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DISSERTATION REPORT
Session: 2013-14

Space and Geometry

Undertaken by: Neha Syal Enrollment No.:09EAAAR029 V Year B.Arch

Prof. Preethi Agrawal GUIDE

Prof. Archana Singh COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022

APPROVAL
The study titled Space and Geometry is hereby approved as an original work of Neha syal, enrolment no.: 09EAAAR029 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

December 2013 Jaipur

Prof. Preethi Agrawal EXTERNAL EXAMINER GUIDE

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH CO-ORDINATOR

Prof. K.S.MAHAJANI PRINCIPAL

DECLARATION

I ,Neha syal, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled Space and Geometry is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school.

Neha syal V Year B.Arch Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation grew out of a series of dialogues with my Guide Professor Preethi Agrawal. My sincere thanks to my guide and only my Guide for invoking a critical thought in me regarding pursuing this research and eventually enabling me to Passport grasp its rich Size complexity. Photograph Her comments on the chapter drafts have indeed been of utmost help. Maam has always been a great mentor in encouraging me all though the research. I thank my parents and my brother Anirudh Syal in always encouraging me while pursuing this study. Also I would like to thank my colleagues at office Ajay, Sana, Ali Sir in extending their support for initializing my dissertation topic. Not to forget my friends Anubhuti chandana, Shobhna singh, Rajat Sharma, Garima, Utkarsh Dalela, Eshank Rishi, and Snober Khan, in extending their support to me whenever needed!

Regards

Neha Syal 26.11.2013 V Year B.Arch Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii

CONTENTS

Page No.
Approval Declaration Acknowledgement Contents i ii iii iv-v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 Hypothesis AIM Need of the study Criteria of selection Scope Objectives Scope & Limitation Area of study Methodology Glossary of terms Justification on topic

7 - 13

CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING SPACE

2.1 SPACES IN ARCHITECTURE 2.1.1 QUALITIES OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE

14 - 18

CHAPTER 3: REALISATION OF FORM (Study focuses on two dimensional aspect of Form) 3.1 THE FUNDAMENTALS
3.2 THE LAW OF MINIMUM 3.2.1 FORM- AS A DIAGRAM OF FORCES

19 - 26

iv 3.3 THE ORIGIN OF FORM

3.3.1 THE ORTHO FACTOR 3.3.2 CIRCLE VS SQUARE 3.3.3 SINGLE ENVELOPE VS SEPARATE SYSTEM

3.4 AN INQUIRY INTO OUR PREFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.1 REGULAR SHAPES 4.2 SHAPE 4.2.1 CIRCLE 4.2.2 SQUARE 4.3.3 RECTANGLE 4.4.4 TRIANGLE

27-36

4.3 ROLE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION OF A PLAN FORM 4.4 DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION 4.5 SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION 4.6 ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION 4.7 OTHER TRANSFORMATION

CHAPTER 5: EFFECTIVE SPACES

5.1 THE CONFIGURATION 5.2 DEPTH 5.3 PLANNING GRID 5.4 PRIMARY CIRCULATION AREAS 5.5 UNDERSTANDING EFFICIENCY THROUGH EXAMPLE.

37 40

CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDIES

6.1 ARCHOHM ARCHITECTURE FIRM 6.1.1 ANALYSING EFFICIENCY IN SPACES 6.1.2 CALCULATING LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY

41 52

v 6.2 PIVOTAL SERVICED APARTMENTS

 6.3 RESIDENCE OF AR. ANOJ TEVATIA 6.4 RESIDENCE OF MR. SYAL.

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION

53

CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ANNEXURES

54 - 55
vi-vii

vi

Neha Syal

5th Yr. B.Arch Space and Geometry.

Batch No. 11

TOPIC: HYPOTHESIS:

The effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is responsive to its geometric shape.

INTRODUCTION: Architecture is a solution in terms of practical purpose, material and techniques. The issue that matters the most is the design-the discovered form. The modern designer therefore has to choose optimum between spatial quality and efficiency which depends on his perception of the problem. This leads us to believe what best can we do in an allotted space, which would then reflect in and eventually postulate the balance of usage in terms of Spatial Economics. ..This evokes a question for us all to ponder upon.. How productive is your space? This therefore defines the, mathematical paradigm and helps us establish the basis for user satisfaction! OBJECTIVES: 1. To understand the term space and determine its parameters. 2. To study types of forms and their geometric characteristics. To study the mathematical efficiency of a shape. To study role of building elements in transformation of a plan form. 3. To study the term effectiveness of a space and derive its parameters. Optimum utilization Functionally 4. To analyze the parameters and draw conclusion in order to establish a basis of its importance in terms of user satisfaction. SCOPE: 1. Geometric shapes and forms- Regular . 2. Interior, spaces in the chosen shape. Examples of building plan forms, demonstrating both the aspects and direction of our study. CASE STUDIES: Archohm Architecture office-Noida Pivotal serviced apartments-Gurgaon Architect Anoj Tevatias residence Residence of Mr Syal. PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS: Understanding and calculating efficiency. Mathematical parameter: People/workstation which will give us numerical data Subjective parameter : planning/workstation giving reasons to justify efficiency RESULT OF STUDY: This study examines a given space primarily through its function and linking it to its geometry eventually evaluating the efficiency paradigm fulfilling the need of spaces to be user satisfying after all. GUIDE: Prof. Preethi Agrawal.

1. INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TOPIC:
SPACE AND GEOMETRY

HYPOTHESIS:
Effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is responsive to its geometric shape.

AIM:
To study effectiveness of a space, with response to its geometric characteristics and eventually understand its user perspective.

NEED FOR STUDY:

Need to study and investigate development of spatial outcome. CRITICALLY EVALUATE

Spaces Human environments

Effectiveness perspectives) of a design (various

CRITERIA FOR STUDY:

How spatial forms, reflect functional ends from the perspective of the user.

SCOPE THE STUDY SHALL COVER:

Understanding of space in architecture theory. Forms and their mathematical efficiency. Optimization in terms of effectiveness in architecture. Examples of building forms, demonstrating both the aspects and direction of our study.

Page 7

1. INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the term space and determine its parameters. 2. To study types of forms and their geometric characteristics. To study the mathematical efficiency of a shape. To study role of building elements in transformation of a plan form. 3. To study the term effectiveness of a space and derive its parameters. Optimum utilization Functionally 4. To define term the aesthetic paradigm and analyze its parameters in order to establish a basis of its importance in terms of user satisfaction. 5. To draw a conclusion based on the above 2 objectives.

LIMITATIONS

1. Restrictions will be at plan studies computer- simulated forms, forms other than [rectangular-square, rectangle- curvilinear- circle polygonal- 5-sided polygon] are not covered.

AREA OF STUDY
1. Geometric shapes and forms- Regular . 2. Interior, spaces in the chosen shape and Form.

Page 8

1. INTRODUCTION

METHEDOLOGY

AIM: To study effectiveness of a space with response to its geometric characteristics and aesthetic aspect.

To study the term space and determine its parameters. to study types of forms To study the term effectiveness and derive its parameters.

Rectiliner Curvilinear POLYGONA L

To study the aesthetic aspect and analyze its parameters.

Geometric Characteristics
Mathematical efficiency Role of building elements[porch, chajja, staircase] in transformation of plan FORM

Optimum utilization Functionality.

Data collection.

Primary source Surveys Case studies Analysis and Conclusion

Secondary Literature studies Books JOURNALS

Page 9

1. INTRODUCTION

1| INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1. SPACE:
Space is a boundless 3-dimentional extent in which object and events have relative position and direction.

2. EFFECTIVNESS:
Effectiveness of a space is a general concept reflecting an output from that space. SPACE EFFECTIVNESS IS MEASURED BY comparing: Space productivity Condition Flexibility Geometry

3. SPACE EFFICIENCY:
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION is defined as: m sq / person. m sq /workstation. people / workstation.

The manipulation of these 2 ratios allows to secure the right level of util ization to meet the needs and reflect building characteristics.

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1. INTRODUCTION

2| JUSTIFICATION ON TOPIC

The qualities of space and how people experience interactions and sensations within the spaces will go to justify its optimum utilization to a certain extent not forgetting its mathematical efficiency after all. Corbusier said, Building is a machine taking into consideration then, every machine has a purpose and therefore it has a certain function to fulfill................................................

If we consider a space, then each space which is designed, has a certain thought behind it, and so, it has a function- a purpose it has to perform. The idea or concept of optimum utilization emerges from users and their spatial experience. The qualities of a space and how people experience interactions and sensation within those spaces

HOW IS MEASURED?

OPTIMUM

UTILIZATION

1. By justifying the effectiveness of that space using mathematical tools. 2. The second support or tool to justify space utilization, though subjective but holds certain importance, is user perception and their spatial experience, therefore, this study seeks to understand:

How do I introduce efficiency? is the measure m sq / workability people / per workstation. These 2 ratio will focus on level of space utilization better understood as space efficiency. Page 11

1. INTRODUCTION

3| BRIEF UNDERSTANDING:
SPACE

SHAPE

FORM

TRANSFORMATIONS

SPACE EFFICIENCY

OPTIMUM UTILISATION

USER SATISFACTION

4| SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP:

SPACE

FUNCTION

SPACE EFFICIENC Y

5| SUMMARY OR OVERVIEW OF OUR STUDY

The framework proposed in this research is to examine a given space , primarily through its function, and linking it to its geometry. [The geometries we have listed out in our study: are pure and regular geometries] Page 12

1. INTRODUCTION

Now on identifying the function of a space in relation to its geometry, we have tried to introduce and study of effectiveness, in this context.

