About bd

Bangladesh /bld/; i/bld/ (Bengali: , pronounced: ] ( listen)), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: Gnprjtntr Blde), is a country in South Asia, located on the fertile Bengal delta. It is bordered by the Republic of India to its north, west and east, by the Union of Myanmar (Burma) to its south-east and by the Bay of Bengal to its south. It is separated from the Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Kingdom of Bhutan by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor. Together with the neighbouring Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language. Bangladesh is a parliamentary republic with an elected parliament called the Jatiyo Sangshad. With a population of more than 160 million people in a territory of 56,977 sq mi, Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country, as well as one of the world's most densely populated countries. The Bengalis form the country's predominant ethnic group, whereas the indigenous peoples in northern and southeastern districts form a significant and diverse ethnic minority. The Bengal delta region has a rich and diverse cultural heritage. The four largest religions in the country are Islam (89%), Hinduism (9%), Buddhism (1%) and Christianity (0.5%). Bangladesh is identified as a Next Eleven economy. According to the United Nations in 2010, the country is making major strides in human development, including significant progress in the areas of gender equity, universal primary education, the empowerment of women, reducing population growth, food production, health and renewable energy.

Garment
Garment sector is the largest employer of women in Bangladesh.[3] The garment sector has provided employment opportunities to women from the rural areas that previously did not have any opportunity to be part of the formal workforce. This has given women the chance to be financially independent and have a voice in the family because now they contribute financially.[4] However, the women workers are facing many problems. Most women come from low income families. Low wage of women workers and their compliance have enabled the industry to compete with the world market. Women are paid far less than men mainly due to their lack education.[5] Women are reluctant to unionize because factory owners threaten to fire them.[3] Even though trade unionization is banned inside the Export processing Zones (EPZ), the working environment is better than that of the majority of garment factories that operate outside the EPZs. But, pressure from buyers to abide by labor codes has enabled factories to maintain satisfactory working conditions.[4]

Bangladesh Textile

The economy of Bangladesh is largely dependent on agriculture. However, in recent years, the Ready Made Garments (RMG) sector has emerged as the biggest earner of foreign currency. The ready-made garment (RMG) sector has experienced an exponential growth since the 1980s.[1] The sector contributes significantly to the GDP. It also provides employment to around 4.2 million Bangladeshis, mainly women from low income families which affects their social status. Exports of textiles and garments are the largest source of foreign exchange earnings. Shipbuilding, pharmaceuticals and consumer goods manufacturing are important emerging industries, while the jute sector is re-emerging with increasing global demand for green fibres. Remittances from Bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the Middle East, are another major source of foreign exchange earnings. Other important export sectors include fish and seafood, ceramics, cement, fertilizer, leather and leather goods, food products, software and IT services. Bangladesh has also made major strides in its human development index.[1

Home textile
Bangladesh is now well renowned for spinning, fabricating and garmenting capabilities. Its not all about knit products that always remain in the lime light, the home textile sector is also flourishing and contributing to the made in Bangladesh image. The home furnishing industry in Bangladesh offers a splendid range of bedspreads, curtains, linen, cushion covers, table covers, kitchen accessories, bath linen, and other home textile products. In this issue, Market Today is trying to show why the industry now needs capacity building to really capitalize on the upcoming opportunities to grab the world home textile market. Bangladeshs home textile industry is also growing at a rate of 20% on yearly basis making it a very strong contender amongst these stronghold countries. A huge opportunity is coming ahead as buyers from China and Pakistan are shifting to Bangladesh. In fact export earnings from home textiles can cross $2.0 billion in the upcoming three years according to the experts anticipation. Home textiles export from Bangladesh is all set to reach $1025.39 million in this fiscal year. It was only $788.76 in the last fiscal at this corresponding time. So the export growth was around 17% which is only increasing.

Bangladesh handicrafts
Bangladesh handicrafts are always appiciated to the Global Market having some limitaion of marketing and communication gap bangladeshi handicrafts are not still remarkable above the possibility to increase domestic & global reach Despite the fact that global exports of handicrafts took a big hit in the

last 16-18 months, following the global slowdown, Gujarat based Self Employed Women?s Association (SEWA) has drawn expansion plans for its premium handicraft brand ?Hansiba?, which it had launched last year, along with aiming for a sales growth of 40 percent year-on-year. Actually, those dark days, was the period when SEWA Trade Facilitation Centre (STFC) started diversifying by spreading its wings in to new overseas neighbouring markets like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. Alongside it will also strengthen its presence in India by opening eight more stores in India, to raise its store count to 11.

Jamdani
Jamdani (Bengali: ) are among the finest muslin textiles of Bengal produced in Dhaka District, Bangladesh. Fine Dhaka jamdani is often called Dhakaiya Jamdani (Bengali: ). The historic production of jamdani was patronized by imperial warrants of the Mughal emperors. It adorned royalty and nobility across Asia and the Muslim world for centuries. Under British colonialism, the Bengali jamdani and muslin industries rapidly declined due to colonial import policies favoring industrially manufactured textiles. In more recent years, the production of jamdani has witnessed a revival in Bangladesh, with jamdani saris becoming one of the most prestigious luxury fabrics of South Asia.

