abstract Less direct; more theoretical

abstract concept Abstract ideas exist as thoughts in the mind, and are not related to physical objects or real events and actions

accuracy of form Accurate grammar and spelling

acquisition The way people learn their mother tongue

action plan Something an observer and teacher might agree on at the end of an observation

adapt To change your ideas or behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation

Additive nature n spo!en "nglish, we sometimes# $a% put a quantifier after a noun& "xample# 'eople who live in cities, lots of them grew up in the country& (e also sometimes put a possessive after the noun# "xample# )y teacher, her husband *em is also a teacher& $b% express possessives li!e this "xample# nstead of saying +)y friend+s husband wor!s at that factory+, we sometimes say +)y friend, her husband wor!s at that factory+&

adjourning The final closing of a meeting, or of any official gathering

Affective ,ilter -ypothesis 'art of .r& Stephen /rashen0s Second Language Acquisition Theory, published in 1231& -e believed that learners can only accept language input if their affective filter is low, i&e& they are motivated, confident and relaxed& f they are unmotivated, lac! confidence or feel anxious, the affective filter will be up and will bloc! any input from being received

aide memoire An aid to the memory

analysing Studying the parts of something so that you can explain or understand it

anxious 4neasy and worried about an uncertain event or matter

appraisal A face5to5face discussion where a trainee0s performance is discussed

article

The grammatical name for the words +a+, +an+, and +the+ in "nglish or words in other languages which have a similar use& source# 6ambridge dictionary online

attitudinal 7elating to or affected by what someone feels about something

authentic 7eal, not false or copied, accurate or based in fact and traditional or original, or very similar to this

authentic text Text $written or spo!en% which is produced for native spea!ers, not learners

autonomous An autonomous person is independent and able to ma!e their own decisions

auxiliary verb A verb that gives grammatical information, for example about tense, which is not given by the main verb of a sentence& The first verb in each of the following sentences is an auxiliary# would love a drin! (hen did you arrive8 She has finished her boo!& source# 6ambridge dictionary online

9 bilingual Able to spea! two languages fluently

blended learning

A course which includes online and face5to5face components

blissful

:iving you great pleasure

blog

A type of online diary ; originally called (eb log

brainstorm :roups of learners wor! together to thin! of e&g& lots of ideas about a topic; lots of words on a topic

bully To frighten or hurt someone who is smaller or wea!er than you or to use your influence or status to threaten or frighten someone in order to get what you want

bu<< group This is a method of livening up a discussion or a lecture& "very so often during a discussion=lecture, pair or group pupils and have them summarise the previous part and decide if they agree or disagree, then move on to the next part and do the same

6 camaraderie A spirit of familiarity and trust existing between friends

cline A gradual change that happens across a range of similar things

clo<e tests A variation of a gap5fill tas!, where, for example, every fifth word in a paragraph is deleted& n a traditional gap5fill, words are deleted randomly& n a clo<e test, t could be every sixth word, or every seventh word, etc&

cognition The process of learning through reasoning, intuition, or perception

cognitive s!ills

Thin!ing s!ills

cohesive devices The glue that holds a text together, such as conjunctions, $e&g& and, but, however, consequently%, substitution and referencing

collocate :o together e&g& >dry wine0 but not >dry water0; >injured in a car accident0 but >wounded in a war0

communicative 4sed to describe an approach to teaching a language, in which the learner learns by communicating in the target language as much as possible $spea!ing, listening, reading and writing%

competency

,undamental !nowledge, ability, or expertise in a specific subject area or s!ill set

concept questions ?uestions that help you get an idea of something that exists

concise "xpressed using only a few words, but in a way that is easy to understand

conjunction A conjunction is a word such as +and+, +but+, +while+ or +although+ that connects words, phrases and clauses in a sentence& source# 6ambridge dictionary online

connected speech Speech which consists of more than one word

consequence A result or effect of something

constructive ntended to be useful or helpful

context The general situation in which something happens, which helps to explain it or the words surrounding a particular word that help to give it its meaning

contrast To compare two things or people and say that the second one is very different from the first

