates !ust "e!onstrate un"erstan"in# o #ist an" "etai(6 ee(in#6 attitu"e6 opinion an" purpose e%presse") A variety o voi*es6 sty(es o "e(ivery an" a**ents are 'ear" in ea*' paper to re (e*t t'e internationa( *onte%ts o t'e test ta.ers) THE SPEA<ING TEST T'e Spea.in# test uses a paire" or!at 5'ere t5o *an"i"ates are assesse" by t5o traine" Ca!bri"#e ES$L e%a!iners) $ne e%a!iner a*ts as an =inter(o*utor> an" *on"u*ts t'e test6 5'i(e t'e se*on" e%a!iner a*ts as an assessor an" "oes not 8oin in t'e *onversation) T'e Spea.in# test re2uires *an"i"ates to *arry out a ran#e o spea.in# tas.s/ Ea*' *an"i"ate 'as a s'ort *onversation 5it' t'e inter(o*utor about t'e!se(ves an" sub8e*ts ro! "ai(y (i e) Ea*' *an"i"ate t'en 'as a 39!inute turn 5'ere t'ey are as.e" to !a.e *o!parisons6 e%press opinions6 "es*ribe an" spe*u(ate about visua( sti!u(i) ?ot' *an"i"ates are as.e" to en#a#e in *onversation to#et'er 5'i(e *o!p(etin# a *o((aborative tas.) T'ey !ust t'en en#a#e 5it' t'e inter(o*utor in a 5i"er "is*ussion about t'e *o!p(ete" tas.)

TEST FOCUS T'e paire" Spea.in# test or!at o ers *an"i"ates t'e opportunity to "e!onstrate t'eir abi(ity to use spo.en (an#ua#e s.i((s e e*tive(y in a ran#e o *onte%ts) ?y usin# a a*e9to9 a*e test 5it' paire" *an"i"ates6 5e re"u*e t'e an%iety e%perien*e" by *an"i"ates6 *reate a !ore aut'enti* e%er*ise in *o!!uni*ation an" t'ereby #et a !ore re(iab(e !easure o t'eir abi(ity to use En#(is') At Leve( C36 *an"i"ates are re2uire" to s'o5 t'eir abi(ity to or#ani7e t'eir t'ou#'ts an" i"eas an" e%press t'e!se(ves *o'erent(y usin# appropriate (an#ua#e) Can"i"ates nee" to s'o5 t'ey *an 3

e%*'an#e in or!ation6 e%press an" 8usti y t'eir opinions6 an" a#ree or "isa#ree 5it' one anot'er) T'ey !ust a(so "e!onstrate t'at t'ey are *apab(e o "is*ussin# topi*s an" *ertain issues in "ept')

A'out the CAE Speaking +est

Summar$ Ti!e a((o5e"/34 !inutes per pair o *an"i"ates Nu!ber o parts/1 @ar.s/+,- o tota( Aou 5i(( 'ave to ta(./ 5it' t'e e%a!iner6 5it' t'e ot'er *an"i"ate6 on your o5n)

AR+ B, AR+

PART 1 !"TER#!E$ %
$hat&s in Part 1' Conversation bet5een t'e *an"i"ates an" t'e inter(o*utor) T'e e%a!iner as.s 2uestions an" you !ay 'ave to #ive in or!ation about your interests6 stu"ies6 *areers6 et*) $hat do ! have to (ractise' Givin# in or!ation about yourse( an" e%pressin# your opinion about various topi*s) )o* long do *e have to s(ea+' 0 !inutes art " -Long turn. $hat&s in Part ,' T'e inter(o*utor #ives you bet5een t5o an" ive p'oto#rap's an" as.s you to ta(. about t'e!) Aou 'ave to spea. or one !inute 5it'out interruption an" t'e inter(o*utor t'en as.s t'e ot'er *an"i"ate to *o!!ent on 5'at you 'ave sai" or about 0, se*on"s) T'e ot'er *an"i"ate re*eives a "i erent set o p'oto#rap's an" you 'ave to (isten an" *o!!ent 5'en t'ey 'ave inis'e" spea.in#) T'e 2uestions you 'ave to ans5er about your p'oto#rap's are 5ritten at t'e top o t'e pa#e to re!in" you 5'at you s'ou(" ta(. about) $hat do ! have to (ractise' Ta(.in# on your o5n about so!et'in#/ *o!parin#6 "es*ribin#6 e%pressin# opinions6 spe*u(atin#) )o* long do *e have to s(ea+' 3 !inute per *an"i"ate6 p(us a 0,9se*on" response ro! t'e se*on" *an"i"ate) Part 0 (Co((aborative tas.& 5

$hat&s in Part -' Conversation 5it' t'e ot'er *an"i"ate) T'e e%a!iner #ives you so!e pi*tures an" a tas. to "o) Aou 'ave to ta(. 5it' t'e ot'er *an"i"ate an" !a.e a "e*ision) T'e 2uestions you 'ave to a""ress about your pi*tures are 5ritten at t'e top o t'e pa#e to re!in" you 5'at you 'ave to "o) $hat do ! have to (ractise' E%*'an#in# i"eas6 e%pressin# an" 8usti yin# opinions6 a#reein# an"Bor "isa#reein#6 su##estin#6 spe*u(atin#6 eva(uatin#6 rea*'in# a "e*ision t'rou#' ne#otiation6 et*) )o* long do *e have to s(ea+' 1 !inutes)

PART . /!SCUSS!O"%
$hat&s in Part .' Furt'er "is*ussion 5it' t'e ot'er *an"i"ate base" on t'e topi*s or issues raise" in t'e tas. in Part 0) T'e inter(o*utor as.s ea*' o you so!e 2uestions an" you "is*uss t'e! 5it' t'e ot'er *an"i"ate) $hat do ! have to (ractise' E%pressin# an" 8usti yin# opinions6 a#reein# an"Bor "isa#reein#) )o* long do *e have to s(ea+' 1 !inutes)

&/s 0 &/1+s A+ CAE

REA&213 D$s S.i! t'rou#' t'e te%t or #enera( un"erstan"in#) Rea" t'e instru*tions very *are u((y 9 t'ey set t'e s*ene an" #ive you initia( orientation Hi#'(i#'t or un"er(ine i!portant 5or"s in t'e 2uestions) De*i"e 5'at type o 2uestion you are ans5erin# an" t'en e!p(oy t'e *orre*t rea"in# s.i((6 espe*ia((y in t'e !u(tip(e9*'oi*e part) Lin. t'e 2uestions to areas or se*tions in t'e te%t be ore rea"in# *(ose(y) Re!e!ber t'at 2uestions *o!e in t'e sa!e or"er as t'e ans5ers in t'e te%t in t'e !u(tip(e9*'oi*e part o t'e paper) E%peri!ent 5it' t'e or"er o t'e parts an" t'e 2uestions 5it'in t'e parts) Co!e ba*. to t'e! (ater i ne*essary) Se(e*t your ans5er base" on !eanin# an" t'en *'e*. t'at it its 5it' t'e (an#ua#e in t'e te%t) Use t'e *o'eren*e an" *o'esion in t'e te%t to 'e(p you 5it' t'is) Use a 5i"e *onte%t in t'e te%t to 'e(p you in" ans5ers) DonCt rea" narro5(y or 8ust a e5 (ines be ore an" a ter t'e point 5'ere you in" your ans5er) Use parap'rase o i"eas rat'er t'an in"ivi"ua( 5or"s in t'e 2uestions to 'e(p you i"enti y t'e ans5er in t'e te%t) C'e*. t'at your se(e*te" ans5er u((y ans5ers t'e 2uestion an" not on(y in part) Ans5er a(( t'e 2uestions 9 no !ar.s are "e"u*te" or in*orre*t ans5ers) De*i"e 5'y t'e t'ree C"istra*torsC in ea*' !u(tip(e9*'oi*e 2uestion are 5ron# an" !a.e sure t'e e%tra para#rap' "oesnCt it) (Part +& Re9rea" t'e 5'o(e te%t 5'en you 'ave p(a*e" a(( t'e para#rap's) (Part +&

D$NCTs

DonCt use your 5or(" .no5(e"#e or persona( opinions to ans5er t'e 2uestions) DonCt se(e*t an ans5er a ter rea"in# on(y one se*tion in t'e !u(tip(e9!at*'in# parts o t'e paper) 7

DonCt spen" too !u*' ti!e on any one part o t'e paper) DonCt or#et to trans er a(( your ans5ers to t'e ans5er s'eet) DonCt be put o by or #et stu*. on "i i*u(t vo*abu(ary 9 it !ay be*o!e *(ear by rea"in# on or by (ater re9rea"in#) DonCt re9rea" every se*tion or every 2uestion) (Part 3 D 1&

WR2+213 D$s Rea" t'e tas. *are u((y an" p(an an ans5er 5'i*' a""resses a(( t'e *ontent points o t'e tas.) Try to "eve(op ea*' point u((y) Re!e!ber t'at6 in or"er to #et a #oo" !ar. at CAE (eve(6 you not on(y nee" to 5rite a**urate(y but a(so to "e!onstrate a #oo" ran#e o vo*abu(ary an" stru*tures) Consi"er 5'o t'e Ctar#et rea"erC is an" t'e #enre (e)#) ne5spaper arti*(e6 or!a( (etter& or ea*' 2uestion an" try to 5rite in an appropriate sty(e an" tone) T'in. *are u((y about 5'et'er t'e tas. re2uires you to persua"e or 8usti y your opinion an" !a.e sure you "o t'is in your ans5er) A((o5 ti!e to *'e*. t'rou#' 5'at you 'ave 5ritten) Rea" t'e openin# para#rap's an" instru*tions in Part 3 very *are u((y to !a.e sure you .no5 5'at your ro(e is an" 5'o you are 5ritin# to) (Part 3& P(an your ans5er) Re!e!ber you "o not ne*essari(y nee" to use a(( t'e input in or!ation) Usua((y part o t'e tas. is to se(e*t t'e appropriate in or!ation) (Part 3& Try to use your o5n 5or"s 5'en usin# in or!ation ro! t'e input) (Part 3& Se(e*t your 2uestion *are u((y) Consi"er t'e vo*abu(ary6 #ra!!ati*a( stru*tures an" re#ister re2uire" by t'e tas.) (Part +& D$NTs DonCt 5rite ans5ers t'at are !u*' (on#er t'an t'e 5or" (i!it as t'is !eans you !ay 'ave in*(u"e" a (ot o irre(evant !ateria() P(an your ans5er *are u((y to avoi" t'is) DonCt use a pen*i() USE /F E13L2S4 D$s ans5er) Rea" t'e te%ts a#ain to *'e*. your ans5ers !a.e sense) Rea" e%tensive(y to bui(" up a 5i"e ran#e o vo*abu(ary in "i erent *onte%ts) C'e*. your spe((in# in a(( parts o t'e test) @a.e sure you trans er your ans5ers to your ans5er s'eet as you inis' ea*' part) Rea" t'e surroun"in# *onte%t be ore #ivin# an ans5er) Rea" t'e instru*tions6 t'e in or!ation about t'e te%ts6 t'e tit(es an" t'e te%ts be ore startin# to

C'e*. t'at t'e ans5er 'as t'e ri#'t !eanin# an" t'at it its in 5it' bot' t'e (o*a( #ra!!ati*a( *onte%t an" 5it' t'e te%t as a 5'o(e) (Parts 36 + an" 0& D$NCTs

DonCt (eave any 2uestions unans5ere") DonCt #ive a(ternative ans5ers or any 2uestions) DonCt 5ait unti( t'e en" to *opy a(( your ans5ers onto your ans5er s'eet) DonCt *opy t'e 5or" onto your ans5er s'eet) $n(y one (etter (A6 ?6 C or D& is ne*essary) L2S+E1213 D$s Listen to6 an" rea"6 t'e instru*tions to un"erstan" 5'at you 'ave to "o) T'in. about t'e topi*6 t'e spea.er(s& an" t'e *onte%t as you rea" t'e 2uestions) Use t'e pause to rea" t'e 2uestions an" try to pre"i*t t'e ans5er) Re!e!ber t'at t'e in or!ationB2uestions on t'e pa#e o((o5(s& t'e or"er o in or!ation in t'e re*or"in#) Use t'e pause bet5een t'e irst an" se*on" (istenin# to *'e*. your ans5ers) Copy your ans5er *are u((y onto t'e ans5er s'eet an" *'e*. t'at you 'ave o((o5e" t'e nu!berin# *orre*t(y) Try to use t'e a*tua( 5or"s you 'ear on t'e tape) (Part +& C'e*. t'at your ans5er !a.es sense in t'e #ap) Loo. at t'e in or!ation bot' be ore an" a ter t'e #ap 5'en *'e*.in# your ans5er) (Part +& C'e*. t'at your ans5er is *orre*t(y spe((e") (Part +& Copy on(y t'e !issin# 5or"s onto t'e ans5er s'eet) (Part +& Rea" t'rou#' bot' tas.s in !u(tip(e !at*'in# in t'e pause be ore you 'ear t'e re*or"in# or t'e irst ti!e) (Part 1& Re!e!ber t'at t'ere are t5o 2uestions or ea*' spea.er) (Part 1& D$NCTs DonCt try to 5rite very (on# ans5ers) DonCt 5orry i you !iss a 2uestion) Continue 5it' t'e ne%t 2uestion t'en (isten a#ain or t'e !issin# in or!ation 5'en you 'ear t'e re*or"in# or t'e se*on" ti!e) DonCt (eave a b(an. spa*e on t'e ans5er s'eet) I youCre not sure6 #uess) DonCt repeat in or!ation 5'i*' is a(rea"y in t'e senten*es) (Part +& 10

DonCt pani*) T'ere is p(enty o ti!e to 5rite your ans5ers as you (isten) (Part +&

S EA5213 D$s S'o5 t'at you *an *o!!uni*ate e e*tive(y) Give u(( an" e%ten"e" responses) Raise t'e (eve( o your (an#ua#e above t'e !un"ane) Listen *are u((y to 5'at t'e e%a!iner 'as as.e" you to "o) Re!e!ber t'e instru*tions an" o*us on t'e tas. set) Spe*u(ate on t'e *ontent o t'e visua( sti!u(i even i you are unsure about 5'at t'ey are i((ustratin#) Invo(ve your partner in t'e *onversation an" *reate opportunities or t'e! to spea.)