JUTE
Jute - A rainfed crop which is cultivated mainly in the Bengal Delta, most of which is occupied by Bangladesh. Jute fibers are extracted from plants through various stages such as retting, stripping, washing and drying. The colour of jute varies from light tan to brown and it can be easily bleached or dyed. Globally jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton in regard to terms of usage, production, and availability. Jute fibre is a totally natural biodegradable and compostable fibre obtained from the jute plant and it is therefore an extremely attractive renewable resource for those who give top priority to environmental and ecological concerns.

Bangladeshi jute are traditionally being used in packaging of food grade materials, but now it mainly used for various shopping bags, promotional bags and geo-textiles.

Bangladesh produces the finest quality natural jute fibre. As such Bangladeshi jute product manufacturer or exporter has an extra advantage in manufacturing top grade jute bags or jute products by using best quality natural fiber. Growing international interest for diversified and lifestyle jute products have prompted Bangladeshi jute manufacturers and exporters to develop value-added jute products like handicrafts, shopping bags, beach bags, sports bags, travel bags, wine bags, jewelry bags etc. Jute is one of the most valuable natural resources of Bangladesh and is truly ruled the world market. Bangladeshi Jute bags are available in neutral and earthy colours like olive green and different shades of white. The

Ceramic
The global ceramic tableware industry is currently going through a phase of acquisition and consolidation as smaller firms in the developed countries are becoming uncompetitive and bankrupt. As a result, the big names like Noritake, Wedgewood, Lenox, Villeroy & Boch and Royal Doulton are all individually becoming billion-dollar operations. Traditionally, the tableware industry is labor-intensive and companies in developed countries experience difficulties in remaining competitive. Bangladesh, being a gas-rich and low-laborcost economy, is perfectly positioned to be a strategic partner in production and supply of ceramic products. Investment interests in this sector are strongly welcome.

Standard metal zips are manufactured using bead technology, where profile metal elements
(teeth) are clamped on woven and dyed textile tape; brass wire is usually used to make the teeth. Precision cutting and stapling processes are followed by multiple brushing and polishing operations, to ensure that the M zip runs smoothly.

Footwear Industry

has grown in Bangladesh territory since the colonial era although its modernisation took place only in the late 1980s. During the British period, there was no footwear manufacturing firm producing on a mass scale in East Bengal. However, traditional cottage type footwear industry with limited production facilities existed in a skeleton form in the district towns at this time. Various types of footwear were imported, mainly from CALCUTTA. After Partition of Bengal in 1947, footwear started being imported from West Pakistan. When Bata Shoe Company established its manufacturing plant at Tongi in 1962, it was the first manufacturing plant to produce shoes on a large scale in East Pakistan. Eastern Progressive Shoe Industries (EPSI)

established its production plant in 1967 and started exporting footwear to USSR, Czechoslovakia and England. Bata and EPSI held a major share in the local footwear market also. The industry suffered a major setback during the WAR OF LIBERATION but was rehabilitated after independence. Many new footwear manufacturing units have been established recently. Notable among them are Apex Footwear, Excelsior Shoes, and Paragon Leather and Footwear Industries. The number of production units in the industry now exceeds 2,000. Most units are, however, small and medium in size and only 23 are relatively large and have mechanised and semi-mechanised production technology. The annual production capacity of the industry is about 32 million pairs of leather and non-leather footwear. Of this 25.17 million is produced by mechanised and semi-mechanised units. Production capacity of individual manufacturing concerns varies from 750 to 3,000 pairs a day. The shoes produced find their way mainly to the local market; only a few firms produce shoes for export. The industry provides direct employment to about 25,000 people. Nearly 50% of them are engaged in mechanised and semi-mechanised units and are classified, on the basis of employees, as large, medium, and small. Women workers are predominant (55%-60%) in the mechanised sector. About 80% of all footwear units are located in DHAKA and CHITTAGONG. Production in small units is processed manually. The total volume produced by these indigenous units account for about 7 million pairs per year. Footwear units vary in product line, production capacity and exposure to domestic and foreign markets. The relatively large ones manufacture multiple items such as leather shoes, sports and trainer shoes, canvas and leather sandals, jute shoes, chappals (slippers) and shoe uppers. These units constitute the largest share of the export market.
Export of ceramics

goods from Bangladesh , especially in the Middle Eastern countries, has been

increasing steadily and it has given a boost to the country's hopes for foreign exchange earnings by exploring new markets for its diversified exportable. Though Bangladesh 's entry in ceramic export market is not that old but it had already earned a good name for its quality products with elegant getup and design. In 2001, Bangladesh had ten ceramic industry units. These companies produce high quality ceramic and porcelain wares. The annual production is about 15,000 tons of ceramic items. About 5,000 tons is exported to 45 countries. The remaining amount is consumed locally. Initially, all ceramic industries catered to the domestic market only.

Leather Industry developed in Bangladesh on a large-scale basis from the 1970s. About
95% of leather and leather products of Bangladesh are marketed abroad, mostly in the form of crushed leather, finished leather, leather garments, and footwear. Most leather and leather goods go to Germany, Italy, France, Netherlands, Spain, Russia, Brazil, Japan, China, Singapore and Taiwan. Value addition in these exports averages 85% local and 15% foreign. About 100 modern tannery

