C H A T E R

Magnetostatics
Overview 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 Magnetic Forcesand Torques The Biot-Savart Law Magnetic Force betweenTwo Parallel conductors Equations Maxwell's Magnetostatic Vector Magnetic Potential Magnetic Propertiesof Materials Magnetic Boundary Conditions Inductance Magnetic EnergY

YERVIEW
us chapteron magnetostatics parallelsthe preced_ : --hapter on electrostatics. Stationary charges produce c electricfields, and steady(nontimevarying)cur_ s produce magnetic fields.For 0/0t - 0, the mag_ r: fieldsin a mediumwith magnetic permeabirity 1t : ioyernedby the second pair of Maxwell'sequations, :s givenby Eqs.(4.3aand b):

rents and the magnetic fields B and H for various types of current distributions and in various types of media and to introducea numberof relatedquantitiis, suchas the magnetic vectorpotentialA, the magneticenergydensity ur,n, and the inductanceof a conducting structure,z. The parallelism betweenthesemagnetostatic quantitiesand their electrostaticcounterparts is encapsulated in Thble 5-1.

anunderstanding of therelationships between sready cur-

V.B:0, V x H: J,

(5.1a) (5.1b)

5-1 Magnetic Forces and Torques

The electric field E at a point in spacehasbeendefined as the electric force F" per unit chargeacting on a test charge when placed at that point. we now define the magnetic flux density B at a point in spacein terms of the magnetic force F that would be eierted on a charged particre moving with a velocity u were it to bepassingthrough that point. Based on experimentsconducied to;etermine the motion of chargedparticles moving in magnetic fields, it was establishedthat the magnetic force F* acting on a particle of chargeq canbe cast in the form

r: J is the current density. The magnetic flux den_ B and the magnetic field intensity H are related by

B: pH.

(s.2)

we examined electric fields in a dielectric mern Chapter 4, we noted that the relation D : eE rrrrd only when the medium is linear and isotropic. E$cproperties, which are true for most materials. alLi to treat the permittivity r as a constant scalar n'. independentof both the magnitude and direc_ :i E. A similar statementapplies to the relation bl' Eq. (5.2).With the exception of ferromagneric pls, for which the relationship between B and H urnear, most materials are charactenzel by con_ nagnetic permeabilities. Furthermore, p &o : srdielectrics and metals (excluding ferromagnetic

F'n-quxB

(N).

(5.3)

u/s/. Our objectivein this chapteris to develop

Accordingly, the strength of B is measured in newtons(c'm/s), which arso is called the tesla (T) in SI units. For a positively charged particle, the direction of F,n is in the direction of ih. ",o* product u x B, which is perpendicularto the prane "ontuining

Lt9

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOST

Thble 5-1: Auributes of electrostaticsand magnetostatics.

Attribute Sources Fietds Constitutive paremeter(s)

Governing equations o Differential form r Integral form

Electrostatics

Magnetostatics

Stationarycharges Steadycurrents EandD e ando V.D-pv VxE:0 HandB p V.B:0 VxH-J

/r"

ds=s

fr".ds:o

-o fr"-dt
Potential Scalar V, with E=-VV

-r fr".dt
Vector A, with B:VxA

Energydensity &olot charge4

u)e: it4' Fs : qE
C and R

u)m: *.pH, Fm : qu x B
L

Circuit element(s)

u and B and governed by the righrhand rule. If q is negative,the direction of F* is reversed,as illustrated in Fig. 5- l. The magnitudeof Fn is given by f; - quB sinO,

The force expressed by Eq. (5.5) is known as the force. Electric and magnetic forces exhibit a nu important differences: l. Whereasthe electric force is alwavs in the of the electric field, the magnetic force is perpendicularto the magnetic field. 2. Whereasthe electric force actson a charged whetheror not it is moving, the magneticforce on it only when it is in motion. 3. Whereas the electric force expends energy in placing a chargedparticle, the magnetic force no work when a particle is displaced. Our last statementrequires further elaboration. the magnetic force Fn' is always perpendicular b

(s.4)

where 0 is the angle betweenu and B. We note that F* is maximum when u is perpendicularto B (0 : 90o), and it is zero when u is parallel to B (A - 0 or 180"). If a chargedparticle is in the presence of both an electric field E and a magnetic field B, then the total electromagnetic force acting on it is

F:F"*F*

-qE*quxB:

q(E+uxB). (5.5)

: MAGNETIC FORCESAND TORQI.JES

ExERclsE 5.1 An erectronmoving in the positive -r-directionperpendicular to a magneticfield experiences a deflectionin the negativez-direction. What is the di_ rectionof the magnetic field? Ans. Positive y-direction. (See O) ExERclsE 5.2 A protonmovingwith a speed of 2 x 106 m/s througha magneticfield with magneticflux denof a magnetic forceof magnitude lity 2.7T experiences 4 x 10-13N. what is the angrebetween the magnetic field andtheproton's velocity? Ans. 0 : 30oor 150o. (See$) ExERclsE 5.3 A charged particle with velocity u is moving in a mediumcontaining uniform fieldsE : iE and B - iB. what shouldu be so rhat the particleexperiences no netforceon it? Ans. u : 2E/8. [u may also havean arbitraryy_ component uy7. (SeeS)

:di is :d force
gv ln

re 5-1: The direction of the magnetic force exerted r charged particle moving in a magnetic field is (a) -ndicular to both B and u and (b) depends on the polarity (positive or negative).

5-1.1 Magnetic Force 0na Gurrent-Garrying Conductor

A current flowing through a conducting wire consists of chargedparticles drift i ng through the material of the wire. consequently,when a current-carrying wire is placed in a magneticfield, it will experiencea force equal to the sum of the magnetic forces acting on the charged particles moving within it. Consider, for example, th" u,,ung"_ ment shown in Fig. 5-2 in which a vertical wire oriented along the z-direction is placed in a magnetic field B (producedby a magnet)oriented along the -i-direction (into the page). With no current flowing in the wire, Fm : 0 and the wire maintains its vertical orientation, as shown in Fig. 5-2(a), but when a current is introduced in the wire, the wire deflects to the left (-i-direction) if the current's direction is upward (+2-Oirection), and it de_ flects to the right (*9-direction) if the current's direction

u = 0. Hence, the work performed when a particle ,;laced by a differential distancedl - u dr is dW - Fm .dl : (F* .u) dt - 0. (5.6)

orce no work is done, a magnetic field cannot change etic energyof a chargedparticle ; the magnet i c e1 fi d "lnge the direction of motion of a charged, particle, rlar to
r .;nnot change its speed.

CHAPTER5 MAGNETOSI]
chargedensity Pve:
@ @

-N", where N" is the n

per unit volume,thenthetotal movingelectrons B

@ @ @ @ @ @
@ @

@ o
@ @

of moving charge contained in an elemental the wire is dQ : preA dl - -N"eA dI,, and the corresponding magnetic force acting on the presence of a magneticfield B is dFtn : dQ rreX B : -N"eA dl ue x B, where u" is the drift velocity of the electrons.Si direction of a currentis definedas the directionof positive charges,the electron drift velocity u" is in direction.Thus,dlu" - -dl to dl, but opposite Eq. (5.8a)becomes dFrn - N"eAu" dl x B. From Eqs. (4.11) and (4.12), the current I through a cross-sectionalarea A due to electrons density pu" : -N", moving with velocity pr"(-u")A - (-Nre)(-u")AI: N"eAu". Eq. (5.8b) may be written in the compactform dF'.n: I dlxB (N).

/=0
(a)

(b)

(c) Figure 5-2: When a slightly flexible verticalwire is placed in a magnetic field directed into the page (as denoted by the crosses),it is (a) not deflected when the current through it is zero, (b) deflected to the left when I is upward, and (c) deflectedto the right when / is downward.

is downward(-2-direction). The directionsof thesedewith the crossproduct given flectionsare in accordance

(s.3). byEq.
To quantify the relationshipbetweenF* and the current / flowing in the wire, let us considera small segmentof the wire of cross-sectional areaA anddifferential lengthdl, with the direction of dl denotingthe direction we assume of the current.Without loss of generality, that the chargecarriers constituting the current I are exclusively electrons,which is always a valid assumptionfor a good conductor.If the wire contains a free-electron

For a closedcircuit of contour C canying a current total magneticforce is

F m :r

arrn

(N).

(5.10)

We will now examine the application of Eq. (5. eachof two specialsituations.

:-x MAGNETIC FORCESAND TORQIJES Closed Circuitin a UniformB Field

123

rmber

ilunrc

Consider a closedwire carryinga current/ andplaced in a uniform externalmagneticfield B, as shown in Fig. 5-3(a).SinceB is constant, it can be takenoutside the integralin Eq. (5.10),in which casewe have
Fm: /

(f,^)

xB:Q.

(s.l r)

ndQ

This result, which is a consequence of the fact that the vector sum of the displacementvectorsdl over a closed path is equal to zero, states that the total magnettcforce on any closed curcent loop in a unifurrn magneticfield is zero.
(a)

Sincc

ri
s 'dlu*

Curved Wire in a UniformB Field If we are interested in the magnetic force exerted on a wire segment,such as that shown in Fig. 5-3(b), when placedin a uniform field B, then Eq. (5.10)becomes

F* : ' (1"' dr) x B: Itx B,

I
ro{ls

(s.12)

I
lc. 1

where I is the vector directed from a to b, as shown in Fig. 5-3(b). The integral of dl from a to b has the same value irrespectiveof the path taken betweena andD. For a closed loop, points a and b become the samepoint, in whichcasel:0andF*:0. *q;rcr I

Exqmple 5-l ' Force ona Semicircular Conduclor

The semicircularconductor shown in Fig. 5-4 lies in the;-y planeandcarriesa current /. The closedcircuit is exposedto a uniform magnetic field B : j Bs. Determine (a) themagneticforceF1 on the straightsectionof the wire and (b) the force F2 on the curved section. Solution: (a) The straight section of the circuit is of length 2r, andthe current flowing through it is along the *,r-direction. Application of Eq. (5.12) with I : *.2r gives

(b) Fetsre 5-3: In a uniform magnetic field, (a) the net force n r closed current loop is zero because the integral of h rsplacement vector dl over a closed contour is zero, : r the force on a line segment is proportional to the r ltErr betweenthe end point (Fm : Il x B).

Fr : *,(21r)x iBo : 221rBo

N).