6|HOW DO WE PROVE OUR STUDY

This study: explores the various function in conjugation to their implicit

geometries in analyzing efficiency of these spaces.

The given frame work of this study is built on: Mathematical

transformations in Shape,- establishing Effectiveness in space , function and there after its optimum utilization by the user.

The idea or concept of optimum utilization emerges from users and their
spatial experience.

The qualities of a space and how people experience interactions and

sensation within those spaces.

Page 13

2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

UNDERSTANDING SPACE..

PRELUDE

This chapter relates to the understanding of Space and its parameters.

What is a space in Architectural context, what are the various qualities of an architectural space and how do we as modern designers perceive and utilize a space to its optimum structure and functionality.

Page 14

2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

2.1 SPACES IN ARCHITECTURE Physically space is shape, by what it is, that surrounds it and otherwise by objects within it and is perceivable by us. A space is determined, meaning finite and fixed by its periphery and objects in it. It is meant for something and Offers protection for something. Spatiality is defined by : A feeling A sensation

Fig:1 A sense of space is a mental construct ,a projection of the outside world as we experience it. As space begins to be captured, enclosed, molded, and organized. By the elements of Mass , Architecture comes into being.

Fig:2

Fig:3 Page 15

2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

Spatial economies, different activity roles will derive different space allocation. A designed space is expected to support the activitiesfunctions-and human engagements about to take place there. 2.1.1 QUALITIES OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE

Fig:4 The qualities of an architectural space, however are much richer than what these diagrams are able to portray. Fig:5

BOUNDARY: The most explicit quality of a space is its boundary. The physical boundaries of a space consists of its roof, ceiling and the wall. When we look at a space from the point of view of the Interior Boundary Exterior We see that the boundary is the only element which defines both interior and exterior space.

Page 16

2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

PROPERTIES OF ENCLOSERES SHAPE SURFACE EDGES DIMENSIONS

QUALITIES OF SPACE

Form Color Texture Pattern Scale

CONFIGURATION OPENINGS

Proportion Definition Degree of enclosures Light View

Table 1 The above table (table1) indicates the various properties of enclosures and lists out their qualities of space.

Page 17

2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

The theory of experience in Architecture is the experience of space.

Architecture is a solution in terms of practical purpose, material and

techniques .The issue that matters the most is the design-the discovered form. This is the subject of the artistic commentary in architectural treatment, so, when an Architect sets to work in 99.9 cases out of 100 he has a problem to solve. Therefore the modern designer has to choose the optimum between spatial quality and efficiency which depends on his perception of the problem. This leads us to believe what best can we do in an allotted space, which would then reflect in and eventually postulate the balance of usage in terms of Spatial Economics. Thus understanding space in Architecture is the foremost, any designer needs to focus upon while beginning to design. It was well said by Le Corbusier: The theory of experience in Architecture is the experience of space.

Building

Machinehas a purpose

Function to perform

Page 18

3. REALISATION OF FORM

REALISATION OF FORM (study focuses on two dimensional aspect of Form)

PRELUDE

Form in Architecture is related to space and the activity occurring within this
space. Apart from that, architectural form is also related to the elements themselves; Their arrangements, and combination with each other (syntax); the meaning (semiotics); and the effects on people (pragmatics). Form therefore cannot simply be reduced to a single of choice of elements and their arrangement. For that reason it is possible to appraise the architectural form within the framework of: Space-defining element (related to use) A sign (related to arrangement, significance and effect) Structure (dependent on the laws of static and the strength of materials)

Page 19

3. REALISATION OF FORM

UNDERSTANDING THE BASIS AND ORIGIN OF FORM.

Form -refers to a shape or configuration or rather is a product of space.
Form is better understood as a special modification of matter under the agency of process. Let us try to establish the origin of form from Nature. 3.1 THE FUNDAMENTALS At the very basis of all phenomenon in nature lies only one entity-Energy. It is, this energy that constitutes the universe through its two manifestations-Matter and Force. The interaction of these two gives rise to a- tangible space. Even the cracking of mud is not a random process it seems. The cracks appear in such a manner so that the affected area is covered in minimum sized units using minimum crack lengths. (Reference: structure in nature is a strategy for design)

Minimum path network in mud Fig-3.1

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~qlxia/mud.html

The tendency to find equilibrium governs all natural order. Therefore to hold itself in a particular Form, a structure has to spend the least amount of energy. Thus the basic aim of any natural system is to achieve a configuration that holds the minimum energy expenditure in stabilizing a structure. (Source: Peter Pearce-Structure in nature is a strategy for design-MIT Press-1978)

Page 20

3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.2 THE LAW OF MINIMUM All natural systems tend to structure themselves according to the law of minimum. All free bodies for example, tend to acquire a spherical shape (as shown in fig-3.2) which has a minimum surface area to a given volume.

