MH1100/MTH112: Calculus I. Solutions to the Week #1 problem set.

Problem 1: (Problem 1.1.35 from [St].) What is the domain of f (x) = 4 Solution: This expression makes sense when x2 5x > 0. To understand when this is true, we begin by writing the inequality as x(x 5) > 0. The left hand side is zero when x = 0 and when x = 5. So we must decide what happens between those points. If we tabulate the signs that the factors take on the 3 regions of interest, we get: Sign when x < 0. Sign when 0 < x < 5. Sign when x > 5. x ve +ve +ve x5 ve ve +ve x(x 5) +ve ve +ve Thus: Dom(f ) = (, 0) (5, ). 1 ? 5x

x2

Problem 2: (Problem 1.1.42 from [St].) Find the domain of f (t) = Solution: First, notice that this expression makes sense when evaluated at any t, except t = 2. Thus: Dom(f ) = R\{2}. To plot the function, notice that for every other t, we can rewrite the function in the following way: f (t) = (2 t)(2 + t) = (2 + t). (2 t)
4t2 2t ,

then sketch the function.

Thus the graph is the following (remembering that x = 2 does not lie in the domain):

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 2 0 2 4 6

Problem 3: Find the domain of f (x) = Solution: First of all, note that this expression makes sense when evaluated on any x except when x = 0. Thus: Dom(f ) = R\{0}. To plot f , we rst work out the rules which determine f in the dierent regions: x) (2 when x < 0 |x| x f (x) = 2 = , (+x) when x > 0 x
x2 |x| , x2

then sketch the function.

{ =

1 x 1 x

when x < 0 . when x > 0

Thus the plot is:

4

2 4

Problem 4: (Problem 1.1.53 from [St].) Find an expression for the function whose graph is the bottom half of the parabola x + (y 1)2 = 0. Solution: The set of solutions to the given equation is the following curve:
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

To nd the function whose graph is equal to the bottom half of this curve, we need to solve this equation for y as a function of x. Solving we get: y = 1 x, dened when x 0. Which sign gives the bottom half? We want the value at x = 1 to be 0. So we choose the minus: f (x) = 1 x.

Comment: Where did the curve above come from? Start with the standard parabola y = x2 . Shift it one to the right, to get the graph of y = (x1)2 . This graph is the set of solutions of the equation y (x1)2 = 0. The curve we actually want is obtained from this curve by swapping x and y . To swap x and y reect over the line y = x. 4

Problem 5: Find an expression for the function whose graph is the following:
5

2 2

Solution: The graph clearly consists of two straight lines in two dierent regions. Well tackle the regions separately, and then combine the answers into a single function. First, consider the region 1 x 2. This is a straight line with gradient 1 and y -intercept 1. The corresponding function which gives that straight line is (just substituting the gradient m and the y -intercept c into the familiar formula y = mx + c): f1 (x) = x + 1. Next consider the region 2 x 4. This is a straight line with gradient 3 going through the point (4, 0). Recall that if we know the gradient m 2 of a line and a point (x0 , y0 ) that it goes through, then the line satises the equation (y y0 ) = m(x x0 ). In this case we nd: ( ) 3 (x 4). (f2 (x) 0) = 2 Putting these two pieces together, we write the desired function: { x+1 when 1 x 2 , f (x) = 3x 2 + 6 when 2 < x 4 .

Answer to Problem 6 The graph of y = 3x is G. The graph of y = 3x is f. The graph of y = x3 is F. The graph of y = 3 x is g. 5

Solution to Problem 7(a) Let f (x) = 3x x2 . A sequence of geometric transformations that will take the graph of f (x) to the given graph are as follows.
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Shift the graph 2 to the right. The result is the graph of f2 (x) = f (x 2).
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Stretch the vertical axis by a factor of 2. The result is the graph of f3 (x) = 2f2 (x).
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Thus the given graph is the graph of: f3 (x) = 2f2 (x) = 2f (x 2) = 2 3(x 2) (x 2)2 = 2 x2 + 7x 10.

Solution to Problem 7(b) Let f (x) = 3x x2 . A sequence of geometric transformations that will take the graph of f (x) to the given graph are:
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Shift the graph 4 to the left. The result is the graph of f2 (x) = f (x + 4).
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Reect the graph over the x-axis. The result is the graph of f3 (x) = f2 (x).
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Shift the graph down 1. The result is the graph of f4 (x) = f3 (x) 1.
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Thus the nal graph is the graph of: f4 (x) = f3 (x) 1 = f2 (x) 1 = f (x + 4) 1 = x2 5x 4 1.

Problem 8: Use geometric transformations to plot the graph of the function f (x) = x2 4x + 3. Solution: First, we rewrite this function: f (x) = x2 4x + 3 = (x 2)2 1. The graph of this function is obtained by taking the graph of the standard parabola, then shifting it 2 to the right then 1 down:
4

3 4

Shift 2 to the right.

