SUBECT COMPETENCY Unit of Competency Module Title Introduction

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TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION 1 Plan and Conduct Safe Passage and Determine Position Describe the Coordinate System of the Earth Describing the Coordinate System of the Earth

This unit cover knowledge, understanding and skills that is required in describing the coordinate system of the earth. This module includes the following: 1. Definition of Latitude, Longitude, Equator, Prime meridian, 180th meridian, Difference of Latitude and Longitude; 2. Salient features of Latitude, Longitude, 3. Parallels of latitude, Prime & 180th meridian, Meridians of longitude; Learning Outcome Upon completing this module, you will be able to demonstrate your ability to 1. Define Latitude, Longitude, Equator, Prime meridian, 180th meridian, Difference of Latitude and Longitude; 2. Describe the Earths coordinate system; 3. Differentiate the following: 2.1 Latitude and Longitude 2.2 Parallels of Latitude and Latitude 2.3 Meridians of Longitude and Longitude 4. Enumerate the salient features of Latitude, Longitude, Parallels of latitude, 180th meridian and Meridians of longitude; Assessment Criteria 1. Definition required in LO1 are appropriately answered based on the Information Sheet 1.01; 2. Task Sheet 1.02, is appropriately completed and submitted with all required data included based on Information sheet 1.02; Conditions Students will bring the following on the classroom: 1. Competency Learning Workbooks; 2. Appropriate learning materials, Instruments such as: 2.1 Medium size triangles (30x60 & 45x45); 2.2 Pencil and Eraser; 2.3 Compass divider (medium size); 2.4 10 sheet of short size bond paper

2.5 11 by 17 size bond paper (as needed) Teachers will bring the following on the classroom; 1. Power Point Presentation 2. Globe (Sphere representation)

Assessment Methods 1. 2. 3. 4. Evaluation of outputs on the workbook; Oral questioning (Interview) Written or Computer Based Assessment Demonstration

Learning Experience Learning Activities 1. Read Information Sheet 1.01 on definition of terms 2. Answer Self-check 1.01 and compare your answers to Answer Key 1.01 Special Instruction In assessment always evaluate your answers by comparing on the Answer Key. After you will have enough confidence that you can answer all the questions, approached your instructor and ask for final Module Assessment. Always be ready for the following assessment method: Written test Computer Base Assessment Oral Recitation Demonstration After your pass this Module, continue with Module 2

3. Read Information Sheet 1.02 The Earths Coordinate System

4. Answer Self-Check 1.02 and compare your answers to Answer Key 1.02

INFORMATION SHEET 1.01

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS After reading this information sheet, you will be able to 1. Define the following: 1.1 Latitude 1.2 Longitude 1.3 Equator 1.4 Prime meridian 1.5 180th meridian 1.6 Parallels of Latitude 1.7 Meridians of Longitude 1.8 Difference of Latitude 1.9 Difference Longitude Latitude In geography, latitude () is a geographic coordinate that specifies the northsouth position of a point on the Earth's surface. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run eastwest as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0 at the Equator to 90 (North or South) at the poles.

Figure 1a

Figure 1b

Longitude Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (). Points with the same longitude lie in lines running

from the North Pole to the South Pole. By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude. The longitude of other places is measured as an angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0 at the Prime Meridian to +180 eastward and 180 westward.

Figure 2a

Figure 2b

Equator An equator is the intersection of a sphere's surface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere's axis of rotation and midway between the poles. The Equator usually refers to the Earth's equator: an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

The Latitude, Longitude, Prime Meridian and the Equator

Figure 3

Parallels of Latitude and the Meridians of Longitude

The Equator is an imaginary circle equidistant from the poles of the Earth. Circles parallel to the Equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of latitude. They are used to measure degrees of latitude north or south of the Equator. The arrows in figure 3 labelled LATITUDE point to lines of latitude. Meridians of longitude are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are at right angles to the Equator. The Prime Meridian which passes through Greenwich, England, is used as the zero line from which measurements are made in degrees east and west to 180. The arrows in figure 3 labelled LONGITUDE point to lines of longitude.

Any specific geographical point can thus be located by reference to its longitude and latitude.

The Prime Meridian A prime meridian A prime meridian is a meridian, i.e. a line of longitude, at which longitude is defined to be 0. A prime meridian and its opposite in a 360-system, the 180th meridian (at 180 longitude), form a great circle. This great circle divides the sphere, e.g. the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. (see figure 2b) The 180th meridian The 180th meridian or anti-meridian is the meridian which is 180 east or west of the Prime Meridian with which it forms a great circle. It is common to both east longitude and west longitude. It is used as the basis for the International Date Line because it for the most part passes through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. (see figure 2b) Difference of Latitude The DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE (d.lat), between any two any two location on the earths surface is the lesser arc of the meridian which contained between two parallels of latitude through the position (represented by letter A in figure 4a).

Figure 4a

Figure 4b

Difference of Longitude The DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE (d.long.) between any two locations is the lesser of the equator contained between the two meridians which pass through the position. (Represented by letter B in fig. 4b).