controlled activities Activities which have language and an output largely controlled by the teacher, rather than the learners

controversy An argument between two sides with opposing points of view

cooperative writing Learners wor! together to produce a piece of writing; this can be one group of learners or it can be between groups of learners

criteria Standards on which a judgment can be based

critical incident

A conflict from a misunderstanding of cultural behaviour

criticism

6omments that show that you thin! something is wrong or bad

cross5cultural

6onnected to relations between people from different cultures

cross5pollination $of ideas% "xchange and stimulating influence among diverse elements

culture clash

A conflict from a misunderstanding of cultural behaviour

cycle A series of events that happen again and again in the same order or at the same times or a set of things as part of a process

. deductive approach A deductive approach to teaching language starts by giving learners rules, then examples, then practice& t is a teacher5centred approach to presenting new content& "xample The form and use of the third conditional is explained to learners, then they have a gap5fill exercise to complete, then prepare their own examples& n the classroom The deductive approach may be suitable with lower level learners who need a clear base from which to begin with a new language item, or with learners who are accustomed to a more traditional approach and so who lac! the training to find rules themselves&

/eyword$s%#

developmental feedbac! ,eedbac! that promotes positive change and gives examples of how to bring about the change

discourse mar!ers .iscourse mar!ers are words and phrases used in spea!ing and writing to +signpost+ discourse& .iscourse mar!ers do this by showing turns, joining ideas together, showing attitude, and generally controlling communication& Some people regard discourse mar!ers as a feature of spo!en language only& "xample (ords li!e +actually+, +so+, +@/+, +right8+ and +anyway+ all function as discourse mar!ers as they help the spea!er to manage the conversation and mar! when it changes&

n the classroom .iscourse mar!ers are an important feature of both formal and informal native spea!er language& The s!ilful use of discourse mar!ers often indicates a higher level of fluency and an ability to produce and understand authentic language&

.iscrete item testing n this type of testing, learners are tested on only one thing at a time $e&g& a verb tense or a word%&

" editing tas!s Tas!s in which test ta!ers are required either to identify and correct the errors in a sentence or to correct identified errors in underlined words or phrases

"llipsis

"llipsis is the omission of one or more words from a sentence, where they are unnecessary because they have already been mentioned& )eaning can be understood without these words& "llipsis is one of the aspects of language that gives text cohesion& "xample An example of nominal ellipsis, where a noun phrase is omitted, is +as it has the last three A B+ and of verbal ellipsis +Ces, have A B+& n the classroom Analysis of tape scripts of native spea!ers is one way of raising learners+ awareness of ellipsis&

This can then be continued as a controlled practice exercise by as!ing learners to fill in the gaps by replacing the missing words&

enquiry approach

A method of studying content through a systematic gathering of observation and investigation

error n this wor!shop, error refers to any mista!e or slip the learner ma!es, irrespective of its cause

evaluate To thin! carefully about something before ma!ing a judgement about its value, importance, or quality

evaluating *udging the value of something

evaluative "xamining or judging carefully

experiential activities

Activities based on experience

extensive listening s!ills (hen we listen to a long text over an extended period of time

, first draft The first piece of writing produced by the writer, which will probably need rewriting after editing

focus

The way learners wor! in class i&e& in pairs or groups, individually or as a whole class& Another term for interaction

formality The level of formality depends on how well the writer !nows the reader and the difficulty=urgency of the situation& This affects whether formal or informal language is used&

formative Assessment that is ongoing and gives developmental feedbac! on performance

,ormulaic expressions (e use formulaic expressions to express greetings, say goodbye, say sorry, and for many other purposes& "xamples# -ow0s it going8, see you later, so long, excuse me, than!s a lot, 0m so sorry&

forum

A place to hold online discussions

fossilisation ,ossilisation refers to the process in which incorrect language becomes a habit and cannot easily be corrected& "xample )any advanced level learners who have Spanish as an L1 do not distinguish between >he+ and >she+& This could be a fossilised error& n the classroom "rrors in general ta!e time to correct but a fossili<ed error may never be corrected unless the learner sees a reason to do so, e&g& if it is seriously hindering communication& Teachers can help learners notice their fossilised errors by for example recording them spea!ing, or by as!ing them to !eep a record of written errors as part of a language portfolio&