CHAPTERs MAGNETOST (Hinc Theacceleration dueto verticallyupward? -29.8m/s2.) isgAns. B - i0.49 T. (See O;

REVIEW OUESTIONS Q5.1 What are the major differences between havior of the electric force F" and the behavior magneticforce F*?

a lO-cm-longwirecarrying Q5.2 Theendsofa

Figure 5-4: Semicircular conductor in a uniform field (Example5-1).

current I areanchoredat two points on the x-axis,l and x : 6 cm. If the wire lies in the x-y plane presentin a magnetic field B - iBo, which of lowing arrangementsproduces a greater magnetic on the wire: (a) wire is V-shapedwith cornersat

of differential length dl on (b) Let us considera segment The direction of dl is chosen circle. part the of the curved to coincide with the direction of the current. Since dl andB areboth in the;r-y plane,their crossproduct dlxB points in the negativez-direction, and the magnitudeof dl x B is proportional to sin rp, where @ is the angle betweendlandB. Moreover,the magnitudeof dl is dl r df.Hence,

(3,4), and(6,0), (b) wire lookslike an open at (0,0),(0,2),(6,2),and(6,0). withcorners

Torque 0na Gurrent'Carry .2 Magnetic 5-1 Loop

When a force is applied on a rigid body pivoted fixed axis, the body will reactby rotating about on the cross The strengthof the reactiondepends of the applied force vector F and the distance measured from a point on the rotation axis (such perpendicular to the axis) to the point of appli (Fig. 5-5).The lengthof d is calledthe moment the crossproduct is called the torque: T-dxF (N.m).

F2-t I drxB J 6:O

- -iI ["
J 6:o

flr

- -i2lrBs rBs sinO d.O

(N).

the net force We note that F2 - -F1, and consequently on the closedloop is zero. I

5.4 A horizontal wire with a mass per unit EXERCISE of 0.2 kg/m caries a culrent of 4 A in the length *.r-direction. If the wire is placedin a uniform magnetic flux density B, what should the direction and minimum magnitudeof B be in order to magneticallylift the wire

The unit for T is the sameas that for work or e torque does not representwork or energy.The applied on the disk shown in Fig. 5-5 lies in plane and makesan angle 0 with d. Hence,

T - irF sin9,

STA

MAGNETTCFORCESAND TORQT.JES

r25 v
I

t
--l'X

ris. r
me
lf the

Fs-ure5-5: The forceF actingon a circulardisk pivoted rrog tbc z-axisgenerates a torqueT : d x F thatcauses mc-isk to rotate.

Pivota*is/'

luc ;at(

dl _ r, the radiusof the disk, and F _ lFl. Eq.(5.14) we seethata torque alongthepositive
im-tion correspondsto a tendency for the cylinder to m a counterclockwise direction and, conversely, a i e torquecorresponds to clockwise rotation.These F*f,{rs aregovernedby the followingright-hand rule: :;:e thumb of the right hand is pointed along the * -,nof the torque,the four fingers indicate the di-

+
I

Ol*"

Bd

rnttr ilutt the torque is trying to rotate the body. Te rilf now consider the magnetic torqae exerted on

r tha ss
t \ *t

:atia
ta

ing loop underthe influenceof magneticforces. gln *'ith the simple casewherethe magneticfield B is :*eneof theloop, andthenwe will extendthe analysis rrre general casewhere B makes an angle d with normalof the loop. Field in the Plane of the Loop mangular conductingloop shown in Fig. 5-6(a) is

(b) Figure 5-6: Rectangular loop pivoted along the y-axis: (a) front view and (b) bottom view. The combination of forces F1 and F3 on the loop generatesa torque that tends to rotate the loop in a clockwise direction as shown in (b).

and

:r ngid wire carryinga current1. The loop lies :-.r planeand is pivotedaboutthe axis shown. =e influence of an externallygenerated uniform
: field B - iBo, anns I and 3 of the loop are to forcesF1 and F3, rspoctively, with

F::

I(9,b)x (iBe) : -ilbBo.

(s.15b)

F i : I ( - 9 , b )x ( i B 6 )- i l b B s ,

(5.15a)

Theseresultsare basedon the applicationof Eq. (5.12). No magneticforce is exertedon either arm2or4 because B is parallelto the direction of the currentflowing in those arms.

CHAPTER5 MAGNETOST
The endview of the loop, depictedin Fig. 5-6(b), shows that forcesF1 andF3 producea torque about the origin O, causing thc toop to rotate in a cloclnrr'isedirection. The momentarm is a/2 far both forces, but d1 and d3 are in oppositedirections, resulting in a total magnetic torque of

T : d r x F r*dl x F:

: (-ut) x (ilunil * (*;)

" (ilun,) (s.r6)

:jIabBs - jr ABs,

where A - ab is the area of the loop. The right-hand rule tells us that the senseof rotation is clockwise. The resultgivenbVEq. (5.16)is valid only when the magnetic field B is parallel to the plane of the loop. As soon as the loop startstorotate, the torque T startsto decrease, and at the end of one quarter of a complete rotation, the torque becomeszeto, as discussednext. MagneticField Perpendicularto the Axts of a Rectangular Loop For the situation represented by Fig. 5-7, where B - iBe, the field is still perpendicular to the loop's axis of rotation, but its direction may be at any angle 0 with respectto the loop's surfacenormal ff, we may now have nonzeroforces on all four anns of the rectangular loop. However,forces F2 and Fa are equal in magnitude and oppositein direction and are along the rotation axis; hence,the net torque contributed by their combination is zeto. The directions of the currents in arms I and 3 are always perpendicularto B regardlessof the magnitude of 0. Hence,F1 and F3 have the sameexpressions given previouslyby Eqs. (5.15aand b), and their moment arm is (a/2) sin 0, as illustratedin Fig. 5-7(b). Consequently, the magnitudeof the net torque exerted by the magnetic field about the axis of rotation is the same as that given by Eq. (5.16),but modifiedby sin 0: T : I ABosin9.

(5.17)

According to Eq. (5.17), the torque ls maxlmum the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the

TI{E BIOT-SAVART LAW = 90o)and is zero when the field is perpendicular 11r of planeof the loop (0 :0). If the loop consists fre u (5.17), given by Eq. a torque each contributing I rurns, m thetotal torqueis T - NIABssin0. (5.18)

127

EXERCISE 5.5 A square coil of 100turns and0.5-m-long sides is in a region with a uniform magnetic flux density of 0.2 T. If the maximum magnetic torque exertedon the coil is 4 x l0-2 (N.m), what is the current flowing in the coil? Ans. /:8mA. (SeeO)

are quantity NIA is called the magnetic moment m r Se loop, and it may be regarded as a vector m with ur:;don ff, where ff is the surface normal of the loop rnd governedby the following right-hand rule: when no ' ;ur fngers of the right hand advancein the direction w i.e current I, the direction of the thumb specifiesthe s,'i :ion of fi.That is,

Biot-Savart Law 5-2 The

In the preceding section, we elected to use the magnetic flux density B to denotethe presenceof a magnetic field in a given region of space.We will now work with the magnetic field intensity H instead. We do this in part to remind the reader that B and H are linearly related for most materials through B - pH, and therefore knowledge of one is synonymouswith knowledgeof the other (assumingthat p is known). Through his experiments on the deflection of compassneedlesby current-carrying wires, Hans Oerstedestablished that currents induce magnetic fields that form closedloops aroundthe wires [seeSection l-3.3]. Building upon Oersted's results, Jean Biot and Felix Savart arrived at an expressionthat relatesthe magnetic field H at any point in spaceto the current 1 that generatesH. tTneBiot-Savart law statesthat the differential magnetic field dH generatedby a steadycurrent / flowing through a differential length dl is given by

m a ffNrA

(A.m2), (5.19)

: m tenns of m, the torque vector T can be written as

T-mxB

(N.m). (5.20)

though the derivation leading to Eq. (5.20) was obfor B being perpendicular to the axis of rotation r rEctangularloop, the expressionis valid for any orin of B and for a loop of any shape.

0uEsTr0lrs
Euc

3 How is the direction of the magnetic moment of rq'defined? 4 [f one of two wires of equal lengths is formed . closed square loop and the other is formed into a

hcular

lco

I dH- 4tr

dlxfr,
R2

(A/m),

(5.21)

circularloop, andif bothwiresarecarryingequal

ens and both loops have their planes parallel to a i:wn magneticfield, which loop would experiencea torque? where R : RR is the distancevector betweendl and the observationpoint P shownin Fig. 5-8. The SI unit for H is ampere.mlmz - (A/m). It is important to remember

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOST

(dII out of the page)

'p9 d H
,/R

'@ aw
(dtl into the page) Figure 5-8: Magnetic field dH generated by a current element / dl. The direction of the field induced at point P /. is opposite that induced at point P

(a) Volume current density J in (A/m2)

that the direction of the magnetic field is defined such thatdl is along the direction of the current / and the unit vector fr, points/rom the current element to the observation point. According to F4. 6.2t), dH varies as R-2, which is similar to the distance dependenceof the electric field induced by an electric charge. However, unlike the electric field vector E, whose direction is along the distancevector R joining the charge to the observation point, the magnetic field H is orthogonal to the plane containing the direction of the current element dl and the distancevector R. At point P in Fig. 5-8, the direction of dH is out of the page,whereasat point P' the direction of dH is into the page. To determine the total magnetic field H due to a conductor of finite size, we needto sum up the contributions due to all the current elementsmaking up the conductor. Hence,the Biot-Savart law becomes I f dl x R H I{-- rr!4n J, pz

(b) Surface current density J. in (A/m) Figure 5-9: (a) The total current crossing the cross section S of the cylinder is 1 : /s J .ds. (b) The total currenl flowing acrossthe surfaceof theconductoris f : It Jtdl.

Vol and Field due to Surface 5-2.1 Magnetic Distributions Current

The Biot-Savart law may also be expressedin terrm

(Fig. 5-9) suchasthe currentsources distributed

current density J, measuredin (A/m2), or the su current density Jr, measuredin (A/m). The surface rent density Js applies to currents that flow on the faces of conductors in the form of sheets of effecti zero thickness. When the current sources are speci in terms of J, over a surface S or in terms of J given by volume y, we can use the equivalence Idl-Jrds:Jdv

(A/m),

(5.22)

where/ is the line path along which / exists.

TTM BIOT-SAVART LAW

r29

E crpressthe Biot-Savart law as follows:

H= *Il#*

(for a surface current), (5.24a)

H : * 1 " # *(for a volumecurrent).

(s.24b) Magnetic Field of a Linear Conduclor
conductor of length/ andcarryinga current1 r i.inear along the rurced u e-axisasshownin Fig. 5-10.
letermine the magnetic flux density B at a point P at a distance r in the.r-y plane in free space. rul,l;l,;ad rrrution: From Fig. 5-10, current element dl 2 dz

.:| x ft,: dz (2 x R) - frsin0 dz, wheref ir tt" imu

;nr: -Cr direction and 0 is the angle between dl and fi.. {rmce.applicationof Eq. (5.22) gives

t =

pz:t/2 dlxn

G lr:-,,,

R,

:o

^ I

fI/2sinl

+o l-,,, nz

dz' (5'251
(b) Figure 5-10: Linear conductor of length / carrying a current f. (a) The field dH at point P due to incremental current element dl. (b) Limiting angles 0r and 02, each measured between vector I dl and the vector connecting the end of the conductor associated with that angle to point P (Example 5-2).

ilr :r-rnvenience, we will convert the integration variable trnm- to 0 by using the transformations

R:rcsc0, z: -r cot?, dz:rcsc2e d0.

lm Tii[-.e

(5.26a)

(s.26b)
(5.26c)

lmn rnsertingEqs. (5.26a) and (5.26c) into Eq. (5.25),

E@EI
where 91 and 02 are the limiting angles at e : -l /2 and e :_ I f 2, respectively. From the right triangle in Fig. 5-10(b),

":a* L:
4n Jer :Q ^ J

sing rcsc2 e d0
r2csc20

:Q7 I 1 usino do +o, 1r,

- cos0z), +nr(cos01

(s.27)

cos91:

t/2

lF\sJry'

(5.28a)

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETDS)

cos0z: - cos0t : Hence,

-t /2
+ Q/D2

(5.28b)

OA and OC, Solution: For the straightsegments

magnetic field at O is identically zero. This is

B - PoIt: Q '

PoIl

2nrJ4r2 + 12

(r).

