Lorentz Tensor

Edzna Claudia Silva Prez

Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.

Clculo Tensorial, 2014-I

10 de Octubre de 2013

0.1.

Abstract

The main formulas related to the Lorentz transformations are presented, dened Lorentz tensors and dierentiation. Basic knowledge of the special theory are assumed of relativity. The resulting structures are similar to those obtained in tensor elds. The ratios obtained are used in the formulation of the special theory of relativity.
0.2. Introduction

Orthogonal transformations discussed in tensor elds allow you to connect dierent Cartesian coordinate system in three dimensional space. The Lorentz transformations, we discuss now how is possible to connect dierent Inertial systems. In a referential frame we use a cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z ) and a temporal coordinate t. The space-time coordinates are represented by x (1) which c is the light velocity. The greek factor run from 0 to 3 and the latin factor from 1 to 3 The Lorentz tensor is linear, such that
(xalpha ) = (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (ct, x, y, z )

(2) We use the Einstein sum convention on equal indices. The condition to x the coecients is the 4distance invariance between two frames. For two events innity closer this distance is
x = x + b

ds2 = dx 0alpha dx dx

(3)

The space with this metric is called the Minkowsky space.

0.3.
0.3.1.

Solved Problems
Repeated Indices

1.1 Use the summation convention to write the following, and assing the value of n in each case:

(1). (2). (3).

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 a1 1 b1 + a1 b2 + a1 b3 + a1 b4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a1 1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + a4 b4 + a5 b5 + a6 b6

1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 ci 1 + c2 + c3 + c4 + c5 + c6 + c7 + c8 (1

8)

1 1. ai 1 bi (n = 4)

1 2. a1 i bi (n = 6)

3. cij j (n = 8)
1.2 Use the summation convention to write each of the following systems, state which indices are free and which are dummy indices, and x the value of n:

(1).

c11 x1 + c12 x2 + c13 x3 = 2

c21 x1 + c22 x2 + c23 x3 = 3 c31 x1 + c32 x2 + c33 x3 = 5 (2).

1 2 2 3 3 4 4 a1 j x + aj x + aj x + aj x = bj

(j = 1, 2)

1. Set d1 = 2 d2 = 3 d3 = 5. Then one can write the system as cij xj = di (n=3). The free index is i and the dummy index is j 2. Here, the range of the free index does not match that of the dummy index (n=4), and this fact must be indicated:
i ai j x = bj (j=1,2)

The free index is j and the dummy index is i.

1.3

Write out explicitly the summations

ci (xi + y i ) cj xj + ck y k

where n=4 for both, and compare the results.

1

ci (xi + y i ) = c1 (x1 + y 1 ) + c2 (x2 + y 2 ) + c3 (x3 + y 3 ) + c4 (x4 + y 4 ) = c1 x1 + c1 y + c2 x2 + c2 y 2 + c3 x3 + c3 y 3 + c4 x4 + c4 y 4 cj xj + ck y k = c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + c1 y 1 + c2 y 2 + c3 y 3 + c4 y 4

The two summations are identical except for the order in which the terms occur.
0.3.2.
1.4

Double Sums

If n=3, expand Q = aij xi xj .

Q = a1j x1 xj + a2j x2 xj + a3j x3 xj = a11 x1 x1 + a21 x2 x1 + a31 x3 x1 + a12 x1 x2 + a22 x2 x2 + a32 x3 x2 +

II

a13 x1 x3 + a23 x2 x3 + a33 x3 x3

1.5 Use the summation convention to write the following, and state the value of n necessary in each case:

(1).

1 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 a1 1 b1 + a1 b2 + a1 b3 + a2 b1 + a2 b2 + a2 b3 + a3 b1 + a3 b2 + a3 b3

(2).