fossilised An error that has become a habit for the learner, who has no motivation to correct it

freer activities Activities which have language and an output produced largely by the learners, rather than the teacher

function

The job that something is designed to do

fuss A lot of unnecessary worry or excitement about something

: generate To ma!e a lot of people express feelings or opinions about something

genre Types of text $written or oral% which have specific social purposes, particular overall structures and specific linguistic features shared by particular cultures $e&g& news, conversations, telephone messages, complaints, etc&%

genre approach

A method of studying content by analysing different text types in terms of vocabulary, grammar,

format, etc&

gesture A movement that communicates a feeling or instruction

grammatical patterns These refer to repeated lexical structures that learners can copy in spea!ing and writing and can be used to help learners identify their own grammar rules

graphic organiser

A tool for displaying content visually& Also called a visual organiser&

group profile A description of a class which highlights the commonalities and differences of the learners

grudge A feeling of anger towards someone because they have done something to you that does not seem right or fair

hierarchy A series of ordered groupings of things or people in a system

high5sta!es test A test with important consequences for the test ta!er& 'assing has important benefits, such as a secondary school diploma, a scholarship, or a licence to practise a profession& ,ailing has important disadvantages, such as being forced to ta!e remedial classes until the test can be passed, not being allowed to drive a car, or not being able to find employment& $Source# (i!ipedia%

-istoric present -istoric present is when we narrate a story from the past using the present simple tense& "&g& DSo yesterday, go into the convenience store and see my music teacher from primary schoolE She says&&&F

hypothesis

An explanation of an observation

improviser A person who is good at thin!ing of alternative ways of doing things when materials=resources are not available

individual sounds The separate sounds of "nglish that ma!e up words

inductive approach An inductive approach to teaching language starts with examples and as!s learners to find rules& "xample Learners listen to a conversation that includes examples of the use of the third conditional& The teacher chec!s that the students understand the meaning of its use through chec!ing learners+ comprehension of the listening text, and only after this focuses on the form, using the examples from the text to elicit rules about the form, its use and its pronunciation& n the classroom nductive approaches to presenting new language are commonly found in course boo!s, and form part of a general strategy to engage learners in what they learn&

/eyword$s%#

information gap This is a spea!ing activity where each participant needs information from the other& Typically each has half the information and they need to as! for the information& t can also be between more than G people

inhibition A feeling of being embarrassed or not confident that ma!es it difficult to relax and do or say what you want to

nput -ypothesis 'art of .r& Stephen /rashen0s Second Language Acquisition Theory, published in 1231& -e stated that learners should be exposed to language which is comprehensible H1, i&e& slightly above the language level they have reached& -e believed that learners will be able to understand such language by using the context and their world !nowledge, and at the same time acquire the new language

integrate To ma!e someone become a full member of a group or society and be involved completely in its activities

integrated s!ills (hen more than one language s!ill is used to complete a tas!, e&g& listening to a telephone message, writing it down, then spea!ing to pass the message onto someone else

ntegrative testing An integrative test involves as!ing learners to use a variety of language and s!ills to complete a tas! successfully&

intensive -ere, extreme in amount of wor! to be completed in the amount of time given

intensive listening s!ills (hen we listen in order to examine a piece of language, for example to study the grammar or pronunciation of it

interaction

The way learners wor! in class i&e& in pairs or groups, individually or as a whole class& Another term for focus

interactional listening (hen the main purpose is to establish a relationship with the spea!er$s%

interlanguage nterlanguage is the learner+s current version of the language they are learning& nterlanguage changes all the time but can become fossilised language when the learners do not have the opportunity to improve& "xample A learner who has lived in an "nglish5spea!ing environment for many years but not attended classes or studied for some time has problems with reported speech and forming tag questions& -is interlanguage has become fossilised& n the classroom nterlanguage is often heavily influenced by L1 and interference from this may ma!e it seem perfectly logical to the learner, although it is incorrect& t is important for teachers to understand this and also to see interlanguage as a series of learning steps&

intonation This describes the rise and fall of pitch when spea!ing& n "nglish, intonation is used to change meaning and show emotion