The spherical characteristics Fig-3.2 3.2.1 FORM- AS A DIAGRAM OF FORCES An interacting system constituting matter and forces, tends to achieve minimum potential energy (stated earlier). A state where matter is positioned in space by the action of forces. Matter in a system is found at coordinates where forces meet to cancel out each other. Form or structure is the meeting point of forces (shown in fig-3.3) or better understood that form is a diagram of forces (which supports the heading of this topic).

Form is a diagram of forces: Forces form-Form Fig-3.3 Page 21

3. REALISATION OF FORM

The idea of the energy expenditure can be made clear by the following comparison
of the tetrahedron and the cube. A tetrahedron is a very stable three dimensional entity. All stresses in the system are direct, ie: they are pure impression or tension along the lines of the tetrahedron. Any point in space can be stabilized using this configuration just like any point on a plane can be determined by triangulation (fig-3.4).

The tetrahedral system Fig-3.4 A cube on the other hand, needs extra energy apart from direct stresses. The joints or vertices of the cube need to be stabilized. In the absence of this extra stabilization, the cube tends to flatten out into a rhombic (fig-3.5).

The cubic error Fig-3.5 Thus a tetrahedron is more likely to be found in nature than a cube. In fact a large majority of all natural forms can be simplified to a tetrahedron geometry.

Page 22

3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3 THE ORIGIN OF FORM 3.3.1 THE ORTHO FACTOR Man joins the linear elements instinctively at 90 degrees. Order has always been associated with right angles. When two lines intersect , they form a pair of opposite angles. Only two cases are possible: 1) The lines form the two acute and two obtuse angles (fig-3.6a). 2) The lines form four right angles (fig-3.6b).

Non perpendicular intersection Fig-3.6a

perpendicular intersection Fig-3.6b

Also the space bounded by an acute angle appears to be wasteful, since the size of the usable area approaches (zero) or diminishes rapidly as we approach the corner (fig-3.7).

The features of an acute angle Fig-3.7

Page 23

3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3.2 CIRCLE VS SQUARE It is interesting to note that while we are scribbling we generally make circles, ovals or abstract shapes for that matter. Yet when we are asked to sketch the plan of any room we immediately draw a rectangle or square. (result based on various opinions or researchs done ) Very seldom would you find a person drawing out a circular room when asked for a general room plan. The usability of a room is determined by how many usable furniture pieces it can accommodate in the least complex manner and therefore assures the optimum utility of the spaces. According to the (fig 3.8) shown below, it is apparent that many small but regular shapes cannot fill a circle but a square can easily be divided into many shapes of varying sizes without any space wastage. A circle would have lot of strange and unusable areas left, especially at the circumference.

The usability factor Fig-3.8

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3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3.3 SINGLE ENVELOPE VS SEPARATE SYSTEM Continuous surfaces have a limitation of being single floor structures in most cases. This limits the growth potential of a building and therefore single surface is not preferred. Flat roofs over straight walls can be used as floor of storey above. Therefore its more lucrative to the builder.

Single envelope v/s Separate system Fig-3.9

Page 25

3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.4 AN INQUIRY INTO OUR PREFERENCES Each of the varied properties do not find equal favor amongst human beings. However it can be said, within the limits of exception, that people appreciate right angle over others, the straight line over the curved ones, the vertical element over the tilted one, and the discontinuous element over the single surface or vice versa that is totally left upon the discretion of the user. The reasons behind these biases may lie in the psychology of man, the usability of a shape for human needs, or even for that matter from the history of civilization!

Fig-3.9a Fig-3.9b Usability factor of various shapes

Fig-3.9c

Fig-3.9d

Page 26

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

This chapter relates to the study of the types of shapes, their geometric characteristics and the Role of building elements in transformation of a plan form . TRANSFORMATIONS AS A WHOLE The process of change in the shape through a series of discrete permutations and manipulations in response to a specific context or set of conditions without a loss of identity or concept is the process of Transformation. It is such a progression that changes the shape within the boundary of the object itself. The effects of these changes can be observed either in two or three dimensional form... In other words, in a transformational system, it is essential that a designer understands the fundamental nature and structure of the concept. Thus there is a prototypical architectural model which is transformed through a series of discrete manipulations in order to respond to specific conditions.

Page 27

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

Form and its opposite space constitute primary elements of Architecture. Study of types of shapes and their geometric characteristics. 4.1 Regular shapesAre those shapes whose parts are related to one another in a consistent and orderly manner. They are generally stable in nature and symmetrical about one or more axis. In geometry regular shapes are the circle, and the infinite series of regular polygons that can be inscribed within it Of these the most significant are the primary shapes: the circle, the triangle, the square and the rectangle. REGULAR SHAPESRefer to those whose parts are related to one another. They are generally stable and symmetrical about an axis.