D$NCTs DonCt pani* i you *annot re!e!ber6 or "o not .no56 a parti*u(ar 5or") ;ust .eep #oin# an" parap'rase instea") DonCt !ere(y "es*ribe t'e visua(s) DonCt spea. "urin# your partnerCs C(on# turnC) DonCt (et your partner a(5ays Cta.e t'e (ea"C) Aou a(so !ust initiate at ti!es) DonCt 5aste your opportunities to s'o5 t'e e%a!iners 5'at you *an "oE DonCt spea. too 2uiet(y) Re!e!ber t'e e%a!iners nee" to 'ear 5'at you are sayin#) (Part +&

C/66/1 R//FREA&213 S,6B/LS

S$m'ol 6eaning
insert a *o!!a apostrop'e or sin#(e 2uotation !ar. insert so!et'in#

Example

11

use "oub(e 2uotation !ar.s use a perio" 'ere "e(ete transpose e(e!ents *(ose up t'is spa*e a spa*e nee"e" 'ere be#in ne5 para#rap' no para#rap'

C/66/1 R//FREA&213 ABBRE72A+2/1S

A''re8iation
A' Agr
See also 9A and S97

6eaning

Example

a au(ty abbreviation S'e 'a" earne" a P'" a(on# 5it' 'er @)D) a#ree!ent prob(e!/ T'e piano as 5e(( as t'e #uitar nee" tunin#) sub8e*tBverb or T'e stu"ent (ost t'eir boo.) pronounBante*e"ent a5.5ar" e%pression T'e stor! 'a" t'e e e*t o *ausin# !i((ions o "o((ars in "a!a#e) or *onstru*tion au(ty *apita(i7ation *o!!a sp(i*e au(ty "i*tion "an#(in# *onstru*tion prob(e! 5it' ina( 0ed ra#!ent
:e spent t'e Fa(( in Sout'ern spain) Raou( trie" 'is best6 t'is ti!e t'at 5asnCt #oo" enou#' Due to t'e a*t t'at 5e 5ere 5on"erin# as to 5'et'er it 5ou(" rain6 5e staye" 'o!e) :or.in# 'ar"er t'an ever6 t'is 8ob prove" to be too !u*' or 'i! to 'an"(e) Last su!!er 'e 5a(. a(( t'e 5ay to ?ir!in#'a!) Depen"in# on t'e a!ount o sno5 5e #et t'is 5inter an" 5'et'er t'e to5ns buy ne5 tru*.s)

A:k Cap CS &2C+ &gl ; ed Frag

12

<< 9A ron Rep R;/ Sp ;s S+E+ S97 + Wd$ WW

prob(e! in para((e( or!

@y in*o!e is bi##er t'an !y 5i e)

pronounBante*e"ent A stu"ent in a**ountin# 5ou(" be 5ise to see t'eir a"visor t'is !ont') a#ree!ent prob(e! 5it' pronoun unne*essary repetition run9on senten*e spe((in# error
@y aunt an" !y !ot'er 'ave 5re*.e" 'er *ar T'e *o!!ittee 'as (ost t'eir *'an*e to *'an#e t'in#s) AouC(( 'ave to "o t'is on oneCs o5n ti!e) T'e *ar 5as b(ue in *o(or) Raou( trie" 'is best t'is ti!e t'at 5asnCt #oo" enou#') T'is senten*e is (au"e 5it' t5o !ispe((in#s)

prob(e! 5it' ina( 0s He 5on"er 5'at t'ese tea*'er t'in. o 'i!) Let it stan" sub8e*tBverb a#ree!ent verb tense prob(e! 5or"y 5ron# 5or"
T'e proo rea"er uses t'is Latin ter! to in"i*ate t'at proo rea"in# !ar.s *a((in# or a *'an#e s'ou(" be i#nore" an" t'e te%t as ori#ina((y 5ritten s'ou(" be F(et stan")F T'e prob(e! 5it' t'ese *ities are (ea"ers'ip) He *o!es into t'e roo!6 an" 'e pu((e" 'is #un) Se("o! 'ave 5e peruse" a "o*u!ent so verbose6 so ostentatious in p'rasin#6 so bur"ene" 5it' too !any 5or"s) :'at a e*t "i" t'e !ovie 'ave on S'ei(aG S'e trie" to 'ar" to ana(y7e its *on*(usion)

C/4ERE1CE* +RA1S2+2/1 W/R&S

?e(o5 is a (ist o *o!!on(y use" transition e%pressions6 "ivi"e" rou#'(y a**or"in# to !eanin#) Addition* @oreover6 urt'er!ore6 in a""ition6 a(so6 in*i"enta((y6 by t'e 5ay6 urt'er6 too6 a#ain6 !ore i!portant6 ne%t6 irst6 se*on"6 et*)6 irst(y6 se*on"(y6 et*)6 in t'e irst p(a*e6 in t'e se*on" p(a*e6 et*)6 (ast6 (ast(y6 ina((y6 eit'er6 as 5e(() Contrast* Ho5ever6 yet6 in *ontrast6 on t'e ot'er 'an"6 in any *ase6 on t'e *ontrary6 sti((6 ot'er5ise6 a*tua((y6 a(( t'e sa!e6 at any rate6 at t'e sa!e ti!e6 nevert'e(ess6 not5it'stan"in#6 instea"6 in spite o t'is6 any5ay6 by *ontrast6 in rea(ity6 5'ereas) Comparison/ Li.e5ise6 si!i(ar(y6 in t'e sa!e 5ay6 5'ereas6 in (i.e !anner) Cause, result, purpose* 13

T'ere ore6 t'us6 'en*e6 *onse2uent(y6 a ter a((6 to be sure6 or t'is reason6 a**or"in#(y6 t'en6 .no5in# t'is6 natura((y6 o *ourse6 5it' t'is ob8e*t6 5it' t'is en"6 to t'is en"6 be*ause o t'is6 5it' t'is in !in"6 in !any *ases6 by t'is !eans6 in t'is 5ay6 as) Example, restatement* For e%a!p(e6 or instan*e6 !ore spe*i i*a((y6 in parti*u(ar6 in"ee"6 na!e(y6 spe*i i*a((y6 to i((ustrate6 in ot'er 5or"s6 in a*t6 t'at is6 in brie 6 in s'ort6 to su!!ari7e6 in *on*(usion) +ime/ a ter5ar"s6 (ater on6 soon6 !ean5'i(e6 in t'e !eanti!e6 ne%t6 i!!e"iate(y6 t'en6 (ater6 at (en#t'6 eventua((y6 at t'e sa!e ti!e6 in t'e sa!e instant6 to"ay6 no5a"ays6 in t'e be#innin#6 to be#in6 in ti!e6 in uture6 ina((y6 initia((y6 subse2uent(y6 si!u(taneous(y) la#e* Here6 t'ere6 nearby6 beyon"6 urt'er on6 opposite6 on t'e opposite si"e6 on t'e ri#'t6 on t'e (e t6 be'in"6 in ba*.) Con#ession* A(t'ou#' it is true t'at6 #rante" t'at6 I a"!it t'at6 it !ay appear t'at6 natura((y6 o *ourse) Summar$, Repetition, or Con#lusion* as a resu(t6 as 'as been note"6 as I 'ave sai"6 as 5e 'ave seen6 as !entione" ear(ier6 in any event6 in *on*(usion6 to *on*(u"e6 in brie 6 ina((y6 in ot'er 5or"s6 in s'ort6 in a 5or"6 on t'e 5'o(e6 t'ere ore6 in su!!ary6 to su!!ari7e6 to su! up6 in a nuts'e((6 a(( in a(() Chronologi#al/ Present(y6 t'e ne%t "ay6 be ore6 "urin#6 at (en#t'6 soon6 a ter5ar"6 a ter6 5'en6 a ter5ar"6 by t'at ti!e6 sin*e6 5'i(e6 !ean5'i(e6 at t'at !o!ent6 ne%t6 ro! t'en on6 irst6 5it'in an 'our6 soon6 at (ast (ater6 ear(ier6 se*on"6 t'en) Spatial/ A (itt(e art'er on6 ne%t to A6 in t'e ne%t roo!6 at t'e *enter o t'e tab(e6 at t'at a(titu"e6 a*ross t'e 5ay6 bet5een t'ose *ities6 about a *enti!eter6 to t'e ri#'t6 beyon" t'is area6 8ust to t'e (e t) When :hat $ou ha8e presented leads up to, or supports, or makes a #ase for :hat $ou are a'out to sa$* T'ere ore6 T'us6 Hen*e6 Conse2uent(y6 :e *an see ro! t'e previous t'at6 ?e*ause o t'e previous Hsenten*e6 para#rap'6 (ine o reasonin#6 t'ree points )))I 5e *an see t'at Hor6 it is rationa( to be(ieve t'at6 or it is reasonab(e to 'o(" t'atI))) In (i#'t o t'is 5e *an see t'at When $ou ha8e gi8en $our #on#lusion first and :ant to then gi8e $our e8iden#e, support, =ustifi#ation for it* T'e evi"en*e or ))) is6 T'e reason(s& or ))) is (are&6 $ne *an see t'is be*ause6 T'is *an be seen be*ause6 T'is is supporte" by) When $ou are going to >#ontradi#t> :hat has 'een said 'efore ?or #ontradi#t :hat $ou are a'out to sa$@* Ho5ever6 ?ut6 Nevert'e(ess6 In spite o t'is Hor6 in spite o t'e a*t t'at )))6I Despite Ht'e a*t t'at )))6 I Un ortunate(y t'at "oes not)))) Para"o%i*a((y6 Contra"i*tin# t'at is6 :'i(e it !ay see! t'at)))) $n t'e ot'er 'an"6 T'e apparent i!p(i*ation is t'at ))) 6 butJ :'i(e it !ay be t'at)))6 J T'e previous "oes not i!p(yB"e!onstrateBs'o5J :e *annot reasonab(y "e"u*eBin erBassu!e ro! t'is t'at))) J A(t'ou#' %6 y )))) J :'i(e it is t'e *ase t'at)))6 sti(()))) :'i(e it is t'e *ase t'at)))6 it is not t'e *ase t'at (or it is not true t'at6 or it is not to be in erre" t'at6 or it "oes not i!p(y t'at))))& 14

+o link together similar things -:hether ideas or reasons.* Aou *an 8ust nu!ber t'e!J T'e o((o5in# n t'in#s/ Han" t'en nu!ber t'e!6 or not nu!ber t'e! 99 5'i*'ever see!s !ore appropriateIJ Si!i(ar(y6 In t'e sa!e vein6 A(on# 5it'6 A**o!panyin# t'at6 A(so6 An"6 A""itiona((y6 In a""ition6 T'en too6 ?esi"es6 @oreover6 Furt'er6 Furt'er!ore) +o sa$ that something is true in >'oth dire#tions> Converse(y6 T'e *onverse is a(so true6 An" vi*e versa +o sa$ it is true in onl$ one dire#tion* T'e *onverse is not true6 T'is on(y #oes in one "ire*tion6 T'is is on(y true in t'is "ire*tion) +o explain something further* For e%a!p(e6 E%a!p(es o t'is are6 To *(ari y ))) To say t'is in anot'er 5ay6 In (ine 5it' t'at))) To *'an#e topi*s/ @ovin# on to a "i erent point6 *onsi"erin# so!et'in# tota((y "i erent no56 (et !e "i#ress or a !o!ent6 returnin# ro! t'e "i#ression6 returnin# to t'e above point about6 re(ate" to)

15

Reports
Useful Language To begin reports"

The (ur(ose1aim1intention of this re(ort is to e2amine1assess1 evaluate the suitabilit3 of444 for 4441the advisabilit3 of 5 ing%1the (erformance of4444 As re6uested7 this is a re(ort concerning1regarding the matter1sub8ect of This re(ort contains the assessment of444 *hich 3ou re6uested1as+ed for7 This re(ort outlines the advantages and disadvantages of444 To conclude1To sum u(1!n conclusion4447 On the basis of the (oints mentioned above1On the *hole7 it *ould seem that The onl31obvious conclusion to be dra*n from these facts is that444

To end reports #ummari$ing"

%ecommending" !t is therefore% felt1believed1a((arent1obvious that%444 *ould be ideal for !t *ould not% be advisable1advantageous1(ractical1*ise to ! strongl3% recommend1*ould suggest that% 931Our recommendation is that444 should be4444 ! recommend that the best course of action *ould be 444

A successful re(ort should consist of: a) an introductory paragraph *hich clearl3 states the (ur(ose and content of the re(ort:

b) a main body in *hich the relevant information is (resented in detail under suitable
subheadings: and c)
a conclusion which summarizes the information given, and may include an opinion and/or suggestion/recommendation

16

roposals
A proposa( is a or!a(6 in or!ative pie*e o 5ritin# 5'i*' out(ines p(ans an"Bor su##estions or a uture *ourse o a*tion6 an" is sub!itte" or approva( by a ban. !ana#er6 superiors at 5or.6 a business *usto!er6 re(evant aut'orities6 et*)

A #oo" proposa( report s'ou(" *onsist o / a& an introdu#tion in 5'i*' you state t'e purpose an" *ontent o your reportJ b a main 'od$ in which each aspect should be presented under separate subheadings; and
c) a conclusion in which you summarize all points mentioned above and, if necessary, express your own opinion.

Useful Language +o 'egin a proposal*

T'e purposeBai!Bintention o

this report is to outline/present/discuss the future plans/the intended course of action...

This report is submitted in support of our request for approval of.../ for permission to /for a loan to allow us to ... This report contains the relevant) information/details of/concerning ... which you requested/as!ed for This report contains details of/outlines our plans/intentions concerning ...

+o end a proposal*

To *on*(u"eBTo su! upBIn *on*(usion6 our intention is to ))) T'e a"vanta#e(s& o t'e approa*' propose" 5ou(" be t'at))) I ee( *ertainBbe(ieve t'at t'e *ourse o a*tion propose" above 5i(( a*'ieve )))B!eet 5it' su**essBans5er t'e nee"s o t'e *o!pany) I 'opeBtrust t'at t'e p(anBs*'e!e out(ine"Bpresente" in t'is report !eets 5it' your approva(B5i(( re*eive your serious *onsi"eration)

17

La$out of Reports and roposals

+o* %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% From* %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Su'=e#t* %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &ate% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 State t'e purpose an" *ontent o your proposa( or report 6ain 'od$ Para#rap's +9091 (4&K Present ea*' aspe*t un"er separate sub'ea"in#s Re#ommendations (onl$ for Reports% roposals donAt take a separate su'heading for re#ommendations 'e#ause the roposal as su#h is a re#ommendation. Para#rap' 4 Provi"e so!e i"eas an" t'in#s t'at *an be "one to i!prove or *arry out 5'at you 'ave previous(y ta(.e" about) Con#lusions Fina( Para#rap' Genera( assess!entB*on*(usionBopinion K T'e e%a*t nu!ber an" "ivision o para#rap's 5i(( "epen" on t'e spe*i i* instru*tions or ea*' report tas.

