SBM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MONTHLY TEST-I Branch: Mechanical Subject name: Basic Civil & Mechanical Engineering Subject code: GE21 2 Year: I Semester: II !acult" #ame: Mr$ %$&arthi'e"an

(#I) * III +2 M,-& . & ,/

1$ 0ist 1our subjects in Mechanical Engineering$ +,$( Coimbatore %an 2223/ Power plant Engineering, Fluid Machines and Hydraulic Machines, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, IC Engines. 2$ Mention the main classi1ication o1 4o5er 4lants$ +,$( Coimbatore %an 22236 ,$( )rich" %une 22126 ,$( )rich" %une7%ul" 22286 ,$($ Chennai Ma"7%une 2228/ Different types of power plants are, ! "tea# or $her#al power plant %! Hydroelectric or Hydel power plant &! 'uclear power plant (! Diesel power plant )! *as tur+ine power plant ,! "olar power plant -! .ind power plant /! $idal power plant 9$ State the source o1 energ" 1or thermal 4o5er 4lant6 h"del 4o5er 4lant6 tidal 4o5er 4lant and gobar gas 4o5er 4lant +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ "ource of energy for $her#al power plant 0 "olid and li1uid fossil fuels li2e coal and oil. Hydel power plant 0 Potential energy of water at higher le3el +ehind a da#. $idal power plant 0 Periodic rise and fall of water le3el of the sea. *o+ar gas power plant 0 Cow dung. :$ ;hat is meant b" -ene5able sources o1 energ"< +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ "ources of energy that can +e used o3er and o3er again are called Renewa+le sources. $hese are energy which co#es fro# natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geother#al heat etc., $ State the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 thermal 4o5er 4lant$ +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/

"tea# is used as wor2ing fluid Heat energy is con3erted into #echanical energy which is used for electric power generation

Heat energy Mechanical energyElectric power.

"tea# is produced in the +oiler and is used to dri3e the stea# tur+ine which is coupled with a generator

=$ State the disadvantages o1 steam 4o5er 4lant$ +,$( Madurai %une 2211/ ! %! &! (! )! $ransportation and handling of fuel is a #a4or difficulty 5ong ti#e re1uired for erection. Maintenance and operating cost are high. Efficiency of the plant is less. Power generation cost is high when co#pared to hydel power plant.

>$ #ame at least 1our major thermal 4o5er 4lants in India$ +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 22286 ,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2212/ 666 M. Coal +ased ther#al power plant at Ennore. % 7 )66 M. $her#al power plant at $uticorin. % 7 /66 M. $her#al power plant, 8dan2udi $P", $uticorin. 666 M. $her#al power plant, 'ey3eli. 3$ ;hat is meant b" nuclear 1usion< +,$( Madurai %une 2211/ 'uclear fusion is the process +y which two or #ore ato#ic nuclei 4oin together, or 9fuse:, to for# a single hea3ier nucleus. $his is usually acco#panied +y the release or a+sorption of large 1uantities of energy. 8$ ;rite do5n the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 #uclear 4o5er 4lant$ +,$( Chennai Ma"7%une 2228/ $he nucleus of fissiona+le #aterial li2e uraniu# is split into two or #ore frag#ents with release of enor#ous a#ount of heat energy. $he neutrons produced are 3ery fast and can +e #ade to fission other nuclei, thus setting up a chain reaction. $he stea# generator or heat e7changer uses the heat to generate stea#. $he stea# produced is passed to the tur+ine where wor2 is done +y e7pansion of stea#. $he tur+ine shaft is coupled to the generator and electricity is produced 12$ State the 1unction o1 a moderator in a nuclear reactor$ +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 22116 ,$( Coimbatore %une7%ul" 2212/ Moderator is used to slow down the fast #o3ing electrons in a nuclear reactor. 11$ #ame t5o materials that can be used as moderator in a nuclear reactor$ +,$( Chennai ,4ril7Ma" 2211/

Hydrogen, *raphite, ;erylliu#, Hea3y water can +e used as #oderators. 12$ In a ?chain reaction@ Aeav" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBElements are bombarded b" BBBBBBBBBBBBBBand BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB is generated according to the 1ormula: Mass C +Delocit" o1 light/ 2 6 5hich 5as 1ormulated b" the scientist BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 19$ ;hat is the 1unction o1 de1lectors in nuclear 4o5er 4lant< +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2212/

1:$ ;hat is the 1unction o1 Control rods in nuclear reactor< +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 2228/ It is a rod #ade of che#ical ele#ents capa+le of a+sor+ing #any neutrons without fissioning the#sel3es. $hey are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of uraniu# and plutoniu#. ;ecause these ele#ents ha3e different capture cross sections for neutrons of 3arying energies, the co#positions of the control rods #ust +e designed for the neutron spectru# of the reactor it is supposed to control. 1 $ 0ist out the advantages o1 #uclear 4o5er 4lants$ +,$( )rich" %une7%ul" 2228/ ! 'uclear power plant needs less space. %! Fuel consu#ption is 3ery s#all and hence fuel transportation handling and storage charges are low. &! 'uclear power plants are well suited to #eet large power de#ands. (! 'ot affected +y ad3erse weather conditions. )! <peration of the plant is #ore relia+le. ,! 5ess wor2#en is re1uired$ 1=$ In 5hich one o1 the 1ollo5ing are the combustion 4roducts +1lue gases/ not used as a 5or'ing medium< +a/ Gas )urbine 4lant +b/ Eiesel Engine 4lant +c/ Steam 4lant +d/ #one o1 the above =a! *as $ur+ine plant 1>$ ;hat is meant b" a 4um4< +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ $he hydraulic #achines which con3ert the #echanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pu#ps 13$ ;rite do5n the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 Centri1ugal 4um4$ +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2212/

$he centrifugal pu#p wor2s on the principle of Forced >orte7 Flow which #eans that when a certain #ass of li1uid is rotated +y an e7ternal tor1ue, the rise in pressure head of the rotating li1uid ta2es place. Due to this pressure head, the li1uid can +e lifted to a high le3el. 18$ ;hat is meant b" thermal 4rime mover< +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ $her#al pri#e #o3er is power unit that uses heat energy to produce power In ther#al power plant, "tea# is used as wor2ing fluid Heat energy is con3erted into #echanical energy which is used for electric power generation Heat energy Mechanical energyElectric power.