SHAPES: can retain their regularity even when transformed dimensionally or by the addition and subtraction of elements. IRREGULAR SHAPESAre those whose parts are dissimilar in nature and related to one another in an inconsistent manner. Generally Asymmetrical and more dynamic than regular shapes. Regular and irregular shapes. Fig-4

Page 28

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.2 SHAPE

Shape is the characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form.

It is the principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms(Francis Dk Ching).

According to Frank Lloyd Wright 4.2.1 1) CIRCLE The simplest of the two dimensional shapes that are used is the circle. It is a centralized stable and self centering figure. Placing a circle at the centre of a field reinforces its inherent centrality.

Circle is placed at the centre Fig-4.1a Circle can be subdivided into twelve equal parts. This gives the circle great adaptability for architecture and allows the architects various ways to use the strength of the circle, while changing its appearance.

Compositions of circle and circular segments Page 29

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.2.2 2) SQUARE The other primary shape is the square. It is probably the most used shape in architecture. It represents a pure and rational figure. It is static and neutral having no preferred direction. It becomes dynamic when resting on its corners.

Representations of squares Fig-4.1b

Compositions of square and square segments 4.3.3 3) RECTANGLE Another very important shape is the rectangle. It has been used in most situations in architecture. Architects like it because it is easy to adapt for human needs. In building rectangles maybe used in windows, doors, rooms, etc. A rectangle depends on the right angles at the comers. The length and width depend on the eye of the architect. There is not one rectangle that will satisfy all architectural needs. Many rectangles can be said to be important in Architecture. Rectangles that are either off square or can be divided into even squares can be used in a variety of ways.

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4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

A rectangle building with the smallest perimeter surface is the most economical for the architects to build. The greater the length of the perimeter the more is the variety of shapes are available. 4.4.4 4) TRIANGLE Signifies stability, while resting on one of its sides, it is an extremely stable figure. When tipped to stand on one of its vertices, however it can either be balanced in equilibrium or be unstable and tend to fall over its sides. Because of the right triangles, corners of the buildings are square. Right triangles help to support buildings. All of the regular and irregular polygons, prisms, pyramids, and solids are dependent on right triangles

Compositions of triangle and triangular segments

4.3 Role of building elements in transformation of a plan form

Transformations of square in two dimensions Page 31

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.4 1) DIMENTIONAL TRANSFORMATION

Dimensional transformation-shown in Form Fig-4.2a Form can be transformed by altering its dimensions and still retain its identity. A cube for example can be transformed by altering its height, width or length in its volumetric form and corresponding changes will be made in its Planar form also.

ROBBIE HOUSE

Fig-4.2b
http://architecture.lego.com/en-us/products/architect/robie-house/story/

Page 32

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BUILDING ARCHITECT LOCATION ORIGINAL FORM TRANSFORMED FORM

ROBBIE HOUSE FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS CUBE CUBOID

http://towermax.deviantart.com/art/Robie-House-204473623

Fig-4.2c Plan form type of Robbie house 4.5 2) SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION

Subtractive transformation-shown in 3 dimension Fig-4.3 Form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume. Extent of subtractive process- either helps to retain its identity or totally transformed to other. Subtracted space: volumetric void, negative spaces.

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4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BIANDAS RESIDENCE

BUILDING ARCHITECT LOCATION

BIANDAS RESIDENCE MARIO BOTTA SWITZERLAND

Subtractive transformation-shown Fig-4.3a

https://wiki.ucfilespace.uc.edu/groups/12u_20artn242001/wiki/b27fe/

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4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.6 3) ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

Additive transformation-shown in 3 dimension Fig-4.4 Forms can be transformed by addition to its volume. Types of additive transformations:

Types of Additive transformations Fig-4.5

PLACE DE STALINGARD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Bataille-de-Stalingrad

Page 35

4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BUILDING ARCHITECT LOCATION

PLACE DE STALINGARD HEUT BERNARD PARIS

plan form of palace

4.7 4) OTHER TRANSFORMATIONS Corners define the meeting of two planes. Corner condition- introduces a distinct element that is independent of the surface it joins Opening is introduced to one side of its corner. One plane appears to bypass the other.

Various other transformations shown Fig-4.6 Page 36

5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

EFFECTIVE SPACES

PRELUDE

This chapter relates to the understanding and definition of effective spaces.

Effectiveness of a space, is a general concept reflecting an output from that space. Space effectiveness is what we call, space productivity is a general sense.

This study: explores the various functions in conjugation to their implicit

geometries in analyzing efficiency of the spaces.

The idea or concept of optimum utilization emerges from users and their
spatial experience.

Page 37

5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

5.