units are now in operation in the industry. These are located mostly in the Hazaribagh area of dhaka city. In 1998, the sector exported 178 million sq ft of leather and earned $160 million. The country's share in the world leather market is 2%. The export of finished products such as shoes, slippers, leather jackets, hand gloves, bags, purses, wallets, and belts also earn a sizeable amount of foreign exchange. Bangladesh intends to increase its range of leather products to penetrate new market segments. The country is endowed with luxurious vegetation encouraging a large livestock population. The quality of the raw hide and skin is relatively good, as barbed wire fencing that damage the skins of animals is not used in the natural farms and fields. Black goatskin of kushtia is particularly noted for its finegrain structure and tensile strength. The tradition of humane care of domestic animals also contributes significantly to keeping the leather quality high. About 40% of the supply of hide and skin comes from animals slaughtered during the annual Muslim festival of eid-ul azha. In addition to daily consumption of meat, festivals, Muslim weddings, and other celebrations yield a substantial supply of hide and skin. The tanning industry got a big boost following the government decision to promote more value addition in exports. The installed capacity for crust leather production increased. At present, it is double the domestic supply of raw hide and skin. Investments are also made in installing new finishing capacity. The trends encourage more tanneries to produce finished leather on a commercial basis. Leather processing and leather
manufacturing in Bangladesh is almost entirely export-oriented. 95-98 per cent of the leather produced is for export in one form or the other because of the limited local consumption. The essential import of many materials such as chemicals, equipment, accessories, is subject to delays and cumbersome custom duties and procedures. Considering the very bright growth potential, the government may seriously consider allowing all necessary imports on a duty-free or on a flat rate basis. At present the larger producers operate well below capacity. It is reported that misuse of the bonded warehouse system is providing some illegal and inappropriate income. As bonded warehouses are costly to implement (involve more bureaucracy and provide opportunity for corru

EXPORT OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors within the country's economy. In 2000, there were 210 licensed allopathic drug-manufacturing units in the country, out of which only 173 were in active production; others were either closed down on their own or suspended by the licensing authority for drugs due to non compliance to good manufacturing practices or drug laws. The industry manufactured about 5,600 brands of medicines in different dosage forms. There were, however, 1,495 wholesale drug license holders and about 37,700 retail drug license holders in Bangladesh.[1] After the promulgation of Drug Control Ordinance - 1982, the development of this sector was accelerated. The professional knowledge, thoughts and innovative ideas of the pharmaceutical professionals working in this sector are the key factors for this developments. Due to recent development of this sector, the industry is exporting medicines to global markets, including the European market. This sector is also providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market. Some of the companies produce insulin, hormones, and anticancer drugs, which were not previously produced in Bangladesh. Leading pharmaceutical companies are expanding their business

with the aim to expand into the export market. Recently, a few new industries have been established with high tech equipment and professionals to enhance the strength of this sector.[2]

It is a very encouraging news that Bangladesh has became a drug exporting country instead of importing one. The statistics of last six years drug export are as follows : 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2663.39 million taka 2477.41 million taka 3277.19 million taka 3471.69 million taka 3813.50 million taka 4212.25 million taka

It is indeed a good news that at present drugs are exported to 87 countries (list download) including Europe and America and other countries. The quantity of drugs & the number of countries are increasing day by day by active support and efforts of present government. We are very optimistic that very soon, the pharmaceutical sector of Bangladesh would be able to occupy a prestigious position in the international arena by the dynamic leadership of the present government of Bangladesh.

BANGLADESH FROZEN FOODS EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION (BFFEA) is

established in 1984 and approved by the government of the peoples Republic of bangladesh under section 3 of the trade organizations ordinanca 1961 ( ordinance No. XLV of 1961 and registered with the register of joint stock companies,Dhaka under the companies Act,1913 (Act VII of 1913) as a company with limited liability. Frozen foods is the second largest export sector of the economy. The massive natural resources available in Bangladesh make this sector particularly promising for investors looking to supply in international as well as in domestic markets.

The Public sector corporation and the private organizations have setup about 148 numbers of shore based export oriented fish processing plants at Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Jessore, Satkhira, Bagerhat, Cox's Bazar, Chandpur, Kishoregonj, Syihet and Patuakhali. These plants produces Fresh Water shell On (FWSO), Ser Water shell On (SWSO), Peeled and Deveined (P&D), Peeled and Undevined (PUD), shrimp products under the most hygienic and sanitary condition under the supervision, control and guidance of foreign trained handling & processing

experts. At all levels, USFDA registrations and directives of the European Communities concerning the production and exportation of frozen foods are strictly followed.

BANGLADESH: Plastic goods exporters going for high-value products

As part of the move, some of plastic goods exporters recently imported modernised technology to grab markets in the EU, North America, Oceania and Russia. "Many buyers from our traditional markets are now demanding high-value products. They are eyeing Bangladesh instead of China for our competitive price ranges," said President of Bangladesh Plastic Goods Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BPGMEA) Md Jashim Uddin. He also admitted that the production cost would increase by 100 per cent if the factories make use of new machinery. "With Chinese plastic manufacturers shifting their production base to low-cost Asian locations, Bangladesh remains an ideal choice, but poor infrastructure threatens to mar the prospects", Ferdous, also former president of BPGMEA, said. "Foreign buyers prefer the destinations which offer various ranges of products and we do already have the advantage of that but just need to take few necessary initiatives," Ferdous added. According to the BPGMEA, Bangladesh exports plastic products including shopping bags, butcher bags, PVC pipe, polyethylene sheets, ball-point pens, tooth brush, toys, hanger, hand gloves, artificial flowers, table covers, computer accessories, waste baskets and wall clocks.