18

Arti#les
An arti*(e6 in #enera(6 is a pie*e o 5ritin# or pub(i*ation in a !a#a7ine6 ne5spaper6 bro*'ure6 (ea (et6 et*) It !ay be or!a( or in or!a( in sty(e6 "epen"in# on its inten"e" rea"ers'ip) Hs purpose !ay be to provi"e in or!ation6 "es*ribe a p(a*eBeventBe%perien*e6 et*6 present an opinion or ba(an*e" ar#u!ent6 o er a"vi*eBsu##estions6 et*) T'ere aBe *ertain spe*ia(i7e" types o arti*(es6 'o5ever) T'ese in*(u"e/ 3& ne5s reports6 5'i*' are brie 6 a*tua( pie*es o 5ritin# 5ritten or pub(i*ation in ne5spapers6 "es*ribin# i!portant *urrent events in a or!a(6 i!persona( sty(eJ +& revie5s6 5'i*' are spe*ia(i7e" arti*(es 5ritten to "es*ribe6 "is*uss an"Bor eva(uate a i(!6 boo.6 t'eatri*a( per or!an*e) TV series6 et*) Su*' pie*es are usua((y pub(is'e" in a !a#a7ine or ne5spaper) A su**ess u( arti*(e s'ou(" *onsist o / an eye9*at*'in# tit(e or 'ea"(ine 5'i*' su##ests t'e topi* o t'e arti*(e t'at o((o5sJ an intro"u*tion 5'i*' *(ear(y out(ines t'e topi*(s& to be *overe"J a !ain bo"y o severa( para#rap's in 5'i*' t'e sub8e*t is "eve(ope" in "etai( a *on*(usion 5'i*' su!!ari7es t'e topi* an"Bor o ers an opinion6 *o!!ents6 re*o!!en"ations6 et*)

Useful #lues to :rite an arti#le ?e ore you start 5ritin#6 it is i!portant to "e*i"e/

5'ere t'e arti*(e is inten"e" to appear (e)#) !a#a7ine6 (ea (et6 et*& 5'o t'e inten"e" rea"ers are (e)#) t'e #enera( pub(i*6 e((o5 stu"ents6 et*& 5'at t'e purpose o 5ritin# is (e)#) "es*ribe6 in or!6 a"vise6 et*&

T'ese above!entione" t'ree a*tors 5i(( "eter!ine t'e sty(e6 (an#ua#e an" arran#e!ent o your arti*(e T'e sty(e o t'e arti*(e !ay be or!a( or se!i9 or!a(6 "epen"in# on t'e inten"e" rea"ers'ipJ 'o5ever6 in a(( arti*(esBne5s reportsBrevie5s you s'ou(" avoi" e%tre!e(y vivi" "es*ription6 over9 e!otiona( or over9persona( 5ritin#6 an" si!p(isti* vo*abu(ary) Use suitab(e "es*riptive6 narrative or ar#u!entative te*'ni2ues6 an" e%pressions 5'i*' are *onsistent 5it' t'e purpose o t'e arti*(e) Appropriate use o (in.in# 5or"sBe%pressions an" a 5i"e ran#e o vo*abu(ary 5i(( !a.e your 5ritin# !ore interestin#) Se(e*t an" or#ani7e t'e i"eas an" in or!ation you 5i(( present in ea*' para#rap' *are u((y6 an" 19

be#in ea*' para#rap' 5it' a *(ear topi* senten*e) oints to #onsider 3) +) 0) An arti*(e usua((y 'as a brie tit(e/ t'is s'ou(" attra#t the readers attention an" in"i*ate 5'at t'e arti*(e is about) Arti*(es !ay a(so 'ave sub'ea"in#s be ore ea*' para#rap' Depen"in# on t'e topi* o t'e arti*(e an" t'e type o pub(i*ation an" its rea"ers'ip6 you !ay nee" to use or!a(6 i!persona( (an#ua#e6 or in or!a( (an#ua#e) Arti*(es !ay be 5ritten or a 5i"e variety o purposes an" *an be "es*riptive6 narrative6 "is*ursive6 et*) T'e te*'ni2ues6 sty(e an" e%pressions use" s'ou(" be appropriate to ea*' .in" o 5ritin#) 1) Arti*(es or (ea (ets an" bro*'ures are usua((y in or!ative an"Bor "es*riptive6 an" are 5ritten or a"vertisin# purposes6 or to provi"e rea"ers 5it' in or!ation6 a"vi*e or su##estions) T'ey s'ou(" be *(ear6 avoi"in# e%tre!e(y vivi" "es*ription an" over9e!otiona(6 over9persona( or si!p(isti* (an#ua#e 4) Se(e*t an" or#ani7e t'e i"eas an" in or!ation you 5i(( present in ea*' para#rap' *are u((y) ?e#in ea*' para#rap' 5it' a *(ear topi* senten*e)

Arti#le Writing Format

+itle94eadline 2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 State t'e topi* o t'e arti*(e

6ain Bod$ Para#rap's +909194K Deve(op!ent o t'e topi* 9 ea*' ne5 aspe*t s'ou(" be presente" in a separate para#rap' 5it' a *(ear topi* senten*e

Con#lusion Fina( Para#rap' Su!!ary o t'e topi* an"Bor opinionB*o!!entsB re*o!!en"ations&

The e2act number of (aragra(hs *ill de(end on the s(ecific re6uirements of each *riting tas+4

20

Re8ie:s
A revie5 is a spe*ia( type o arti*(e 5ritten or pub(i*ation in a !a#a7ine6 ne5spaper6 et*)6 #ivin# a brie "es*ription or eva(uation o a i(!6 boo.6 p(ay6 tvBra"io pro#ra!) It !ay be or!a( or se!i9 or!a( in sty(e6 "epen"in# on its inten"e" rea"ers'ip6 an" is usua((y 5ritten usin# present tenses) A su**ess u( revie5 s'ou(" *onsist o / an intro"u*tion 5'i*' !entions t'e tit(e6 type o boo.Bp(ayB i(! et* t'e settin# (5'enB5'ere&6 t'e t'e!e6 t'e !ain *'ara*ters) a !ain bo"y o t5o !ore para#rap's *ontainin# t'e !ain pints o t'e p(ot (5it'out revea(in# t'e en"in#&6 an" eva(uatin# su*' eatures as t'e a*tin#6 5ritin# sty(e6 "ire*tion6 *'ara*ters6 et*) a *on*(usion 5'i*' in*(u"es an overa(( assess!ent o t'e 5or. an"Bor a re*o!!en"ation6 usua((y 5it' 8usti i*ation) Aou !ay a(so be as.e" to #ive reasons 5'y so!eone s'ou(" see t'e i(!Bp(ay or rea" t'e boo.6 'o5 it 'as in (uen*e" you) Note t'at t'e nu!ber an" (en#t' o para#rap's varies "epen"in# on t'e topi*)

Useful Language To begin reviews" T'is 5e((95rittenBin or!ativeB as*inatin#Bt'ou#'t9provo.in# boo. isL T'e i((Bboo.Bp(ay is set inLBte((s t'e story o LBis base" onL T'e i(!Bp(ay starsLBis "ire*te" byLBis t'e se2ue( toL

To explain the plot" T'e p(ot revo(ves aroun" )))Binvo(ves )))B o*uses on )))B'as an une%pe*te" t5ist) T'e story be#ins 5it' )))Bun o("sBrea*'es a "ra!ati* *(i!a% 5'enL)

&valuating various features" T'e p(ayB i(!Bseries 'as a stron#Bstar9stu""e"B!e"io*re *ast) T'e a*tin# is !ovin#Bpo5er u(Be%*e((entB5ea.B"isappointin#Bun*onvin*in#) T'e p(ot is #rippin2B"ra!ati*B as*inatin2Bsuspense9 i((e"B ast9!ovin2) 21

T'e p(ot is ar9 et*'e"Bpre"i*tab(eB*on usin#B"u((Buni!a#inative) T'e s*riptB"ia(o#ue is tou*'in#B5ittyB'i(ariousBborin#B!un"ane) It is beauti u((yBbri((iant(yBsensitive(y 5rittenB"ire*te")

+o end re8ie:s* Aou s'ou(" "e inite(y seeBrea"LBDonMt !iss itB Aou !i#'t en8oyL A(( in a((6 it is 5e(( 5ort' seein# B rea"in#6 sin*eL $n t'e 5'o(e6 I 5ou("nMt re*o!!en" it6 in vie5 o t'e a*t t'atL It is a *(assi* o its .in"Bit is sure to be a 'itBbest9se((er

Re8ie: Writing Format

+itle94eadline 2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 ?a*.#roun"/ type o story6 settin#6 t'e!e6 !ain *'ara*ters)

6ain Bod$ Para#rap' + @ain points o t'e p(ot Para#rap' 0 Co!!ents on various eatures e)#) a*tin#6 p(ot6 *'ara*ters6 et*) Para#rap's 194K E%p(anation6 reasonBe%a!p(e Con#lusion Fina( Para#rap' $vera(( assess!ent o 5or.Bre*o!!en"ation

; The e2act number and division of (aragra(hs *ill de(end on the s(ecific re6uirements of each *riting tas+4

22

23

Letter of appli#ation
A or!a( (etter o app(i*ation is 5ritten 5'en app(yin# or a 8ob or a p(a*e on an e"u*ationa( *ourse) A 8ob app(i*ation usua((y in*(u"es e"u*ationa(Bpro essiona( 2ua(i i*ations6 "etai(s o previous e%perien*e as 5e(( as t'e app(i*antCs 2ua(ities an" s.i((s) Previous e%perien*e s'ou(" be presente" in a *(ear or"er usin# (in.in# 5or"s su*' as/ *urrent(y6 be ore t'is6 subse2uent(y6 prior to t'is6 o((o5in#6 5'ereupon6 et*) Useful Language* Appl$ing for Bo's

To begin letters:

I a! 5ritin# to app(y or t'e postBposition o ))) a"vertise" in yester"ayCs ))) I a! 5ritin# in *onne*tion 5it'B5it' re#ar" to t'e va*an*y in your Sa(es Depart!ent6 as a"vertise" in T'e Ti!es onBo 31t' $*tober)

E2(erience1<ualifications:

I a! *urrent(yBAt present I a! e!p(oye"B5or.in# as))) I 5as e!p(oye" as (position& by (*o!pany& ro! ("ate& to ("ate&L) Durin# t'is ti!e6 I 'e(" t'e position o )))B5as responsib(e or )))B!y "uties in*(u"e"))) I 'ave re*eive" trainin# in )))B*o!p(ete" an apprenti*es'ip6 et*))) @y 2ua(i i*ations in*(u"e )))BI a! present(y stu"yin#Batten"in# a *ourseL I a! "ue to ta.e !y ina( e%a!inations in ;une))) I 'aveB'o("Bobtaine"B5as a5ar"e" a "e#reeB"ip(o!aB*erti i*ate in))) I 'ave su**ess u((yBre*ent(y *o!p(ete" a *ourse in (sub8e*t& at (p(a*e&)

To end letters*

I en*(oseBP(ease in" en*(ose" !y CVBre eren*es ro!L I 5ou(" appre*iate a rep(y at your ear(iest *onvenien*eBas soon as possib(e) I 5ou(" be avai(ab(e or an intervie5 at any (i!eBunti( t'e en" o ;uneBet*) I 5ou(" be p(ease" B 'appy to supp(y you 5it' any urt'er in or!ationB"etai(sL P(ease *onta*t !e s'ou(" you 'ave any urt'er 2uestionsB2ueries)

Letter of appli#ation Writing Format

2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 State reason(s& or 5ritin#

6ain Bod$ Para#rap's +909194K E"u*ation D 2ua(i i*ations6 previous e%perien*e6 persona( 2ua(ities6 suitabi(ity

Con#lusions Fina( Para#rap' C(osin# re!ar.s Fu(( na!e K T'e e%a*t nu!ber an" "ivision o para#rap's an" t'e or"er o presentin# in or!ation 5i(( "epen" on t'e spe*i i* instru*tions or ea*' (etter95ritin# tas.)

25

Letter of #omplaint
A or!a( (etter o *o!p(aint is 5ritten to *o!p(ain about a prob(e! 5'i*' 'as arisen (e)#) au(ty !er*'an"ise6 ru"e sta 6 ina**urate in or!ation6 et*&) It s'ou(" e%p(ain t'e reasons or t'e *o!p(aint6 an" usua((y in*(u"es a su##estionBre2uestB "e!an" *on*ernin# 5'at s'ou(" be "one (e)#) re un"6 *o!pensation6 et*&) @i(" or stron# (an#ua#e *an be use" "epen"in# on t'e 5riterCs ee(in#s an" t'e seriousness o t'e *o!p(aint6 but abusive (an#ua#e !ust never be use")

@i(" Co!p(aint/

I a! 5ritin# to *o!p(ain about a a*tua( error in yester"ayCs ne5spaper) I 'ope t'at you 5i(( #ive t'is !atter your pro!pt attention)

Stron# Co!p(aint/

B a! 5ritin# to e%press !y stron# "isapprova( *on*ernin# t'e o ensive be'avior o an e!p(oyee at your *o!panyCs :in*'ester Roa" bran*') I "e!an" a u((6 5ritten apo(o#y or I 5i(( be or*e" to ta.e (e#a( a*tion) T'e nature o t'e *o!p(aint s'ou(" be *(ear(y state" in t'e irst para#rap') Ea*' aspe*t o t'e topi* s'ou(" be presente" in a separate para#rap' *ontainin# a *(ear topi* senten*e) Ea#h #omplaint should 'e supported '$ dear =ustifi#ation% Useful Language

To begin letters

@i(" *o!p(aint/ I a! 5ritin# to *o!p(ain aboutB "ra5 your attention to (t'e prob(e! o &))) e%press !y "isappoint!entB"issatis a*tion 5it' ))) Stron# *o!p(aint/

I a! 5ritin# to e%press !y annoyan*eBe%tre!e "issatis a*tion 5it' Ban#er at Bprotest about I re#ret toB ee( I !ust in or! you 'o5 appa((e"Bs'o*.e" I 5as )))

To end letters: @i(" *o!p(aint I 'opeBtrust t'is !atter 5i(( be "ea(t 5it'Breso(ve" as soon as possib(e6 re*eive your i!!e"iate attention6 not be treate" (i#'t(y) I ee( t'at you s'ou(" )))BI a! entit(e" to *o!pensationBa re un"Ba rep(a*e!ent) Stron# *o!p(aint

26

I (!ust& insist on )))Binsist (t'at&B"e!an" )))B5arn you t'at))) Un(ess t'is !atter is reso(ve" )))BUn(ess satis a*tory *o!pensation is o ere" ))) I 5i(( 'ave no *'oi*e but toBI 5i(( be or*e" to ta.e urt'erB(e#a( a*tion)

Letter of complaint Writing Format

2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 State reason(s& or 5ritin#

6ain Bod$ Para#rap's +90K State *o!p(aint(s& 5it' 8usti i*ation)

Para#rap's 194K Su##est 5'at s'ou(" be "one

Con#lusions Fina( Para#rap' C(osin# re!ar.s

Fu(( na!e

" The exact number and division of paragraphs and the order of presenting information will depend on the specific instructions for each letter#writing tas!.

27

2nformation Sheets
In or!ation s'eets an" *ontributions to a (on#er pie*e bot' re2uire you to #ive an a!ount o a*tua( in or!ation6 to#et'er 5it' your opinion an" so!e a"vi*e) In an in or!ation s'eet you 'ave to #ive peop(e instru*tions an"Bor a"vi*e) Aou !ust 5rite *(ear a*tua( in or!ation an"Bor a"vi*e an" or#ani7e it *(ear(y)

Useful #lues to :rite a #ompetition entr$

?e ore you start 5ritin#6 it is i!portant to/ "e*i"e 5'ere t'e arti*(e is inten"e" to appear 5'o t'e rea"ers 5i(( be (e)#) t'e #enera( pub(i*6 stu"ents6 et*& 5'at t'e purpose o t'is pie*e o 5ritin# is (e)#) "es*ribe6 in or!6 a"vise6 et*&

oints to #onsider 3) @a.e sure you "ea( 5it' a(( aspe*ts o t'e tas.) +) Depen"in# on t'e rea"ers an" t'e purpose "eter!ine t'e sty(e you 5i(( use) 0) Consi"er in*(u"in# a s'ort rien"(y intro"u*tion "epen"in# on t'e purpose o your in or!ation s'eet) 1) Use a *(ear un*o!p(i*ate" or#ani7ation) 4) Don>t or#et you s'ou(" in*(u"e a*tua( in or!ation an" a"vi*e) N) Verb or!s in t'e a*tua( in or!ation se*tion are usua((y in Present Si!p(e an" Present Continuous) O) Verb or!s in t'e a"vi*e se*tion are usua((y in t'e i!perative or!)