"tea# is produced in the +oiler and is used to dri3e the stea# tur+ine which is coupled with a generator

22$ Com4are reci4rocating 4um4 and centri1ugal 4um4$ +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2211/ ".'o. % & ( Centrifugal pu#ps $he discharge is s#ooth and continuous It can +e used for lifting highly 3iscous li1uids It is used for large discharge through s#aller heads Centrifugal pu#p runs at high speed. $hey can +e coupled to electric #otor. Reciprocating pu#ps $he discharge is not continuous. It is fluctuating and pulsating. It is used only for lifting pure water or less 3iscous li1uids. It is #eant for s#all discharge and high heads. Reciprocating pu#p runs at low speed. "peed is li#ited due to consideration of separation and ca3itation

21$ Eistinguish bet5een the energ" conversion in a 4um4 and in a turbine +,$( Chennai ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ Pu#p con3erts the #echanical energy into hydraulic energy. A stea# tur+ine e7tracts ther#al energy fro# pressuri?ed stea# and con3erts it into useful #echanical wor2 22$ 0ist the 1actors to be considered 1or the selection o1 site 1or the h"dro electric 4o5er 4lant +,$( Coimbatore %une 2212/

"uita+le foundations should +e a3aila+le at the site selected for a particular type of da#. For gra3ity da#s, sound roc2 is essential. For earth da#s, any type of foundations is suita+le with proper treat#ent. Ri3er cross section at the da# site should prefera+ly ha3e a narrow gorge to reduce the length of the da#. Howe3er the gorge should open out u@s to pro3ide large +asin for a reser3oir.

$he general +ed le3el at da# site should prefera+ly +e higher than that of the ri3er +asin. $his will reduce the height of the da# and will facilitate the drainage. A "uita+le site for spill way should +e a3aila+le in the near 3icinity. If the spillway is to +e co#+ined with the da#, the width of the gorge should +e such as to acco##odate +oth Reser3oir +asin should +e reasona+ly water tight.

29$ ;hat is the use o1 Surge tan' in h"dro4o5er 4lants< +,$( Chennai %une 22126 ,$( )irunelveli ,4ril7Ma" 2228/ A surge tan2 is a s#all reser3oir or tan2 in which the water le3el rises or falls due to sudden changes in pressure. $here is sudden rise of pressure in the penstoc2 due to +ac2flow of water when load on the tur+ine is reduced. $his is 2nown as water ha##er. "urge tan2 is placed +etween the da# and tur+ine to reduce the water ha##er effect. "urge tan2 ser3e as a supply tan2 during increased load conditions and as a storage tan2 during reduced load conditions. 2:$ Give t5o eCam4les 1or 4ositive dis4lacement 4um4s< +,$( Chennai %une 2212/ . *ear pu#p %. "crew pu#p 2 $ #ame the di11erent com4onents used in a gas turbine 4o5er 4lant +,$( Coimbatore %une7%ul" 2212/ Co#pressor, Co#+ustion cha#+er, $ur+ine, *enerator 2=$ ;hat are the modi1ications can be made to im4rove the 4er1ormances o1 the gas turbine< +,nna (niv )rich" %une 2212/

2>$ Mention the 1e5 advantages o1 gas turbines +,$( )rich" #ov7Eec 2212/ ! 'atural gas is a 3ery suita+le fuel for gas tur+ine plant and is easily a3aila+le and cheap. %! *as tur+ine plant is s#aller in si?e and less weight co#pared to stea# plant. &! Initial cost is low.

(! )! ,! -!

It can +e started 1uic2ly and can +e put on load in a 3ery short ti#e. 5ess #aintenance cost. "i#ple in construction and does not re1uire hea3y foundation and +uildings. .ide 3ariety of fuels fro# natural gas to powdered coal =Aerosene, paraffine, +en?ene! can +e used. /! It can operate at high speed =upto ,66,666 rp#!. B! 8sed in water scarcity areas. 5ess pollution 23$ Ee1ine Fsuction headG in a centri1ugal 4um4$ +,$( )rich" #ov7Eec 2212/ "uction head is the 3ertical distance of the centre line of the pu#p fro# the su#p fluid le3el. 28$ ;hat is reaction turbine< 0ist names o1 an" t5o reaction turbines$ +,$( )irunelveli ,4ril7Ma" 2228/ In reaction tur+ine, the high pressure stea# fro# the +oiler is passed through the no??les. .hen the stea# co#es out through these no??les, the 3elocity of stea# increases relati3e to the rotating disc. $he resulting force of stea# on no??le gi3es the rotating #otion to the disc and the shaft. $he shaft rotates in opposite direction of the stea# 4et. Eg. ParsonCs tur+ine, Aaplan tur+ine, Francis tur+ine. 92$ 0ist an" t5o di11erences bet5een !rancis turbine and &a4lan turbine$ +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 2228/ S$#o$ . %. !rancis turbine $he water enters the runner 3anes radially and lea3es a7ially hence it is called a #i7ed flow tur+ine. $he nu#+er of +lades is generally +etween , and %(. &a4lan )urbine $he water enters the runner 3anes a7ially and lea3es a7ially. $he nu#+er of +lades is generally +etween & to /.

(#I) * III +1= M,-& . & ,/

1$ State the 5or'ing 4rinci4le and advantages o1 thermal 4o5er 4lant +,$($ Chennai Ma"7%une 2228/ S)E,M +)AE-M,0/ HI;E- H0,#): ;or'ing 4rinci4le: $her#al power plant is usually 2nown as stea# power plant. Power stations that +urn coal or oil ha3e three #ain parts 0 the boiler, the turbines and the generator. $he power station +urns coal or oil to produce heat in its +oiler. $he +oiler is lined with pipes carrying water, which +oils and turns to stea#. $he stea# is then passed through the pipes to #achines called $ur+ines. $ur+ines ha3e huge DwheelsC fitted with hundreds of steel fan li2e +lades. $he stea# rushes through the tur+ines at high speed causing +oth the wheels and the

tur+ine shaft to spin. $he spinning shaft turns the rotor of the electric generator creating #agnetic field, there+y producing electricity. In a large power station, the stea# passes through se3eral wheels until al#ost all of its energy has +een used up. $he used stea# then cools in the cooling towers and changes +ac2 into water. $his changing process is called condensation. $he water returns to the +oiler and is heated up again. $he following figure helps to understand how electricity is produced +y heating water and +urning fuel. In this the water fed into the +oiler is heated and con3erted into stea# ="uperEheated stea#!. $he stea# turns the tur+ine +ladesF the tur+ine shaft is coupled to the shaft of the electric generator, the generator shaft turns and the #agnetic flu7 produces electricity. After wor2ing on the tur+ine +lades the stea# loses its energy and +eco#es wet. It gets condensed into water in the condenser. $he water is fed +ac2 into the +oiler for producing stea#.