(s.ze)

for all poin9 alongtheseTgrynts, dl is parallelor parallelto R and hencedl x R, : Q.For scgment to f,' and dt x fr' : i dl - 2a a it perpendicular F4. 6.22) gives Consequently,

For an infinitely long wire suchthat / D r,, Eq. (5.29) to reduces B : A#

^ LLII

' ^' IP ' G fJ? 7o:a 'b m H -=a

whered is in radians. r

(infinitelylong wire). I

(5.30) LooP of a Girculat Field Magnetic

A circular loop of radius a carries a steady Determine the magnetic field H at a point on the the loop. Solution: Let us placethe loop in the x-y plane,as

'' Hfifi$i0ffi"

Loop ofa Pie'shaped Field Magnetic

Determine the magnetic field at the apex O of the pie-shapedloop shown in Fig. 5-11. Ignore the contributions to the field due to the current in the small arcs near O.

for Our taskis to obtainanexpression in Fig. 5-12. pointP(0,0, z). dl on the ci We startby notingthat anyelement
loop is perpendicular to the distance vector R, and all elementsaround the loop are at the samedi

the Eq.(5-21), From fromP, withp - 'rffi{. given by is dl element to nitudeof dEdue

d H - f u l d r x R: lW,

IdI

and the direction of dH is perpendicular to the containingR and dl. As shown in Fig. 5-l2,dH is r-e plane, and thereforeit hascomponentsdll' If we considerelementdl', locateddiametrically to dl, we observethat the z-componentsof the fields due to dl and dl' addbecausethey are in the direction, but their r-components cancel becaus are in opposite directions. Hence, the net magnetic is along z only. That is,
loop of radius a carrying a curFigure 5-11: Pie-shaped rent.I (Example5-3).

-- i dHcos e : \ffi dH- i dHz

at.

f,8

THE BIOT-SAVART LAW

At the center of the loop (z : 0), Eq. (5.34) reducesto

131

H-re
H-r#

(atz :0),

(s.3s)

and at points vgrl far away from the loop such that z2 > a2,Eq.(534) canbe approximated as (at lzl ) a). I (5.36)

5-2.2 Magnetic Field ofa Magnetic Dipole

In view of the definition given by Eq.(5.19) for the magnetic moment m of a current loop, a loop with a single turn situated in the x-y plane, such as the one shownin Fig. s-lz,has a magnetic moment rl : im with m : Ina2. Consequently, Eq. (5.36) may be expressed in the form
n H = =' m

ss
for
cl

and

z, kp

@tlzl ) a)'

(5.37)

r fixed point P(0,0, z) on the axis of the loop, all itiesin Eq. (5.32) areconstant, exceptfor dl.Hence,

This expressionapplies for a point P very far away from the loop, but on the axis of the loop. Had the problem been solved to find H at any distant point p,(R,,0, , O,) in a sphericalcoordinate system,where R, is the distance betweenthe center of the loop and point p,, we would have obtained the expression

grating W. 6.32) over a circle of radiusa gives

/ " , o t e oo , n - e4n(az * z f
tnal expression:

:7.-

^ I cosd (2r a). 4r (a2+ z2)

H-

#(ft,2cos

o' +6sing') (s.38)

(s.33)
for R' )) a.A currentloop with dimensions much smaller than the distance between the loop and the observation point is called a magnetic dipole. This is becausethe pattern of its magnetic field is similar to that of a permanent magnet,as well asto the pattern of the electric field of the electricdipole [seeExample4-7].The similarity is evident from the patterns shownin Fig. 5-13.

usingthe relation cos0 : a/(a2+r21r/z , we obtain

2(azl rz1tlz
ll. {

5 CHAPTER

(a) Electric dipole

(c) Bar magnet

Figure 5-13: pattemsof (a) the electric field of an electric dipole, (b) the magneticficld of a magncticdipole' and (c) thc Far awayftom the souces,the field patternsare similar in all threec{ses. field of a bar magnet. magnetic

of 4 A is a current 5.7 A wirecarrying EXERCISE

HEVTEW 0UEST|0ils Q5.5 Two infinitely long parallel wires carry currents of equal magnitude.What is the resultant magnetic field due to the two wires at a point midway betweenthe wires, compared with the magnetic field due to one of them alone, if the currents are (a) in the same direction and (b) in oppositedirections? Q5.6 Devise a right-hand rule for the direction of the magneticfield due to a linear current-carrying conductor. Q5.7 What is a magneticdipole? Describe its magnetic field distribution. into a circular loop. If the magnetic field at the center the loop is 20 A"/m, what is the radius of the loop if loop has (a) only one turn and (b) 10 turns? Ans. (a) a: 10 cm, (b) a : I m. (See @)

loop 5.8 A wire is formedinto a square EXERCISE placedin the r-y planewith its centerat the origin
each of its sides parallel to either the x- or y-axes. side is 40 cm in length, and the wire carries a culrent 5 A whosedirection is clockwise when the loop is vi from above.Calculate the magnetic field at the center the loop.
4I Ans. H - -|fri

- -i1r.25Nm. (See $)

5.6 A semiinfinite linear conductor extends EXERCISE betweenz : 0and z : oo along the z-axis. Ifthe current / in the conductorflows along the positive e-direction, find H at a point in the.r-y plane at a radial distance r from the conductor. ^ I (A/m).(See($) Ans. H:d, +Tr

Two Force between 5-3 Magnetic Gonductors Parallel

In Section5- l. I we examinedthe

conductor actson a current-carrying tor is placedin an externalmagnetic

force Fm thl conducuneil

ATICS

1-4 MAXWELL'StrlecmEtOSTAnC EQUATIONS

r33
TheforceF2exerted on alength/ of wne l2dueto its prcsence in field 81 ma! be obtained by applying Eq. (5.12):

g Fz: IzI2 xBr : Izl2x (-i) ' 2 nd

^ 1tsI1I2l =_ ifr,

(s.40

and the corresponding force per unit length is n/ F2 ^ Pohlz -v z"a

ft2:

T:

(s.41)

c)tu
A similar analysisperformed for the force per unit length exertedon the wire carrying /1 leads to f,
Snter

5-14:Magnetic Frgure forces onparallelcurrent-carrying :,:oductors.

n/

I tL : Vr -

^ PyI1I2 Z n d

(s.42)

pif Thus, Fi : -Vl which meansthat the two wires attract each other with equal forces. If the currents are in opposite directions, the wires would repel each other with equal forces.

)op
gtn
5.

rred ri entcr

Ot

r aneconductor, however, also generatesits own magmr-- field. Hence, if two current-carrying conductorsare rerd in eachother's vicinity, eachwill exert a magnetic lnmr on the other. I-et us consider two very long (or efribstcly infinitely long), straight, parallel wires in free rrce. separatedby a distance d and carrying currents 12in the same direction, as shown in Fig. 5-14. ; @mJ Imnt /1 is located at y - -d /2 and 12 is located at " = .i '2, and both point in the z-direction.We denoteB1 t?emagneticfield due to current /1, definedatthe loca"rf the wire carrying the current 12and, conversely,Bz ril :ne field due to 12 at the location of the wire carrying -nt 11.From Eq. (5.30), with I - Ir,t | : d, and - -i at the location of 12, the field 81 is

@s

5-4 Maxwell's Magnetostatic Equations

Thus far, we have defined what we mean by a magnetic flux density B and the associated magnetic field H, we introduced the formulation provided by the Biot-Savart law for finding the fields B and H due to any specified distribution of electric currents, and we examined how magnetic fields can exert magnetic forces on moving chargedparticles and on current-carrying conductors.We will now examine two additional important properties of magnetostaticfields, those described mathematically by Eqs.(5.1aand b).

B, ' :

-uttolt 2nd

(s.3e)

CHAPTER5 MAGNETOSTA

Law forMagnetism 5-4.1 Gauss's

In Chaptcr 4 we learned that the net outward flux of the electric flux density D through a closed surfaceenclosing a net charge Q is equal to Q.We referred to this property as Gauss'slaw (for electricity), and we expressedit mathematicallyin differential and integral forms as

V . D: p v < +

/s

$ O.ds:e.

(s.43)

Conversionfrom differential to integral form was accomplished by applying the divergence theorem to a volume y enclosed by a surface S and containing charge O Iu pu dv [Section 4-4]. The magnetic analogueto a point charge is a magnetic pole, but whereas electric charges can exist in isolation, magnetic poles do not. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs; no matter how many times a pennanentmagnet is subdivided, eachnew piece will always havea north and a south pole, evenif the processwere to be continued down to the atomic level. Thus, there is no magnetic equivalenceto a charge Q or a chargedensity pu, and it is therefore not surprising that Gauss'slaw for magnetism is given by

(a) Electric dipole Figure 5-15: Whereas (a) the net electric flux through I closed surface surrounding a charge is not zero, (b) thc net magnetic flux through a closed surface surrounding one of the poles of a magnet is zero.

V.B: 0 =+

(s.44)
{".ds:0.

The differential form is one of Maxwell's four equations, and the integral form is obtained with the help of the divergence theorem. Formally, the name "Gauss's law" refers to the electric case, even when no specific referenceto electricity is indicated. Theproperty describedby Eq. (5.44)hasbeencalled "the law of nonexistertce of isoIated monopoles,""the law of conservationof magnetic "Gatlss's law for magnetism,"among others. flux," and We prefer the last of the three cited names becauseit reminds us of the parallelism, as well as the differences, between the electric and magnetic properties of nature. The differencebetweenGauss'slaw forelectricity and its counterpartfor magnetismmay be viewed in terms of

field lines.Electricfield linesoriginatefrom positive tric charges and terminate on negative electric Hence, for the electric field lines of the electric di shown in Fig. 5-15(a),the electric flux through a surfacesurroundingone of the chargesis not zero. In trast, magneticfield lines alwaysform continuous loops. As we saw in Section 5-2, the magnctic field due to currentsdo not begin or end at any point; this is for the linear conductorof Fig. 5-10 andthe circular of Fig. 5-12, as well as for any distribution of cu is also true for a magnet,asillustrated in Fig. 5- 15O) bar magnet.Becausethe magnetic field lines form c loops, the net magnetic flux through the closed surrounding the south pole of the magnet (or any other closed surface) is always zeto, regardless the shapeof that surface.

