Spelling rules

Important letter patterns Able,aceack,ade,aft,age,aid,aim,air,aks,ale,all,ame,amp,and, ang,are,ark,arm,art,as,ash,ask,ass,ast,atch

Important sound units E = long a sound E = e long e sound O+e = long o sound I+e = long o sound U+e = long u sound Ar = r sound Ai = long a sound Oa = long o sound Ir = er sound Ea = long e sound Ow = long o sound Igh = long I sound G sounds j when followed by e, i or y E.g. page, giraffe C becomes soft c when followed by e, i ,y Ceiling ,fancy, city, racing s becomes hard z when followed by e or y e.g. nose ,please Sound sh is used at the beginning or ending of a syllable .It is often replaced with ti ,so, co, station,session,social

wh the h part of the sound unit is often dropped eg whip. Whale,

 ck is called 2 letter k, it is only used after a short vowel Stock, stick K is only ever used at the beginning of a base word. The k is silent Knit, knife

Ng sound occurs after a short vowel Plural rules for words ending in s,es,ies,ves

When a word of one syllable ends in a short vowel plus a single consonant, the consonant is doubled when adding a suffix eg ed ,ing Shopped, shopping However with a consonant this does not apply eg glad, gladly When a word ends in a silent e we drop this e when adding ing Shine shining To spell a short vowel sound only one letter is needed eg at,rid,not When adding an ending to a word that ends with y change the y to I if it is a preceded by a consonant eg supply, supplies and worry worries All alone has 2 l when used as a prefix only one l is written eg always, also Double final b ,d, g ,l, m, n, p, r and t When the sound k is followed by vowels a or o it is spelled with a c followed by vowels I or e spelled with a k eg cat, cot, kite, ken, kin Double s ,f, z in single syllable short vowel words that end in the letters f ,s ,z the ending consonant is eg kiss ,buzz ,staff When a short sound is herd before ch it is spl ,tch

 Eg snatch, hatch Words ending in sound k if the vowel is short and no other sound is heard before the k spelling will be ck, Eg back, sock Middle of a word c is used duct, locate Plural rules Most words form their plurals simply by adding s Eg animal amimals File files Nouns ending in sh,ch,s ,sh,z or x add es Nouns ending in y before which there is a consonant ,change the y to I and then add es eg city ---cities However those that end in y before which there is a vowel simply add s Eg toy toys Some nouns ending in f or fe simply add s to make their plural Eg hoof----hoofs However some change the f to v and then add es Eg half halves Most of the common nouns that end in o add es for their plural Eg one potato potatoes Larger words and foreign words ending in o add s Eg folio,folios There is a small collection of nouns that have only one word to indicate both singular and plural Eg sheep, deer, trout, salmon

Some nouns have no singular form at all Scissors,gallows, pliers, trousers Some nouns make their plural by completely changing their structure Tooth ---teeth Ox---oxen When we add a prefix to a word no changes have to made ,the prefix is simply added Un + necessary = unnecessary When a word of one syllable ends in a single vowel plus a single consonant, the consonant is doubled when adding a suffix. Eg hop hopped If the suffix itself begins with a consonant this rule does not apply Glad ---gladly When a word has more than one syllable and the accent falls on the last syllable we must double the final consonant Eg refer --referring Occur --occurring In words of more than one syllable a short vowel is frequently followed by a double consonant. Short vowel hopping Long vowel hoping The final y becomes I when a suffix is added Lovely lovelier Bury buried Words ending with one l double the l when a suffix is added Eg travel --travelled------travelling Jewel ----- jewellery

 The suffix ing requires the y to be retained because of pronunciation Eg carry carried Obey obeyed The final e is usually that follows the consonants c and g is usually retained ,this is also the case with suffixes able,ous The final silent e is usually retained with suffixes that begin with a consonant but is usually dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel Eg use useful Care careful When a compound word is formed by adding a prefix or suffix ending in ll only one l is kept All +ways = always Verbs ending in c add k before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel Eg traffic ---trafficking Verbs ending in ie change to y when adding the suffix ing Eg tie tying When adding a prefix do not make any changes to the spelling of the word simply add the prefix Visible - + in ---invisible

Noticed + un = unnoticed