The history of indigenous shipbuilding in Bangladesh goes back a long

way. It is one of the early industries developed in Bengal based on its old business of building boats and sea vessels. Bangladesh has a strong background in building ships since ancient times. Many countries of Asia and Europe regularly bought ships built in Chittagong. Bangladesh has a strong background in building ships since ancient times. It is quite natural in that Bangladesh has more than 200 rivers with a total length of about 22,155km plus a long coast line on the Bay of Bengal. It is little known today that Bangladesh was the center of building ocean-going vessels in Asia between the 15th and 17th century. The history of indigenous shipbuilding in Bangladesh goes back a long way. It began with wooden-bodied passenger vessels having two decks and gradually improved to steel-body construction of multi-deck passenger carriers in the eighties as the passenger transportation in reverine route peaked.

Crown Cement is the largest cement exporter in Bangladesh. The major export market
of Crown cement is the northeastern states of India including Tripura, Meghalaya, eastern and western region of Assam. The company has won National Export Trophy (Gold) for consecutive two years (2008-2009 and 2009-10) and received the trophy from honorable Prime minister Sheikh Hasina at a ceremony organized by Ministry of Commerce and Export Promotion Bureau for its extraordinary contribution to the country's economy through foreign currency earnings. The entrepreneurs tried their best to export cement particularly to the eastern States of India. The prospective importers after testing several brands of cement finally selected to import Crown cement. Crown Cement was the first Bangladeshi cement brand to explore export opportunities for cement. It is to be noted that Bangladesh started exporting cement in January, 2003 and Crown Cement takes pride of being the pioneer of it. In this way local cement went beyond the border. At the factory premises of MICFL the then honorable commerce Minister Amir Khasru Mahmood Chowdhury cut the ribbon on January 13, 2003 to inaugurate the first export of cement from Banglades

Bangladesh sets sail in the lucrative ship export marketThe

South Asian nation, known for its population growth, natural disasters and corruption, is poised to become a bigger player in the global shipbuilding industry.

Electricity is a critical backbone of the modern economy and Bangladesh has taken important
steps in connecting more and more outreach areas since independence. This has been made possible by a well-functioning support industry including a mushrooming electrical cables sector. The leader of that sector, BRB Cable Industries Ltd. was the winner of this year's coveted 'Enterprise of the Year' award. Within a short period of time, this company has been able to achieve a remarkably strong footing - a research conducted by the World Market Wares & Cables ranked BRB as number 33 among the 3,000 companies surveyed in 200 countries. This ranking can be considered as a true national achievement.
Major products Bangladesh is producing are Electric cables, distribution board, large and medium transformer, switch gear, sub-station equipment, electric arc welding machine, enameled ware, insulator, industrial fan, heat and speed control system, magnetic contractor, Parceling bright connector, different connecting equipment, main switch, electric iron and shouldering iron, ceiling fan, table fan, adjust fan, tube light, filament bulb, light fittings, table lamp, different laps, distribution board, electric meter, switch, plug, water heater, florescent light ballast, light & fan controller, torch light, refrigerator, lift equipment, extension cord, and energy saving lamp

Beeswax is one of nature's amazing materials. Pure beeswax from Apis mellifera contains at least
300 different compounds being a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, a variety of esters and free acids. Human societies have long valued beeswax. Despite the use of cheaper petroleum based waxes, beeswax remains the most versatile bee product. It is used for a range of industrial processes, for instance as an ingredient in many cosmetics, ointments and pharmaceutical preparations. It is important in batik and other textile work and central in certain metal casting and modelling processes, as well as wax foundation for beehives and in candle making. No candle is more beautiful nor has a more delicious aroma than a lustrous candle made from pure, golden beeswax. Beeswax can provide a beekeeper with worthwhile extra income yet it is often neglected as an income generating resource. Unlike honey, it does not require careful packaging and storage so is simpler to deal with, and the creation of value added, secondary products from beeswax offers a unique opportunity for income generation for women because it utilises their traditional skills. Some African countries, for example Ethiopia and Angola, have significant beeswax exports, while in other countries beekeepers remain unaware of the value of beeswax and even throw it away.

Welcome to Bangladesh Cotton Association

Bangladesh Cotton Association (BCA) is the national trade body of Cotton Agents, Cotton Traders, Cotton Growers, Cotton Ginners and Cotton Controllers ( Inspection Companies ). BCA is an affiliated member of the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI) and an affiliated Association of the International Cotton Association (ICA) based in Liverpool, UK. BCA is also closely working with the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) and we are sendering our effects is various committees and sub-committees of the Govt. and the Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Industry Cotton is commonly known is kapas tula in Bangladesh.It is primarily cultivated for its lint. which is spun into yarn. yarn is used for textile and several industrial uses.Raw cotton is also used for medical and surgical purposes.The linters are used as filling materials for making cushions.pillows.mattress, ete., and stalk is used as fuel. for making paper pulp etc.The seed is crushed for obtaining oil and cakes. Cotton is one of the important cash crops in Bangladesh. It is the main raw materials of textile industry. Annual requirement of raw cotton for textile industry of Bangladesh is estimated around 2.5 million bales. Local production is only about 0.1 million bales. Around 4-5% of the national requirement is fulfilled through the local production, remaining 95-96% is fulfilled by importing raw cotton from USA (40%), CIS (35%), Australia, Pakistan, South Africa and other country producing countries (25%) (BTMA, March, 2002). Though cotton is an important cash crop and an important raw material but the relative weightage of cotton within the cropping systems scenario is rather marginal. The area under cotton cultivation ranges only between 0.08 percent (1987-88) and 0.27 percent (1996-97) of the total cropped area respectively (BBS, 2000Statistical Year book of Bangladesh). In Bangladesh Garments Industries contribute 27% of GDP, due to low labour costs and quota free export to the European market. The Garments industry has been flourishing in

Bangladesh, Ready made garments (RMG) accounts for about 75% of the total export earning. But cotton production did not increase as expected due to several constrains.