11 11 12 12 21 21 22 22 g1 + g2 + g1 + g2 + g1 + g2 + g1 + g2

1 i 2 i 3 i j 1. ai 1 bi + a2 bi + a3 bi = aj bi

2. Set ci = 1 for each i (n=2). Then the expression may be written

ij ij i1 i1 i i2 i2 i1 i1 i2 i2 + g2 )ci = (gk cj ck )ci = gk ci cj ck g1 ci + g2 c + g1 ci + g2 ci = (g1 + g2 + g1

If n=2, write out explicitly the triple summation crst xr y s z t . Any expression technique that yields all 23 = 8 terms will do. In this case we shall interpret the triple rst as a tree digit integer, and list the terms in increasing order of that integer:
1.6

crst xr y s z t = c111 x1 y 1 z 1 + c112 x1 y 1 z 2 + c121 x1 y 2 z 1 + c211 x2 y 1 z 1 + c212 x2 y 1 z 2 +c221 x2 y 2 z 1 + c222 x2 y 2 z 2

Show that aij xi xj = 0 if aij = i j . Because, for all i and j , aij = aji and xi xj = xj xi , the o-diagonal terms aij xi xj (i<j; no sum) and aji xj xi (j>i; no sum) cancel in pairs, while the diagonal terms aii (xi )2 are zero to begin with. Thus result also follows at once from (aij aji )xi xj = 0 1.8 If the aij are constants, calculate the partial derivate
1.7

(aij xi xj ) xk

Reverting to -notation, we have:

aij xi xj =
i,j i,j =k

aij xi xj +
i=k,j =k

aij xi xj +
i=k,j =k

aij xi xj +
i,j =k

aij xi xj

=C +(
jneqk

akj xj )xk + (
jneqk k

aik xi )xk + akk (xk )2

where C is independent of x . Dierentiating with respect xk ,

( aij xi xj ) = 0 + xk i,j akj xj +
jneqk ineqk

aik xi + 2akk xk =
j

akj xj +
i

aik xi

or, back to the Einstein summation convention,

(aij xi xj ) = aki xi + aik xi = (aik + aki )xi xk

III

0.4.
1.9

Substitutions, Kronecker delta

j Express bij y i y j in terms of x-variables, if yi = cij xj and bij cik = k .

j r bij y i y j = bij (cir xr )(cjs xs ) = (bij cir )xr cjs xs = r x cjs xs = xj cjs xs = cij xi xj
1.10 Rework Problem 1.8 by use of the product rule for dierentiation and the fact that

xp = pq xq xi xj (aij xi xj ) = aij k (xi xj ) = aij (xj k + xi k ) k x x x x = aij (xj ik + xi jk )) = akj xj + aik xi = (aik + aki )xi
1.11

If aij = aji are constants, calculate

2 (aij xi xj ) xk xl

Using Problem 1.8, we have

2 (aij xi xj ) = [ l (aij xi xj )] = k l k x x x x [(alj + ajl )xj ] = (2ail xi ) = 2ail k (xi ) = 2ail ki = 2akl xk xk x

Consider a system of linear equations of the form y i = aij xj and i suppose that (bij ) is a matrix of numbers such that for all i and j , bir arj = j [that is, the matrix (bij is the inverse of the matrix (aij ]. Solve the system for xi in terms of y j . Multiply both sides of the ith equation by bki and sum over i:
1.12

k j x = xk bki y i = bki aij xj = j

Show that, generally, aijk (xi + y i )z k = aijk xi z k + aijk y j z k . Simply observe that on the left side there are no free indices, but on the right, j is a free for the rst term and i is free for the second. i i j i j i j 1.14 Show that cij (x + y )z cij x z + cij y z .
1.13

aij xj + aij y j
j

aij y j +
j

(aij xj + aij y j ) =
j

aij (xj + y j ) aij (xj + y j )

IV

Bibliografa
[1] David C. Kay. 's Tensor Calculus, Mc Graw Hill. 1988. [2] Torsten Flieb bach: , Schmieg Am. J. Pys. 38, 218 (1970). [3] :Leonard Parker Am. the Lorentz Transformation, J. Phys. 39, 223 (1971).