$he following figure illustrates the energy transfer diagra#. It shows the 3arious energies at each stage.

,dvantages o1 thermal 4o5er 4lant: . $he initial cost of construction of the plant is low co#pared to hydroelectric plant. %. $he power plant #ay +e located near the load centre, so that the cost of trans#ission and the losses due to trans#ission are considera+ly reduced. &. $he 1uantity of water in hydro electric plant depends on nature, such as rain and ri3ers. $his is not so in the case of ther#al power plants. (. $he construction and co##issioning of ther#al power plant ta2es lesser period when co#pared to hydroEelectric plant. 2$ Era5 a neat la"out o1 a t"4ical steam 4o5er 4lant and eC4lain the various circuits involved +,$( Chennai %une 2212/ 0,YI() I! S)E,M HI;E- H0,#): $he layout of the stea# power plant #ay +e studied under four #ain circuits, they are G = ! =%! =&! =(! Coal and Ash circuit Air and Flue gas circuit .ater and "tea# circuit Cooling water circuit

+1/ Coal and ,sh circuit : In this circuit, the coal fro# the storage area =called stac2! is ta2en to the +oiler +y #eans of coal handling e1uip#ents such as +elt con3eyors, +uc2et ele3ators etc. A ther#al power plant of (66 M. capacity re1uires )66 to ,666 tonnes of coal per day. "o highly relia+le and efficient de3ices should +e used. After the Pul3erised coal is +urnt at )66C C 0 %666C C +y co#+ustion it gets collected in the ash pit. It is re#o3ed fro# the ash pit +y ash handling syste# li2e +elt con3eyors, screw con3eyors etc. In a power station producing (66 M. capacity of electricity 6 hectares area is re1uired per year if ash is du#ped to a height of ,.) #etres. "o sufficient space should +e pro3ided for ash storage. +2/ ,ir and !lue gas circuit : $he air fro# the at#osphere gets heated in the air preheater. $he air recei3es its heat fro# the hot flue gas passing to the chi#ney. $he hot air enters the +oiler and helps in co#+ustion of fuel in the +oiler. $he flue gases after co#+ustion in the +oiler furnace pass around the +oiler tu+es, heating the water present in the tu+es. $he fuel gases then pass through a dust collector which re#o3es any dust or solid particles. $he filtered flue gas passes through the econo#i?er and preheater and is forced out through the chi#ney +y a draught fan. +9/ !eed 5ater and steam circuit : $he superheated stea# fro# the +oiler enters the stea# tur+ineF the superheated stea# te#perature is a+out ,66C C at a pressure of &6 Mpa =&66 2g@c#%!. $he stea# e7pands in the tur+ine causing the tur+ine +lades to rotate. After doing #echanical wor2 on the +lades and loosing its energy, the stea# +eco#es wet and the pressure of stea# +eco#es less.

$he wet stea# passes through a condenser where it co#pletely +eco#es water. $he condensed water that has a te#perature of &6C C to (6C C is collected in a tan2 called hot well. $he water

fro# the hot well is fed into the +oiler through the econo#i?er. $he econo#i?er preheats the water +efore entering it. $he econo#i?er recei3es its heat fro# the flue gases lea3ing the

+oiler. Preheating the feed water in the econo#i?er increases the +oiler efficiency and helps 1uic2er production of stea#. +:/ Cooling 5ater circuit : As the na#e suggests, in this circuit water is circulated around the condenser to condense the stea# co#ing out of the tur+ine. Cooling water enters the condenser at 6C C to )CC and lea3es at %6C C to %)C C. Plenty of water is re1uired for condensing the stea# in the condenser. $he water #ay +e ta2en fro# sources such as ri3er or la2e. 9$ ;ith the hel4 o1 a neat s'etch6 eC4lain the 5or'ing o1 a steam 4o5er 4lant$ +,$( )rich" %une7%ul" 2228/ -E!E- .(ES)II# 1 & 2 :$ EC4lain the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 a h"droelectric 4o5er 4lant 5ith a neat s'etch +12/ +,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 22116 ,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2211/ AYE-IJE0EC)-IC HI;E- H0,#): ;or'ing 4rinci4le: Potential energy is the energy which a su+stance has due to its position or state. $he water +ehind a da# has potential energy +ecause of its position. $he water can fall fro# this position and e7ert a force o3er a distance and therefore do wor2. In a hydroEelectric power plant the force is used to dri3e a tur+ine, which in turn dri3es the electric generator. ;ecause gravit" pro3ides the force which #a2es the water fall, the energy stored in the water is called gravitational 4otential energ"$

0a"out o1 A"droJelectric 4o5er 4lant: -E!E- .(ES)II# #I$ $ EC4lain 5ith neat s'etch the essential 1eatures o1 a A"droelectric 4o5er 4lant +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2212/ 0,YI() I! AYE-IJE0EC)-IC HI;E- H0,#): $he figure shows a sche#atic representation of a hydroEelectric power plant =Hydel power plant!