5-4.2 Ampire's Law

We will now examine the property represented E q .( 5 . 1 b ) :

VxH:J,

(5,

:r

MAXWELL'S MRGNETOSTAIICEQUATIONS is the second of Maxwell'spair of equations charizing the magnetostatic fields, B and H. The integral

135

l l t
7 , / t

of Eq. (5.45)is calledAmpdre'scircuital bw (or Ampdre'slaw) under magnetostatic conditions mady currents).It is obtainedby integratingboth sides S, i Eq.(5.45)overan opensurface

)1' : \

>pet
ough r ft) ttE unding

/,o
-,buinthe result

.ds: x H)

.o""g
(a)

lg.o",

(5.46)

(b)

: then invoking Stokes'stheoremgiven by Eq. (3.39)

H . d tr:

(Ampbre's law),

(5.47)
(c)

C is the closed contour bounding the surface ,S tive

c

: I : I l.as is the total currentflowingthroughS. -v

ic di ac
l. In uscl

ield h

ris is ular
me,nttr.

xul
mc

I rdless

sign conventionfor the direction of C is taken so r.-- / and H satisfi the right-hand rule defined earlier .'onnection with the Biot-Savart law. That is, if the rtion of / is aligned with the direction of the thumb ' tre right hand, then the direction of the contour C be chosen to be along the direction of the other fingers.In words,Ampire's circuital law statesthat line integral of H around a closed path is equnl to :urrent traversing the sudace boundedby that path. n'ay of illustration, for both configurations shown in . 5-16(a) and (b), the line integral of H is equal to --urrent.f, even though the paths have very different and the magnitude of H is not uniform along the I of configuration (b). By the same token, because : (c) in Fig. 5-16 doesnot enclosethe current /, its integral of H is identically zero, even though H is zero along the path. ihen we examinedGauss's law in Section4-4. we disthat in practice its usefulnessfor calculating the

Figure 5-16: Ampdre's law states that the line integral of H around a closed contour C is equal to the current traversing the surface bounded by the contour. This is true for contours (a) and (b), but the line integral of H is zero for the contour in (c) becausethe current / (denoted by the symbol O) is not enclosed by the contour C.

Gaussiansurface enclosing the charges.A similar statement applies to Ampbre's law: its usefulnessis limited to symmetric current distributions that allow the choice of convenientAmpirian contours around them, as illustrated by Examples5-5 to 5-7.

Magnetic Field ofa Long Wire

A long (practically infinite) straight wire of radius a carries a steady current / that is uniformly distributed overthe crosssectionof the wire. Determinethe magnetic field H at a distance r from the axis of the wire both (a) inside the wire (r < c) and (b) outside the wire (r ,. a). Solution: (a) We choose1 to be along the *z-direction, as shown in Fig. 5-17(a). To determineH1 at a distance rl 1 a, we choosethe Ampbrian contour C1 to be a cir-

*ric flux densityD is limited to charge distributions possess a certaindegree of symmetryand that the
:ulation procedure is subject to proper choice of the

t36

CHAPTER5 MAG
cular path of radius l'1 &s shown in Fig' 5-17(b)' In case,Ampbre's law takes the form

Czl .
P a -t--u . t I I

f,,
z '

II1dlr : Ir,

where /1 is the fraction of the total current f

through C1. From symmetry,Ht trlust be constas andparallelto the contourat any point alo magnitude
\ the path. Furthermore, to satisfy the right-hand rule t given that 1 is along the z-direction, H1 must be along *d-direction in a cylindrical coordinate system. Hen Hr : |Hr. With dlr : 0rr dQ,tke left-hand si&

/\

f . , {

'-- -/

wire (a) CYlindrical

law gives Ampbre's

f,,u,'a',
JO

: I

u r ( Q. 0 ) u d Q: 2 n r 1 H 1 .

The current /r flowing through the area enclosed by is equal to the total current / multiplied by the rati the area enclosedby Cr to the total cross-sectional of the wire:

I' :(#)':(?)"
(b) Wire crosssection
H(r)

Equating both sides of Ampere's law and then for H1 leads to

Hr : 6H, - r#,

' a). (for 11

(b) For rz ) a, we choose path C2, which enclosec the current I. Hence,

f,,
(c) Figure 5-l7z Infinitely long wire of radius a carrying a uniform current I along the *e-direction: (a) gen(b) cral configuration showing contours Ct and Cz; (Exr versus H plot of (c) a view; and cross-secti,onal ample 5-5).

H2' dl2 - 2rr2H2 - L,

and

,r'z: Onr: A#

, a). (for 12

If we ignore the subscnpt2, we observethat Eq' (! for B : &oH asEq' (5 providis the sameexpression which we had derived previously on the basis of Biot-Savart law.

H TATICS

MAXWELL'S MRGNETOSTAnCEQUATIONS

r37
therewill be no currentflowing throughthe surfaceof the contour,and thereforeH - 0 for r < a. Similarly, for an contourwith radiusr 7 b,the nel current flowing throughits surfaceis zerobecause an equal numberof currentcoils crossthe surface in both directions. Hence,H : 0 in the regionexteriorto the toroidal coil. For the regioninsidethe core,we construct a pathof radius r, asshown in Fig.5-18.Foreach loop,we know from Example 5-4 that the field H at the centerof the looppointsalongtheaxisof theloop,whichin this case is the @-direction, and in view of the directionof the currentf shownin Fig. 5-18,the right-hand rule tells us -rp-direction. thatH mustbe in the Hence, H - -irn. Thetotal currentcrossing thesurface of thecontourwith radius r is N/ and its direction is into the page.Accordingto the right-hand rule associated with Am$re's law,the currentis positiveif it crosses the surface of the contourin the directionof the four fingersof the right handwhenthe thumbis pointingalongthe directionof

Thevariationof the magnitude of H asa function of r r plottedin Fig. 5-17(c);II increases linearly between - = 0 and r : a (inside the conductor),and then it as l/r outsidethe conductor. I &creases

Etant nt

rule
ilong

ilEnClSE5.9 Current / flows in the inner conductor of ! I*Jngcoaxial cable and returns through the outer conWhat is the magnetic field in the region outside o.u.1or. ne coaxialcable and why? (See O; {rLs. H - 0 outside the coaxial cable becausethe net lurent enclosed by the Amperian contour is zero. 5.10 The metalniobium becomes :IERCISE a superconrucror with zero electrical resistancewhen it is cooled to m.ow 9 K, but its superconductive behavior ceases when m magneticflux density at its surfaceexceeds0.12 T. lecrmine the maximum currentthat a 0.1-mm-diameter m*:biumwire can carry and remain superconductive. {,m. 1 - 30 A. (See (F)

.H
I sidc

Hr.

dbv
r ratio nal

bmple 5-6

Magnelic Fieldinslde a Toroidal Goil

A toroidal coil (also called a torus or toroid) is a mghnut-shaped structure (called its core) with closely irmuedturns of wire wrapped around it, as shown in ig 5-18. For clarity, we show the turns in the figure u spaced apart, but in practice they are wound in a *-xely spacedarrangementto form approximately cirruar loops. The toroid is used to magnetically couple nlriple circuits and to measurethe magnetic properties .r raterials, as illustratedlater in Fig. 5-30. For a toroid r'f,.r Y turnscarrying a current /, determinethe magnetic n*J H in each of the following three regions: r I a, t < r < b, and r ) b, all in the azimuthal plane of the
mr:ld.

h. (5,
q .r 5
is of

{rhtion: From symmetry, it is clear that H has uniform nm:certies in azimuth. If we constructa circular Amperian rmrrrour with center at the origin and of radius r 1 a,

Figure 5-18: Toroidal coil with inner radius a and outer radius b. The wire loops usually are much more closely spacedthan shown in the figure (Example 5-6).

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTA To evaluate the line integralin Ampere'slaw,we a rectangularAmpbrianpath aroundthe sheet,with in Fig. 5-19.Recalling mensions I andur,8sshown currentper unit length along the reprcsents the total currentcrossingthe surfaceof the loop is I : .Irl. Hence,applying AmpBre'slaw
the loop, while noting that II is zero along the pathc length ur, we have

.l

Ftgure 5-1,9: in the.r-y planecarryA thin currentsheet currentdensityJs = iJs (out of the page) ing a surface (Example 5-7).

f,

H' dl : ZHl : Jrl,

from which we obtainthe result

thecurrent in thepresent situation thecontourC. Hence, -N/. Application of Am@re'slaw thengives is

":[-r*, I e+,
REVIEW OUESTIONS

forz > 0, forz<0.

d0 : il: lo'" <-irn>.0, f,H

H - NI/(2rr)and Hence,

-2nrH: -N/.

We note that the magnetic field is uniform and where parallel to the current sheet. I

H- -0n:-i.y

z,rr

(foro <r<b). I
(5.50)

Magnetic Field of anInfinite Gurrent Sheet

The x-y plane of Fig. 5-19 contains an infinite current sheet with surface current density J, - iJr. Find the magnetic field H. Solution: From symmetry considerations and the right-hand rule, H must be in the direction shown in the figure. That is,

Q5.8 What is a fundamental difference between tric field lines and magnetic field lines? Q5.9 If the line integral of H over a closed

zgro,doesit follow that H : 0 at everypoint on If not,whatthendoesit imply? contour?

Q5.10 Comparethe utility of applying the Biot law versus applying Ampdre's law for computing magnetic field due to current-carrying conductors. Q5.11 What is a toroid? What is the magnetic field points outside the toroid?

H_
\ \\ \

-i,H, I I in'

fore > 0, forz < 0.

VECTORMAGNETIC POTE}ITIAL

r39
whereJ is the currentdensitydueto freecharges in motion. If we substitute Eq. (5.53)into Eq. (5.54),we have Vx(VxA):pJ.

Vector Magnetic Potential

cu treatmentof electnostatic fields in Chapter4, we
the electrostatic potential V and defined it 'dms of the line integral of the electric field E. In

(5.ss)

form, we found that V and E are relatedby - -V V . This relationship provedusefulnot only in the electricfield distributionin circuit elements :h as resistors and capacitors) to the voltagediffer:ss acrossthem, but it also proved more convenientin :ein casesto first determine the potential V due to a charge distribution and then apply the relationship

For anyvectorA, the Laplacian of A obeys the vector given identity by Eq.(3.45), thatis, v2A- v(v.A) -v x (v x A), (5.56)

- -VV to find E thanto useCoulomb's law directly :nd E. We will now explorea similar approach in ion with the magnetic flux density B. tccordingto Eq. (5.M), V . B - 0. Wewishto define ! tennsof a magneticpotentialwith the constraint
;uch a definition guarantees that the divergenceof B rr*'ays equal to zero. This can be realized by taking sntageof the vector identity given by Eq. (3.38b), '-h states that, for any vector A,

where, by definition, V2A in Cartesian coordinatesis given by V2A -

(#.#.#)^
ivz A, + jvz Ay + 2v2 Az.
(5.57)

CombiningEq. (5.55)with Eq. (5.56) gives

I el'

V(V .A) - VzA: LtJ.

(s.58)

V.(VxA)-0.