28

29

Contri'ution to a Longer ie#e

In or!ation s'eets an" *ontributions to a (on#er pie*e bot' i!p(y #ivin# an a!ount o in or!ation6 apart ro! your opinion an" so!e a"vi*e) :'en you 5rite a *ontribution to a (on#er pie*e you are 5ritin# part o so!et'in# su*' as a bro*'ure6 a #ui"eboo. or a pie*e o resear*') (It is assu!e" t'at ot'er peop(e 5i(( be 5ritin# ot'er parts)& Aou 5i(( 'ave to supp(y in or!ation an" opinions) T'e sty(e you *'oose 5i(( "epen" on t'e purpose o t'e (on#er pie*e an" 5'o its rea"ers are) a*tua(

Useful #lues to :rite a #ontri'ution to a longer pie#e

?e ore you start 5ritin#6 it is i!portant to/ T'in. 5'at e e*t you 5ant to 'ave on your rea"ers ("o you 5ant to en*oura#e or "is*oura#e t'e!& C'oose a sty(e "epen"in# on t'e purpose o t'e pie*e an" 5'o your rea"ers are) De*i"e 5'at 5ou(" be a suitab(e or!at or t'e pie*e an" se*tions i appropriate6 e)#) or a #ui"eboo. or bro*'ure)

oints to #onsider 3) @a.e sure you "ea( 5it' a(( aspe*ts o t'e tas.) +) In*(u"e as !u*' in or!ation as possib(e) 0) A""ress t'e rea"er to persona(i7e your 5ritin#) 1) Vary t'e vo*abu(ary you use) 4) Use varie" a"8e*tives to en*oura#e t'e rea"er) N) :'en appropriate 5rite in se*tions 5it' 'ea"in#s O) Use *o((o*ations you .no5 5'i*' are spe*i i* to t'e topi*6 9 t'ey>(( pro"u*e a positive e e*t on t'e rea"er)

30

31

Competition Entr$
A *o!petition entry is #enera((y 5ritten or a 8u"#e or a pane( o 8u"#es 5'o 5i(( e%pe*t you to no!inate so!eone or propose yourse( or se(e*tion or so!et'in# (e)#) a #rant to stu"y&) So t'e sty(e is a(5ays or!a() Aou s'ou(" support your no!ination by e%p(ainin# your reasons or #ivin# a "es*ription) Try to persua"e t'e 8u"#e or t'e pane( t'at your *'oi*e is best) T'e *o!petition entries t'at you !ay 'ave to 5rite in t'e CAE :ritin# test (Paper +& o ten invo(ve an e(e!ent o 'ypot'esi7in#) T'is (an#ua#e is6 o *ourse6 a(so use u( in a ran#e o ot'er situations)

Useful #lues to :rite a #ompetition entr$

?e ore you start 5ritin#6 it is i!portant to/ @a.e notes about t'e person an" t'e event 'eBs'e 5as invo(ve" in) List at (east t5o reasons or your no!ination) Don>t or#et t'e sty(e o t'e *o!petition entry s'ou(" be or!a() Use persuasive (an#ua#e an" #ive reasons or your *'oi*e) $r#ani7e t'e i"eas an" in or!ation you 5i(( in*(u"e in ea*' para#rap') Avoi" repeatin# t'e sa!e vo*abu(ary) To 5in a *o!petition you !ay a(5ays soun" ent'usiasti* an" 'ave #oo" reasons or persua"in# t'e 8u"#es)

oints to #onsider N) A *o!petition entry be#ins by a""ressin# t'e person in *'ar#e o t'e se(e*tion) I you "on>t .no5 t'e na!e o t'e person you *ou(" be#in 5it' t'e e%pression To *hom it might concern O) In t'e irst para#rap' you *ou(" !ention t'e purpose o your 5ritin#6 Say 5'o t'e person you are no!inatin# is an" e%p(ain 5'at your re(ations'ip to t'is person is) P) In t'e se*on" para#rap' you s'ou(" re er to t'e person you are proposin# an" #ive !ore "etai(s about t'e situation(s& in 5'i*' t'is person 5as invo(ve") Q) In t'e t'ir" para#rap'6 point out one o t'e reasons 5'y you are no!inatin# 'i!B'er) Give in or!ation on 5'at !a.es 'er stan" out) 3,) In t'e ne%t para#rap' re er to anot'er reason 5'y you *onsi"er 'i!B 'er so re!ar.ab(e) 32

33) To *on*(u"e6 8ust e%press your 'opes t'at t'is person 5i(( a#ree t'at your *an"i"ate "eserves bein# *onsi"ere" or t'e no!ination) 3+) Use a or!a( (eave9ta.in# (Aours ait' u((y&)

Competition Entr$ Writing Format 3reeting 'To whom it may concern. 2ntrodu#tion Para#rap' 3 State t'e purpose o your 5ritin#) Say 5'o t'e person you are no!inatin# is) E%p(ain 5'at your re(ations'ip to t'is person is)

6ain Bod$ Para#rap's + Ta(. about t'e person you are proposin# an" #ive !ore "etai(s about t'e situation(s& in 5'i*' t'is person 5as invo(ve") Para#rap's 06 1 Point out t'e reasons 5'y you are no!inatin# 'i!B'er) Give in or!ation on 5'at !a.es 'er stan" out)

Ea*' ne5 reason s'ou(" be presente" in a separate para#rap' 5it' a *(ear topi* senten*e Con#lusion Fina( Para#rap' ;ust 'ope t'at t'is person 5i(( a#ree t'at your *an"i"ate "eserves bein# *onsi"ere" or t'e no!ination) Formal lea8e;taking (Aours ait' u((y&) The e2act number of (aragra(hs *ill de(end on the s(ecific re6uirements of each 33

*riting tas+

Liste" be(o5 are so!e o t'e stru*tures t'at *an be use u( or si#na(in# a 'ypot'esis) T'ere are !any ot'er e%pressions t'at *ou(" be a""e") :'i(e (an#ua#e use" or 'ypot'esi7in# is sensitive to re#ister an" *onte%t6 t'ere is over(ap bet5een t'e (ists) So!e6 !ore in or!a( p'rases !ay be use" in or!a( situations an" vi*e versa)

(n the assumption 'that) oily fish is good for the heart, you should start eating it at least once a week. *rovided 'that) you are careful, your health problems should not recur. +llowing for the fact 'that) eating a lot of fruit and vegetable is known to be health, what else might there be about these
peoples lifestyle that could explain their longevity?

,iven that he has been a heavy smoker since he was a teenager, it is not surprising that hes having respiratory problems now. -f we were to go back to medieval times, we would probably be rather shocked at the level of hygiene we found. .ere we to go more deeply into this subject, we should probably come to the conclusion that people in the past became immune to many
of the germs that would have a devastating effect on the pampered modern body.

/ad we

access to the documents that we now know were destroyed in the fire a hundred years ago, we could be much better informed about how things really were at that time.

CAE 3rammar Referen#e

#tate verbs $e don=t usuall3 use the continuous *ith state verbs4 These are commonl3:

#erbs *hich express opinions, feelings or knowledge, e.g. assume, believe, disagree7 hate7 ho(e7 +no*7
li+e7 love7 (refer7 reali>e7 regret4

#erbs *hich describe appearance7 e4g4 a((ear7 loo+7 seem7 resemble4 #erbs *hich describe senses7 e4g4 feel7 smell7 taste4 There other verbs: belong7 consist7 contain7 cost7 have7 o*n4

Would C infiniti8e and used to C infiniti8e T'ese are use" to ta(. about t'in#s 5'i*' 'appene" repeate"(y in t'e past but "onMt 'appen no5/ $hen ! *as small7 m3 mother *ould read to me in bed4 $hile she *as reading to me7 m3 father used to *ash u( the dinner things4

# $se USED TO, not WOULD to tal! about past states which no longer exist% here would be a grocer!s opposite the bus station, but there!s a supermarket there now.
34

; USE& +/

only exists in the past. &t has no other tenses. 'ote% The negative

is didnt use to) e.g. (e didn)t use to be so short#tempered. The question form is "id she use to#? "id you use to enjoy when you were a kid, because $ hated it?
9 Use t'e past si!p(e 5'en you say 'o5 !any ti!es you "i" so!et'in#/

%harlie used to be

a very successful tennis player. &e won the junior championship three times.
+he present perfe#t tenses :e use t'e present per e*t 5it' ti!e a"verbs t'at *onne*t t'e past to present/ 8ust7 alread37 since7 so far7 u( to no*7 3et7 toda3 *hen it is still the same da3%7 this morning *hen it is still the same morning%: )ave 3ou seen an3 good films latel3' ?ritain has onl3 *on the $orld Cu( once so far4 )ave 3ou had an3 interesting (hone calls this morning'

35

Expressing purpose, reason and result Expresses purpose hrases So (t'at& Follo:ed '$ A *(ause osition ?et5een *(auses Examples )e al*a3s dresses smartl3 so that% (eo(le notice him4 Teresa got u( earl3 *ith the intention of stud3ing before going in to universit34 A ter t'e !ain *(ause Carla came home earl3 so as not to have an argument *ith her (arents /ieter goes to the g3m ever3 da3 to +ee( fit $e&d better (ost(one the meeting till after lunch because 1 since 1 as Fatima has been dela3ed4 ?ecause 1 As 1 Since he *as feeling ill7 he s(ent the da3 in bed4 Ta+e 3our mobile *ith 3ou in case 3ou need to call me4 Candice al*a3s *rites things do*n other*ise *+
because if she doesn,t) she forgets them.

5it' t'e purpose o B 5it' t'e intention o

verb R 9in#

So as B In or"er

in initive in initive

reason

because 1 since 1 as

at t'e be#innin# o t'e senten*e (!ore e!p'ati*& or bet5een *(auses A *(ause A ter t'e !ain *(ause

in case other*ise

because of 1 due to 1 o*ing to For this reason

noun B verb '

(ing

A senten*e

at t'e be#innin# o t'e senten*e or a ter t'e !ain *(ause at t'e be#innin# o t'e senten*e an" re errin# to t'e previous one at t'e be#innin# o t'e senten*e an" re errin# to t'e previous one) +s a consequence an" as a result *an a(so be use" at t'e en" o t'e senten*e

All flights have been cancelled because of1 due to 1 o*ing to the bad *eather4 Someone called me une2(ectedl34 For this reason ! *as late for the meeting4

result

Conse2uent(yBas a A sentence *onse2uen*eB as a resu(t

Ran8it in8ured himself in training 3esterda34 As a conse6uence7 he *on&t be ta+ing (art in the match toda34 @ei+o didn&t *rite a ver3 good letter of a((lication4 She *as re8ected as a result4

36

37

+he use of FUR+4ER6/RE

HeMs stu"yin# en#ineerin#J T'e *ar 5as a(!ost ne5J

urt'er!ore6 urt'er!ore6

HeMs a(so (earnin# Ger!an) It 5as in e%*e((ent *on"ition)

FUR+4ER6/RE is use" to in"i*ate t'at t'e se*on" *(ause or t'e senten*e a""s in or!ation you *onsi"er si!i(ar to t'at o t'e irst senten*e) It su##ests a""ition)

+he use of E7E1 +4/U34

He "rin.s !i(. every !ornin# T'e *ar 5as in e%*e((ent *on"ition

even t'ou#'

'e "oesnMt (i.e it)

even t'ou#'

it 5as 2uite o(")

E7E1 +4/U34 (TH$UGH6 ALTH$UGH& is use" to in"i*ate t'at t'e se*on" *(ause or senten*e #ives in or!ation *ontrary to t'e irst senten*e) T'e a""ition intro"u*e" is #enera((y so!et'in# t'at 5ou(" not be e%pe*te")

+he use of S21CE

T'ey are rien"s

sin*e Sin*e

t'ey 5ere *'i("ren) :e 'ave p(enty o ti!e 5e are #oin# by *ar)

S21CE 'as t5o !eanin#s/ Ti!e/ it re ers to t'e 5'o(e perio" ro! a point o ti!e in t'e past to t'e present !o!ent6 or a #iven !o!ent in t'e past6 or 5'en a startin# point in ti!e is #iven) Cause or reason/ It in"i*ates 5'y an a*tion 5as "oneJ t'ese *(auses usua((y pre*e"e t'e prin*ipa( *(ause)

Cumulati8e Con=un#tions

HeMs stu"yin# en#ineerin#6

e(e*tri*a(

urt'er!ore !oreover si!i(ar(y (i.e5ise besi"es

'eMs a(so Ger!an)

stu"yin#

T'e *ar 5as a(!ost ne5

in a""ition in a*t as a !atter o a*t it 5as *on"ition) in e%*e((ent

9 T'ese are *on8un*tions use" to 8oin to#et'er t'e parts an" t'e "ivisions o senten*es) 9 21 A&&2+2/16 21 FAC+6 an" AS A 6A++ER /F FAC+ are prepositiona( p'rases use" as *on8un*tions) 9 A(( t'ese *on8un*tions su##est addition) T'e se*on" senten*e #ives in or!ation 5'i*' is si!i(ar in so!e 5ay to t'at o t'e irst)

Ad8ersati8e Con=un#tions

He "rin.s !i(. every !ornin#

even t'ou#' a(t'ou#' 'o5ever nevert'e(ess "espite

'e "oesnMt (i.e it !u*')

T'e *ar 5as in e%*e((ent *on"ition

in spite o t'e a*t

t'at it 5as very o(")

T'ese *on8un*tions su##est #ontrastJ t'e a""ition intro"u*e" by t'e! is #enera((y so!et'in# t'at 5ou(" 'ar"(y be e%pe*te") It in"i*ates t'at t'e se*on" senten*e #ives in or!ation *ontrary in so!e 5ay to t'at in t'e irst)

Spelling rules for affixes and infle#tions -;ed, ;ing.