'A The nternational 'honetic Alphabet $ 'A% is a way to transcribe sounds of a language& t is especailly used with languages that are spo!en in a different way to their spelling, li!e "nglish& ,or example, see how the 'A transcribes the >ough0 sound in these words# through =Iru#=, rough =rf=, though =J=

item The part of a test to which a learner has to respond

* justify To show that there is a good reason for something, especially something that other people thin! is wrong, or to be a good reason for something

L L1 ,irst language or mother tongue refers to the language predominantly spo!en at home

learner independence The practice of learners ta!ing on responsibility for their own learning, rather than depending on the teacher

learner styles The concept that different people learn in different ways

learners0 feedbac! The practice of as!ing the learners for feedbac! on a lesson, in terms of how enjoyable it was, whether learning outcomes were met, whether the teacher could ma!e improvements, etc&

lexical chun!s 'hrases or groups of words that can be learned as one lexical item, e&g& >loo!ing forward to it0, >see you later0, >give me a brea!0, etc&

linger Lasting for a long time, especially when this is unpleasant or not necessary

) mingle To move around and tal! to a lot of people, especially at a social event

minimal pair A >minimal pair0 is a pair of words that almost sound the same, but one individual sound within them is different, for example# >pray0 and >play0

mobile learning

4sing mobile devices such as mobile phones for learning

monocultural

6onnected to a single culture

motivational Something that provides motivation e&g& competitions in class are usually motivational

multicultural

6onnected to more than one culture

K neuro5linguistic programming $KL'% The science of verbal and non5verbal language and the effects it has on our emotions when we communicate with others and ourselves

non5judgemental An approach or attitude that is open and does not incorporate a judgement one way or the other

novice Someone who is just beginning to learn a s!ill or

subject

@ @pen @ffice

A free office software pac!age available from www&openoffice&org

open5ended questions ?uestions that do not require a yes or no answer

outcome

"nd result

' pacing

The speed of the lesson& Teacher can vary the pace in a lesson by planning different activities in order to !eep the students0 attention

passive Kot actively participating in something

peer chec! This is a method of chec!ing answers& 9efore eliciting feedbac! from the whole class the teacher will often tell pupils to chec! their answers together in pairs or groups& This builds confidence and will mean the teacher gets more response to elicitations

peer observation The practice of teachers observing each other in the classroom and giving evaluative feedbac!& The aim is for both parties to learn from each other

pelmanism A learner tas! where there is a set of matching cards e&g& word and definition& Learners wor! in groups and ta!e turns turning over two cards and placing them on the table& f they match, they win the cards, if they do not and then they put them bac! in the same place and the game continues& The winner is the person with the most cards at the end

phonemic An individual speech sound that ma!es one word different from another& ,or example, the >b0 and >f0 in >bill0 and >fill0

podcast

An audio recording available online

post5reading tas! A tas! which encourages learners to use information they gained from reading a text

'ower'oint

A computer programme used for producing presentations

pre5reading tas! A tas! which helps learners tune into a text before reading it, which aids their understanding

preposition n grammar, a word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a pronoun, connecting it to another word& n the sentences +(e jumped in the la!e+, and +She drove slowly down the trac!+, +in+ and +down+ are prepositions& source# 6ambridge dictionary online

prioritising 'utting things into order of importance

priority Something important that must be done first or needs more attention than anything else

procedure

The detail of what is happening at each stage of the lesson

process5oriented activities (riting activities which guide learners through some or all of the stages of the natural process of writing, i&e& thin!ing about the readers0 needs, gathering ideas, planning the writing, writing a first draft, editing, writing a final draft, etc&

product5oriented activities (riting activites which give learners practice in producing the final writing product, usually by interacting with it in some way, e&g& a gap5fill

project wor! An activity, which focuses on completing a tas! on a specific topic& Students often wor! in groups to create something such as a class maga<ine& Students sometimes have to do some wor! by themselves, sometimes outside the classroom

pronoun A word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase 'ronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been

mentioned& +She+, +it+ and +who+ are all examples of pronouns& source# 6ambridge dictionary online

pyramid discussion A learner tas! where learners have to first decide something on their own, then discuss in pairs and come to a decision, then in groups and so on until the whole class has to discuss