(s.s2)

, by defining the vector magnetic potential A such

en
a

B:VxA

(Wb/m2), (5.53)

ntorr Ion

When we introduced the defining equation for the vector magnetic potential A, given by Eq. (5.53), the only constraint we placed on A is that its definition satisfy the condition V .B - 0. Equation (5.58) containsa tenn involving V .A. It turns out from vector calculus that we have a fair amount of latitude in specifying a value or a functional form for V .A, without conflicting with the requirementrepresented by Eq. (5.52). The simplest among theseallowed specificationsis

ire guaranteed that V .B = 0. The SI unit for B is =sla(T). An equivalent unit usedin the literature is
per squaremeter (Wb/m2). Consequently,the SI rr tor A is (Wb/m). rlth B : FH, the differential form of Ampbre's law by Eq. (5.45) can be written as

V.A:0.

(s.se)

Using this choice in Eq. (5.58) leads to the vector Poisson's equation given by

VxB-pJ,

(s.54)

v2A : -pJ.

(5.60)

r40
Using the definitionfor V2A givenby Eq' (5'57)' the vector Foisson'sequationcan be broken up into three equations: scalarPoisson's YzA, : -ltrJt, Y'Ar: -pJy, Y'Ar:-PJz. (5.61a) (5.6lb) (5.61c)

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOST
In addition to the Biot-Savart law and law, the vector magnetic potential provides a third

proachfor computingtbe magneticfield due to For a specifiedcurrentdist carryingconductors. Eq. (5.65) can be usedto find A, and then Eq' canbe usedto find B. Exceptfor simplecurrentd

In electrostatics,Poisson'sequation for the scalarpotential V is given bY Eq. (4.60) as

tions with symmetrical geometries that lend to the application of Ampbre's law, the choice is between the approachesprovided by the Bio law and the vector magnetic potential, and among two the latter often is easier to apply becauseit is

vzv - -g: , t

(s.62)

and its solution for a volume charge distribution pv occupying a volumev' was givenby Eq' (4'61) as

to perform the integrationgiven by Eq. (5'65) givenby Eq. (5.22)' performthe integration S is O T-be magnetic flux linking a surface

the total magnetic flux density passingthrough S, c

v ' -

4ne Ju, R'

t 9:dr,

o-

(5.63)

lrn.a"

ffb).

for Ar, Ay' and A, arc mathematiPoisson'sequations cally identical in form to Eq.(5.62). Hence,for a current density J with r-component J' distributed over a volume v', the solutionfor Eq. (5.61a)is IL f J, . A': * o'' fr J",

If we insertEq. (5.53)into Eq. (5.66)andthen we have theorem, Stokes's

(wb/m)' (5.64)

and similar solutions can be written for A, in terms of ./, and A. in terms of Jr. The three solutions can be combined into a vector equation of the form

where C is the contour bounding the surface S' Q can be determined by either Eq. (5.66) or Eq' whichever is easier to integrate for the specific under consideration.

ofMaterials Properties 5-6 Magnetic

thc According to our precedingdiscussions,because a current by generated tern of the magnetic field is similar to that exhibited by a permanent magnet'' loop is regardedas a magnetic dipole with a north *O u south pole [see Section 5-2.2 and Fig' 5-13]' magnetic moment m of a loop of area A has a m : /A, and the direction of m is normal to the the loop in accordancewith the right-hand rule' with is associated tization in a material substance mechani principal current loops generatedby two

A-h 1,,*o'' (Wb/m).

(5.65)

In view of Eq. (5.23\,if the culrentdistribution is given in the form of a surfaceculrent density J, over a surfaceS', then J dv' should be replacedwith J, dt' and v' should be replacedwith s'; and, similarly, for a line distribution, J dr-, should be replaced with I dl' and the integration should be performed over the associatedline path I'.

56 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

- , orbital motions of the electrons around the nucleus d similar motions of the protons around each other in t nucleus and (2) elecfion spin. The magnetic moment r an electron is due to the combination of its orbital mion and its spinning motion about its own axis. As re n'ill see later, the magnetic moment of the nucleus s rnuch smaller than that of an electron, and therefore u total magnetic moment of an atom is dominated by t sum of the magnetic moments of its elecftons. The rrsnetic behavior of a material is governed by the interrE rn of the magnetic dipole moments of its atoms with ro :rternal magnetic field. This behavior,which depends ,r fre crystalline stmcture of the material, is used as a -rs for classifying materials as diamagnetic, param,ryetic, or ferromagnetic. The atoms of a diamagnetic unrerial haveno pennanentmagneticdipole moments.In i:urerast,both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials r.E itofils with permanent magnetic dipole moments, ,- as will be explained later, the atoms of materials rcr--ngingto these two classeshave very different organerrional structures.

t4l

third
t

tn

h (
Etn
t

?:::::-.fi
(a) Orbiting electron (b) Spinning electron Figure 5-20: An electron generates(a) an orbital magnetic moment mo as it rotates around the nucleus and (b) a spin magnetic moment ms, as it spins about its orvn axis.

ot
Dng lis i) thil

h r S .a

eur

$4.1 Ortital and Spin Magnetic Moments

h heepthe following presentation simple, we will be-

ur discussion with a classicalmodel of the atom,

rhich the electrons are assumedto move in circular

aboutthe nucleus,and we will then extendthe by incorporatingthe predictionsprovidedby the

ials
scfu
lTent

correct quantum-mechanical model of matter. An with chargeof -e moving with a constantveloc-

whereLe : meur is the angularmomentum of the electron andnr, is its mass.Accordingto quantum physics, the orbital angularmomentum is quanttz.ed; specifically, f,. is alwayssomeintegermultiple of h : h/2n , wlrere ft is Planck's constant. Thatis, Z" : 0, h,2F1,....Consequently, the smallest nonzero magnitude of the orbital magnetic momentof an electron is
tlto :

e in acircularorbitofradiusr [Fig.5-20(a)] completes revolution in time T : 2nr /u.\\is circularmotion

t electron constitutes a tiny current loop with cur/ given by 2nr rnagnitudeof the associatedorbital magnetic moI - -' T : eu

eh

2m"

(5.70)

agnt. Dord i-131.

El

(5.68)

e.I itt

m" is

,to: IA:(#)@rr)

Despite the fact that all substances contain electronsand the electronsexhibit magneticdipole moments,most substancesare effectively nonmagnetic. This is because,in the absenceof an external magnetic field, the atoms of most materialsareoriented randomly, asa result of which the net magnetic moment generatedby their electrons is either zero or very small.

A}'ID MAGNETIC TECHNOLOGY BRIEF: ELECTROMAGNETS

Relays Magnetic and Electromagnets

electhe firstpractical developed WilliamSturgeon principle of the the Today, in the 1820s. tromagnet in ebctrjmagnetis usedin motors,relayswitches loud forharddisksandtapedrives, read/writeheads apother many and levitation, magnetic speakers, plications.

the wirecoiledaroundthe centralcore,it i tfm field with field lines resembling a magnetic strengfl The generated by a bar magnet(A1). I to the current' fieldis proportional the magnetic permeability magnetic the and turns, numbeiof By usinga ferromagnetic the core material. by several can be increased the field strength on the purityof depending ders of magnitude, to a magnetic Whensubiected iron material. suchas ironor nickel, materials, ferromagnetic themselves. andact likemagnets magnetized

PrinciPle Basic
can be constructedin various Electromagnets in described the linearsolenoid inLtuOing shapes, generated current section5-8.1.when an electric suchas a batteryflowsthrough by a powersource,

Relays Magnetic
relayis a switchor circuitbreaker A magnetic "OFF" intothe "ON"and can be activated

OLOCYBRXET: EIffiOMACNETS

AND MAGNE:TIC RELAYS

I
ngilt
efil,

ttility
lc efd

7d lc
fGl,

One exampleis the low-power reed usedin telephone equipment, whichconsists 'm flat nickel-ironbladesseparated by a small The blades are shaped in sucha waythat {B). fu absenceof an externalforce,they rmain (OFF position).Electrical and unconnected (ONposition) between the blades is realized ptying a magnetic fieldalongtheirlength. The irducedby a current flowingin the wirecoiled theglassenvelope, causes thetwoblades to polarities, opposite magnetic thereby forcftem to attracttogether and closeout the gap.

t44
its In additionto the magneticmoment producedby magnetic a spin generates orbital motion, an electron monentn,duetoitsspinningmotionaboutitsown axistFig.5-20(b)l.Themagnitudeofmrpredictedby is theorY quantum
eh
nls:

CHAPTER 5 quantitycalledthemaX whereXmis a dimensionless and For diamagnetic ,urrrptibility otthe material. te given a at constant is a tougntti. materials,Im M between ftr; resultingin a linear relationship This is not the casefor ferromagnetic
relationship between M and H not only is nt 'history" of the also dependson the previous explained in the next section. While keeping this fact in mind, let us combinc (5.12) and (5.73)to get

F H
I

2m"

(5.71)

I
I

mowhich is equal to the minimum orbital magnetic number even an ment mo.The electronsof an atom with of of electronsusually exist in pairs, with the members cancela pair having opposite spin directions, thereby number the If ini eachothers'-ipin magnetic moments. spin of-"lr.t ons is od-d,the atom will have a nonzero magneticmoment due to its unpaired electron' According to Eq. (5.71), the spin magnetic moment electron of an electron is inversely proportional to the massm".Tbenucleus of an atom also exhibits a spinning that of motion, but becauseits massis much greaterthan 10-3 of order the on is an electron,its magnetic moment of that of an electron.