A i%es are eit'er pre i%es Hsy((ab(es a""e" be ore t'e 5or"/ dis(ose pro(ose& or su i%es (sy((ab(es a""e" a ter t'e 5or"/ e2(ectant7 e2(ectancy7 e2(ectation&) In t'e CAE e%a! spe((in#s !ust be *orre*t or t'e ans5er to be *onsi"ere" *orre*t) ?e(o5 are so!e spe((in# ru(es 5'en a""in# a i%es) Doub(e t'e ina( *onsonant 5'en you a"" 0ed 0ing 0er and 0est to/ A one9sy((ab(e 5or" 5'i*' en"s in consonant0vo*el0consonant/ run A runner7 cla(0cla((ing (but ben" S ben"in#6 stran#e9 stran#er6 ba" ba"(y6 et*&) ?ut ina( *6 % an" y never "oub(e"/ (o5e"6 ta%in#) Verbs o t5o or !ore sy((ab(es 5'i*' en" in *onsonant9vo5e(9*onsonant an" t'e ina( sy((ab(e is stresse"/ o**urs9o**urren*e6 or#et9 or#ettin#6 a"!it9a"!ittan*e (but or#et u(6 "eve(opin#& Verbs 5'i*' en" in TLU a ter one vo5e( in ?ritis' En#(is' (in A!eri*an En#(is' t'ey !ay not "oub(e&/ trave(9trave((er6 *an*e(9*an*e((ation) &onAt dou'le the final #onsonant :hen* T'ere are t5o ina( *onsonants/ *orrespon"9*orrespon"en*e) I t'ere are t5o vo5e(s be ore t'e ina( *onsonant/ "isappear9"isappearan*e) T'e verb en"s in a vo5e(/ inter ere9inter eren*e T'e stress is not on t'e ina( sy((ab(e/ "eepen9"eepenin#) Change , to i* In 5or"s 5'i*' en" in A a ter a *onsonant6 t'e A be*o!es I 5'en a su i% is a""e"/ 'appy9'appiness6 try9tria(Btries6 stu"y9stu"ious6 a!i(y9 a!i(iar6 re(y9re(ian*e) But not these ex#eptions* i be*o!es , 5it' Sin#/ (ie9(yin#6 "ie9"yin# Dry9"rier B "ri(y but "ryness6 s'y S s'yness B s'y(yJ "ay9"ai(y &rop the De* I t'ere is a *onsonant be ore it an" t'e su i% be#in 5it' a vo5e( 0er7 ed7 0ing7 0ance7 0ation%: nonsense9 nonsensi*a(6 a!a7e9a!a7in#6 sane9sanity) Note t'ese e%*eptions/ 5or"s en"in# in S*e6 9#e6 9ee/ noticeable7 +no*ledgeable7 disagreeable4 T'e ina( Se is not "roppe" 5'en t'e su i% be#ins 5it' a *onsonant/ safe0safet37 arrage0arrangement7 disgrace0disgraceful (e%*eption/ argue0argument&) Adding prefixes :'en a pre i% is a""e" (be ore t'e 5or"&6 t'e spe((in# "oes not *'an#e/ dis07 un0 and ir0:a((oint0 disa((oint7 satisfied0dissatisfied7 truthful0untruthful7 necessar30unnecessar37 relevant0irrelevant4 "ote: Use il07 im0 and ir0 not !"0% before *ords beginning *ith B7 97 P or R: illegible7 immodest7 im(ractical7 irres(onsible4 1/, 1/1E, 1/+ 1o

It !eans N$T ANA or N$T EVEN $NE) It *an be use" 5it' *ountab(e or un*ountab(e nouns/ ! have no idea of *hat 3ou=re tal+ing about4 There *ere no cars on the road at that time of the morning4 ItMs use" 5it' *o!parative 5or"s an" "i erent/ The traffic is no *orse than it *as at the same time 3esterda34 ! had to *or+ late ever3 evening last *ee+7 and so far this *ee+ has been no different4 1one !t=s a (ronoun and means "OT O"E7 "OT A"C or "O PART OF4 It *an be use" 5it' *ountab(e nouns6 un*ountab(e nouns an" ot'er pronouns) It is !ost *o!!on(y o((o5e" by $F/ "one of m3 friends7 +no*s1+no* it=s m3 birthda3 toda34 "one of the mil+ in the fridge is fresh4 !t can also be used *ithout a noun: D)o* much coffee do *e have'E "one4 at all%4 $e need to bu3 some more bananas: there are none left4 Note/ In or!a( 5ritten En#(is' N$NE is *onsi"ere" to be a sin#u(ar 5or" an" is o((o5e" by a sin#u(ar verb/ "one of m3 colleagues s(ea+s S(anish4 Ho5ever6 in every"ay spee*' p(ura( verbs are !ore *o!!on(y use"/ None o t'is !ornin#Ms (i#'ts 'ave been "e(aye") 1ot ItMs !ain(y use" to !a.e verbs ne#ative an" is o ten *ontra*te" to nAt) Aou 'avenMt ans5ere" !y 2uestion) S'oe to(" !e not to p'one 'er a ter 3,p!) It *an a(so !a.e a 5or" or a p'rase ne#ative/ Not !any peop(e vote" in yester"ayMs e(e*tion) Not everyone *an 5in t'e (ottery) 2nfiniti8es and 8er' C ;ing forms

+he Ding form of the 8er' is used after* So!e verbs 5'i*' e%press (i.es an" "is(i.es6 e)#) disli+e7 en8o37 loathe7 don=t% mind7 canFt% stand: She can=t stand getting stic+ in a traffic 8am4 ?ut note t'e o((o5in# e%*eptions/

hate1li+e1love1(refer are usua((y o((o5e" by t'e Aing or! but are so!eti!es o((o5e" by t'e to in initive (see be(o5&) ing or! but are so!eti!es o((o5e" by t'e to in initive (see be(o5& *ould R hate1li+e1love1(refer is a(5ays o((o5e" by t'e to in initive (see be(o5&) Certain verbs6 e)#) admit7 a((reciate7 avoid7 canFt hel(7 consider7 dela37 den37 finish7 imagine7 involve7 +ee(7 mind7 miss7 (ost(one7 (revent7 re(ort7 resist7 ris+7 suggest: The (rime minister has 8ust finished s(ea+ing4 7er's follo:ed '$ the infiniti8e and the Ding form A s!a(( nu!ber o verbs *an be o((o5e" eit'er by t'e in initive or by t'e Aing or!) With no differen#e in meaning* begin7 can=t bear7 cease7 convince7 continue7 hate7 intend47 li+e7 love7 (ro(ose7 start: !Fve 8ust started to learn 1 learning to s+i4 )e had intended to leave 1 leaving the (art3 before midnight4

1ote* :it' t'e verbs li+e7 love7 hate t'ere *an be t'is s(i#'t "i eren*e in !eanin#/ ! li+e to clean m3 car ever3 *ee+4 (V o*us on t'e resu(t o t'e a*tivity& ! li+e cleaning m3 car ever3 *ee+4 (V o*us on t'e a*tivity itse( 6 i)e) I en8oy *(eanin# it&

With different meanings* #erbs e2(ressing (erce(tion (in initive 5it'out to& 3) +) $e sa* the (lane ta+e off4 (V o*us on t'e resu(t o t'e a*tivity)& $e sa* the (lane ta+ing off (V:e sa5 on(y part o t'e pro*ess)&

forget

3) ! forgot to (hone m3 brother4 (V I "i"nWt p'one 'i!& +) !Fll never forget (honing m3 sister that night) (VI p'one" 'er an" I re*a(( it 5e(()& remember

3) Tom remembered to close he $indo*s before he left4 (VHe "i" so!et'in# 'e 'a" to "oJ 'e "i"nWt or#et)& +) Tom remembered closing the *indo*s before he left4 (VHe re*a((e" "oin# it)& go on

3) )e *on his first race *hen he *as seven and *ent on to brea+ the *orld record4 (V?rea.in# t'e :or(" re*or" 5as so!et'in# 'e "i" (ater)& +) )e *ent on *al+ing even though he *as e2hausted4 (VHe "i"nMt stop 5a(.in#& mean

3) !Fm sorr37 ! didnFt mean to be rude4 (Vinten"& +) !f *e *ant to catch the earl3 train7 itFll mean getting u( at G4HH) (Vinvo(ve& regret 3) ! regret to inform 3ou that 3ou have not (assed the test this time4 (V be sorry about so!et'in# you are about to say S o ten be*ause it is ba" ne5s) +) )e no* regrets ta+ing the da3 off *or+4 (V He 5is'es 'e 'a"nWt ta.en t'e "ay o )& stop

3) $e=d better sto( to loo+ at the ma( (Vstop 5'at you are "oin# in or"er to "o so!et'in# e(se& +) There=s nothing 3ou can do about it7 so sto( *orr3ing) (V inis' 5orryin#& try 3) !=ve been tr3ing to re(air m3 com(uter all morning (Vatte!pt so!et'in# "i i*u(t& ,4 )ave 3ou tried +ic+ing it' (V"o so!et'in# 5'i*' !i#'t so(ve a prob(e!&

/ther uses of the 213 form*

as an a"8e*tive/ that *as a reall3 interesting film as a noun/ (t'e sub8e*t or ob8e*t o a verb&/ /riving can be ver3 tiring7 es(eciall3 late at night4 As part o a parti*ip(e *(ause or p'rase A ter a preposition/ Than+ 3ou all for being here4 $hat *rong *ith lending him m3 car'

Relati8e #lauses Re(ative *(auses *ontain a !ain verb an" be#in 5it' a re(ative pronoun (t'at6 5'i*'6 5'o B 5'o!6 5'ose& or a re(ative a"verb (5'en6 5'ere6 5'y& Use t'at6 5'o6 5'o!6 5'ose to re er to peop(e/ @a% is t'e boy 5'ose at'er is a ire i#'ter) A ire i#'ter is so!eone 5'o puts out ires) T'e ire i#'ter t'at res*ue" !e 5as on(y 3Q years o(") Note/ 5'o! is or!a( an" is use" !ain(y 5it' prepositions/ t'e person to 5'o! t'is (etter is a""resse" is in @a"ri") Use t'at an" 5'i*' to re er to t'in#s/ T'e tree t'at 5as b(o5n "o5n in t'e stor! 5as over a 'un"re" years o(") T'e boo. 5'i*' 5on t'e pri7e 5as 5ritten by a 3Q year o(" #ir() Use 5'en to re er to ti!es/ T'e 5ee.en" is a ti!e 5'en !any peop(e re(a%) Use 5'ere to re er to p(a*es/ T'e p(a*e 5'ere t'ey (ive is in t'e !i""(e o no5'ere) Use 5'y to re er to reasons/ T'e reason 5'y I>! (ate is t'at !y (i#'t 5as *an*e((e")

Re(ative *(auses *an be at t'e en" o t'e senten*e6 or *an be e!be""e" in anot'er *(ause/ @a"ri" is t'e *ity 5'ere I #ro5 up) @a"ri"6 5'ere I #ro5 up6 is t'e *apita( o Spain)

T'ere are t5o !ain types o re(ative *(auses/ i"enti yin# (or "e inin#& an" non9i"enti yin# (or non9 "e inin#&/ T'e re(ative pronoun in an i"enti yin# re(ative *(ause "e ines t'e noun 5'i*' i!!e"iate(y pre*e"es it6 an" is t'ere ore essentia( to t'e !eanin# o t'e senten*e/ T'e *oup(e 5'o brou#'t !e up 5ere not !y rea( parents) (T'e re(ative *(ause te((s us 5'i*' *oup(e& Non9i"enti yin# re(ative *(auses a"" a""itiona( in or!ation6 but are not essentia( to t'e !eanin# o t'e senten*e/ T'e 'ote(6 5'i*' 'as a 'un"re" be"roo!s6 is on t'e outs.irts o t'e *ity) Anot'er type o non9i"enti yin# *(ause is a *o!!ent *(ause) In t'ese 5e use 5'i*' to intro"u*e a *o!!ent on a previous *(ause or p'rase/ It 'a" been rainin# non9stop or t'e +1 'ours6 5'i*' is 5'y I "i"n>t #o out) :e 5ere stu*. in t'e tra i* 8a! or 0 'ours6 5'i*' I oun" rea((y rustratin#)

Notes/ In 5ritin#6 non9i"enti yin# re(ative *(auses are separate" ro! t'e !ain *(ause by *o!!as) @y *ar6 5'i*' is O years o("6 'as a(rea"y run +6,,, .!) In spee*'6 s(i#'t pauses are use" to s'o5 t'at a re(ative *(ause is non9i"enti yin#)

Notes/ t'e pronoun t'at *annot be use" instea" o 5'o or 5'i*' to intro"u*e a non9i"enti yin# re(ative *(ause)

repositions in time expressions Use at: :it' points o ti!e/ at four oIcloc+7 at da*n7 at midda34 :it' s'ort perio"s 5'i*' 5e t'in. o as points/ !Im al*a3s short of mone3 at the end of the month4 :it' !ea(ti!es/ $e can discuss it at lunch tomorro*4

(1ote* :e *an a(so say/ $e can discuss it over 1 during lunch tomorro*& :it' the *ee+end7 Christmas and Easter: $hat are 3ou doing at the *ee+end' (1ote* in A!eri*an En#(is'/ $hat are 3ou doing on the *ee+end' Is a(so possib(e)& :it' night 5'en ta(.in# about ni#'ts in #enera(6 not a parti*u(ar ni#'t/ The traffic noise ma+es it difficult for me to slee( at night4 (See in the night be(o56 un"er Tparts o t'e "ayU)& Use in: For perio"s o ti!e/ in ,HHJ7 in 9arch7 in the autumn4 For parts o t'e "ay/ Sam al*a3s goes sho((ing in the morning4 (but Sam al*a3s goes sho((ing on Saturda3 morning4 See be(o5)&

1ote* 5e use at night 5'en ta(.in# about ni#'ts in #enera( (see above& an" in the night to !ean during a (articular night: The (avement *as *et this morning because it had rained in 1 during the night4 To say t'e perio" o ti!e be ore so!et'in# 'appens or 'o5 (on# so!et'in# ta.es/ !Ill call 3ou bac+ in ,H minutes4 !n si2 monthsI time !Ill have finished universit34 Clara managed t do all her home*or+ in 8ust ,H minutes4 Use on: For parti*u(ar "ates6 "ays or parts o "ays/ !Im going on holida3 on Kul3 ,,nd4 $eIre having a (art3 on Saturda3 if 3ouId li+e to come4 $e al*a3s go bo*ling on Frida3 nights4 :it' occasion: Tatiana has visited us on several occasions in the (ast4 Con"itiona(s 3st *on"itiona(

For! !f 1 unless 5 (resent sim(le 1 continuous tense S *ill1ma31must6 et* R in initive Use To ta(. about very possib(e or probab(e situations in t'e present or uture/ !f 3ou miss the last train home7 3ou can al*a3s sta3 at m3 (lace4 +n" *on"itiona( For! !f 1 unless 5 (ast sim(le 1 continuous tense S *ould1could1might 5 in initive Use To ta(. about (ess possib(e or i!probab(e situations in t'e present or uture/ !f ! got the 8ob7 !Id have to move to ?ristol4 To ta(. about i!a#inary situations or events in t'e present/ !f ! had more mone37 !Id travel first class on the train4 !Im imagining having more mone37 contrar3 to the facts: ! donIt have much mone34 ! donIt travel first class on the train4% 0r" *on"itiona( For! !f 1 unless 5 past per e*t si!p(e or *ontinuous tense S *ould have 1 could have 1 might have R past parti*ip(e (been7 done7 eaten7 etc4% Use To ta(. about i!a#inary situations or events I t'e past/ !f 3ou had been born in the 1Lth centur37 3ou *ould have travelled to *or+ b3 horse (i!a#inary6 *ontrary to t'e a*ts/ you 5eren>t born in t'e 3Qt' *enturyJ you>re i!a#inin# a 8ourney to 5or. in t'e 3Qt' *entury)&

In a(( types o *on"itiona( senten*e t'e *on"itiona( *(ause (startin# 5it' if 1 unless& is un"erstoo" an" t'ere ore o ten o!itte"/ )o* *ould 3ou communicate *ith someone *hose language 3ou couldnIt s(ea+' A !Id use sign language4 I one part o t'e senten*e spea.s about t'e present B uture an" t'e ot'er part about t'e past6 +n" an" 0r" *on"itiona(s *an be T!i%e"U/ !f ! hadnIt met Kulia *hen ! *as travelling in ?ulgaria last 3ear (0r" *on"itiona(& *e *ouldnIt be married no* (+n" *on"itiona()& Anastasia *ould never have bought such an e2(ensive boo+ (0r" *on"itiona(&6 if she *asnIt stud3ing the sub8ect for her Ph/ (+n" *on"itiona()& /ther #onditional stru#tures !f it *erenIt 1 *asnIt 1 hadnIt been for 5 noun/ !f it *erenIt for @arolIs sense of adventure7 *e *ouldnIt have mounted this e2(edition4 !f 5 noun 1 (ronoun 5 *ere to R in initive ( or!a(&/ !f the com(an3 *ere to lo*er the fares7 *eId have more mone3 for other things4 /ther uses of #onditionals Aou *an/ Give a"vi*e usin# if ! *ere 3ou 5 ! *ould 5 in initive/ !f ! *ere 3ou7 !Id ta+e the la(to( as hand luggage4 @a.e *riti*is!s or stron# re2uests usin#/ !f 3ou *ould 5 in initive S *ould 5 in initive !f 3ouId sto( ma+ing so much noise7 (erha(s *eId all be able to en8o3 the (rogramme4 o @a.e po(ite or!a( re2uests usin# t'e o((o5in# ((iste" ro! 2uite or!a( to very in or!a(&/ !Id a((reciate it if 3ou *ould 1 could: !Id a((reciate it if 3ou could hand in the re(ort b3 Thursda34 (1ote* t'is or! *an a(so be use" or !a.in# po(ite *o!p(aints or *riti*is!s/ !Id a((reciate it if 3ouId ma+e less noiseM% !f 3ouId be so +ind as to 5 in initive (9 *ill 5 in initive&/ if 3ouId be so +ind as to close the *indo*4 +t in and on to express lo#ation Use at: :'en a p(a*e is t'ou#'t o as a point6 not an area (in*(u"in# at home7 at school7 at *or+7 at universit3&/ !Ill meet 3ou at the air(ort *hen 3ou arrive4 To ta(. about an event invo(vin# a nu!ber o peop(e/ Tina met Koe at CharlieIs *edding4 For a""resses/ She lives at "umber 117 Abbe3 Road4 Use in: :'en a p(a*e is t'ou#'t o as so!e5'ere 5it' an area or spa*e/ Nar3 lives in a small flat at the to( of a to*er bloc+4