4 3

3 4

Shift 1 down.
4 3

3 4

Problem 9: Use geometric transformations to plot the graph of the function f (x) = x + 3. Solution: Let g (x) = x. Note that the function we are interested in is f (x) = g (x+3). Thus the graph of f (x) is obtained from the graph of g (x) (which is a standard graph) by shifting it three to the left:
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

shift 3 to the left

g (x) = x

f (x) = x + 3

Problem 10: Use geometric transformations to plot the graph of the function f (x) = Solution:
1 Let g (x) = x . Note that:

2 . x+1

f (x) = 2 g (x + 1).
1 So the graph we want is obtained from the standard graph g (x) = x by shifting it one to the left then stretching the y -direction by a factor of 2.
4

3 4

Shift one to the left

4 3

3 4

Stretch vertically by a factor of 2.

4 3

3 4

10

Problem 11: Use geometric transformations to plot the graph of the function f (x) = |x2 2x|. Solution: Well begin by putting it into a standard form so that we can see the sequence of transformations required: |x2 2x| = |(x 1)2 1|. To plot this graph: start with the standard parabola, shift it one to the right, then one down, the reect all the pieces under the x-axis over the x-axis:
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4

Shift one to the right.

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4

Shift one down.

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4

Reect pieces under the x-axis.

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4

11

Problem 12: If f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 g g , and nd their domains. Solution: Well take these in turn. f g : This function is given by the formula (f g )(x) = sin (1 x). Because f is dened on every x, the domain of f g is precisely the domain of g . Thus: Dom(f g ) = {x R|x 0}. g f : This function is given by the formula (g f )(x) = 1 sin x. The domain of g is {x R|x 0}. So our task is to nd those x such that sin x 0. Thinking about the usual sin graph, we can conclude: Dom(g f ) = {x R | 2n x 2n + , n Z}. g g : This function is given by the formula (g g )(x) = 1 1 x. To determine the domain of (g g )(x), we must nd those points in the domain of g (which is {x R|x 0}) such that g (x) 0. Saying that again, we must nd those x 0 (thus x Dom(g )) such that x 1 (so that g (x) Dom(g )). Thus: Dom(g g ) = [0, 1]. f f : This function is given by the formula (f f )(x) = sin (sin(x)). The domain is obviously the whole set of real numbers. Thus: Dom(f f ) = R. x, nd the functions f g , g f , f f , and

12

Problem 13: (Problem 1.3.46 from [St].) Express the function u(t) = as a composition of two functions. Solution. Simply let: f (x) = x 1+x tan t 1 + tan t

and

g (x) = tan x.

Problem 14: (Problem 1.3.48 from [St].) Consider the following function H (x) = 8 2 + |x|.

Find functions f , g and h such that H (x) = f g h.

Solution Set: h(x) = |x|. g (x) = 2 + x. f (x) = 8 x.

13

Problem 15: (Problem 1.3.61 from [St].) (a) If g (x) = 2x + 1 and h(x) = 4x2 + 4x + 7, nd a function f such that f g = h. (b) If f (x) = 3x + 5 and h(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 2, nd a function g (x) so that f g = h. Solution. Solution to (a). We can answer this by asking: how can we assemble h(x) from copies of g (x)? Note that: (g (x))2 = 4x2 + 4x + 1, which looks a bit like h(x)! (It starts well.) Unfortunately the constant term is wrong. But that is easily xed, and we can write: (g (x))2 + 6 = 4x2 + 4x + 7 = h(x). So if we set f (x) = x2 +6, the the left-hand side equals f g , and we are done. Solution to (b). We can answer this by using undetermined coecients. Lets make a guess g (x) = c1 x2 + c2 x + c3 . This gives: (f g )(x) = 3 (c1 x2 + c2 x + c3 ) + 5 = 3c1 x2 + 3c2 x + 3c3 + 5. For this to give h(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 2 requires that: c1 = 1 , c2 = 1 , c3 = 1. Thus the required f (x) is: f (x) = x2 + x 1.

14

Problem 16: (Problem 1.3.63 from [St].) Suppose g (x) is an even function and we set h = f g , where f is some other function. Is h(x) even? Solution. We are assuming that g (x) = g (x) for every x (this, of course, is what even means). We are asked if f g is even. Well, lets test the same property: (f g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f (g (x)) = (f g )(x), (the second equality is true because g (x) is assumed to be even). Thus we can conclude that f g is also even.

Problem 17: (Problem 1.3.64 from [St].) Suppose g (x) is an odd function and we set h = f g , where f is some other function. 1. Is h(x) always odd? 2. What about if f is odd? 3. What about if f is even? Solution. 1. No. If we choose f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x, then g (x) is odd, but (f g )(x) = x2 is not odd. 2. If f is odd, then Yes, (f g )(x) is odd as well. Indeed, if we substitute x in: (f g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f (g (x)) = f (g (x)) = (f g )(x), (where the second equality used the fact that g is odd, and the third equality used the fact that f is odd). 3. If f is even, then f g is now even. (Check it yourself.)

15