Karnaphuli Paper Mills was the first paper manufacturing industrial establishment registered
under the Factories Act. At the time of its establishment, it was the biggest paper mill in Asia, with over 3,000 workers. It was established under a World Bank loan supported by a consortium of suppliers from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Italy. The factory went into production in 1953 with an installed capacity of 30,000 tons of paper per year. The capacity utilization, however, went down within a few years of its establishment. In 1964, Karnaphuli Paper Mills was sold to the Dawood Group of Pakistan, which undertook a balancing, modernization and rationalization program. Karnaphuli Paper Mills sold its paper to both East and West Pakistan. The price of its paper was the same in both wings. As a result, users of Karnaphuli Paper Mills paper in East Pakistan paid a price higher than its actual cost plus a normal profit. They compensated for the cost of transportation of the paper to West Pakistan and thus implicitly fina. Paper sector in Bangladesh is currently expanding day-by-day to meet the increasing demand of industrial, writing/printing and specialty papers. Paper mills have adverse e ects on the environment by producing huge quantity of wastewater. Yearly, approximately 14 million m3 wastewater is being discharged to the surface water bodies and irrigated lands without no/limited treatment. Water pollution from pulp and paper mills can be minimized through proper effuent characterization and design of appropriate treatment facilities. In this article di erent techniques of wastewater treatment for paper mills are discussed. Case study based on treatability analysis and jar test for a paper mill producing 200 m3/h of effuent is provided. On the basis of the case study a simplified treatment process is proposed. Proper treatment of such mills would not only save our environment but can also be beneficial for the industries by water usage minimization.

Bangladeshi spices include a variety of spices that are grown across the Indian subcontinent (South Asia). With different climates in different parts of the country, Bangladesh produces a variety of spices, many of which are native to the subcontinent, while others were imported from similar climates and have since been cultivated locally for centuries. Spices are typically heated in a pan with ghee or cooking oil before being added to a dish. Lighter spices are added last, and spices with strong flavor should be added first. Curry is not a spice, but a term which refers to any side dish in Bangladeshi cuisine. It could be with a gravy base or a dry item. A curry typically contains several spices blended together.

List of Bangladeshi/Bengali spices

Below is a list of spices and other flavoring substances commonly used in Bangladesh / West Bengal English name Ginger Sour mango powder Bengali name ( ) Comments Used as fresh and also dried powder form, see "Sonth" gives fish curries tartness

Celery / radhuni seed Carom/thyme seed Indian gooseberry Pomegranate seed Fresh basil Almond Green cardamom

(radhuni)

Dried not fresh. Is ground in Middle East.

Malabar variety is native to Kerala. Very earthy and darkly aromatic.

Cinnamon Coriander seed Spice mixture Rose water Jaggery (unrefined sugar) Turmeric Fresh coriander Terminalia chebula Green chili pepper Coriander powder Asafoetida Tamarind Nutmeg Mace Cumin seed ,

darchini' dhone mshla, gu, holud grom

Grown commercially in Kerala in southern India. Two types, cassia (common) and royal. Blend of 8+ spices. Each family has its own secret recipe.

golap jl Flavors desserts. Heavily used in Middle East. from the sap of the sugarcane or date palm Source of "yellow color" in many curries. Fresh green leaves, also called cilantro.

/ kcha morich/kcha lonka ,

Intensely aromatic - related to truffle and garlic tetul, Provides tartness in South Indian curries Whole nuts last forever, powder only a month. Mace is outer covering of nutmeg nut with similar aroma. See Kali Jeera.

Cumin seed grounded into balls Curry tree or sweet neem leaf Cashew nut Black salt Black cardamom Black pepper Nigella seed Fenugreek leaf Allspice Saffron Dates Poppy seed Garlic Red chili pepper Cloves Peppercorns Fenugreek leaf Fenugreek seed Salt Lemon / Lime Mint Onion Panch Phoron Long pepper Yellow pepper Brown mustard seed White pepper / / / foon peaj, pch / posto dana, roshun, lal morich, / lng/lbonggo, methi pata, methi lbon/nun, , lebu, kabab chini jafran morich, gol kalo jira ,

Cannot retain flavor when dried; only use fresh.

Rock salt, but with very sulfury smell. Earthy, much used in North Indian curries. Largest producer is the southern Indian state of Kerala.

Tastes of clove, cinnamon, nutmeg and bayleaf World's most expensive spice. Flavoring for rice.

Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are largest producers in India.