The basic physical parameters of a building shell will set rules for its occupation by describing How effectively a building can be planned.
1) The CONFIGURATION Describes geometry of a typical floor within a building. Thus a square or an oblong plan with single/central core will be more efficient than a plan form which is irregular. A high floor plate efficiency is achieved by calculating the net to gross ratio of internal spaces. Note: configuration will also be affected by the number and distance of structural columns. 2) DEPTH Is a measurement across a floor- window to window, window to core or atrium. 3) PLANNING GRID The planning grid describes the internal dimensions for structure finishes and services. These relate to structural columns and window spacing. Thus the planning grid will drive the ease with which internal rooms and partitions are introduced. 4) PRIMARY CIRCULATION AREAS Primary circulation Secondary circulation

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5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

The following parameters listed above help us to determine the amount of usable spaces and thereby its optimum utilization to what extent has been achieved. Thus the efficiency parameter is achieved by two ways: 1) By calculation people per workstation values 2) Planning per workstation The people per workstation will give us mathematical data regarding (for an office) The number of people for which the building is designed for No of people working at present No of clients visiting on a daily basis( approx) Also as per the architectural standards according to the given area how many people are working. Also the planning per workstation will give us subjective reasons to justify the efficiency factor and calculate the net usable area. Subjective Understanding of the economics of a space Economics, here focuses on the mathematics based on the productivity of the analyzed space. This is the subject of the artistic commentary in architectural treatment, when an Architect sets to work, in 99.9 cases out of 100 he has a problem to solve. Therefore the modern designer has to choose the optimum between spatial quality and efficiency which depends on his perception of the problem.

The basic physical parameters of a building shell will set rules for its occupation by describing How effectively a building can be planned.

This eventually leads us to believe what best can we do in an allotted space, which would then reflect in and eventually postulate the balance of usage in terms of Spatial Economics.

Page 39

5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

5.5 understanding efficiency through example. Let us understand Efficiency by an example as stated by Palladio! Andreas Palladio brings the theory of Renaissance proportioning to its most sophisticated state. He turns the idea of subdividing a plan into harmonious parts around by starting with rooms in harmonious ratios and joining them together to produce the entire building.

Palladios seven sets of proportions in construction of rooms Palladio supplies general rules for the proportions of the height of rooms to their width and length that is for the relationship of the three dimensions which constitutes the shape of a room. He recommends seven shapes of rooms in the following sequence: (1) circular, (2) square, (3) the diagonal of the square for the length of the room, (4) a square and a third, (5) a square and a half, (6) a square and two-thirds, (7) two squares.

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6. CASE STUDIES

Case studies of Pivotal and Archohm

Page 41

6. CASE STUDIES

6.1 ARCHOHM ARCHITECTURE FIRM Architect: Ar Saurabh Gupta Location: Noida Evolution of form from basic geometric shapes:

PRIMARY FUNCTION: Architectural firm

PRIMARY GEOMETRY: Regular solids-cylinder, cuboids The basic physical parameters of a building shell sets the rules for its occupation by describing how a building can be planned.

Configuration Planning grid Circulation Depth

Page 42

6. CASE STUDIES

Fig-6.1 The above floor plan shows the percentage circulation in the architectural firm.

Fig-6.2 Page 43

6. CASE STUDIES

6.1.1 ANALYSIS AS PER: planning per workstation The grid pattern followed across the plan typology is of 3.6m . (from fig-6.2) According to the grid layout the planning is done without creating any negative spaces and unused areas in the office premises. Also according to the standard furniture layouts suggested by the standards the furniture is well in conjugation with the plan form and the grid followed through out the plan. Other important aspects to be noted down are the functionality of the board room and the caf. Functionality Board room To serve as a seminar hall Issues Cafe To serve as a meeting area

The functionality is not Functionality is achieved achieved in conjugation with its geometry

Efficiency of a space

People/workstation: Will give us the numerical data

Planning/workstation: Give us subjective reasons to justify the efficiency

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6. CASE STUDIES

6.1.2 CALCULATING area usage- people/workstation At upper ground floor level SNO. The space designed Space designed for number of people 33 3 4 4 Number people working at present 30 1 2 2 Number people visiting on daily basis (approx) 5 2 3 3 9 Number Area people (Square present M) as per standard 60 6 4 4 4 26 265 19 16 11 11 44

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

STUDIO CABIN-1 CABIN -2 CABIN4,5

MEETING 6 ROOM LOUNGE BOARD ROOM 6 17

CALCULATING area usage- people/workstation At lower ground floor level

SNO.

The space Space designed designed for number of people STUDIO 53

Number people working at present 50 -

Number people visiting on daily basis (approx) 5 -

Number Area people (Square present M) as per standard 78 6 440 93.8

1 2

BEDROOMS 6

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6. CASE STUDIES

6.2 PIVOTAL APARTMENTS-GURGAON ARCHITECT: Ar Anoj Tevatia LOCATION: gurgaon PRIMARY FUNCTION: Serviced Apartments PRIMARY GEOMETRY: Circular plan subjected to dimensional transformation changing into an oblong shape.

Typical plan of the serviced apartments.