B : po(H+ XmH): &o(1* Xo')H, or B: &H, permeabilityof the where;r.,the magnetic bY givenin termsof 1*
tt : tto(l * Xm) GVm). (5'76)

Often it is convenientto define the magnetic of a material in terms of the relative permeability

5-6.2 MagneticPermeabilitY
"t\e magnetization vector M of a material is defined as of the the vector sum of the magnetic dipole moments The atoms contained in a unit volume of the material. : &oM' magneticflux density correspondingto M is B* H, field magnetic applied of anexternally In the presence is material the toial magnetic flux densrty in the B : I.roH* poM : Po(H + M), (5'72)

rtrr:P &o

-l*xo,,

6-77)

where /.ro is the permeability of free space' A

paramagnetig, asdiamagnetic, usuallyis classified

rornagneticon the basisof the value of its Xm,8ss Table 5-2. Diamagnetic materials have negative

materialshavepositivc tibilities and paramagnetic magnitude-of I ceptibilities.How"y"r, the absolute

of materials, on tt. order of 10-5 for both classes in Eq' (5'77r' 1 to relative allows us to ignore 1,n ry | or p Po for diamagnetic an'd1 givestrt, which include dielectric magneticsubstances, contrasr, In metals. lpl'l S) l forfern ord ^ott iron, for example, materials; llt,l of purified order of 2 x 10s.Ferromagneticmaterials are next.

where the first term represents the contribution of the contriexternal field and the second term represents the a general, In material. the bution of the magnetizationof external the materialbecomesmagnetizedin responseto as field H. Hence,M can be exPressed

M - x.H,

(5.73)

STAN

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

and

Table5-2: Properties of magnetic materials. Diamagnetism Permenent magnetic dipole moment Primary magnetizadon mechanism Direction of induced magneticfield (relativeto external field) Commonsubstances No Electronorbital magneticmoment Opposite Paramagnetism Yes,but weak Electronspin magnetic moment
Same

M and nces; inear, ateriaL

bine

Ferrumagnetism Yes,andsEong Magnetized domains Hysteresis [seeFig. 5-221 kon, nickel, cobalt l andhysteretic I andhysteretic

Ilpicat value of X. Ilpical value of p,

Bismuth,copper, diamond, Aluminum,calcium, gold, lead,mercury silver, chromium,magnesium, silicon niobium,platinum, tungsten -10-s ry ry 10-5 lXtnl> ryl a;l lptl )

\ ticI E

5.11 The magnetic vector M is the vector il 6e magnetic momentsof all the atoms contained mrt volume (1m3). If a certain type of iron with r lrP atoms/m3contributes one electron per atom is spin magnetic moment along the direction of Efrdfield, find (a) the spin magnetic moment of b electron,given that m" - 9.1 x 10-31(tg) anO - ".6 x 10-34(J.s),and (b) the magnitudeof M. t t) ms : 9.3 x l0-u (A.m2), (b) M : 7 .9 x 105 (Se O)

liitt

lof

Ir
[7- r*

Hagnetic Hysteresis ofFerromagnetic ilaterials

tic materials, which include iron, nickel, and crhibit strong magnetic properties due to the fact magnetic moments tend to align readily along ion of an external magnetic field. Moreover, s remain partially magnetized even after

the removal of the external field. Becauseof this property, ferromagnetic materials are used in the fabrication of permanentmagnets. Common to all ferromagnetic materials is a characteristic featuredescribedby magnetizeddomains. A magnetized domain of a material is a microscopic region (on the order of 10-lo m3; within which the magnetic moments of all its atoms (typically on the order of l0le atoms) are aligned parallel to each other. This permanent alignment is attributed to strong coupling forces between the magnetic dipole momentsconstituting an individual domain. In the absenceof an external magnetic field, the domains take on random orientations relative to each other, as shownin Fig. 5-21(a),resultingin a net magnetization of z&ro.The domain walls forming the boundariesbetween adjacentdomainsconsistof thin transition regions.When an unmagnetized sample of a ferromagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the domains will align partially with the external field, as illustrated in Fig. 5-21(b). A quantitativeunderstanding of how these domains form and how they behaveunder the influence

5 CHAPTER

domains (a) Unmagnetized

pable of measuring B and H. The unmagnetized B (b) Magnetizeddomains and (b) of (a) unmagnetized Figure 5-21:Comparison material' in a ferromagnetic domains ma-gnetized

by point O inFig. 5-22.As we startto denoted also,and the responsc B increases H continuously, to lowsthecurvefrom point O point A1,Ltwhichu
all the domains have become aligned with H' Poi representsa saturation condition' If we now start b "r"ur" H from its value at point 41 back to zero, magnetizationcurve follows the path from A 1 to A point 42, the externalfield H is zero,but the flux dens

of of an external magnetic field requires a heavy dose the of quantum mechanics, which is outside the scope presenttreatment.Hence, we will confine our discussion process io a qualitative description of the magnetization and its implications. The magnetization behavior of a ferromagnetic material is describedin termsof its B-H magnetization curve , where f;I is the amplitude of the externally applied magnetic field, H, and I is the amplitude of the total magnetic to flux density B present within the material. According Eq. (5.72), ttrehux B consistsof a contribution p'sH due to the external field and a contribution psM due to the magnetizationfield induced in the material. Supposethat we start with an unmagnetized sample of iron, and let cauSassumethat we have an experimental zurangement

in the materialis not zero.This valueof B is is now Br. The iron material residual flux density
netized and can serve as a permanent magnet the fact that a large fraction of its magnetization have remained aligned. Reversing the direction of

from B to decrease its intensitycauses increasing of H intensity the point Az to zetoatpointA 3, oodif

further (while maintaining its negativedi creased the magnetizationcurve movesto the saturation at point A+. Finally, as H is made to return to zero then increasedagain in the positive direction, the follows the path from Aa to Ar. This processis magnetic hysteresis.The term hysteresismeans behind." T\e hysteresis loop shows that the tion processin ferromagnetic materials dependsnot on the externalmagnetic field H, but on the magneuc

DI{GNETIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

147 curve describe? Q5.14 What doesthe magnetization What is the differencebetrveen the magnetization curves of hard and soft ferrornagnetic materials?

5-7 Magnetic Boundary Gonditions

In Section 4-9, we derived a set of boundary conditions that describes how, at the boundary between two dissimilar contiguous media, the electric field quantities D and E in the first medium are related to those in the second medium. We will now derive a similar set of boundary conditions for the magnetic field quantities B and H. By applying Gauss'slaw to a pill box that straddlesthe boundary,we determinedthat the difference betweenthe normal components of the electric flux densities in the two media is equal to the surfacechargedensity pr. That is,

'izd
1 t oi yhich

tre material aswell. Thespecificshape andextent

hlsteresis loop dependon the propertiesof the feric material and on the peak-to-peakrange over H is madeto vary. Materials characterizedby wide loops are called hardferromagnetic materials !13(a)1. These materialscannot be easily demagibl'an externalmagneticfield because they havea csidual magnetization .Br.Hard ferromagnetic marre used in the fabrication of permanent magnets

H. Pci
' start 3o
1 1t o

f,o'a'

-0 ->

Dn - D2n: p".

(5.78)

[x
F S IIOTY

By analogy,application of Gauss'slaw for magnetism, as expressed by Eq.(5.44), would lead to the conclusion that

ct owi
KXr

andgenerators. Softferromagnetic materials Errrowhysteresis loops [Fig. 5-23(b)], and hence m be moreeasilymagnetized and demagnetized.
ize any ferromagnetic material, the material to several hysteresiscycles while gradually g the peak-to-peakrange of the applied field.

===+ fr".ds:o t"":"- 1

(s.7e)

bn of r from

yofEi
D

f,l

This result statesthat the nornutl component of'B i.r c.ontinttottsacrosstlrc boundarybetweentw,o udjacentmedia. In view of the relations Br : FtH1 and 82 : pzHrz for linear, isotropic media, the boundary condition for H corresponding to Eq. (5.79) is lhHn: lrzHzn (5.80)

)zero u the ss is }ans ds not

OUESTIONS
I What are the three types of magnetic materials rbat are typical values of their relative magnetic

ilities?
i What causesmagnetic hysteresis in ferromagnaterials?

Comparison of Eqs. (5.78) and (5.79)tells us rhar,

w'hereasthe nonnal contltottent of B is corttitzuousoct-oss the bowtclary, the nonttal contponent of D mav rutt be

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOST

Figure 5-242Boundary betweenmedium 1 with p.1and medium 2with 1t'2.

(unless ps : 0). A similar reversal applies to the tangential componentsof the electric and magnetic fields E of E is continand H: whereasthe tangentialcomponent of H uousacrossthe boundary,the tangentialcomponent may not be (unlessthe surface current densityJr : 0). To obtain the boundary condition for the tangentialcomponent of H, we follow the samebasic procedurethat we used previously in Section 4-9 to establishthe boundary condition for the tangential component of E. \Mth referenceto Fig. 5-24, if we apply Ampbre's law [Eq. (5.47)] to a closed rectangular path with sides A/ and A/r, and then we let Lh -+ 0, we end up with the result

the loop approachesa thin line of length A/. total current flowing through this thin line is / : where J, is the magnitude of the normal co

the loop.In currentdensitytraversing the surface Eq. (5.81)becomes considerations, these

H21 A,l - Hn L,l : /r A/

Hz, - H*:

J,

(A/m).

r r . d r + ^ r . d r :I , ( s . 8 1 )poratesthe directional relationship defined by I,o fr,.dr: I,u hand rule,

where H1 and H2 are the magnetic fields in media I and2, respectively.According to Ampdre's law, / is the net current crossing the surface of the loop in the direction specified by the right-hand rule (/ is in the direction of the thumb when the fingers of the right hand extend in the direction of the loop C). For the directions of Hr and H2 and the direction of the integration contour C indicated in Fig. 5-24, the componentof H2 tangential to the boundary,H21,is parallel to and in the samedirection as dl over segmentab,butthe tangential component of H1 is antiparallel to dl over segmentcd. Furtherrnore, as we let Ah of the loop approach zero, the surface of

This result can be generalized to a vector form

ffz x (Hr - Hz) : Jr,

(5.84)

where ffz is the normal unit vector pointing medium 2 (Fig. 5-24). Surface currents can on the surfacesof perfect conductors and tors. Hence, at the interface betweenmedia w conductivities,Js : 0 and

Hr:

Hzt. (5.85)

INDUCTANCE wire carriesa current/ andthe turnsarecloselyspaced, the solenoidcan producea relatively uniform magnetic field within its interior region,andits rnagnetic field pattern resembles that of a permanent magnet,asillustrated by the field linesin Fig. 5-250).

CfSE 5.12 With reference to Fig. 5-24, determine anglebetrveenH1 and ffz - i it H2 : (t3 + 22) 1m), &rr - 2, andpr, - 8, andJ, : 0. 0 :20.6. ( S e eO )

Inductance
rnductoris the magnetic analogueof an electrical ca-

5-8.1 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid

We precede our discussion of inductance by derivingan expression for the magneticflux densityB in the interior region of a tightly wound solenoidwith n turns per unit length.Eventhoughthe turns are slightly helical in shape, we will tneat them ascircular loops,as shownin Fig. 5-26.The solenoidis of length / and radiusa and carriesa currentI.Let us startby considering the magnetic flux densityB at point P, locatedon the axis of the solenoid. In Example5-4, we derivedthe following

:tor. Justasa capacitor canstoreelectricenergy in the present :sic field in the mediumbetween its conductan inductor can store magneticenergyin surfaces, rolumecomprising the inductors. A typicalexample rn inductoris a coil consistingof multiple turns of
wound in a helical geomefry around a cylindrical as shown in Fig. 5-25(a). Such a structure is called bnoid. The core may be air filled or may contain a ic material with magnetic permeability 1t,.If the

r6ri
y thc

T s I ,, BI IH
t H I

,# i H lH l'(
t H I

18 |
Figure 5-262 Solenoidcrosssectionshowinggeometry for calculatingH at a point P on the solenoidaxis.