This is a Bengali spice mix that combines aniseed, cumin, fenugreek, mustard and nigella

Mustard seed Mustard oil Fennel seed

, shorshe, shorsher tel mouri, Sweet, floral and smoky cumin and anise-like flavor. Smaller in size than regular cumin. Often mistaken for caraway seed. Though English translation is black cumin, the term black cumin is also used as English translation of Nigella sativa, kalonji Mostly powdered tej pata Both Indian bay leaf and bay leaf are similar and called tej patta in Hindi. However, they are from two different species and have different flavors

Black Cumin

Vinegar Dried ginger Indian bay leaf, bay leaf Sesame seed Capsicum Holy basil

Nigella sativa has been used as traditional medicine for centuries. The crude oil and
thymoquinone (TQ) extracted from its seeds and oil are effective against many diseases like cancer, cardiovascular complications, diabetes, asthma, kidney disease etc. It is effective against cancer in blood system, lung, kidney, liver, prostate, breast, cervix, skin with much safety. The molecular mechanisms behind its anticancer role is still not clearly understood, however, some studies showed that TQ has antioxidant role and improves body's defense system, induces apoptosis and controls Akt pathway. Although the anti-cancer activity of N. sativa components was recognized thousands of years ago but proper scientific research with this important traditional medicine is a history of last 23 decades. There are not so many research works done with this important traditional medicine and very few reports exist in the scientific database. In this article, we have summarized the actions of TQ and crude oil of N. sativa against different cancers with their molecular mechanisms.

The economy of Bangladesh is primarily dependent on agriculture. About 84% of the total population lives in rural areas and are directly or
indirectly engaged in a wide range of agricultural activities. Agriculture contributes about 20.29% to the countrys GDP. About 48.4% of the labor force is employed in agriculture with about 57% being employed in the crop sector. The abundance of natural resources available in Bangladesh supports a range of highly profitable investment opportunities in agribusiness. Over 90 varieties of vegetable are grown in Bangladesh, yet in this fertile land there is under utilization of the countrys agricultural capacity. This presents many opportunities for investors seeking to export agricultural products, or to meet the rapidly growing local demand.

Bangladesh has a primarily agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single largest producing sector of the economy since it comprises about 18.6% (data released on November, 2010) of the country's GDP and employs around 45% of the total labor force.[1] The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development and food security. A plurality of Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, wheat is assuming greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions. These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. With 35.8 million metric tons produced in 2000, rice is Bangladesh's principal crop. National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formulated product in 2003.[2][3] The insecticides not only represent an environmental threat, but are a significant expenditure to poor rice farmers. The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is working with various NGOs and international organizations to reduce insecticide use in rice.[4

Tea Industry
In Bangladesh there are three kinds of ownership of tea gardens: foreign owned sterling companies, Bangladeshi Joint Stock Companies and privately owned proprietary tea estates. In early 1990s, a total of 12 sterling companies were in tea business. They owned 26 gardens; all located in MAULVI BAZAR and HABIGANJ districts. Fifty Bangladeshi companies owned and operated 73 gardens, of these the National Tea Company owned 12 and 57 were under proprietorship management. The number of tea gardens increased to 158 by 2000. These gardens covered 48,300 hectares. Of these gardens, 135 are in SYLHET division and 23 are in CHITTAGONG division. The tea estates in Bangladesh annually produce about 55 million kg of tea. But the productivity is lower than in other tea growing countries largely due to uneconomic size of tea gardens. The country occupies the 9th position in respect of production among the 30 tea producing countries of the world. Half of the produce is consumed at home and the rest is exported. Bangladesh earns foreign exchange worth about Tk 2,000 million every year from tea export. Bangladesh exports tea (mostly black tea) to the following countries: Afghanistan, Australia, Belgium, China, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, KSA, Kyrghistan, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Sudan, Switzerland, Taiwan, UAE, UK and USA. The tea sector contributes about 0.8% of the GDP in Bangladesh. About 0.15 million people are directly employed in the tea industry, which constitutes about 3.3 percent of the country's total employment. Many more people are indirectly employed in other sectors related to tea.Tea emerged as an important foreign exchange earner of Bangladesh. The country's average export of

tea per year is about 26 million kg of value of $36 million

Bangladesh
A brief description Bangladesh under the great leadership of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as an independent and sovereign country in 1971 following a nine month war of liberation. It is one of the densely populated countries of the world. The majority (about 88%) of the people are Muslim. Over 98% of the people speak in Bangla. English, however is widely spoken. There is an elected single-house Parliament in Bangladesh, known as the House of the Nation (Bangladesh Jatiya Sangshad), in which the legislative power of the Republic is vested. The Speaker presides over the Parliament. The Prime Minister is the leader of the House, who is also the Head of the Government, while the President is the Head of the State.The people of Bangladesh are very simple and friendly. Sound communal harmony among the different religions in this country has ensured a very congenial atmosphere. More than 75% of the population live in rural areas. Urbanization has, however, been rapid in the last few decades. Bangladesh has an agrarian economy, although the share of agriculture to GDP has been decreasing over the last few years. Yet it dominates the economy accommodating major rural labour force. From marketing point of view, Bangladesh has been following a mixed economy that operates on free market principles. The present growth rate of GDP in Bangladesh is 6.66% and per capita income is US$ 818. The standard time of the country is GMT +6 hrs. Being and active partner, Bangladesh plays vital role in the international and regional forum, particularly in the UN, Commonwealth and South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