For *ars an" ta%is/ BetIs tal+ in the car4 Nor!a((y 5it' in class7 in hos(ital7 in (rison7 in court: )e studied for a la* degree *hile he *as in (rison4 :it' peop(e or t'in#s 5'i*' or! (ine/ $ait in the 6ueueM For t'e 5or("/ !tIs the tallest building in the *orld4 Use on:

To ta(. about a position in *onta*t 5it' a sur a*e/ $eIve hung that (icture 3ou gave us on the *all above the fire(lace4 She la3 on the beach soa+ing u( the *arm s(ring sunshine4 To ta(. about a position on so!et'in# t'ou#'t o as a (ine6 e)#) a *oast6 a roa"6 t'e outs.irts6 t'e e"#e6 et*/ @e3haven is a small village on the south coast4 There *ere huge traffic 8ams on the motor*a3 3esterda3 evening4 :it' !eans o transport apart ro! *ars an" ta%is (see above&/ )i @aren A !Im on a train and !Ill be getting to 3ou about si24 O@' For te*'no(o#y/ !Ive seen him on television4 !Im afraid sheIs on the (hone at the moment4 :it' left an" right: CouIll find the (ost office on 3our left 8ust (ast the su(ermar+et4 :it' (ists/ !Ill (ut DsausagesE on the sho((ing list4 :it' (remises7 farm7 floor an" island: !tIs on the fifth floor4 Arti#les T'e in"e inite arti*(e a 1 an A1an is use" or so!et'in# #enera( or non9spe*i i*6 or 5'en 5e re er to so!et'in# or t'e irst ti!e/ have 3ou got a bic3cle' (V any .in" o bi*y*(e& )eIs a good g3mnast4 O one o !any&) ThereIs a tennis club in our to*n4 $t'er uses/

To re er to so!eone>s 8ob or un*tion/ She used to be a hotel rece(tionist4 To !ean one: ! have a sister and t*o brothers4 93 grandfather lived to a hundred4 T'e "e inite arti*(e the The is use" 5'en 5e .no5 5'at is bein# "is*usse"6 e)#) it !ay be so!et'in# spe*i i*6 it !ay 'ave been !entione" be ore6 or t'ere !ay be on(y one o it/ $hen is the furniture arriving' (V t'e (o*a( *o((e#e6 t'e on(y one& :e a(so use the 5it' p(ura( *ountab(e nouns to re er to so!et'in# .no5n6 to so!et'in# spe*i i* or to so!et'in# t'at 'as been !entione" be ore/ Nrades are given according to accurac3 and creativit34 The grades range form A0F4 1o arti#le

:it' p(ura( *ountab(e nouns an" un*ountab(e nouns 5it' a #enera( !eanin#/ Cats chase mice4 Pollution is ruining our to*ns and cities4 In *ertain p'rases 5'i*' re(ate to p(a*es6 institutions or situations/ /id 3ou go to universit3' (V :ere you a stu"entG& $hat did 3ou do in class toda3' (V :'at "i" you (earnG& $t'er si!i(ar p'rases/ be in 1 go to church7 court7 hos(ital7 (rison: be at 1 go to sea7 school7 universit37 *or+: be at 1 go home4

+he Use of Commas I a senten*e starts 5it' a *(ause intro"u*e" by *hereas7 *hile7 though7 although and even though7 even if7 des(ite6 et*6 a *o!!a is use" to separate t'e irst *(ause ro! t'e rest o t'e senten*e/ Even though ! felt ill7 ! thoroughl3 en8o3ed the (art34 No *o!!a is use" i t'ese *(auses *o!e a ter t'e !ain *(ause: ! thoroughl3 en8o3ed the (art34 )o*ever an" nevertheless are o((o5e" by an" so!eti!es a(so pre*e"e" by *o!!as: ! en8o3 going to the g3m4 )o*ever7 ! canIt stand running4 ! en8o3 going to the g3m4 Kohn7 ho*ever7 canIt stand it4 Comment ad8er'ials E%press 'o5 *ertain t'e spea.er is about so!et'in#) So!e *o!!on a"verbs: certainl37 definitel37 (ossibl37 (robabl37 undoubtedl3: She=s definitel3 ha((ier no* than she *es *hen she first arrived in the countr34 E%press t'e spea.erMs attitu"e or opinion about 5'at t'ey say) So!e *o!!on a"verbs/ fran+l37 (ersonall37 unfortunatel37 sur(risingl3: !7 (ersonall37 *ould onl3 emigrate if ! *as sure it *ould im(rove m3 standard of living4 So!e *o!!on a"verbia( p'rases: in m3 o(inion7 6uite honestl37 generall3 s(ea+ing7 to m3 sur(rise: <uite honestl37 ! don=t thin+ 3ou should have given him so much mone34 E%press t'e spea.erMs opinion o t'eir or so!eone e(seMs a*tions/ *(ever(y6 .in"(y6 !ista.en(y6 stran#e(y6 oo(is'(y6 et*) (T'ese a"verbs "epen" on t'e a*tion ta.en an" t'ere ore it is not possib(e to provi"e a (ist o t'e !ost *o!!on ones&/ T'e #overn!ent 'as !ista.en(y6 I t'in.6 put restri*tions on i!!i#ration ro! *ertain *ountries) (i)e) I t'in. t'e #overn!entMs a*tion is a !ista.e&/ Stran#e(y6 I 'avenMt 'ear" anyt'in# ro! 'er sin*e s'e !ove" 'ouse) (I)e) I t'in. 'er ai(ure to *o!!uni*ate is stran#e) Co!!ent a"verbia(s are o ten p(a*e" at t'e be#innin# o t'e senten*e/ Fran.(y6 i I *ou(" *'oose6 IM" (eave @an*'ester an" !i#rate ba*. to t'e *ountry) Ho5ever t'ey *an a(so be p(a*e"/ In t'e !i""(e position in t'e senten*e (bet5een t'e sub8e*t an" t'e a"verb&/ She *as unfortunatel3 e2tremel3 late for the a((ointment4 $r at t'e en" o t'e senten*e/ De!etrio is t'in.in# o e!i#ratin# to Austra(ia6 apparent(y) 1/+E* In 5ritin#6 *o!!ent a"verbia(s are usua((y separate" ro! t'e rest o t'e senten*e by *o!!a 5'en use" at t'e be#innin# or t'e en" o t'e senten*e)

What is a #ollo#ationE
A pair or #roup o 5or"s t'at are o ten use" to#et'er) It soun"s natura( to native spea.ers but stu"ents o En#(is' 'ave to !a.e a spe*ia( e ort to (earn t'e! as t'ey are "i i*u(t to #uess) So!e *o((o*ations are i%e"6 !eanin# t'at t'ey 'ave on(y one 5or"6 or e%a!p(e/ take a photo) No ot'er 5or" is possib(e t'ere to e%press a si!i(ar !eanin#6 'o5ever6 so!e ot'ers are !ore open an" !any "i erent 5or"s *an be use" to #ive a si!i(ar !eanin# as in/ keep to the rules or stick to the rules4 Collo#ations #an 'e found in* a"8e*tives an" nouns T'e "o*tor or"ere" 'i! to ta.e regular exer#ise) nouns an" verbs T'e lion starte" to roar 5'en it 'ear" t'e dog 'arking) noun an" noun LetCs #ive @r ;ones a round of applause) verbs an" a"verbs I 8aguel$ remem'er t'at it 5as #ro5in# "ar. 5'en 5e (e t) verbs an" e%pressions 5it' prepositions At irst 'er eyes filled :ith horror6 an" t'en s'e 'urst into tears) a"verbs an" a"8e*tive Are you full$ a:are o t'e i!p(i*ations o your a*tionG 2ntensif$ing ad8er's* In En#(is' 5e *an use" very or very !u*' in "i erent 5ays usin# 5or"s (i.e 'i#'(y6 utter(y6 bitter(y6 "eep(y) A(( t'is 5or"s *o((o*ate 5it' ot'er spe*i i* 5or"s an" ot'er *o!binations soun" unnatura() 4ighl$/ (i.e(y6 un(i.e(y6 unusua(6 su**ess u(6 *o!petitive6 pro itab(e6 e e*tive6 *ontroversia(6 re*o!!en"e") (It>s use" 5it' so!e probabi(ity 5or"s S li+el37 unusual9) :it' t'e e%*eption o highl$ #ontro8ersial6 it usua((y *o!bines 5it' very positive 5or"s) Extremel$ *an a(so be use" 5it' a(( t'e opposite a"8e*tives e%*ept re*o!!en"e"& A'solutel$9Utterl$/ ri"i*u(ous6 stupi"6 i!possib(e6 5ron#6 a(one appa((e"6 *onvin*e"6 "evastate"6 !iserab(e) (Absolutel3 an" utterl3 Ss(i#'t(y or!a(9 *o!bine 5it' a"8e*tives 5it' very e%tre!e !eanin#s 5'ere 5e *an>t use" ver3) :e say absolutel3 or utterl3 e2hausted but not ver3 e2hausted6 5'ereas 5e say very tire" but not abso(ute(y or utter(y tire") $ ten6 but not a(5ays t'ere 5or"s 'ave ne#ative *onnotations& Bitterl$* "isappointin#B"isappointe"6 resent6 *riti*i7e6 re#ret6 *o!p(ain6 *ry6 5eep (*arries a ee(in# o "eep sa"ness6 use" s(i#'t(y !ore in 5ritin# t'an in *onversation& &eepl$* as'a!e"6 *on*erne"6 s'o*.e"6 *o!!itte"6 !ove"6 a e*te"6 'urt ( ee(in#s&6 re#ret6 *are6 re(i#ious6 un'appy% (*o((o*ates !ain(y 5it' 5or"s asso*iate" to ee(in#s6 use" s(i#'t(y !ore in 5ritin# t'an in *onversation& Ridi#ulousl$* *'eap6 e%pensive6 easy6 (o56 'i#'6 (on#6 s'ort6 s!a((6 (ar#e6 ear(y) (su##ests so!et'in# e%tre!e6 5'i*' see!s unbe(ievab(e or unreasonab(e& Strongl$* oppose6 in (uen*e6 be(ieve6 "eny6 re*o!!en"6 support6 *on"e!n6 su##est6 ee(6 ar#ue6 ob8e*t (*o((o*ates 5it' verbs parti*u(ar(y t'ose t'at re(ate to 'avin# an opinion)

Make
arrangements for a change a choice a comment a contribution decision an effort noise excuse friends an improvement a mista!e a mess money trouble room a phone call progress a difference

Do
your best nothing business damage harm experiment exercises a favour your hair your homewor! the ironing, the coo!ing, the shopping, the washing some wor!

Take
a holiday a trip a train/bus a ris! an interest photos a chance advantage of action measures brea! a loo! a rest an exam notes a seat someone)s place someone)s temperature

Pa
attention your respects tribute a fine by credit card cash interest pay someone a compliment pay someone a visit pay the bill pay the price

!ome
come close come complete with come direct come early come first come into view come last come late come on time come prepared come right bac! come second come to a compromise come to a decision come to an agreement come to an end come to a standstill come to terms with come to a total of come under attac!

"o
go abroad go astray go bad go bald go ban!rupt go blind go crazy go dar! go deaf go fishing go mad go missing go on foot go online go out of business go overseas go quiet go sailing go to war go yellow

"et
get a -ob get a shoc! get angry get divorced get drun! get frightened get home get lost get married get nowhere get permission get pregnant get ready get started get the impression get the message get the sac! get upset get wet get worried

Save
save electricity save energy save money save one,s strength save someone a seat save someone,s life save something to a dis! save space save time save yourself the trouble

!lassifiers
. swarm of bees . bag of flour . pair of scissors . box of matches . pair of sunglasses . bas!et of fruit /uc!et of water /unch of flowers 0up of tea 1loc! of sheep/birds 2ust of wind (erd of cattle 3ug of mil!

1light of stairs 4oaf of bread 0arafe of wind/water &tem of luggage 5ac! of cards 5air of tweezers a pad of paper 5iece of equipment/ca!e 5ot of honey 5uff of smo!e 6chool of whales/fish 6lice of ca!e/bread 7ange of hills

6ac! of potatoes 6poonful of sugar 6pot of bother Team of helpers Tin or can of beans Tube of toothpaste . heap of wor! +a lot of ) a ball of string a bar of chocolate a bottle of water a bunch of carrots a cube of sugar

Verbs follo ed b! prepositions

7er's follo:ed '$ in* Absorbed in so!et'in# (espe*ia((y absorbed in her *or+1a boo+% Confide in so!eone ?e engrossed in so!et'in# !m(licate someone in so!et'in# !nvolve someone in so!et'in# Result in so!et'in# S(eciali>e in so!et'in# Succeed in so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ for* Account for so!et'in# Allo* for so!et'in# (to ta.e into *onsi"eration& A(ologi>e for so!et'in#Bso!eone (on t'eir be'a( / Bet me a(ologi>e for Kac+)& ?lame so!eone for so!et'in# Care for so!et'in#Bso!eone Cater for so!et'in#Bso!eone Charge so!eone for so!et'in# (!a.e t'e! pay or it& Count for so!et'in# (espe*ia((y/ ! count for nothing in this com(an3& Earmar+ so!et'in# for a parti*u(ar use Pa3 for so!eoneBso!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ of* Accuse so!eone of so!et'in# Convict so!eone of so!et'in# Remind so!eone of so!et'in# Sus(ect so!eone of so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ with* Ac6uaint so!eone *ith so!et'in# Associate so!et'in# *ith so!eone Charge so!eone *ith so!et'in# Clutter *ith so!et'in# (espe*ia((y passive/ The room *as cluttered *ith bo2es& Coincide *ith so!et'in# Collide *ith so!et'in# Com(l3 *ith so!et'in# Concern *ith so!et'in# (usua((y passive/ be concerned *ith& Confront so!eone *ith so!et'in# Confuse so!eoneBso!et'in# *ith so!eoneBso!et'in# Cram *ith so!et'in# (espe*ia((y passive/ be crammed *ith& /eal *ith so!eoneBso!et'in# /iscuss so!et'in# *ith so!eone Face *ith so!et'in# (espe*ia((y passive/ be faced *ith& !ngratiate onese( *ith so!eone 9eet *ith so!et'in# (espe*ia((y/ meet *ith an accident& Pac+ *ith so!et'in# (espe*ia((y/ be (ac+ed *ith& Plead *ith so!eone Provide so!eone *ith so!et'in# Tam(er *ith so!et'in#