ASSESSMENT 1.01

Multiple Choice Instruction: Select the correct answer choice and write it on a separate piece of paper. 1. What is the term given to the difference in degrees between any two any two location on the earths surface is the lesser arc of the meridian which contained between two parallels of latitude through the position? a. Latitude b. Difference of Latitude c. Meridians of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude 2. What is the term given between any two locations is the lesser of the equator contained between the two meridians which pass through the position? a. Latitude b. Parallels of Latitude c. Difference of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude 3. What is term given to the line that are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are at right angles to the Equator? a. Latitude b. Difference of Latitude c. Meridians of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude 4. What is the term given to this line which is the intersection of a sphere's surface with the plane perpendicular to the sphere's axis of rotation and midway between the poles? a. Equator b. Difference of Latitude c. Meridians of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude 5. What is the term given to the small circles which running east or west and parallel to the equator? a. Latitude b. Parallels of Latitude c. Difference of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude

6. Which of the following are geographic coordinate that specifies the eastwest position of a point on the Earth's surface? a. Latitude b. Longitude c. Difference of Latitude d. Meridians of Longitude 7. Which of the following geographic coordinate specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface? a. Latitude b. Longitude c. Difference of Latitude d. Meridians of Longitude 8. The anti-meridian is the meridian which is 180 east or west of the Prime Meridian with which it forms a great circle? a. 180th meridian b. Difference of Latitude c. Meridians of Longitude d. Greenwich Meridian of longitude 9. What great circle that divides the earth into eastern and western hemisphere? a. 180th meridian b. Prime Meridian c. Difference of Latitude d. Meridians of Longitude

Assessment Key 1.01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. B C C A B B A A B

INFORMATION SHEET 1.02

The Earths Coordinate System

After reading this information sheet, you will be able to 1. Describe the Earths coordinate system; 2. Salient Features of Latitude and Longitude; 3. Differentiate the following: 2.1 Latitude and Longitude; 2.2 Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude; 4. Identify a small circle and great circle on the sphere; 5. Recognize the relation between Greenwich and Prime meridians;

The Earths Coordinate System Introduction Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three-dimensional space. Spatial coordinates (also known as global coordinates) are used to locate objects either on the Earths surface in a 3D space, or on the Earths reference surface (ellipsoid or sphere) in a 2D space. Specific examples are the geographic coordinates in a 2D or 3D space and the geocentric coordinates, also known as 3D Cartesian coordinates. Planar coordinates on the other hand are used to locate objects on the flat surface of the map in a 2D space. Examples are the 2D Cartesian coordinates and the 2D polar coordinates.

Geographic Coordinates (, ) The most widely used global coordinate system consists of lines of geographic latitude (phi or or ) and longitude (lambda or ). Lines of equal latitude are called parallels. They form circles on the surface of the ellipsoid. Lines of equal longitude are called meridians and they form ellipses (meridian ellipses) on the ellipsoid. Both lines form the graticule when projected onto a chart plane. Note that the concept of geographic coordinates can also be applied to a sphere as the reference surface.

The latitude () of a point P (figure section 6a) is the angle between the ellipsoidal normal through P' and the equatorial plane. Latitude is zero on the equator ( = 0), and increases towards the two poles to maximum values of = +90 (90N) at the North Pole and = - 90 (90S) at the South Pole. The longitude () is the angle between the meridian ellipse which passes through Greenwich and the meridian ellipse containing the point in question. It is measured in the equatorial plane from the meridian of Greenwich ( = 0) either eastwards through = + 180 (180E) or westwards through = 180 (180W). Latitude and longitude represent the geographic coordinates (, ) of a point P' (figure 6a) with respect to the selected reference surface. They are also called geodetic coordinates or ellipsoidal coordinates when an ellipsoid is used to approximate the shape of the Earth. Geographic coordinates are always given in angular units.

Figure 6a

The geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west location of a point on Earths surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds, and denoted by the Greek letter lambda ().

The longitude of other places is measured as an angle east or west from the Prime Meridian. The longitude of other places is measured as an angle east or west from the Prime MeridFigure 8 ian. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole and the location of the observer or an object (see figure 9a)

Figure 9a

Figure 9b

ASSESSMENT 1.02
The Earths Coordinate System

Instruction: Write your answers on a separate piece of paper, then evaluate your answers by comparing it to the Assessment Key 1.02

1. In not less than 80 words, describe the Earths coordinate system and its use. 2. In not less than 180 words, describe the Geographic coordinate system. 3. Enumerate the salient features of Latitude coordinate. 4. Enumerate the salient features of Longitude coordinate. 5. Differentiate between Latitude and Longitude. 6. Differentiate between Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude 7. Using figure 10, which of the letter of represents small circle. 8. Using figure 10, which of the letters represents Great circle. 9. Relate Greenwich meridian to Prime meridian.