Fruits and vegetables are highly valued in human diet mainly for vitamins and minerals.
However, the present consumption of fruits and vegetables in Bangladesh is 126 g/day/capita (23 g leafy vegetables, 89 g non-leafy vegetables and 14 g fruit), which is far below the minimum average requirement of 400 g/day/capita (FAO/WHO 2003). However, according to HIES (2005), the consumption of fruits and vegetables including potato is 253 g/day/capita, which indicates a poor dietary status in Bangladesh. In this regard, the high levels of low birth weight (33%), underweight (41%), stunting (43%) and wasting (17%) among children less than five years; anemia among infants, young children, adolescent girls and pregnant women; and poor diet diversification are of particular concerns (BDHS 2009; BCIP 2010). The prevalence of overweight (12.5%) among women that has increased by 10% between 2004 and 2007 also indicate the existence of double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh (BDHS 2009). A large proportion of Bangladeshi population is food insecure due to poor

diet quality. The usual diet is heavily dependent on rice, and most of the energy in the diet is contributed by cereals. Rice accounts for 68% of the total calorie consumption in the year 2005. Therefore, even though rice is not a good source of protein, it constitutes about half of total protein consumption in the diet. High prevalence of micronutrient deficiency i.e. hidden hunger is common in the society, and the situation could be improved significantly by increasing the consumption of high quality and micronutrient-rich foods like fruits and vegetables. Due to tropical and subtropical climates, a variety of fruits and vegetables are grown in Bangladesh. Vitamin A deficiency is considered to be an important public health problem in Bangladesh. A universal biannual distribution of high-dose vitamin A capsules has been in place for over the past two decades. This supplementation has been beneficial for preschool children. Bangladesh has been exploring more sustainable approaches for all segments of the population. To support this initiative, Helen Keller International has implemented a homegardening promotion project since 1993. This project is executed on a large scale and currently reaches an estimated 244,000 families.

The betel (Piper betle) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, which

includes pepper and kava. It is valued both as a mild stimulant[1] and for its medicinal properties. Betel leaf is mostly consumed in Asia, and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, as betel quid or paan, with or without tobacco, in an addictive psycho-stimulating and euphoriainducing formulation with adverse health effects.[2][3] The betel plant is an evergreen and perennial creeper, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkin. The betel plant originated from South and South East Asia. Paan is in Hindi: from Sanskrit para 'feather, leaf'[1] is a stimulating and psychoactive[2] preparation of betel leaf combined with areca nut and/or cured tobacco.[3][4] Paan is chewed and finally spat out or swallowed. Paan has many variations. Slaked lime paste is commonly added to bind the leaves. Some South Asian preparations include katha paste or mukhwas to freshen the breath. Paan is originally from and native to India/Pakistan but it has spread to other countries Burma, Vietnam. Paan is also consumed in many other Asian countries and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, with or without tobacco, in an addictive and euphoria-inducing formulation with adverse health effects.[5] Exports of cut flower and foliage have exceeded its target by 15.2% as the emerging industrys high potentials widen the export basket, officials said yesterday. According to EPB export data, the country exported cut flowers and foliage worth $16.58m during July-November 2013, an amount that is 15.2% more than that of the export target, reports BSS.

Cut flowers refer to flowers starting to blossom or flower buds that are cut with branches, stems, and leaves to be used ... by the competent government agency of the exporting country

Export of flowers and floral products has seen an impressive growth at these months contributing to the GDP as the entrepreneurs are trying
to tap a strong demand for the non- conventional product in global market, said an Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) official. Horticulture experts said the country has competitive advantage due to its favourable climatic, topography. He added, other factors such as lower labour cost and relatively low capital investment are also helping the industry to increase exports. Around 10,000 hectares of land are under flower cultivation in our country, said M Ahsanullah, president of Bangladesh Flower Growers and Exporters Association (BFA). He mentioned that Jessore is the region that accounts for the maximum volume of flower cultivation. Dhaka Flower Merchant Welfare Association (DFMWA) leaders said appropriate training for the people involved in flower production, cutting, packaging and preservation and marketing could boost the industry further. In addition to training facilities such as cold storage, air-conditioned vehicles for flower transports and subsidy in air cargo freight charges also need to be provided. There is no slab system in Biman for flowers and ornamental plants though it is available for vegetables and flowers are often damaged before reaching destination as Biman often does not maintain its proper flight schedule, said a BFA official. He urged the respective authorities to look into such matters for the betterment of the industry. Tube rose, rose, orchid and marry gold are among the major flowers that make up Bangladeshs floral basket for exports. Most of the tube rose and rose supplies come from Jhikargachha of Jessore and Savar of Dhaka, marry gold from Chuadanga and orchid from Mymensingh and Manikganj. - See more at: http://www.dhakatribune.com/economy/2014/jan/02/epb-flower-export-exceedstarget#sthash.UWvv28Wl.dpuf

Potato export in the first two quarters until June 2013 fell by 33 per cent compared to the same
period of the previous year which is likely to be a setback for the industry as a whole since the majority vegetable export happens during that period.

Bay Leaf (Tejpata) dried leaf of the bay tree, Cinnamomum tamala, of the family
Lauraceae, used in cookery. It is a small tree of Indian origin. The plant is commercially cultivated in the eastern Himalayan region. In Bangladesh, it is one of the most common spices used in many preparations of food; commercially cultivated in the uplands and hillocks of sylhet district. But the grafted plants are cultivated in many orchards and homestead gardens