Trust so!eone *ith so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ from* ?ar so!eone from a p(a*e ?enefit from so!et'in# /erive so!et'in# from so!et'in# /eter so!eone from so!et'in# /iffer from so!et'in# /istinguish one t'in# from anot'er t'in# (a(so distinguish bet*een t*o things& /istract so!eone from so!et'in# E2em(t so!eone from so!et'in# E2(el so!eone from a p(a*e Refrain from so!et'in# Resign from so!et'in# Result from so!et'in# Stem from so!et'in# Suffer from so!et'in# Translate one (an#ua#e from1into anot'er (an#ua#e 7er's follo:ed '$ on* ?ase so!et'in# on so!et'in# ?lame so!et'in# on so!eone Centre so!et'in# on so!et'in# (usua((y passive/ be centered on& Concentrate so!et'in# on so!et'in# Congratulate so!eone on so!et'in# /ecide on so!et'in# /e(end on so!eoneBso!et'in# Elaborate on so!et'in# !m(ose on so!eone !nsist on so!et'in#Bso!eone "oin# so!et'in# Pride onese( on so!et'in# Verbs o((o5e" by against: !nsure so!et'in# against so!et'in# Protest against so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ about" Argue about so!et'in# ?e concerned about so!et'in# (be *orried about& ?oast about so!et'in# /ecide about so!et'in# /ream about so!et'in# Protest about so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ out* Phase so!et'in# out Verbs o((o5e" by at/ Nlance at so!et'in# Nuess at so!et'in# )int at so!et'in# 9arvel at so!et'in# 7er's follo:ed '$ to* Ans*er to so!et'in# (espe*ia((y/ ans*er to a descri(tion& A((eal to so!eone (beg& It a((eals to !e ( ! li+e the idea&

A((l3 onese( to so!et'in#) (This rule doesnIt a((l3 to 3ou& Attend to so!et'in# sai"B'ear" Attribute so!et'in# to so!eone Commit onese( to so!et'in# (espe*ia((y passive/ be committed to& Confess to so!et'in# /evote onese( to so!et'in# Prefer one t'in# to anot'er t'in# React to so!et'in# Refer to so!et'in# (This number refers to the ne2t (age% Refer so!eone to so!eone (The doctor referred me to a s(ecialist& ?e resigned to so!et'in# Resort to so!et'in# (!eanin# ma+e sure it is done& Sub8ect so!eone to so!et'in# (stresse"/ sub8ect& Succeed to t'e t'rone ?e used to "oin# so!et'in#

4RASAL 7ERBS
7er' ask someone out ask around add up to something 'a#k something up 'a#k someone up 'lo: up 'lo: something up 'reak do:n 'reak do:n 'reak something do:n 'reak in 'reak into something 'reak something in 'reak in 'reak up 'reak up 'reak out 'reak out in something 'ring someone do:n 'ring someone up 'ring something up 'ring something up #all around #all someone 'a#k 6eaning invite on a "ate as. !any peop(e t'e sa!e 2uestion e2ua( reverse support e%p(o"e a"" air stop un*tionin# (ve'i*(e6 !a*'ine& #et upset "ivi"e into s!a((er parts or*e entry to a bui("in# enter or*ib(y 5ear so!et'in# a e5 ti!es so t'at it "oesnCt (oo.B ee( ne5 interrupt en" a re(ations'ip start (au#'in# (in or!a(& es*ape "eve(op a s.in *on"ition !a.e un'appy raise a *'i(" start ta(.in# about a sub8e*t vo!it p'one !any "i erent p(a*esBpeop(e return a p'one *a(( Example ?rian asked ;u"y out to "inner an" a !ovie) I asked around but nobo"y 'as seen !y 5a((et) Aour pur*'ases add up to X+,4)0+) AouC(( 'ave to 'a#k up your *ar so t'at I *an #et out) @y 5i e 'a#ked !e up over !y "e*ision to 2uit !y 8ob) T'e ra*in# *ar 'le: up a ter it *ras'e" into t'e en*e) :e 'ave to 'lo: 4, ba((oons up or t'e party) $ur *ar 'roke do:n at t'e si"e o t'e 'i#'5ay in t'e sno5stor!) T'e 5o!an 'roke do:n 5'en t'e po(i*e to(" 'er t'at 'er son 'a" "ie") $ur tea*'er 'roke t'e ina( pro8e*t do:n into t'ree separate parts) So!ebo"y 'roke in (ast ni#'t an" sto(e our stereo) T'e ire!en 'a" to 'reak into t'e roo! to res*ue t'e *'i("ren) I nee" to 'reak t'ese s'oes in be ore 5e run ne%t 5ee.) T'e TV station 'roke in to report t'e ne5s o t'e presi"entCs "eat') @y boy rien" an" I 'roke up be ore I !ove" to A!eri*a) T'e .i"s 8ust 'roke up as soon as t'e *(o5n starte" ta(.in#) T'e prisoners 'roke out o 8ai( 5'en t'e #uar"s 5erenCt (oo.in#) I 'roke out in a ras' a ter our *a!pin# trip) T'is sa" !usi* is 'ringing !e do:n) @y #ran"parents 'rought !e up a ter !y parents "ie") @y !ot'er 5a(.s out o t'e roo! 5'en !y at'er 'rings up sports) He "ran. so !u*' t'at 'e 'rought 'is "inner up in t'e toi(et) :e #alled around but 5e 5erenCt ab(e to in" t'e *ar part 5e nee"e") I #alled t'e *o!pany 'a#k but t'e o i*es 5ere *(ose" or t'e 5ee.en") ;ason #alled t'e 5e""in# off be*ause 'e 5asnCt in (ove 5it' 'is ian*Y) T'e pro essor #alled on !e or

#all something off #all on someone

*an*e( as. or an ans5er or opinion

2uestion) #all on someone #all someone up #alm do:n not #are for someone1something #at#h up #he#k in #he#k out #he#k someone1something out #he#k out someone1something #heer up #heer someone up #hip in #lean something up #ome a#ross something #ome apart #ome do:n :ith something #ome for:ard #ome from so!e5'ere #ount on someone1something #ross something out #ut 'a#k on something #ut something do:n #ut in #ut in #ut in #ut something off #ut something off #ut someone off #ut something out visit so!eone p'one re(a% a ter bein# an#ry not (i.e ( or!a(& #et to t'e sa!e point as so!eone e(se arrive an" re#ister at a 'ote( or airport (eave a 'ote( (oo. at *are u((y6 investi#ate (oo. at (in or!a(& be*o!e 'appier !a.e 'appier 'e(p ti"y6 *(ean in" une%pe*te"(y separate be*o!e si*. vo(unteer or a tas. or to #ive evi"en*e ori#inate in re(y on "ra5 a (ine t'rou#' *onsu!e (ess !a.e so!et'in# a(( to t'e #roun" interrupt pu(( in too *(ose(y in ront o anot'er ve'i*(e start operatin# (o an en#ine or e(e*tri*a( "evi*e& re!ove 5it' so!et'in# s'arp stop provi"in# ta.e out o a 5i(( re!ove part o so!et'in# (usua((y :e #alled on you (ast ni#'t but you 5erenCt 'o!e) Give !e your p'one nu!ber an" I 5i(( #all you up 5'en 5e are in to5n) Aou are sti(( !a") Aou nee" to #alm do:n be ore you "rive t'e *ar) I "onCt #are for 'is be'aviour) AouC(( 'ave to run aster t'an t'at i you 5ant to #at#h up 5it' @arty) :e 5i(( #et t'e 'ote( .eys 5'en 5e #he#k in) Aou 'ave to #he#k out o t'e 'ote( be ore 33/,, A@) T'e *o!pany #he#ks out a(( ne5 e!p(oyees) Che#k out t'e *ra7y 'air on t'at #uyE S'e #heered up 5'en s'e 'ear" t'e #oo" ne5s) I brou#'t you so!e (o5ers to #heer you up) I everyone #hips in 5e *an #et t'e .it*'en painte" by noon) P(ease #lean up your be"roo! be ore you #o outsi"e) I #ame a#ross t'ese o(" p'otos 5'en I 5as ti"yin# t'e *(oset) T'e top an" botto! #ome apart i you pu(( 'ar" enou#') @y nep'e5 #ame do:n :ith *'i*.en po% t'is 5ee.en") T'e 5o!an #ame for:ard 5it' 'er 'usban"Cs in#er prints) T'e art o ori#a!i #omes from Asia) I a! #ounting on you to !a.e "inner 5'i(e I a! out) P(ease #ross out your o(" a""ress an" 5rite your ne5 one) @y "o*tor 5ants !e to #ut 'a#k on s5eets an" atty oo"s) :e 'a" to #ut t'e o(" tree in our yar" do:n a ter t'e stor!) Aour at'er #ut in 5'i(e I 5as "an*in# 5it' your un*(e) T'e bus "river #ot an#ry 5'en t'at *ar #ut in) T'e air *on"itioner #uts in 5'en t'e te!perature #ets to ++ZC) T'e "o*tors #ut off 'is (e# be*ause it 5as severe(y in8ure") T'e p'one *o!pany #ut off our p'one be*ause 5e "i"nCt pay t'e bi(() @y #ran"parents #ut !y at'er off 5'en 'e re!arrie") I #ut t'is a" out o t'e ne5spaper)

5it' s*issors an" paper& do someone1something o8er do something o8er do a:a$ :ith something do something up dress up drop 'a#k drop in9'$9o8er drop someone1something off drop out eat out end up fall apart fall do:n fall out fall out figure something out fill something in fill something out fill something up find out find something out get something a#ross9o8er get along9on get around get a:a$ get a:a$ :ith something get 'a#k get something 'a#k get 'a#k at someone beat up6 ransa*. (?r)E)6 in or!a(& "o a#ain (N)A!er)& "is*ar" asten6 *(ose 5ear ni*e *(ot'in# !ove ba*. in a positionB#roup *o!e 5it'out an appoint!ent ta.e so!eoneBso!et'in# so!e5'ere an" (eave t'e!Bit t'ere 2uit a *(ass6 s*'oo( et* eat at a restaurant eventua((y rea*'B"oB"e*i"e brea. into pie*es a(( to t'e #roun" separate ro! an interior (o 'air6 teet'& be*o!e (oose an" unatta*'e" un"erstan"6 in" t'e ans5er to 5rite in or!ation in b(an.s (?r)E)& to 5rite in or!ation in b(an.s (N)A!er)& i(( to t'e top "is*over "is*over *o!!uni*ate6 !a.e un"erstan"ab(e (i.e ea*' ot'er 'ave !obi(ity #o on a va*ation "o 5it'out bein# noti*e" or punis'e" return re*eive so!et'in# you 'a" be ore reta(iate6 ta.e reven#e HeCs (u*.y to be a(ive) His s'op 5as done o8er by a street #an#) @y tea*'er 5ants !e to do !y essay o8er be*ause s'e "oesnCt (i.e !y topi*) ItCs ti!e to do a:a$ :ith a(( o t'ese o(" ta% re*or"s) &o your *oat up be ore you #o outsi"e) ItCs sno5in#E ItCs a an*y restaurant so 5e 'ave to dress up) An"rea dropped 'a#k to t'ir" p(a*e 5'en s'e e(( o 'er bi.e) I !i#'t drop in9'$9o8er or tea so!eti!e t'is 5ee.) I 'ave to drop !y sister off at 5or. be ore I *o!e over) I dropped out o S*ien*e be*ause it 5as too "i i*u(t) I "onCt ee( (i.e *oo.in# toni#'t) LetCs eat out) :e ended up rentin# a !ovie instea" o #oin# to t'e t'eatre) @y ne5 "ress fell apart in t'e 5as'in# !a*'ine) T'e pi*ture t'at you 'un# up (ast ni#'t fell do:n t'is !ornin#) T'e !oney !ust 'ave fallen out o !y po*.et) His 'air starte" to fall out 5'en 'e 5as on(y 04) I nee" to figure out 'o5 to it t'e piano an" t'e boo.s'e( in t'is roo!) P(ease fill in t'e or! 5it' your na!e6 a""ress6 an" p'one nu!ber) T'e or! !ust be filled out in *apita( (etters) I a(5ays fill t'e 5ater 8u# up 5'en it is e!pty) :e "onCt .no5 5'ere 'e (ives) Ho5 *an 5e find outG :e trie" to .eep t'e ti!e o t'e party a se*ret6 but Sa!ant'a found it out) I trie" to get !y point a#ross9o8er to t'e 8u"#e but s'e 5ou("nCt (isten) I 5as surprise" 'o5 5e(( !y ne5 #ir( rien" an" !y sister got along9on) @y #ran" at'er *an get around ine in 'is ne5 5'ee(*'air) :e 5or.e" so 'ar" t'is year t'at 5e 'a" to get a:a$ or a 5ee.) ;ason a(5ays gets a:a$ :ith *'eatin# in 'is !at's tests) :e got 'a#k ro! our va*ation (ast 5ee.) Li7 ina((y got 'er S*ien*e notes 'a#k ro! !y roo!9!ate) @y sister got 'a#k at !e or

get 'a#k into something get on something get o8er something get o8er something get round to something get together get up get up gi8e someone a:a$ gi8e someone a:a$ gi8e something a:a$ gi8e something a:a$ gi8e something 'a#k gi8e in gi8e something out gi8e something up gi8e up go after someone go after something go against someone go ahead go 'a#k go out go out :ith someone go o8er something go o8er go :ithout something gro: apart gro: 'a#k gro: up

be*o!e intereste" in so!et'in# a#ain step onto a ve'i*(e re*over ro! an i((ness6 (oss6 "i i*u(ty over*o!e a prob(e! ina((y in" ti!e to "o (N)A!er)/ get around to something& !eet (usua((y or so*ia( reasons& #et out o be" stan" revea( 'i""en in or!ation about so!eone ta.e t'e bri"e to t'e a(tar ruin a se*ret #ive so!et'in# to so!eone or ree return a borro5e" ite! re(u*tant(y stop i#'tin# or ar#uin# #ive to !any peop(e (usua((y at no *ost& 2uit a 'abit stop tryin# o((o5 so!eone try to a*'ieve so!et'in# *o!pete6 oppose start6 pro*ee" return to a p(a*e (eave 'o!e to #o on a so*ia( event "ate revie5 visit so!eone nearby su er (a*. or "eprivation stop bein# rien"s over ti!e re#ro5 be*o!e an a"u(t

stea(in# 'er s'oes) S'e sto(e !y avourite 'at) I ina((y got 'a#k into !y nove( an" inis'e" it) :eCre #oin# to ree7e out 'ere i you "onCt (et us get on t'e bus) I 8ust got o8er t'e (u an" no5 !y sister 'as it) T'e *o!pany 5i(( 'ave to *(ose i it *anCt get o8er t'e ne5 re#u(ations) I "onCt .no5 5'en I a! #oin# to get round to 5ritin# t'e t'an. you *ar"s) LetCs get together or a ??[ t'is 5ee.en") I got up ear(y to"ay to stu"y or !y e%a!) Aou s'ou(" get up an" #ive t'e e("er(y !an your seat) His 5i e ga8e 'i! a:a$ to t'e po(i*e) @y at'er ga8e !e a:a$ at !y 5e""in#) @y (itt(e sister ga8e t'e surprise party a:a$ by a**i"ent) T'e (ibrary 5as gi8ing a:a$ o(" boo.s on Fri"ay) I 'ave to gi8e t'ese s.ates 'a#k to Fran7 be ore 'is 'o*.ey #a!e) @y boy rien" "i"nCt 5ant to #o to t'e ba((et6 but 'e ina((y ga8e in) T'ey 5ere gi8ing out ree per u!e sa!p(es at t'e "epart!ent store) I a! gi8ing up s!o.in# as o ;anuary 3st) @y !at's 'o!e5or. 5as too "i i*u(t so I ga8e up) @y brot'er trie" to go after t'e t'ie in 'is *ar) I :ent after !y "rea! an" no5 I a! a pub(is'e" 5riter) :e are going against t'e best so**er tea! in t'e *ity toni#'t) P(ease go ahead an" eat be ore t'e oo" #ets *o(") I 'ave to go 'a#k 'o!e an" #et !y (un*') :eCre going out or "inner toni#'t) ;esse 'as been going out :ith Lu.e sin*e t'ey !et (ast 5inter) P(ease go o8er your ans5ers be ore you sub!it your test) I 'avenCt seen Tina or a (on# ti!e) I t'in. IC(( go o8er or an 'our or t5o) :'en I 5as youn#6 5e :ent :ithout 5inter boots) @y best rien" an" I gre: apart a ter s'e *'an#e" s*'oo(s) @y roses gre: 'a#k t'is su!!er) :'en ;a*. gro:s up 'e 5ants to

gro: out of something gro: into something hand something do:n hand something in hand something out hand something o8er hang in hang on hang out hang up hold someone1something 'a#k hold something 'a#k hold on hold onto someone1something hold someone1something up keep on doing something keep something from someone keep someone1something out keep something up let someone do:n let someone in look after someone1something look do:n on someone look for someone1something look for:ard to something look into something