Figure 10

ASSESSMENT 1.02 KEY

Instructions: Check/score your answer by comparing it to the table below. Answers key assessment 1.02: 1. Describe the Earths coordinate system and its use. (20 point) 10 points 15 points 18 points 20 points
Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three dimensional space. Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three dimensional space. Spatial coordinates (also known as global coordinates) are used to locate objects either on the Earths surface in a 3D space, or on the Earths reference surface (ellipsoid or sphere) in a 2D space. Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three dimensional space. Spatial coordinates (also known as global coordinates) are used to locate objects either on the Earths surface in a 3D space, or on the Earths reference surface (ellipsoid or sphere) in a 2D space. Specific examples are the geographic coordinates in a 2D or 3D space and the geocentric coordinates, also known as 3D Cartesian coordinates. Different kind of coordinates are used to position objects in a two- or three dimensional space. Spatial coordinates (also known as global coordinates) are used to locate objects either on the Earths surface in a 3D space, or on the Earths reference surface (ellipsoid or sphere) in a 2D space. Specific examples are the geographic coordinates in a 2D or 3D space and the geocentric coordinates, also known as 3D Cartesian coordinates. The Planar coordinates on the other hand are used to locate objects on the flat surface of the map in a 2D space. Examples are the 2D Cartesian coordinates and the 2D polar coordinates.

2. Describe the Geographic Coordinates. (20 points) 15

The most widely used global coordinate system consists of lines of geographic latitude and longitude. Lines of equal latitude are called parallels. Lines of equal longitude are called

16 points
The most widely used global coordinate system consists of lines of geographic latitude and longitude. Lines of equal latitude are called parallels. They form circles on the surface of the ellipsoid. Lines of equal longitude are called meridians and they form ellipses (meridian ellipses) on the ellipsoid.

18 points
The most widely used global coordinate system consists of lines of geographic latitude and longitude. Lines of equal latitude are called parallels. They form circles on the surface of the ellipsoid. Lines of equal longitude are called meridians and they form ellipses (meridian ellipses) on the ellipsoid. Both lines form the graticule when projected onto a chart plane. The concept of geographic coordinates can also be applied to a sphere as the reference surface.

20 points
The most widely used global coordinate system consists of lines of geographic latitude and longitude. Lines of equal latitude are called parallels. They form circles on the surface of the ellipsoid. Lines of equal longitude are called meridians and they form ellipses (meridian ellipses) on the ellipsoid. Both lines form the graticule when projected onto a chart plane. The concept of geographic coordinates can also be applied to a sphere as the reference surface. The latitude () of a point is the angle between the point and the equatorial plane. Latitude is zero on the equator, and increases towards the two poles to maximum values of = +90 (90N) at the North Pole and = - 90 (90S) at the South Pole. The longitude () is the angle between the meridian which passes through Greenwich and the meridian containing the point in question. It is measured in the equatorial plane from the meridian of Greenwich ( = 0) either eastwards through = + 180 (180E) or westwards through = 180 (180W).

3. Enumerate the salient features of Latitude coordinate (20 points) 10 points

Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction; Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator;

15 points
Latitude lines circle the globe in an eastwest direction; Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator; Latitude lines are also called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator;

18 points
Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction; Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator; Latitude lines are also called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator; The equator is at 0latitude and separates Earths Northern and Southern hemispheres;

20 points
Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction; Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator; Latitude lines are also called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator; The equator is at 0latitude and separates Earths Northern and Southern hemispheres; Locations north of the equator have latitudes between 0 (at the equator) and 90N (at the North Pole); Locations south of the equator have latitudes between 0 (at the equator) and 90 S (at the South Pole).

4. Enumerate the salient features of Longitude coordinate (20 points) 10 points

Longitude lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian;

15 points
Longitude lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian; Longitude lines are also called meridians;

18 points
Longitude lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian; Longitude lines are also called meridians; The prime meridian, the line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England, is the 0 longitude line;

20 points
Longitude lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian; Longitude lines are also called meridians; The prime meridian, the line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England, is the 0 longitude line; Longitude values to the east of the prime meridian can be specified by 0to 180 E or by positive values 0 to +180; Longitude values to the west of the prime meridian can be specified by 0to 180W or by negative values 0to -180.

5. Differentiate between Latitude and Longitude. (20 points) 15 points Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator, while, Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian 18 points Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator, while, Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian 20 points Latitude measures how far north or south a point lies from the equator, while, Longitude measures how far east or west a point on Earth lies from the prime meridian

Latitude values from the equator can be specified by 0 to 90N or 90S, while Longitude values to the from the prime meridian can be specified by 0to 180 E or 180W.

6. Differentiate between Parallels Latitude and Meridians of Longitude. (20 points) 15 points Parallels of Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction while Meridians of Longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole. 18 points Parallels of Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction while Meridians of Longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Parallels of Latitude are small circles, while Meridians of Longitude are SemiGreat Circle 20 points Parallels of Latitude lines circle the globe in an east-west direction while Meridians of Longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Parallels of Latitude are small circles, while Meridians of Longitude are Semi-Great Circle There are 89 parallels measured in degrees North or South while there are 179 Meridians measured in degrees east or west of the Prime meridian.

7. Using figure 10, which of the letter of represents small circle? 1. C 2. E 8. Using figure 10, which of the letter of represents Great circle? 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. F 5. G

9. Relate Greenwich meridian to Prime meridian.

15 points

18 points

20 points