150

TECHNOLOGY BRIEF: MAGNETIC

Recording Magnetic
ValdemarPoulsen,a Danish engineor,inventred in 1900that magneticrecordingby demonstrating spelch can b recoded on a thin steel wire with a tapesweredevelMagnetic slmpleelectromagnet. to wiresin the 1940s medium opedas an alternative and playing for recording verypopular and became were introVideotapes 1960s. musicwell into the pictures motion forrecording inthelate1950s duced videosignals Because on television. for laterreplay speedsfor tape bandwidth, occupya muchwider head)haveto be (pastthe magnetic videoiecording w1honly at rateson thi orderof 5 m/s,compared recordmagnetic of types 0.3 m/s for audio.CIher the including sincethen, ing mediaweredeveloped tloppies,'theharddisks plastic diskscalled ftJxible and drum, themagnetic or aluminum, of glass made advantage take All bubblememory. the magnetic principle of beingableto of the samefundamental magselective through information storeelectrical abilthe as well as material, of a magnetic netization whenso desired. it (playback) ity to retrieve

Processes Record/Read
tape recordingof sound is illustrated Nlagnetic on a miincident waves in (A).Sound schematically creating to vibrate, (1)causea diaphragm crophone and time (2) corresponding with current electric an sound original the of that as variations amplitude is realto electricconversion pattern. The acoustic caan electrostatic crystal, izedby a piezoelectric types other or field, magnetic pacitor, a coil in a

OLOGY BRIEF: MAGNETIC RECORDING

151 TJT

y -nsducers. After amplification (3), the current of an ryral drivesa recordinghead (4) consisting cectromagnet to magnetize the tape as it is drawn :as the head. The tape (5) is made of a plastic re material with a coatingof ferricoxidepowder lLed to its surface. Whenexposed to the magnetic re,ri. the previously randomly oriented molecules of powder t"ebnomagnetic permanently become orir:ed alonga specific direction, thereby establishr: a magnetic imprint of the original soundsignal :- the tape. Replaying is accomplished by reversrnr; [f1sprocess(B). Drawing the magnetized tape lE:st lreproducing headinduces a current having

proportional a vibration to thaton thetape,whichis thenamplified and c-onverted backto soundwaves through a loudspeaker.

CHAPTER5 MAG for the magneticfield H at a distance z along expression the axisof a circularloop of radiusa: valid at dl pointsin the interior it is approximately except nearthe ends. solenoid, We now return to a discussionof inductance, the magnetic includesself-fuducttnce, representing linkageof a coil or circuit with itself, andmutrnl ductance,which involvesthe magneticflux linkage by a circuit due to the magneticfield generated
in another circuit. Usually, when the term used,the intendedreferenceis to self-inductance.

H:i

' 2(a2+ z2)3/2

I'a2

(5.86)

where f is the current carried by the loop. [f we treat lengthdz of the solenoidasanequivalent anincremental I' : Indz,then acurrent andcarrying loopof nd.zturns the inducedfield at point P is
t )

! n ' o - - = ,*'' =d, d.B:pdlfl-2 2(a2I 7213/2

(s.87)

The total field B at P is obtained by integrating the contributions from the entire length of the solenoid. This is facilitated by expressing the variable z in terms of the angle 0. That is, z: atan9,

EXERCISE 5.13 UseEq. (5.89)to obtainan ex for B at a point on the axis of a very long solenoid
situated at its end points. How does B at the end compareto B at the midpoint of the solenoid?

(5.88a)
(5.88b) (5.88c)

Ans. B - 2(pN I /21) at the endpoints,which is aslargeasB at the midpoint. (See C)

0, 0 -- a2 secz az + z2 : o2 + a2 tan2 dz: a sec2 e do.

5-8.2 Self-inductance
From Fq. (5.66),the magneticflux O linking a is given by

in Eq. (5.87) Upon substitutingthe last two expressions and integrating from 0r to 02, wQhave

a e=7e o' B : iFnI 1u yz

2 Jt, a3 sec3 0 : iPll (singz- sin91). 2

o- l,s'a'
(5.8e)

(wb).

(5.e1)

If the solenoid length / is much larger than its radius a, then 0r - -90" and02 - 90", in which caseEq. (5.89) reducesto

In a solenoid with an approximately uniform field given by Eq. (5.90), the flux linking a single

uds: ,: I,u(-+,) ulrs,

areaof the loop. M where S is the cross-sectional linkage A is defined as the total magneticflux li flux a given circuit or conducting structure. If the consistsof a single conductorwith multiple loops, the caseof the solenoid, A is equal to the flux linki loops of the structure.For a solenoid with N turns,

B - itrtn, :U#

(tong witht/a D l), solenoid

(s.e0)
where N : nI is the total number of turns over the length /. Even though the expressiongiven by Eq. (5.90) was derived for the field B at the midpoint of the solenoid,

A-NQ-r-7IS

N2

(wb).

INDUSTANCE

153
for thepurpose of determining theinductance of a given structure, andinductance primarilyin thea-c is of interest case(i.e.,time-varyingcurrents, voltages, andfields).As we will seelater in Section7-6, the currentflowing in a conductor undera-c conditions is concenrated within a very thin layer on the skin of the conductor.For the parallel-wire tansmissionline, the currents flow on the outersurfaces of the wires,andfor the coaxialline, the currentflows on the outer surface of the inner conductor and on the inner surface of the outerconductor (the current-carrying surfaces arethoseadjacent to the electric andmagnetic fieldspresent in theregionbetween the conductors). Tlne self-inductance of anyconducting structure is defined as the ratio of the magneticflux linkageA to the current/ flowing throughthe structure:

Radius a

:noid rd oc

(a) Parallel-wire transmission line

;h is

(b) Coaxialtransmission line mgure 5-272 To computethe inductance per unit length r r twmonductor transmissionline, we needto detere the magneticflux through the area.Sbetweenthe xoductors. \:n the other hand, the structure consists of fvto sep.-onductors,as in the case of the parallel-wire and

, _ A I

(H).

(5.e4)

The SI unit for inductance is the henry (H), which is equivalent to webersper irmpere(Wb/A). For a solenoid, useof Eq. (5.93)gives

L : U7S

172

(solenoid), (5.95)

transmission lines shownin Fig. 5-27,the flux

with a length / of either line refers ;3 A associated frc flux O through the closed surface between the :cnductors, as highlighted by the shaded areas in :-27.In reality, thereis also somemagneticflux that through the conductors themselves,but it may be C by assuming that the currents flow only on the of the conductors, in which case the magnetic :nsidethe conductorsare zero. This assumptionis i*J by the fact that our interest in calculating A is and for two-conductorconfigurationssimilar to thoseof

Fis.5-27,

L : + : ? : + ld ,B s(5.e6)

TECHNOLOGY BRIEF: INDUCTIVE S

lnductive Sensors
the Magnetic coilsforms between different coupling inductive sensors. types of different basisof several of position includethe measurement Applications (withsubmillimeter in resolution) and displacement proximity processes, detection of fabrication device applications. objects, and otherrelated conductive

Transformer Variable Diflerential Linear (LVDT)

to an coilconnected comprises a primary An LVDT in a sine waveat a frequency ac source(typically coils, range) and a pairof secondary the 1-10kHz ferromagnetic core(A1). The all sharing a common flux magnetic core servesto couplethe magnetic generated by the primarycoil into the two seconan outputvoltageacross daries,therebyinducing

coilsare eachof them.The secondary so thatwhenthe coreis in opposition, the individual of the LVDT, center the magnetic put signalsof the secondaries canceleach a null output voltage.The con out, producing to the outsideworld via a connected rod. Whenthe rod movesthe core awayfrom in fluxesinduced the magnetic magnetic center, secondary coilsare no longerequal,resulting The LVDTis calleda outputvoltage. nonzero the outputvoltage is a because ear' transformer of displacement overa wide earfunction range. modelin (A2) The cutaway viewof the LVDT pictsa configuration which in all threecoilsby the secondaries the primarystraddled the woundaround a glasstubethatcontains rod. Sampleapplica neticcore and attached in (A3). are illustrated

LOGY BRIEF: INDUCTTVESENSORS

Gurrent Proximity $ensor

-nsformer principle can be appliedto build u'uimity sensorin which the outputvoltageof scondary coil becomes a sensitive indicator of of a conductive :resence objectin its immediate (B).Whenan objectis placed in frontof the coil,themagnetic fieldof thecoilinduces n (circular) currents in the object, whichgener-ragnetic fieldsof their own havinga direction

tn

that opposes the magnetic field of the secondary coil.The reduction in magnetic flux causes a drop in output voltage, withthe magnitude of thechange being dependent properties ontheconductive of the objectand its distance fromthe sensor.

CHAPTER 5 MAG B is everywhere betweenthe conductors,

to the surface.Hence, the flux through ,Sis

orI
ool

o - , l "B udr:,l"'fin,:

#'"(:)
(s.ee)

ool
Outer
conductor Inner conductor

l L l

per unit lengthd Using Eq. (5.96),the inductance coa:rial ffansmission line is givenby

oor

Outer conductor

L,:L -|Q-4mrl\. r
I lI 2n \a/

Inductance 5-8.3 Mutual

Magnetic coupling between two different

view of coaxial transmisFigure 5-2E: Cross-sectional 5-8). sionline (Example

is described in termsof the mutualin structures thatwe betrveen them.For simplicity,let us assume
two closed loops with surfaces51 and 52 and a cu flowing through the first loop, as shown in Fig. 5-29.

Inductance of a Goaxial Transmission Line

Develop an expression for the inductance per unit length of acoaxial transmissionline. The conductorshave radii a and b, as shown in Fig. 5-28, and the insulating material has a linear permeability 1t.. Solution: Due to the current / in the innerconductor, the magnetic field generatedin the region with permeability tt betweenthe two conductorsis given by Eq. (5.30) as
C1

Nr turns

B:0;-

^ ILI LTT

(s.e7)
Figure 5-29: Magnetic field lines generatedby current of loop 2. in loop I linking surface ,S2

where r is the radial distance from the axis of the coaxial line. [,et us choose a transmission-linesegmentof length I as shown in Fig. 5-28. Over the planar surface S

r MAGNETICENERGY

REUIEW OUE$TIONS
,(: )

field like in theinteriorof Q5.15 Whatis the magnetic a long solenoid? between Q5.16 Whatis the difference self-inductance andmutualinductance? of a solenoid Q5.17 How is the inductance related to its numberof turnsN?
ftgure 5-30: Toroidal coil with two windings used as a ma;former.

(5.

lgth of

5-g Magnetic Energy

field Br generatedby 1r results in a flux 012 When we introducedelectrostaticenergyin Section 4-ll, we did so by examining what happensto the energy expended in charging up a capacitor from zero voltage to somefinal voltage V . We will now use a similar analogy by consideringan inductor with inductanceL connected to a current source. Suppose that we were to increase the current i flowing through the inductor from zero to a final value f. From circuit theory we know that the voltage u acrossthe inductor is given by u - L di /dt. Power p is equal to the product of u and i, and the time integral of power is work, or energy. Hence, the total energy in joules (J) expendedin building up the current in the inductor is

+h loop 2, givenby

: orz

Ir,u,

or,

(5.100)

: loop 2 consists of N2 turns all coupled by 81 in ) fte sameway, then the total magnetic flux linkage

$ lmp 2 dueto 81 is
Atz :
t>

NzQn -

N2

tr,nr.ar-

(s.101)

\ fms

rurual inductance associatedwith this magnetic

g is givenby

wm- na,: idi J J , u d t - LJ o

7l

- lrr2

(J).(s.103)

rnductanceis important in transformers wherein rmlings of two or more circuits share a common c core, as illustrated by the toroidal arrangement

m Fig.5-30.