+1/ ;ater -eservoir: In a reser3oir the water collected fro# the catch#ent area is stored +ehind a da#. Catch#ent area gets its water fro# rain and strea#s. Continuous a3aila+ility of water is a +asic necessity for a hydroEelectric plant. $he le3el of water surface in the reser3oir is called Head water le3el. +2/ Eam: $he purpose of the da# is to store the water and to regulate the outgoing flow of water. $he da# helps to store all the inco#ing water. It also helps to increase the head of the water. In order to generate a re1uired 1uantity of power it is necessary that a sufficient head is a3aila+le. +9/ S4ill5a": E7cess accu#ulation of water endangers the sta+ility of da# construction. Also in order to a3oid the o3erflow of water out of the da# especially during rainy seasons spillways are pro3ided, this pre3ents the rise of water le3el in the da#. "pillways are passages which allows the e7cess water to flow to a different storage area away fro# the da#. +:/ Gate: A gate is used to regulate or control the flow of water fro# the da#. + / Hressure tunnel: It is a passage that carries water fro# the reser3oir to the surge tan2. +=/ Surge tan': A 9"urge tan2: is a s#all reser3oir or tan2 in which the water le3el rises or falls due to sudden changes in pressure. A surge tan2 ser3es the following purposesG =a! $o reduce the distance +etween the free water surface in the da# and the tur+ine, there+y reducing the 5aterJhammer e11ect =$he water ha##er is defined as the change in pressure rapidly a+o3e or +elow nor#al pressure caused +y sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according to the de#and of pri#e #o3er i.e., tur+ine! on penstoc2 and also protect the upstrea# tunnel fro# high pressure rise. =+! $o ser3e as a su44l" tan' to the tur+ine when the water in the pipe is accelerated during increased load conditions and as a storage tan' when the water is decelerating during reduced load conditions +>/ Henstoc': Penstoc2 is a closed pipe of steel or concrete for supplying water under pressure to the tur+ine. +3/ Inlet valve: .ater fro# the penstoc2 flows to the tur+ine through the inlet 3al3e. $he 3al3e #ay +e partially closed or open there+y regulating the pressure of water flowing to the tur+ine. +8/ A"draulic turbine +Hrime mover/: $he hydraulic tur+ine con3erts the energy of water into #echanical energy. $he #echanical energy =rotation! a3aila+le on the tur+ine shaft is coupled to the shaft of an electric generator and electricity is produced. $he water after perfor#ing the wor2 on tur+ine +lades is discharged through the draft tu+e. $he pri#e #o3ers which are in co##on use are Pelton wheel, Aaplan tur+ine, Francis tur+ine. +12/ Era1t tube: It is connected to the outlet of the tur+ine. It allows the tur+ine to +e placed a+o3e the tail water le3el.

+11/ )ail 5ater level or )ail race: $ail water le3el is the water le3el after the discharge fro# the tur+ine. $he discharged water is sent to the ri3er, thus the le3el of the ri3er is the tail water le3el. +12/ Electric generator6 Ste4Ju4 trans1ormer and H"lon: As the water rushes through the tur+ine, it spins the tur+ine shaft, which is coupled to the electric generator. $he generator has a rotating electro#agnet called a rotor and a stationery part called a stator. $he rotor creates a #agnetic field that produces an electric charge in the stator. $he rotor creates a #agnetic field that produces an electric charge in the stator. $he charge is trans#itted as electricity. $he ste4Ju4 trans1ormer increases the 3oltage of the current co#ing fro# the stator. $he electricity is distri+uted through power lines also called as H"lon$ =$ Mention some im4ortant 1actors to be considered 1or selecting h"droelectric 4o5er 4lant +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2211/

>$ EC4lain the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 nuclear 4o5er 4lant 5ith a neat la"out diagram$ ,lso eC4lain the advantages and limitations o1 nuclear 4o5er 4lants +1=/ +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 22286 ,$( )rich" %une 22126 ,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ #uclear Ho5er 4lants: $here are #ainly two types of nuclear power plants. = ! Pressurised .ater Reactor =P.R! =%! ;oiling .ater Reactor =;.R! Hressurised ;ater -eactor +H;-/:

+i/ #uclear -eactor: A nuclear reactor is si#ilar to a furnace in a stea# power plant. Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction. $he heat generated in the reactor is carried away +y the coolant circulated through the core. .ater or hea3y water is cheaply a3aila+le in plenty and is used as coolant. $he purpose of the pressure e1uali?er is to #aintain a constant pressure of ( M'@#%. $his ena+les water to carry #ore heat fro# the reactor. $he purpose of the coolant pu#p is to pu#p coolant water under pressure into the reactor core. +ii/ Steam generator: $he stea# generator is a heat e7change where the heat fro# the coolant is transferred on to the water that circulates through the stea# generator. As the water passes through the stea# generator it gets con3erted into stea# +iii/ )urbine: $he stea# produced in the stea# generator is sent to the tur+ine. $he tur+ine +lades rotate. $he tur+ine shaft is coupled to a generator and electricity is produced. +iv/ Condenser: After the stea# perfor#ing the wor2 on the tur+ine +lades +y e7pansion, it co#es out of the tur+ine as wet stea#. $his is con3erted +ac2 into water +y circulating cold water around the condenser tu+es. +v/ !eed 4um4: $he feed pu#p pu#ps +ac2 the condensed water into the stea# generator

Boiler ;ater -eactor +B;-/: $his consists of reactor core, tur+ine, condenser and feed water. $he reactor uses 8raniu# as fuel and water is used for coolant. $he stea# is produced in the stea# separator. $he water is circulated through the reactor where it con3erts to stea#. $his stea# gets collected a+o3e the stea# separator. $he stea# is e7panded in the tur+ine which turns the tur+ine shaft. $he e7panded stea#

co#ing out of the tur+ine is condensed and is pu#ped +ac2 as feed water +y the feed water pu#p into the reactor core.

Hrinci4al 4arts o1 a nuclear reactor: = ! Core: Here the nuclear fission process ta2es place. =%! Moderator: $his reduces the speed of fast #o3ing neutrons. Most #oderators are graphite, water or hea3y water. =&! Control system (or control rods): $hey regulate the rate of a chain reaction. $hey are #ade of +oron, cad#iu# or other ele#ents which a+sor+ neutrons. =(! Cooling system (or coolant): $hey re#o3e =carry! the intense heat generated. .ater is used as a coolant, so#e reactors use li1uid sodiu# as a coolant. =)! Thermal shielding or radiation shield: $o protect the people wor2ing fro# radiation and radiation frag#ents. =,! Fuel: $he fuel used for nuclear fission is 8%&) isotope. ,dvantages o1 nuclear 4o5er 4lant: = ! $he fuel used in nuclear power plant is uraniu#, it does not release che#ical or solid pollutants into the air during use and reduces glo+al war#ing effect. =%! "pace re1uired is less when co#pared with other power plants. =&! Fuel consu#ption is 3ery less. =(! Fuel transportation cost is low and no large storage area for fuel is re1uired. =)! $he plant is not affected +y weather conditions. $he plant can function throughout the year =Hydel power plants depends on #onsoon rains! =,! ;y using nuclear fuel we can o+ser3e the fossil fuels li2e coal, oil, gas etc for other purposes. For e7a#ple, coal can +e used to power stea# engines, oil can +e used for running 3ehicles, and gas can +e used for coo2ing. =-! 'o of wor2ers re1uired is less