#et too bi# or #ro5 bi# enou#' to it #ive so!et'in# use" to so!eone e(se sub!it to "istribute to a #roup o peop(e #ive (usua((y un5i((in#(y& stay positive (N)A!er)6 in or!a(& 5ait a s'ort ti!e (in or!a(& spen" ti!e re(a%in# (in or!a(& en" a p'one *a(( prevent ro! "oin#B#oin# 'i"e an e!otion 5ait a s'ort ti!e 'o(" ir!(y usin# your 'an"s or ar!s

be a ire!an) E(i7abet' nee"s a ne5 pair o s'oes be*ause s'e 'as gro:n out of 'er o(" ones) T'is bi.e is too bi# or 'i! no56 but 'e s'ou(" gro: into it by ne%t year) I handed !y o(" *o!i* boo.s do:n to !y (itt(e *ousin) I 'ave to hand in !y essay by Fri"ay) :e 5i(( hand out t'e invitations at t'e "oor) T'e po(i*e as.e" t'e !an to hand o8er 'is 5a((et an" 'is 5eapons) 4ang in t'ere) IC! sure youC(( in" a 8ob very soon) 4ang on 5'i(e I #rab !y *oat an" s'oesE Instea" o #oin# to t'e party 5e are 8ust #oin# to hang out at !y p(a*e) He "i"nCt say #oo"bye be ore 'e hung up) I 'a" to hold !y "o# 'a#k be*ause t'ere 5as a *at in t'e par.) ;a!ie held 'a#k 'is tears at 'is #ran" at'erCs unera() P(ease hold on 5'i(e I trans er you to t'e Sa(es Depart!ent) 4old onto your 'at be*ause itCs very 5in"y outsi"e) A !an in a b(a*. !as. held t'e ban. up t'is !ornin#) 5eep on stirrin# unti( t'e (i2ui" *o!es to a boi() :e kept our re(ations'ip from our parents or t5o years) Try to keep t'e 5et "o# out o t'e (ivin# roo!) I you keep t'ose resu(ts up you 5i(( #et into a #reat *o((e#e) I nee" you to be on ti!e) DonCt let !e do:n t'is ti!e) Can you let t'e *at in be ore you #o to s*'oo(G I 'ave to look after !y si*. #ran"!ot'er) Ever sin*e 5e sto(e t'at *'o*o(ate bar your "a" 'as looked do:n on !e) IC! looking for a re" "ress or t'e 5e""in#) IC! looking for:ard to t'e C'rist!as brea.) :e are #oin# to look into t'e pri*e o sno5boar"s to"ay)

rob *ontinue "oin# not te(( stop ro! enterin# *ontinue at t'e sa!e rate ai( to support or 'e(p6 "isappoint a((o5 to enter ta.e *are o t'in. (ess o 6 *onsi"er in erior try to in" be e%*ite" about t'e uture investi#ate

look out look out for someone1something look something o8er look something up look up to someone make something up make up make someone up mix something up pass a:a$ pass out pass something out pass something up pa$ someone 'a#k pa$ for something pi#k something out point someone1something out put something do:n put someone do:n put something off put something out put something together put up :ith someone1something put something on run into someone1something run o8er someone1something run o8er9through something run a:a$ run out send something 'a#k set something up

be *are u(6 vi#i(ant6 an" ta.e noti*e be espe*ia((y vi#i(ant or *'e*.6 e%a!ine sear*' an" in" in or!ation in a re eren*e boo. or "atabase 'ave a (ot o respe*t or invent6 (ie about so!et'in# or#ive ea*' ot'er app(y *os!eti*s to *on use t5o or !ore t'in#s "ie aint #ive t'e sa!e t'in# to !any peop(e "e*(ine (usua((y so!et'in# #oo"& return o5e" !oney be punis'e" or "oin# so!et'in# ba" *'oose in"i*ate 5it' your in#er put 5'at you are 'o("in# on a sur a*e or (oor insu(t6 !a.e so!eone ee( stupi" postpone e%tin#uis' asse!b(e to(erate put *(ot'in#Ba**essories on your bo"y !eet une%pe*te"(y "rive a ve'i*(e over a person or t'in# re'earse6 revie5 (eave une%pe*te"(y6 es*ape 'ave none (e t return (usua((y by !ai(& arran#e6 or#ani7e

Loo. outE T'at *arCs #oin# to 'it youE DonCt or#et to look out for sna.es on t'e 'i.in# trai() Can you look o8er !y essay or spe((in# !ista.esG :e *an look 'er p'one nu!ber up on t'e Internet) @y (itt(e sister 'as a(5ays looked up to !e) ;osie made up a story about 5'y 5e 5ere (ate) :e 5ere an#ry (ast ni#'t6 but 5e made up at brea. ast) @y sisters made !e up or !y #ra"uation party) I mixed up t'e t5insC na!es a#ainE His un*(e passed a:a$ (ast ni#'t a ter a (on# i((ness) It 5as so 'ot in t'e *'ur*' t'at an e("er(y (a"y passed out) T'e pro essor passed t'e te%tboo.s out be ore *(ass) I passed up t'e 8ob be*ause I a! a rai" o *'an#e) T'an.s or buyin# !y ti*.et) IC(( pa$ you 'a#k on Fri"ay) T'at bu((y 5i(( pa$ for bein# !ean to !y (itt(e brot'er) I pi#ked out t'ree s5eaters or you to try on) IC(( point !y boy rien" out 5'en 'e runs by) Aou *an put t'e #ro*eries do:n on t'e .it*'en *ounter) T'e stu"ents put t'e substitute tea*'er do:n be*ause 'is pants 5ere too s'ort) :e are putting off our trip unti( ;anuary be*ause o t'e 'urri*ane) T'e nei#'bours put t'e ire out be ore t'e ire!en arrive") I 'ave to put t'e *rib together be ore t'e baby arrives) I "onCt t'in. I *an put up :ith t'ree s!a(( *'i("ren in t'e *ar) DonCt or#et to put on your ne5 earrin#s or t'e party) I ran into an o(" s*'oo(9 rien" at t'e !a(() I a**i"enta((y ran o8er your bi*y*(e in t'e "rive5ay) LetCs run o8er9through t'ese (ines one !ore ti!e be ore t'e s'o5) T'e *'i(" ran a:a$ ro! 'o!e an" 'as been !issin# or t'ree "ays) :e ran out o s'a!poo so I 'a" to 5as' !y 'air 5it' soap) @y (etter #ot sent 'a#k to !e be*ause I use" t'e 5ron# sta!p) $ur boss set a !eetin# up 5it' t'e

set someone up shop around sho: off sleep o8er sort something out sti#k to something s:it#h something off s:it#h something on take after someone take something apart take something 'a#k take off take something off take something out take someone out tear something up think 'a#k think something o8er thro: something a:a$ turn something do:n turn something do:n turn something off turn something on turn something up turn up tr$ something on tr$ something out use something up :ake up

tri*.6 trap *o!pare pri*es a*t e%tra spe*ia( or peop(e 5at*'in# (usua((y boast u((y& stay so!e5'ere or t'e ni#'t (in or!a(& or#ani7e6 reso(ve a prob(e! *ontinue "oin# so!et'in#6 (i!it yourse( to one parti*u(ar t'in# stop t'e ener#y (o56 turn o start t'e ener#y (o56 turn on rese!b(e a a!i(y !e!ber purpose(y brea. into pie*es return an ite! start to (y re!ove so!et'in# (usua((y *(ot'in#& re!ove ro! a p(a*e or t'in# pay or so!eone to #o so!e5'ere 5it' you rip into pie*es re!e!ber (o ten R to6 so!eti!es R on& *onsi"er "ispose o "e*rease t'e vo(u!e or stren#t' ('eat6 (i#'t et*& re use stop t'e ener#y (o56 s5it*' o start t'e ener#y6 s5it*' on in*rease t'e vo(u!e or stren#t' ('eat6 (i#'t et*& appear su""en(y sa!p(e *(ot'in# test inis' t'e supp(y stop s(eepin#

presi"ent o t'e *o!pany) T'e po(i*e set up t'e *ar t'ie by usin# a 'i""en *a!era) I 5ant to shop around a (itt(e be ore I "e*i"e on t'ese boots) He a(5ays sho:s off on 'is s.ateboar" Aou s'ou(" sleep o8er toni#'t i t'e 5eat'er is too ba" to "rive 'o!e) :e nee" to sort t'e bi((s out be ore t'e irst o t'e !ont') Aou 5i(( (ose 5ei#'t i you sti#k to t'e "iet) T'e (i#'tCs too bri#'t) Cou(" you s:it#h it off) :e 'ear" t'e ne5s as soon as 5e s:it#hed on t'e *ar ra"io) I take after !y !ot'er) :e are bot' i!patient) He took t'e *ar bra.es apart an" oun" t'e prob(e!) I 'ave to take our ne5 TV 'a#k be*ause it "oesnCt 5or.) @y p(ane takes off in ive !inutes) +ake off your so*.s an" s'oes an" *o!e in t'e (a.eE Can you take t'e #arba#e out to t'e street or !eG @y #ran"parents took us out or "inner an" a !ovie) I tore up !y e%9boy rien"Cs (etters an" #ave t'e! ba*. to 'i!) :'en I think 'a#k on !y yout'6 I 5is' I 'a" stu"ie" 'ar"er) IC(( 'ave to think t'is 8ob o er o8er be ore I !a.e !y ina( "e*ision) :e thre: our o(" urniture a:a$ 5'en 5e 5on t'e (ottery) P(ease turn t'e TV do:n 5'i(e t'e #uests are 'ere) I turned t'e 8ob do:n be*ause I "onCt 5ant to !ove) Aour !ot'er 5ants you to turn t'e TV off an" *o!e or "inner) ItCs too "ar. in 'ere) LetCs turn so!e (i#'ts on) Can you turn t'e !usi* upG T'is is !y avourite son#) $ur *at turned up a ter 5e put posters up a(( over t'e nei#'bour'oo") IC! #oin# to tr$ t'ese 8eans on6 but I "onCt t'in. t'ey 5i(( it) I a! #oin# to tr$ t'is ne5 bran" o "eter#ent out) T'e .i"s used a(( o t'e toot'paste up so 5e nee" to buy so!e !ore) :e 'ave to :ake up ear(y or 5or. on @on"ay)

:arm someone1something up :arm up :ear off :ork out :ork out :ork something out

in*rease t'e te!perature prepare bo"y or e%er*ise a"e a5ay e%er*ise be su**ess u( !a.e a *a(*u(ation

Aou *an :arm your eet up in ront o t'e irep(a*e) I a(5ays :arm up by "oin# sit9ups be ore I #o or a run) @ost o !y !a.e9up :ore off be ore I #ot to t'e party) I :ork out at t'e #y! t'ree ti!es a 5ee.) $ur p(an :orked out ine) :e 'ave to :ork out t'e tota( *ost be ore 5e buy t'e 'ouse)

+2 S F/R S A12S4 S EA5ERS

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 :rite (on#er senten*es by 8oinin# i"eas to#et'er) Use a ran#e o "i erent tenses) ?rin# your pie*e o 5ritin# to a "e inite en"6 or e%a!p(e by in*(u"in# a *on*(usion or a proper en"in#) Use a variety o a"verbs in your 5ritin# to a"" interest) ?e *are u( 5it' M a(se rien"s MJ 5or"s t'at are *on use" 5it' si!i(ar 5or"s in Spanis') @a.e your 5ritin# as interestin# an" "es*riptive as you *an) Re!e!ber to use a suitab(e *(osin# e%pression 5'en 5ritin# a (etter) Try to avoi" usin# t'e 5or" M beauti u( M a(( t'e ti!e S t'ere are !any ot'er a"8e*tives you *an use in En#(is') @a.e a para#rap' p(an be ore you start 5ritin# your ans5er) T'en 5rite your ans5er *(ear(y an" a(5ays (eave a (ine bet5een para#rap's) C'e*. your use o *apita( (etters) C'e*. t'e tenses you use in *on"itiona( senten*es) ?e *are u( to spe(( 5or"s 5it' W si(ent M (etters *orre*t(y) Try to be a!bitious) Use a ran#e o vo*abu(ary S espe*ia((y "i erent a"8e*tives) Re!e!ber t'at so!e nouns are un*ountab(e an" 'ave an Ws M on t'e en") Re!e!ber to 5rite in t'e sa!e sty(e t'rou#'out an arti*(e or essay) @a.e sure you use t'e ri#'t (in.in# 5or" in senten*es) C'e*. t'e ne#ative pre i%es you use in 5or" or!ation) Revise *o!!on verb S noun *o((o*ations) @a.e sure you start ea*' ans5er 5e((6 as a positive irst i!pression is very i!portant) C'e*. t'e 5or" or"er in "ire*t an" in"ire*t 2uestions) @a.e your 5ritin# *(ear an" in or!ative 5'en 5ritin# a report) Use a 5i"er ran#e o (an#ua#e in t'e e%a!6 even i it is not a(5ays a**urate) ?e *are u( to *'e*. or any !issin# pun*tuation in your 5ritin#)

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Try to use p'rasa( verbs in in or!a( 5ritin#) Re!e!ber to use *onsistent(y or!a( (an#ua#e in a Part + (etter o app(i*ation) Learn so!e appropriate p'rases an" e%pressions t'at you *ou(" use in an in or!a( (etter or e!ai() :'en 5ritin# a story6 try to t'in. o an interestin# an" "es*riptive openin# to *at*' t'e attention o t'e e%a!iner an" to set t'e s*ene) Re!e!ber to *over a(( t'ree points nee"e" in a (etter o app(i*ation) Start a ne5 para#rap' or ea*' point an" try to e%p(ain ea*' point t'orou#'(y) :'en 5ritin# an arti*(e6 en#a#e t'e rea"erMs interest by brin#in# your 5ritin# to (i e) Learn so!e p'rases 5it' Ma(( M t'at you *an use to i!press t'e e%a!iner) :'en 5ritin# a senten*e6 *'e*. t'at t'e verb a#rees 5it' t'e sub8e*t) ?e *are u( not to !iss out any preposition in your senten*es) ?e *are u( to *'oose t'e ri#'t 5or" or 5'at you 5ant to say)