Fig-6.3

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6. CASE STUDIES

Fig-6.4 The above two typical plans shown in (fig-6.3 and fig-6.4) represent the floor plans the same building with changing the core of the building. Three typical plans were presented to the client in order to achieve maximum floor area in terms of area sellable .

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6. CASE STUDIES

fig6.5 The above three plans can be understood as under: The typical plan in fig6.5 shows a core at the centre of the building running right from the ground floor to the highest floor reaching upto a level of 28 floors. Therefore a maximum of 11 individual units are obtained from the plan in fig6.5. Similarly in order to achieve the maximum number of individual units per floor the designer decided to shift the core of the building from the centre to the two sides to optimize the floor area achieving more units as compared to the earlier plan in fig6.5 The area breakups of the above floor plans of the Pivotal serviced apartments is: Gross internal area: 12,0000 sq m Net internal area: 10.6700 sq m NUA: 81020 sq m. Therefore here the level of efficiency is achieved by calculating the increase in the number of individual units on each floor, increasing the number of units on each floor.

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6. CASE STUDIES

6.3 RESIDENCE RESIDENCE OF MR SYAL ARCHITECT: Er Murari Syal LOCATION: Jaipur PRIMARY FUNCTION: Residence PRIMARY GEOMETRY: Rectangular geometry-all rooms following the similar geometric pattern. Ground floor plan of residence The plan shown in fig6.5 is the plan of the residence being studied in this research. According to the study conducted for analyzing efficiency in this building we inspected the spaces. Specifications: 4 BHK house with a first floor consisting of 2bedrooms. There are two main entries and 1 backyard entry for the services. One entry is from the porch which opens up in the drawing room and the other entry is in the master bedroom which is rarely utilized.

fig6.6 Analyzing the spaces in the house: Page 49

6. CASE STUDIES

Ground floor consists of a Drawing room (12.6x16 feet) Adjacent to a Kitchen (10.4X11 feet) and master bedroom (14x21 feet) and a kids bedroom (10.5x15 feet). The graph below shows the area breakup of the various spaces of the residence of Mr Syal.

AREA(sq ft)

14% 13% 18%

22%

Drawing room Master Bedroom kids bedroom Kitchen Others and puja

33%

fig6.7

Fig 6.8 Master bedroom

fig 6.9 Drawing room

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6. CASE STUDIES

6.4 RESIDENCE RESIDENCE OF AR ANOJ TEVATIA ARCHITECT: Ar Anoj Tevatia LOCATION: New Delhi PRIMARY FUNCTION: Residence PRIMARY GEOMETRY: Rectangular geometry-all rooms following the similar geometric pattern.

Fig 6.9a Ground floor

fig 6.9b first floor

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6. CASE STUDIES

The second study conducted in order to analyze the efficiency of spaces is that of Ar Anoj Tevatia. Ground floor consists of a Drawing room (13x18-9) Adjacent to a Kitchen (9x13-9) and master bedroom (16-10x139) kids bedroom and guest bedroom (13x129)

AREA(sq ft)

11% 13% 17% 25% 34% DRAWING ROOM MASER BEDROOM OTHER BEDROOM KITCHEN OTHERS

fig6.9c On analyzing the spaces of the house we find that the maximum space is occupied by the drawing and dining area. The area breakup is as per the areas suggested by the standards. This gives us an overview that the areas divided in the house are as per the occupancy, its functionality and its usage, which will intern reflect the productivity of the spaces. It is understood that since the drawing room of a house is used at nearly all times in a day therefore its area allotment amongst all the rooms should be more. Rest of the allotment is as per requirement and their need.

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6. CASE STUDIES

On analyzing the spaces of the house of Mr Syal, we find that the maximum space is occupied by the Master bedroom. On the contrary as suggested by the standards, the area of the Drawing room should be if not maximum of all areas of the house but in this case should be larger than the area of Master bedroom. THE REASON behind this recommendation is: Let us come back to the issue of functionality of spaces, which is explained in the earlier chapters of this book. Obviously the functionality of a Drawing room is to accommodate more people in a day rather than that in a master bedroom. Accordingly the area breakups change with the one major tool to win over from: that is: Function. Since a drawing room is a mass gathering space in a house, therefore the number of people visiting a drawing room in a day is more, as compared to a master bedroom, whose occupancy as well as number of people visiting in per day is also comparably less. This analysis gives us a thought to kindle upon... Are spaces in OUR homes Efficient??? This efficiency analysis can be conducted by all of us with the simple tools mentioned in the above case studies. The very idea to conduct a study of a residential space was only to help us understand the concept of efficiency. Efficiency of spaces links to Productivity of spaces. Productivity establishes its connect to : the usage of a space. In order to understand this concept, let us frame a concrete idea of this thought. For any given space to be productive, its utilization should be optimum, only then will the space be efficient to us. This establishes a base to the Hypothesis of this research: which states that, Effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is responsive to its geometric shape.