=/! 'uclear power plant is the only source which can #eet the increasing de#and of electricity at a reasona+le cost. =B! A nuclear power plant uses #uch less fuel than a fossil fuel plant. #etric tonne of uraniu# fuelH& #illion #etric tones of coalH % #illion +arrels of oil = 6! 8raniu# is less e7pensi3e than fossil fuels it would ta2e to produce an e1ual a#ount of energy. Eisadvantages o1 nuclear 4o5er 4lant: = ! 'uclear power plant cost #ore to +uild than ther#al or hydroEelectric power plants of the sa#e capacity. =%! Radioacti3e wastes #ust +e disposed carefullyF otherwise it will ad3ersely affect the health of wor2ers and the en3iron#ent as a whole. =&! Maintenance cost of the plant is high. =(! 'ot suita+le for 3arying load conditions =)! .ell trained persons are re1uired to operate the plant. 3$ ;ith a sim4le s'etch eC4lain the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant$ State the merits and demerits o1 it +1=/ +,$( )rich" %une 22126 ,$( Madurai %une 22116 ,$( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 22116 ,$( Chennai ,4ril7Ma" 22116 ,$( )irunelveli ,4ril7Ma" 2228/ EIESE0 HI;E- H0,#): $his is a fossil fuel plant since diesel is a fossil fuel. Diesel engine power plants are installed where supply of coal and water is not a3aila+le in sufficient 1uantity. = ! $hese plants produce the power in the range of % to )6 M.. =%! $hey are used as stand+y sets for continuity of supply such as hospitals, telephone e7changes, radio stations, cine#a theaters and industries =&! $hey are suita+le for #o+ile power generation and widely used in railways and ships. =(! $hey are #ore relia+le co#pared to other plants. =)! Diesel power plants are +eco#ing #ore popular +ecause of difficulties e7perienced in construction of new hydel plants and ther#al plants. 0a"out o1 Eiesel 4o5er 4lant : +1/ Eiesel engine : A Diesel engine is re1uired for a diesel power plant. A diesel engine is a co#pression ignition =CI! engine. A diesel engine #ay +e a four stro2e or two stro2e cycle engines. $he two stro2e cycle engine is #ore fa3ored for diesel power plants. Air is ad#itted into the cylinder of the engine and is co#pressed, fuel =diesel! is in4ected into the cylinder through fuel in4ectors, due to the high te#perature and pressure o+tained during co#pression, it ignites. $he fuel +urns and the +urnt gases e7pand to do wor2 on the #o3ing part inside the cylinder called piston. $his #o3e#ent of the piston rotates a flywheel. $he engine is directly coupled to the electric generator. $he

gases after e7pansion inside the cylinder are e7hausted into the at#osphere and passes through a silencer in order to reduce the noise. $he fuel for the diesel engine is drawn through a filter fro# the all day tank. $he air re1uired for the diesel engine is drawn through the air filter fro# the at#osphere.

+2/ Starting s"stem : Diesel engine used in diesel power plants is not self starting. $he engine is started fro# cold condition with the help of an air co#pressor. +9/ !uel su44l" s"stem : Fuel fro# the storage tan2 is pu#ped through a filter into a s#aller tan2 called all day tan2. $his tan2 supplies the daily re1uire#ents of the diesel engine. $he all day tan2 is placed high so that the fuel flows to the engine under gra3ity and sufficient pressure. +:/ ,ir inta'e s"stem :

$he air re1uired for the co#+ustion of fuel inside the diesel engine cylinder is drawn through the air filter. $he purpose of the filter is to re#o3e dust fro# the inco#ing air. $he dry filter used #ay +e #ade of felt, wood or cloth. In wet filter, oil +ath is used, in this the air passes o3er a +ath of oil where the dust particles get coated on the oil. + / EChaust s"stem : $he e7haust gases co#ing out of the engine is 3ery noisy. In order to reduce the noise a silencer =#uffler! is used. +=/ Cooling s"stem : $he te#perature of the +urning fuel inside the engine cylinder is in the order of )66C C to %666DC. In order to lower this te#perature water is circulated around the engine. $he water en3elopes =water 4ac2et! the engine, the heat fro# the cylinder, piston, co#+ustion cha#+er etc. is carried +y the circulating water. $he hot water lea3ing the 4ac2et is passed through the heat e7changer. $he heat fro# the heat e7changer is carried away +y the raw water circulated through the heat e7changer and is cooled in the cooling tower. +>/ 0ubricating s"stem : $his circuit includes lu+ricating oil tan2, oil pu#p and oil cooler. $he purpose of the lu+rication syste# is to reduce the wear of the engine #o3ing parts. Part of the cylinder such as piston, shafts, and 3al3es #ust +e lu+ricated. 5u+rication also helps to cool the engine. In the lu+rication syste# the oil is pu#ped fro# the lu+ricating oil tan2 through the oil cooler where the oil is cooled where the oil is cooled +y the cold water entering the engine. $he hot oil after cooling the #o3ing parts return to the lu+ricating oil tan2. ,dvantages o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant : = ! Design and installation is si#ple. It can +e installed in a short period as co#pared to $her#al or HydroEelectric plants. =%! It can respond to 3arying loads without any difficulty =&! It occupies less space =(! It can +e started and pic2s up load 3ery 1uic2ly =)! It re1uires less 1uantity of water for cooling purposes. =,! $here is no ash disposal pro+le# as in ther#al plant, also fuel handling is easier. =-! For the sa#e capacity diesel power plant is co#pact and s#aller than a ther#al power plant =/! <3erall capital cost is lesser than that of stea# power plants. =B! Re1uires less operating and super3ising staff as co#pared to that of stea# power plants. = 6! Diesel plants can +e located 3ery near to the load centre. It can +e located in a town area. = ! Diesel power plants are #ore efficient than stea# power plants in the range of )6 M. capacity. Eisadvantages o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant : = ! High operating cost. =%! High #aintenance and lu+rication cost. =&! $he capacity of a diesel plant is li#ited. $hey cannot +e constructed in large si?es. =(! In a diesel plant noise is a serious pro+le#. =)! Diesel power plants cannot supply o3erloads continuously where as stea# power plants can wor2 under %)I o3erload continuously. =,! $he diesel power plants are not econo#ical where fuel has to +e i#ported.