7 random -aving no specific pattern, purpose, or objective

ran! A number of things arranged in a line

ran!ing 'utting items in order

rapport A relationship in which people li!e, understand, and respect each other

realia

An object that has not been produced for ",L purposes but is being used in the classroom

reflective journal A personal record of a teacher0s development, written by the teacher her=himself& t should detail the teacher0s feelings as well as evaluate the results of trying out new ideas in the classroom

reflective practice The practice of thin!ing critically about one0s own development and ma!ing changes where appropriate

remote monitoring

This is a method of monitoring classes, where the teacher remains in the bac!ground and monitors unobtrusively& The teacher will then give feedbac! after the tas! is finished

resourceful A person who can find different ways of doing things or replacements for materials that are not available

ridicule To try to ma!e someone or something seem silly by ma!ing fun of them in an un!ind way

role5play This is a spea!ing activity that requires the participants to adopt roles& t very often has role cards and requires preparation for the role& "xamples could include a shop!eeper and customer; a debate between business people and environmentalists; a call centre staff member and a member of the public

S schedule A programme of classes presented in a tabular form

schemata The mental picture a person has about a topic, based on past experiences

schwa The name of the most common sound in the "nglish language, pronounced li!e LuhL& t is wea! and can be spelt in many ways, e&g& panda, open, doctor, colour& The phonetic symbol for the schwa is ==& n connected speech, many syllables change to a schwa, e&g& compare >for0 on its own, with > t0s for you0

self5access centre A place with learning resources such as boo!s, computers and cassettes where students can study by themselves

self5esteem The feeling that you are as important as other people and that you deserve to be treated well

simulations

A learner tas! where learners ta!e part in a moc!5up of a situation and act out certain roles

social networ!

A type of website which allows groups of people to communicate, such as ,aceboo! and Twitter

strategy A plan or method for achieving something, especially over a long period of time

stress The practice of pronouncing syllables or words in a clear way ; they are often louder and pronounced more >completely0 than other syllables or words

structure The way in which the parts of something are organised or arranged into a whole

substitution table A table that illustrates the structure of a piece of language without a lot of repetition& t can be used to practise the language orally or in writing

summative Assessment that comes at the end of a course and evaluates performance without being developmental

susceptible "asily influenced or affected by something

synthesise

To combine different parts to ma!e a new and more complex product

T T5S; S5S; '(; :(; (9; ; ,.9/

common abbreviations used in lesson planning $L'%; teacher=student; student=student $or learner%; pair wor!; group wor!; whiteboard; individual; feedbac!

taboo A learner tas! where there is a pac! of cards and a learner has to define the word on the card without saying the word& The learners who can do the most wins

taxonomy The practice and science of classification

team teaching The practice of teachers sharing a lesson together in a classroom, usually in pairs& The teachers plan together, share ideas and learn from each other& The learners usually benefit from having more teachers to attend to them in class&

T'7 $Total 'hysical 7esponse% To facilitate learning through drama and movement

trait A particular quality in someone0s character

transactional listening (hen the main purpose is to transfer !nowledge from the spea!er$s%

M Magueness (hen we can0t or don0t want to be very exact in what we are saying, we can use >vague0 language& t0s very common to do this in informal speech& 6ommon >vagueness0 expressions include# 5stuff# D left all my stuff in the car&F 5things# D*ust leave your things on the des! and come with me&F 5around=about# D 0ll be there around N#OO&F 5or so# DActually she0s quite young, 1P or so&F 5ish# DShe0s going to be late, she probably won0t be here till six5ish&L

visual organiser

A tool for displaying content visually& Also called a graphic organiser&

( (eb G&O

The interactive internet, which allows all internet users to participate, rather than just read what is on the net

while5reading tas! A tas! which motivates learners to read a text

wi!i

A type of website which allows users to create and edit pages easily

(ord

A computer programme used for creating documents such as letters