Chapter 11 Answers

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1. Here are the 7 continents below.

2. Which phrase best describes the pattern of earthquake distribution? c) In lines and arcs .

!. a. 1" Plates

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1. %he continents look like the& were once connected. 'ike pu((le pieces.

2. a.) )lfred Wegener ca*e up with the idea that continents drifted together to for* Pangaea+ then the& drifted apart again.

)lfred Wegener , 1$$-#1. -

b.) %he continents look like the& were once connected. We ha/e found fossils that are the sa*e where the continents were connected.

%here are *ountains si*ilar in age and structure on both sides of the )tlantic 0cean# the )ppalachians and the 1aledonian 2ountains. %hese *ountains for*ed -*illion &ears ago when 3orth )*erica collided with 4urope and northern )frica.

Ice sheets co/ered parts of southern )frica+ India+ )ustralia+ and 5outh )*erica about 2"- *illion &ears ago. How could ice ha/e de/eloped in places that are so war* toda&? %he onl& e6planation see*ed to be that at one ti*e the continents were located closer to the 5outh Pole c) 2ost scientists didn7t accept the theor& because Wegener couldn7t e6plain what force was powerful enough to *o/e continents. . Plate %ectonics , 4arths outer shell is *ade up of about 2- plates , *ost are *ade up of both continental and oceanic crust. %hese plates are drifting apart and when the& rub against each other+ the& cause earthquakes+ /olcanoes+ and tsuna*is. !. 4arthquakes are located on plate boundaries because that is where the plates rub against each other. ". 2ountain chains on east 8 west coast were for*ed fro* plates bu*ping together. %he shapes ha/e pla&ed a role in for*ing our fossil fuels+ oil+ gas+ and coal when 1anada was in a war*er cli*ate.

9. a.) 2arianas %rench and the 2id )tlantic :idge

b.) i.5ubduction is when one plate is *o/ing under the other plate.

ii. 5ubduction occurs at the %renches

7. )nswers will /ar&.

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2. a) %he 1anadian 5hield

b) Igneous :ocks ;deri/ed fro* the 'atin word ignis *eaning fire) , think of <Ignition7 on a car. 0r to ignite so*ething.

c) )ncient *ountains ha/e been le/eled b& erosion+ lea/ing rock co/ered b& this soil and *an& lakes. %oda& the land looks like this=

. 4roded *aterial fro* the 5hield was deposited in the lakes and beca*e sedi*entar& rock.

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%he :ock& 2ountains resulted fro* this collision.

". If we were still in a tropical cli*ate+ we wouldn7t ha/e to pa& for heat in the winter and it would be easier to get around using different *ethods of transportation in the winter. 9. %he 0ak :idges 2orraine occurred >ust north of %oronto. %he Oak Ridges Moraine is an ecologicall& i*portant geological landfor* in the 2i6edwood Plains of south#central 0ntario+ 1anada. %he *oraine co/ers a geographic area of 1+.-- square kilo*etres between 1aledon and :ice 'ake+ near Peterborough. 0ne of the *ost significant landfor*s in southern 0ntario+ the *oraine gets its na*e fro* the rolling hills and ri/er /alle&s e6tending 19- k* fro* the 3iagara 4scarp*ent east to :ice 'ake. It was for*ed 12+--- &ears ago b& ad/ancing and retreating glaciers. %he *oraine is currentl& a contested site in 0ntario+ since it stands in the path of *a>or urban de/elop*ent.