1.1.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

A satellite is an object that orbits or revolves around another object. A communications satellite or comsat is an artificial satellite sent to space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary

orbits, elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar Earth orbits). For fixed (point-to-point) services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of communication cables. They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting. Man-made satellites placed around the earth for the purpose of communication are called as communication satellites. They are highly specialized wireless receiver/transmitters that are launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the Earth. There are hundreds of satellites currently in operation. Satellite communication is one particular example of wireless communication systems. Similar and maybe more familiar examples of wireless systems are radio and television broadcasting and mobile and cordless telephones. Satellite communication is very simply the communication of the satellite in space with large number of earth stations on the ground. Users are the ones who generate baseband signals, which is processed at the earth station and then transmitted to the satellite through dish antennas. The satellite receives the uplink frequency and the transponder present inside the satellite does the processing function and frequency down conversion in order to transmit the downlink signal at different frequency. The earth station then receives the signal from the satellite through parabolic dish antenna and processes it to get back the baseband signal.

Figure(1.1)-Satellite

1.2. HOW SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORKS ??

The basic elements of satellite communication are the earth stations, terrestrial system and the users. The earth stations on the ground linked with a satellite in the space. The user is connected to the earth station through a terrestrial network and this terrestrial network may be a telephone switch or a dedicated link to the earth station. The user generates a baseband signal 2

that is processed through a terrestrial network and transmitted to a satellite. The satellite consists of a large number of repeaters in space, that receives the modulated RF carrier in its uplink frequency spectrum from all the earth stations in the network, amplifies these carriers and retransmits them back to the earth stations in the down link frequency spectrum. To avoid interference the downlink frequency spectrum should be different from the uplink frequency spectrum. The signal at the receiving earth station is processed to get back the baseband signal, it is sent to the user through a terrestrial network. There are various frequency bands utilized by satellites but the most recognized of them is the uplink frequency of 6 Ghz and the downlink frequency of 4 Ghz. Actually the uplink frequency band is 5.725 to 6.225 Ghz and the actual downlink frequency band is from 3.4 to 4.8 Ghz. Satellite communication is one particular example of wireless communication systems. Similar and maybe more familiar examples of wireless systems are radio and television broadcasting and mobile and cordless telephones.

Figure(1.2)-Satellite Communication Concept

1.2.1. TYPES OF SATELLITE:The satellite can be classified into two categories: Active satellite Passive satellite The major difference between these two is that weather the communication relay involves passive reflection or active electronic system An active satellite is one which has transmitting equipment abroad such as a transponder. It is a device which receives a signal from earth, amplifies it and retransmits it back to earth. 3

A passive satellite merely reflects or scatters the incident radiation from earth. Passive satellite relays would require surface transmitters of greater power than would active relay , however the active satellite relays must carry abroad receiving and transmitting equipment and the necessary power sources.

1.3. FREQUENCY BANDS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Satellite communications, like any other means of communication (radio, TV, telephone, etc), use frequency bands that are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic radiation spectrum starts with the longest waves (including those in the audible range) and extends through radio waves and the visible light, which is effectively a very small part of the spectrum, all the way to the extremely short wavelengths such as radioactive radiation. Within this broad range of frequencies, the International Telecommunications Union (the United Nations institution that regulates worldwide use of airwaves) has allocated parts of the spectrum that are suitable for and dedicated to transmission via satellite.

Figure(1.3)-Frequency Bands

Table (1.1)-Frequency Bands

1.4. NEED FOR COMMUNICATION AMONG DIFFERENT SITES

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) : An ERP system can either reside on a centralized server or be distributed across modular hardware and software units that provide "services" and communicate on a local area network. The distributed design allows a business to assemble modules from different vendors without 4

the need for the placement of multiple copies of complex and expensive computer systems in areas which will not use their full capacity .

Manufacturing: Engineering, bills of material, work orders, scheduling, capacity, workflow management, quality control, cost management, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects,

manufacturing flow

Supply chain management : Order to cash, inventory, order entry, purchasing, product configurator, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, inspection of goods, claim processing, and commission calculation

Financials : General ledger, cash management, accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets .

Project management: Costing, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity management

Human resources : Human resources, payroll, training, time and attendance, rostering, benefits

Customer relationship management: Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer contact, call-center support

Data services : Various "self-service" interfaces for customers, suppliers and/or employees