=-! $he life of a diesel power plant is less =- to 6 years or less! as co#pared to that of a stea# power plant which has a life span of %) to () years. $he efficiency of the diesel plant decreases to less than 6I after its life period. 8$ ;hat are the a44lications and advantages o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant< +,$( Chennai Ma"7%une 2228/ ,44lications o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant:

,dvantages o1 diesel 4o5er 4lant: -E!E- .(ES)II# #I$ 3 12$ EC4lain 5ith a neat s'etch the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 a single acting reci4rocating 4um4 +,$( )rich" %une7%ul" 22286 ,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 22116 Ma"7%une 2212/ SI#G0E ,C)I#G -ECIH-IC,)I#G H(MHS: If the water is in contact with one side of the piston, the pu#p is 2nown as singleEacting reciprocating pu#p. Main 4arts o1 the reci4rocating 4um4: $he following are the #ain parts of the reciprocating pu#p. . A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a cran2. %. "uction pipes. &. Deli3ery pipes.

(. "uction 3al3es ). Deli3ery 3al3es. ;or'ing o1 a Single acting reci4rocating 4um4:

$he a+o3e figure shows a single acting reciprocating pu#p. It consists of a piston which #o3es forwards and +ac2wards in a close fitting cylinder. $he piston is connected to a cran2 +y #eans of a connecting rod. $he cran2 is rotated +y #eans of an electric #otor which #a2es the #o3e#ent of a piston in forward and +ac2ward direction in a close fitting cylinder. "uction and deli3ery pipes with suction 3al3e and deli3ery 3al3e are connected to the cylinder as shown in figure. $he suction and deli3ery 3al3es are oneEway 3al3es i.e., nonEreturn 3al3es which allows the water in one direction only i.e., the suction 3al3e allows water fro# the suction pipe to the cylinder only and the deli3ery 3al3e allows the water fro# the cylinder to deli3ery pipe only. .hen the cran2 start rotating the piston #o3es to and fro in the cylinder. .hen the piston #o3es at the e7tre#e left position in the cylinder, it creates a partial 3acuu# in the cylinder and the li1uid is forced in the suction pipe fro# the su#p and the li1uid open the suction 3al3e and enters the cylinder. .hen the cran2 is rotating the piston fro# its e7tre#e right position starts #o3ing towards left in the cylinder which increases the pressure of the li1uid inside the cylinder and pushes the li1uid to deli3ery pipe. 'ow the suction 3al3e is closes and deli3ery 3al3e opens and the li1uid forced into the deli3ery pipe and is raised to a re1uired height. 11$ ;ith a neat schematic diagram6 eC4lain the 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 a double acting reci4rocating 4um4$ State 5h" it is called double acting 4um4 +,$( )irunelveli ,4ril7Ma" 22286 ,$( Chennai ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ ;hat are cavitations in 4um4s< EC4lain +,$( Chennai ,4ril7Ma" 2211/

EI(B0E ,C)I#G -ECIH-IC,)I#G H(MHS: If the water is in contact with +oth sides of the piston, the pu#p is called dou+leEacting reciprocating pu#p. Main 4arts o1 the reci4rocating 4um4: $he following are the #ain parts of the reciprocating pu#p. . A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a cran2. %. "uction pipes. &. Deli3ery pipes. (. "uction 3al3es. ). Deli3ery 3al3es. ;or'ing o1 a EoubleJacting reci4rocating 4um4: In the case of dou+leEacting reciprocating pu#p the li1uid is acting on +oth sides of the piston as shown in the following figure.

In dou+leEacting reciprocating pu#p there are two suction pipes and two deli3ery pipes as shown a+o3e. .hen there is suction stro2e on one side of the piston there is at the sa#e ti#e a deli3ery stro2e on other side of the piston. $hus for one co#plete re3olution of the cran2 there are two deli3ery stro2es and li1uid is deli3er to the pipes +y the pu#p during these two deli3ery stro2es. Cavitations in 4um4s: Ca3itations in centrifugal pu#p are the locali?ed for#ation and su+se1uent collapse of ca3ities, or +u++les in a li1uid. As the li1uid #o3es fro# a low pressure point to a high pressure point inside the casing., the ca3ities collapse resulting in increased 3i+ration and noise which cause pu#p da#age, failure or i#pair#ent of perfor#ance. 12$ ;hat are the advantages o1 double acting reci4rocating 4um4 over single acting reci4rocating 4um4< +,$( )irunelveli ,4ril7Ma" 2228/

In dou+le acting reciprocating pu#p the fluid is discharged during the forward and as well as the +ac2ward #o3e#ent of the piston. Hence, the 1uantity of fluid discharged is al#ost twice than that of single acting reciprocating pu#p. 19$ EC4lain the construction and 5or'ing 4rinci4le o1 a reci4rocating 4um4 5ith neat s'etch$ ,lso state its a44lications$ +,$( Coimbatore %une7%ul" 2212/ Construction and 5or'ing o1 a Single acting reci4rocating 4um4: -E!E- .(ES)II# #I$ 12 Construction and 5or'ing o1 a Eouble acting reci4rocating 4um4: -E!E- .(ES)II# #I$ 11 ,44lications o1 a reci4rocating 4um4:

1:$ EC4lain the centri1ugal 4um4 5ith hel4 o1 s'etch +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 22286 ,$( )rich" #ov7Eec 22126 and ,$( Madurai %une 2211/ CE#)-I!(G,0 H(MHS: $he centrifugal pu#p is a hydraulic #achine which con3erts the #echanical energy into pressure energy +y #eans of centrifugal force. ;or'ing 4rinci4le o1 a centri1ugal 4um4: $he centrifugal pu#p wor2s on the principle of Forced >orte7 Flow which #eans that when a certain #ass of li1uid is rotated +y an e7ternal tor1ue, the rise in pressure head of the rotating li1uid ta2es place. $he rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating li1uid is proportional to the

s1uare of tangential 3elocity of the li1uid at that point =i.e., Rise in pressure head H >%@%g H w%r%@%g! .here > is the 3elocity g is acceleration due to gra3ity r is radius w angular 3elocity $hus at outlet of the i#peller where radius=r! is #ore, the rise in pressure head will +e #ore. Due to this pressure head, the li1uid can +e lifted to a high le3el. Main Harts o1 a Centri1ugal 4um4: $he following are the #ain parts of a centrifugal pu#p. +! "uction pipe c! I#peller d! Casing and e! Deli3ery pipe