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7. CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION The study concludes itself with a view of keeping in mind the effective usage of space for the user. Effective spaces can be better understood as productive spaces. Any space can be effective or productive for which it defines to be fulfilling. Let us understand the level of productivity of a space with the help of an example of a restaurant. A restaurant can be termed productive only when its prime functionality to serve and its popularity reach at a certain appreciable level. Only then will the restaurant be productive. Similarly, any space can be termed as a productive space, if the functionality conjugates or resonates with the amount of people using the given space . The effectiveness will thus be, to calculate the output from that space. This evokes a question for us all to ponder upon How productive is your space? The answer to the above thoughts and questions are already proved with the help of case studies conducted in the earlier chapters of this book. This study has therefore helped us to understand various spatial forms, studying their geometric characteristics, which help in optimizing a space and at the same time leaving the user satisfied with the levels of efficiency attained with the conducted spatial study. It therefore defines the mathematical paradigm and helps to establish a basis of user satisfaction. After all spaces are designed for people not forgetting the functionality of the space and by the people of this society. Therefore apart from the calculative aspects, spaces need to be user satisfying.

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8. REFERENCES

Arnheim, R, The Dynamics of Architectural Form, University of California Press, London, 1977. Blackwell, W , AlA, Geometry in Architecture, Key Cirriculum Press, Berkeley,California. Baker, H. G, Design Strategies in Architecture (an Approach to the Analysis of Form), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1996 Percy E Nobbs, Treatise in the discovery of Form. Ching, F, D.K, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1995 Emde, H, Geometrical Fundamentals for Design and Visualization of Spatial Objects.CAAD Futures' 87. Eds. Tom Maver and Hanry Wagter, Amsterdam, Elsevier,1987. Franck, K, A, Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994. Gargus, J, Ideas of Order. A Formal Approach to Architecture, Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company, Iowa, 1994 Joedicke, J, Space and Form in Architecture. A Circumspect Approach to the Past, Karl Kramer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1985 Jules, F, Form/Space and the Language of Architecture, Publications m Architecture and Urban Planning, Wiscoin, 1974 Moore, C. and Allen, G, Dimensions: Space, Shape and Scale in Architecture, Architectural Record Books, New York, 1976

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8. REFERENCES

Perez, G, A, Introduction: The use of Geometry and Number in Architectural Theory: From symbols to Re-Conciliation to Instruments of Technological Domination, Diss. U. Placzek, A, K, Palladio Andrea: The four Books of Architecture, Dover Publications Inc., New Yark, 1965 Scholfield, P.H, The Theory of Proportion in Architecture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1958 Schirm beck, E, Idea, Form, and Architecture, Design Principles in Contemporary Architectures, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987 Steadman, P, Architectural Morphology: An Introduction to the Geometry of the Building, Pion, London, 1989. Stevens, G, The Reasoning Architect, Mathematics and Science in Design, Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1976 Wilson, F, A Graphic Survey of Perception and Behavior for the Design Professions, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984 Winters, N, B, Architecture Elementary. Visual Thinking Through Architectural Concepts, Gibbs, M, Smith, Salt Lake City, 1986 Wong, W , Principles of Two-Dimensional Form, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1988

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9. GLOSSARY

Additive Forms: Characterized by a basic progress which involves adding simple solids together to make a more complex whole.

Balance: The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition.

Cartesian Space: Based on th X, Y, Z coordinate system of Rene' Descartes, an infinitely expandeble and homogeneous space defined by a square grid.

Centralized Plan: A building plan which is organized around a central point.

Composition: The arranging of parts or elements into proper proportion or relation so as to form a unified whole.

Concept: A mental image or formulation of what something is or ought to be, esp. an idea generalized from particular characteristics or instances.

Effectiveness: Effectiveness of a space is a general concept reflecting an output from that space.

Form: The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.

Geometry:

The

mathematical

discipline

which

deals

with

measurements,

relationships and properties of points, lines, planes, angles, and figures in space.

Golden Rectangle: A rectangle whose proportions embody the relationships of the golden section. A golden Rectangle can be infinitely decomposed into a square and another golden rectangle.

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9. GLOSSARY

Grid: A framework of crossed lines; common architectural grids are four-square and mne-square.

Morphology: Literally a branch of biology which examines the forms and structures of plants and animals, used in architecture to discuss the study of form.

Order: A condition of logical, harmonious, or comprehensible arragement in which each element of a group is properly disposed with reference to other elements and to its purpose.

Proportion: The comparative relations between dimensions or sizes.

Radial: Disposed about a central point.

Shape: The outline or surface configuration of a particular form or figure.

Space: Space is a boundless 3-dimentional extent in which object and events have relative position and direction.

Space Efficiency: OPTIMUM UTILIZATION is defined as: m sq / person. m sq /workstation. people / workstation.

Subtractive form: Shape which is understood to have been created by a process of subtraction from a whole, i.e. by the removal of pieces or the carving out of a void from a solid.

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