The Golden Fiber of Bangladesh

Jute is a wonderful crop of the world. It is essential for almost every country have been trying their best to find out substitutes for jute but their efforts have not been so successful. Bangladesh, therefore, remains the unchallenged monopolist of this wonderful crop. It is our pride and our most valuable asset. It is the main cash crop of our country and a valuable commodity for international trade. It is called the golden fiber of Bangladesh. One jute specialist opines concerning the jute of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is sweet land of jute. She can ameliorate herself with the direct assistance of jute. About three fourths of the total exports earning come from jute. Jute is kind of fiber which is termed as a golden fiber. It is a coarse fiber. It is obtained from the bark of jute plants. Generally, Jute plants grow up from five to fifteen feet height. The plant has no branches. It leaves grow on its stem which is covered with a thick bark. It is a kind of long, soft and lustrous fiber. Jute mainly grows in Bangladesh. Once Bangladesh enjoyed monopoly market. But now jute is grown in many other countries of the world such as India, China, and Brazil etc. In Bangladesh, it grows well in Dhaka, Mymensingh, Comilla, Noakhali, Faridpur, Bogra. The land where jute is grown, should be fertile, most and swampy. The low lying areas or districts of Bangladesh where fields remain under water are suitable for jute cultivation. The cultivation of jute is a difficult process. It requires much hard labor and great care. At first the soil must be well ploughed and abundantly manured. When it is ready, the seeds are sown. It is done usually in April after a shower of rain. In a few days, they germinate. When the plants grow up to one foot or so, the fields are weeded out for several times. After three or four months, the plants grow ten to twelve feet high and become ready enough for harvest. When the jute plants become matured in July or August, the farmers cut down and bind them in to bundles. Then the bundles are dipped in to the water of a pond or ditch to rot. After a few days, they get rotten. When they are rotten, they are brought out of water. The cultivators then peel off the fiber from the stalks. The fiber is then washed in clean water and dried them in the sun. Jute is thus made ready for utilization. After obtaining fiber, it is used in different ways for standardization. Jute is useful to us in various ways. First of all, it is one of the main cash crops of Bangladesh and the country earns a lot of foreign exchange every year. This help to improve our infra socio-economic structure. Secondly, many kinds of things are produced from jute namely carpet, bags, ropes, cloths, mats, painters, brush, false hair, handicrafts etc. The jute and jute goods of our country are in great demand in the world market. Finally, it can be said that jute plays a significant role in the

economy of Bangladesh. It does such good to us. Yet the farmers are deriving of their due price. On the other hand, with the advancement of science, jute is threatened by various synthetic yarns. So, necessary steps should be taken to save this natural fiber which is the heart of our national economy. At the same time, the government should c

In modern tobacco farming, Nicotiana seeds are scattered onto the surface of the soil, as
their germination is activated by light, then covered in cold frames. In the Colony of Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized with wood ash or animal manure (frequently powdered horse manure). Coyote Tobacco (N. attenuata) of the western U.S. requires burned wood to germinate.[1] Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young plants from frost damage. These plants were left to grow until around April. Today, in the United States, unlike other countries, Nicotiana is often fertilized with the mineral apatite to partially starve the plant for nitrogen, which changes the taste of the tobacco. The cultivation of tobacco is economically detrimental to the countries that produce it, especially those that are still developing. When resources are put into tobacco production, they are taken away from food production. Large amount of firewood, that could be used domestically for fuel and heating, are instead used for the curing of tobacco. A large percent of the profits from tobacco production go to large tobacco companies rather than local tobacco farmers. Also many countries have government subsidies for tobacco farming.[17] Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production

the coastal zone of Bangladesh spans across over 47,000 km2 and is home to over 35 million people, about one-thir of th countrys tot popu tion. Th p op iving
in this zone are almost entirely dependent on natural resources and actively rely on coastal shorelines, including around 166,000 km2 of maritime territory for resources such as fish, shrimp, crab, sea salt extraction, hydrocarbons, and other ecosystem goods and services. At the same time these people are extremely vulnerable to coastal erosion, tropical cyclones and storm surge. In particular, the floods in the monsoon months (May-August) due to heavy rain and storm surge often impact the lives, livelihoods, property and environment, leading to substantial economic losses. Moreover, land loss due to erosion is a chronic problem in many coastal areas and chars/islands, such as Kutubdia, Sonadia, Moheshkhali, Kalatali and Himchari, frequently affecting poor communities.

the dominant food crop of Bangladesh is rice, accounting for about 75

percent of agricultural land use (and 28 percent of GDP).[1] Rice production increased every year in the 1980s (through 1987) except FY 1981, but the annual increases have generally been modest, barely keeping pace with the population. Rice production exceeded 15 million tons for the first time in FY 1986. In the mid-1980s, Bangladesh was the fourth largest rice producer in the world, but its productivity was low compared with other Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Indonesia.[1] It is currently the world's sixth-largest producer. Highyield varieties of seed, application of fertilizer, and irrigation have increased yields, although these inputs also raise the cost of production and chiefly benefit the richer cultivators.

The cultivation of rice in Bangladesh varies according to seasonal changes in the water supply. The largest harvest is aman, occurring in November and December and accounting for more than half of annual production. Some rice for the aman harvest is sown in the spring through the broadcast method, matures during the summer rains, and is harvested in the fall.[1] The higher yielding method involves starting the seeds in special beds and transplanting during the summer monsoon. The second harvest is aus, involving traditional strains but more often including highyielding, dwarf varieties. Rice for the aus harvest is sown in March or April, benefits from April and May rains, matures during in the summer rain, and is harvested during the summer. With the increasing use of irrigation, there has been a growing focus on another rice-growing season extending during the dry season from October to March. The production of this boro rice, including high-yield varieties, expanded rapidly until the mid-1980s, when production leveled off at just below 4 million tons.[1] Where irrigation is feasible, it is normal for fields throughout Bangladesh to produce rice