1$ Suction 4i4e: A pipe whose end is connected to inlet of the pu#p and other end dips into the water su#p is 2nown as "uction pipe. A foot 3al3e which is a nonEreturn 3al3e or oneEway type of 3al3e is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe for filtering purpose. "o#e of the points to re#e#+er regarding installation of suction pipe f! 5ength of the suction pipe should +e as s#all as possi+le. g! $ry to a3oid +ending in the suction pipe. If it is una3oida+le #a2e the +end with #a7i#u# radius =RadiusHFi3e ti#es of the dia#eter of the suction pipe!. h! $he inner surface of the suction pipe will +e friction free. i! 8se an eccentric reducer to 4oin the suction pipe with inlet of the pu#p. 4! A3oid the chec2 3al3es in suction side of the pu#p. 2! Cross sectional area of the foot 3al3e should +e dou+le the cross sectional area of the suction pipe. l! If the suction pipe is in hori?ontal position, the suction pipe #ust +e in %o inclination with downwards. 2$ Im4eller: $he rotating part of a centrifugal pu#p is 2nown as I#peller. It contains series of cur3ed 3anes. $he i#peller is #ounted on a shaft which is connected to the shaft of an electric #otor which runs the pu#p. 9$ Casing: Casing is an airEtight passage surrounding the i#peller and is designed such a way that the 2inetic energy of the water discharged at outlet of the i#peller is con3erted into pressure energy +efore the water lea3es the casing and enters into the deli3ery pipe. $hree co##on types of casings are, =a! >olute casing =+! >orte7 casing =c! Diffuser casing +a/ Dolute casing: Figure shows the 3olute casing, which surrounds the i#peller. It is of spiral type in which area of flow increases gradually. $he increase in area of flow causes decrease in 3elocity of the flow. $he decrease in 3elocity, increases pressure of the water flowing through the casing. It has +een o+ser3ed that in case of 3olute casing, the efficiency of the pu#p increases slightly as a large a#ount of energy is lost due to the for#ation of eddies in this type of casing.

+b/ DorteC casing: In 3orte7 casing a circular cha#+er is introduced in +etween the casing and the i#peller as shown in the figure. $he 3orte7 casing reduces for#ation of eddies, results reduction in loss of energy. $hus efficiency of the pu#p with 3orte7 casing is #ore than the efficiency with 3olute casing.

+c/ Ei11user casing: Here the i#peller is surrounded +y a diffuser. $he diffuser ha3ing a series of guide 3anes as shown in the figure. $he guide 3anes are designed in such a way that the water fro# the i#peller enters the guide 3anes without stoc2. Increasing area of guide 3anes reducing the 3elocity of flow conse1uently increasing the pressure. Also it reduces 3i+ration of the pu#p. In #ost of the cases, the surrounding concentric with the i#peller as shown in the figure. In the diffuser casing the diffuser and the outer casing are stationary parts.

:$ Eeliver" 4i4e: A pipe whose one end is connected to outlet of the pu#p and the other end deli3ers the water at the re1uired le3el is 2nown as Deli3ery pipe. "o#e of the points to +e consider regarding installation of the deli3ery pipe. =a! 8se a chec2 3al3e and gate 3al3e in the deli3ery side of the pipe. *ate 3al3e is used to regulate flow of the water. $he chec2 3al3e allows water fro# pu#p to the deli3ery side. ;ut it will not allow the flow in the opposite direction. =+! $he chec2 3al3e #ust +e placed in +etween the pu#p and the gate 3al3e. 1 $ Com4are centri1ugal 4um4 and -eci4rocating 4um4 + / +,$( Coimbatore Ma"7%une 22286 ,$ ( Coimbatore ,4ril7Ma" 2211/ S$#o$ . %. &. (. ). ,. -. /. Centri1ugal 4um4s $he discharge is continuous and s#ooth. -eci4rocating 4um4s $he discharge is not continuous. It is fluctuating and pulsating. It can +e used for lifting highly 3iscous It is used only for lifting pure water or less fluid. 3iscous li1uids. It is used for large discharge through It is #eant for s#all discharge and high s#aller heads. heads. Centrifugal pu#p runs at high speed. $hey Reciprocating pu#p runs at low speed. can +e coupled to electric #otor. "peed is li#ited due to consideration of separation and ca3itation. Centrifugal pu#p needs s#aller floor area Reciprocating pu#p re1uires large floor and installation cost is low. area and installation cost is high. $he operation of centrifugal pu#p is $he operation of reciprocating pu#p is s#ooth and without #uch noise. $he co#plicated and with #uch noise. $he #aintenance cost is low. #aintenance cost is high. It can handle large 1uantity of li1uid. It handles s#all 1uantity of li1uid only. Cost of centrifugal pu#p is less as Cost of reciprocating pu#p is co#pared to reciprocating pu#p. appro7i#ately four ti#es the cost of centrifugal pu#p.

1=$ ;ith the hel4 o1 suitable s'etches6 eC4lain the 5or'ing o1 a -eci4rocating 4um4$ ;hat are the advantages o1 centri1ugal 4um4s over reci4rocating 4um4s< +,$( )rich" #ov7Eec 22126 ,$( Chennai %une 2212/ -ECIH-IC,)I#G H(MH: If the #echanical energy is con3erted into hydraulic energy =or pressure energy! +y suc2ing the li1uid into a cylinder in which a piston is reciprocating =#o3ing +ac2wards and forwards!, which e7erts the thrust on the li1uid and increases its hydraulic energy =pressure energy!, the pu#p is called as reciprocating pu#p.

If the water is in contact with one side of the piston, the pu#p is 2nown as singleEacting reciprocating pu#p. If the water is in contact with +oth sides of the piston, the pu#p is called dou+leEacting reciprocating pu#p. Main 4arts o1 the reci4rocating 4um4: $he following are the #ain parts of the reciprocating pu#p. . A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a cran2. %. "uction pipes. &. Deli3ery pipes. (. "uction 3al3es ). Deli3ery 3al3es. ;or'ing o1 a single acting reci4rocating 4um4: REFER J8E"$I<' '<. 6 ;or'ing o1 a doubleJacting reci4rocating 4um4: REFER J8E"$I<' '<. ,dvantages o1 centri1ugal 4um4s over reci4rocating 4um4s: ! $he cost of a centrifugal pu#p is less as it has fewer parts. %! Its discharging capacity is #uch greater than that of a reciprocating pu#p. &! Installation and #aintenance are easier and cheaper. (! It is co#pact and has s#aller si?e and weight. )! It can +e used for lifting highly 3iscous li1uid such as #uddy water or sewage water, oil etc., ,! It can +e directly coupled to an electric #otor or an oil engine. -! $he tor1ue on the power source is unifor#F hence the output fro# the pu#p is also unifor#. 1>$ EC4lain the 5or'ing o1 o4en c"cle and closed c"cle gas turbine 5ith suitable s'etches +,$( )rich" #ov7Eec 2212/ IHE# CYC0E G,S )(-BI#E:
F8E5 I'

AIR I'

C<M;8"$I<' CHAM;ER

"$AR$I'* M<$<R

C<MPRE""< R

$8R;I'E "HAF$

*E'ERA$<R

*A"E" <8$

In the open cycle gas tur+ine, air is drawn into the co#pressor fro# at#osphere. $he co#pressed air is heated +y directly +urning the fuel in the air at constant pressure inside the co#+ustion cha#+er. $he high pressure hot gases fro# the co#+ustion cha#+er dri3e the tur+ine and power is de3eloped when the tur+ine shaft rotates. *as tur+ines are not self starting. A starting #otor dri3es the co#pressor till fuel is in4ected inside the co#+ustion cha#+er, once the tur+ine starts gaining speed =called Co#ing in speed! the starting #otor is disengaged. Part of the power de3eloped +y the gas tur+ine =a+out ,6I! is used to dri3e the co#pressor and the re#aining is used to dri3e a generator or other #achinery. In the open cycle syste#, the wor2ing fluid, air and fuel #ust +e replaced continuously as they are e7hausted into the at#osphere. $hus the entire flow co#es fro# the at#osphere and is returned to the at#osphere, hence it is called 9open cycle:. C0ISEE CYC0E G,S )(-BI#E: In this the co#pressed air fro# the co#pressor is heated in air heater =heat e7changer!. Heat is added to the airheater fro# so#e e7ternal source =oil or coal! at constant pressure. High pressure wor2ing fluid e7pand through the tur+ine and power is de3eloped. $he e7haust wor2ing fluid is cooled in a preEcooler +efore the sa#e fluid is sent into the co#pressor again.

In a closed cycle gas tur+ine the sa#e wor2ing fluid is continuously circulated.

$he fuel re1uired for adding heat fro# an e7ternal source can +e any fuel ranging fro# 2erosene, to hea3e oil and e3en peat and coal slurry without reducing the efficiency. $he wor2ing fluid used inside is air or heliu#. "ince in a closed cycle gas tur+ine the sa#e wor2ing fluid is used there are no products of co#+ustion entering inside the tur+ine, also there is no corrosion of tur+ine +lades and there is no need for internal cleaning. $he ther#al efficiency of closed cycle gas tur+ine is higher. 13$ ;ith 4ressure velocit" diagram eC4lain the 5or'ing o1 a single stage im4ulse turbine +,$( Coimbatore %une7%ul" 2212/ SIMH0E IMH(0SE )(-BI#E +EE * 0,D,0 )(-BI#E/ : $he figure shows the wor2ing of a si#ple i#pulse tur+ine. "i#ple I#pulse tur+ine is a single stage tur+ine, +ecause it has only one pair of fi7ed no??les and #o3ing +lades. $here will +e a series of fi7ed no??les ai#ing the +lades.

In the si#ple i#pulse tur+ine, there is only one wheel. $he stea# fro# the +oiler is sent through the no??les where the stea# e7pands at high 3elocity. $he high 3elocity stea# enters the #o3ing +lades gi3ing up so#e of the 2inetic energy to the#, and hence producing #otion of the rotor. $he graph shows how the 3elocity increases in the no??le and the pressure drop in the no??le. $he graph also shows the drop in 3elocity as the stea# flows o3er the +lades. "ince the +lade does not act or +eha3e as no??le, the pressure of stea# entering and lea3ing the +lade is constant. It should +e noted that when stea# passes through the no??le, it e7pands at high 3elocity and when 3elocity increases the pressure drops. $his happens only in no??les and not in +lades. Eisadvantages o1 sim4le im4ulse turbine:

"ince the entire stea# fro# the +oiler is e7panded through the no??les, the 3elocity of stea# lea3ing the no??les is 3ery high and the rotational speed of the rotor shaft is 3ery high and the rotational speed of the rotor shaft is 3ery high, a+out &6,666 rp# and cannot +e directly coupled or connected to another #achine. $he e7cessi3e speed of the tur+ine rotor will also cause stress and fatigue to the +lades. $here is considera+le loss of the total 2inetic energy supplied =a+out 6 to %I!. 18$ Com4are Im4ulse turbine and reaction turbine +,$( )irunelveli Ma"7%une 2211/ EI!!E-E#CE BE);EE# IMH(0SE ,#E -E,C)II# )(-BI#E : ".'o. I#pulse $ur+ine It consists of no??les and #o3ing +lades "tea# stri2es the +lades with 2inetic energy Pressure drops in no??les and not in #o3ing +lades ;ecause of large pressure drop the +lade speed and stea# speed are high Profile type +lade shape Reaction $ur+ine It consists of #o3ing +lades =which +eha3es as no??le! and fi7ed +lades =which also +eha3e as no??les! "tea# passes o3er the #o3ing +lades with pressure and 2inetic energy Pressure drops in fi7ed +laded =no??les! as well as #o3ing +lades ;ecause of s#all pressure drop the +lade speed and stea# speed are less Aerofoil type +lade shape

% & ( )

, -

'ot #uch power is de3eloped Due to #ore pressure drop the nu#+er of stages re1uired is less 5ow efficiency "uita+le for s#all power re1uire#ents 6 <ccupies less space per unit power

/ B

Power de3eloped is considera+le ;ecause of s#all pressure drop in each stage the nu#+er of stages re1uired is #ore. Reaction tur+ines are #ultiEstage tur+ines only. Higher efficiency "uita+le for #ediu# and high power re1uire#ents. <ccupies #ore space per unit power