For reasonsthat will become apparent shortly, we call this the magnetic energy stored in the inductor. Let us considerthe solenoidinductor.Its inductanceis given by Eq. (5.95) as ^L : pN2 S//, and the magnitude of the magnetic flux density in its interior is given from Eq.(5.90)byB - 1tNI//.Equivalently, t - Bl/(pN).

158 we for L and/ in Eq.(5.103)' expressions If we usethese get

CHAPTER5 dv to Since II is a function of r only, we choose thic and r, cylindrical shell of lengthJ, radius alongthc radial diroction.Thus,dv = Znrl dr and

l'm: Ir,':i(r+t(#)'
-!B'(I$ \-- / = ! p n ' r ,
2 t't 2'

(5.104)

wm# I"'\.znrta,
=*!4hfl)
4tt \a /

A| I J i I
I

( r ) .r

where v - /S is the volume of the interiorof the solenoid andH : B /tt.The magnetic energy density ttr* is defined asthe magneticenergy W. Perunit volume,

I il

HIGHLIGHTS CHAPTER
o Magnetic force acting on achargedparticleq with a velocity u in a region containing a flux densityB is Frn : qurx B. o The total electromagnetic force, known at Lorentz force, acting on a moving charge i presence of both electric and magnetic F:q(E*uxB). o Magneticforcesactingon currentloopscan magnetictorques. o The magnetic field intensity induced by a c ement is defined by the Biot-Savart law. Gauss'slaw for magnetism statesthat the net netic flux flowing out of any closed surfaceis Ampdre's law statesthat the line integral of E a closedcontour is equal to the net current the surfaceboundedby the contour. o Vector magnetic potential A is related to B-VxA. o Materials are classified as diamagnetic, magnetic, or ferromagnetic, depending on

u)m:

W m l

z*H'

(J/m3). (5.105)

Even though this expressionwas derived for a solenoid inductor, it is equally valid for any medium with magnetic field H. Furthennore, for any volume v containing a material with permeability tt (including free spacewith permeability po), the total magneticenergy stored in the of a magneticfield H is medium due to the presence

wm
5-9 EramBle

dv ; I"p"H2

(r).

(s.106)

Cable in a Coaxial Energy Magnetic

Derive an expressionfor the magneticenergy storedin a coaxial cableof length / andinner andouterradii a andb . The insulation material haspermeability pt. of the magnetic Solution: From Eq. (5.97),the magnitude given by is material insulating the field in

H-

i:

zor

''

thei under behavior and structure crystalline field. magnetic of anexternal

o Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials linear behavior between B and H, with lL both. o Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a hystereticbehavior betweenB and H and, for their p maybe aslarge as 10spe.

where r is the radial distancefrom the centerof the inner conductor, as shown in Fig. 5-28-The magnetic energy storedin the coaxial cable is then given by

dv:# 1"1 or. wm : I,qLH.

dv to
icknesr r and

At the boundary between two different media, the normal componentof B is continuous,and &e tangential componentsof H are related by current denHzt- Hn: "Ir,whereJr is thesurface to H1-and H21. sityflowingin a directionorthogonal astheratioof magof a circuit is defined lnductance neticflux linking the circuit to the currentflowing it. rhrough energy density is givenby u,. : IpHz. \{agnetic
q

@n @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

BLEMS
leq
a

5-1: Forces and Torques

I' Anelectronwithaspeedof4x 106m/sisprojected ! the positive x-direction into a medium containing a rrm magnetic flux density B - (i2 - 23) T. Given ! - 1.6 x lO-le C and the mass of an electron is = 9.1 x 10-31kg, determinethe initial acceleration :r of the electron (at the moment it is projected into redium). \\tren a particle with chargeq and massm is introi into a medium with a uniform field B such that the . r'elocity of the particle u is perpendicular to B, as n in Fig. 5-31, the magneticforce exertedon the par:ausesit to move in a circle of radiusa.By equating r rhe centripetal force on the particle, determinea in :f.q. m, u, andB. The circuit shown in Fig. 5-32 usestwo identical gs to support a lO-cm-long horizontal wire with a :l 5 g. In the absence of a magneticfield, the weight i rrecauses the springsto stretchadistance of0.2 cm - \\hen a uniform magneticfield is turned on in the :r containingthe horizontal wire, the springsare ob:; to stretchanadditional0.5 cm. What is theintensitv :ragneticflux densityB?
'*osr.er(s) availablein Appendix D.

( \ n as arge ir ic

Figure 5-31:Particle of charge with velocityu 4 projected into a mediumwith a uniform field B perpendicular to u (Problem 5.2).

[e net Ee ls

4cl

tzv

rl of E
int c dto
EIIC.

SprinSsl

o o

Os

rgm
he rn ilse
tl-

Figure 5-32: Configuration of Problem 5.3.

available in CD-ROM.

CHAPTER5 MAGNETOSTA
5.4 The rectangularloop shown in Fig. 5-33 consistsof 20 closely wrapped turns and is hinged along the e-axis. The plane ofthc loop makesanangleof 30' with the y-axis, and the current in the windings is 0.5 A. What is the magnitude of the torque exertedon the loop in the presenceof a uniform field B - j 1.2 T? When viewed from above, is the expecteddirection of rotation clockwise orcounterclockwise?

and ur : 5 cm is placedin the y-z planeas shown Fig.5-34. (a) ffthe coil, whichcarries acurrentf '= 10A, is in presence flux density of a magnetic

B:2 x t0-2(i+j,2)
(b) At what angle rpis the torque z,erc?

(T)

determine the torque acting on the coil. (c) At what angle f is the torque maximum? De its value. Law 5-2:Biot-Savart Section 5.7* An 8 cm x 12 cm rectangularloop of wire is uated in the x-y plane with the center of the loop at origin and its long sides parallel to the -r-axis. The has a current of 25 A flowing clockwise (when vi from above). Determine the magnetic field at the of the loop.

@ 5.5*

In a cylindrical coordinate system, a 2-m-long straight wire carrying a current of 5 A in the positive e-direction is located at r - 4 cm, Q _ r f2, and -1m < z < 1m. (a) If B - i0.2 cos@ (T), what is the magneticforce acting on the wire? (b) How much work is required to rotate the wire once about the e-axis in the negative {-direction (while maintainingr - 4cm)? (c) At what angle/ is the force a maximum? 5.6 A 20-turn rectangularcoil with sides / 15 cm

1 = 0 . 5A

Figure 5-33: Hinged rectangularloop of Problem 5.4.

'TA
shown

PROBLEMS

161

\,rsm

Pzkz)

P{z)

Figure 5-372Circular loop next to a linear current (Problem5.11).

l:::='f
P(r, Q,z)
'rre ls np at

Figure5-35: Current-carrying linearconductor of Problem5.8.

The n v hec

;J Use the approachoutlined in Example 5-2 to de:lop an expressionfor the magnetic field H at an arbir,:ry point P due to the linear conductor defined by the s:ometry shown in Fig. 5-35. If the conductor extends retweenZr : 3 m and Z2 :7 m and carries a current - 5 A, find H at P (2,, ,0). 0 :"9' The loop shownin Fig. 5-36 consistsof radial lines ud segmentsof circles whose centers are at point P. letermine the magneticfield H at P in terms of a, b,0, md /.

5.10 An infinitely long, thin conducting sheetdefined over the space 0 carrying a current with a uniform surfacecurrent density J, : i5 (A/m). Obtain an expressionfor the magneric field at point P(0, 0, e) in Cartesiancoordinates. 5.11* An infinitely long wire carrying a 50-A currentin the positive r-direction is placed along the.r-axis in the vicinity of a lO-turn circular loop located in the x-y plane as shown in Fig. 5-37.If the magneticfield at the center of the loop is zero, what is the direction and magnitude of the current flowing in the loop? 5.12 TWoinfinitely long, parallel wires arecarrying 6-A currents in opposite directions. Determine the magnetic flux density at point P in Fig. 5-38. 5.13* A long, East-West-oriented powercablecarrying an unknown current / is at a height of 8 m above the Earth's surface.If the magnetic flux density recordedby a magnetic-field meter placed at the surface is 12 peT when the current is flowing through the cable and20 p,T when the current is zero, what is the magnitudeof I?

;.6.

Figure 5-36:Configuration of Problem 5.9.

CHAPTER5 MAG 5.14 TWoparallel,circularloopscarryinga 20 A eacharearranged as shownin Fig. 5-39.Th loop is situatedin ttre .r-y planc with its ccnter et origin, andthe second loop'scenteris at e : 2 m. If two loopshavethe same radiusa -- 3 m, determine
magnetic field at:

( a )z : o
( b )e : l m ( c )z : 2 m
Figure 5-38: Arrangement for hoblem 5.I2.

5-3: Forces Section between Currents

5.15* The long, straightconductor shown in Fig. lies in the plane of the rectangular loop at a di a:0.2m d:0.1 m. The loop has dimensions b : 0.5 m, and the currents are It : 10 A 12* 15 A. Determine the net magnetic force acting the loop.

1
b=0.5m

1
x Figure 5-39: Parallel circular loops of Problem 5.14. Figure 5-40: Current loop next to a conducting (hoblem 5.15).

FROBLEMS
curTent ). The

r63

ntc,rd 2 m .I f :rmine

shownin Fig. 541, eachof 5-f6 In the arrangement parallel conductors carriesa current/, is fu rwo long, rydted by 8-cm-longstrings,andhasa rnss per unit to therepulsive forceactingonthe hgth of 0.3 glcm.Due croductors,the angle 0 betweenthe supportingstrings of I and the relative u l0o. Determinethe magnitude in the two conductors. dnctions of the currents

/r

1d

6
l--w-l

'

Figure 5-4224linearcurrent source above a currentsheet (Problem 5.17).

r Fig. adi

5.18 Threelong,parallelwiresareruranged as shown in Fig. 543. Determine per the force unit lengthacting on the wire carrying/3.

) . 2m t0A
acting

I I

Figure 5-41: Parallel Froblem5.16).

T I I
l I l

A. I
I

/r = l0A

2m

I I I

I - - J

l-2m->o |
I I I I I I I

L = 10A

: i-' An infinitely long, thin conducting sheet of u'ddr u.' along the r-direction lies in the x-y plane and ries a current / in the -y-direction. Determine the r The magnetic field at a point P midway between the edges of the sheet and at a height h above it.

2m

@ h= loA I
I

Figure 5-43: Three parallel wires of Problem 5.18.

(Fie. s-42)
'l' The force per unit length exerted on an infinitely S long wire passing through point P and parallel to the sheetif the current through the wire is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to that carried by the sheet.

ngr

5.1,9* A square loop placedas shownin Fig. 5-44has 2-m sidesand carriesa currentIr : 5 A. If a straight, longconductorcarrying acurrent 12- l0 A is introduced just above andplaced themidpoints of two of theloop's sides, determine the net force actingon the loop.

CHAPTER 5 MAG field E for the magnetic axis.Obtainan expression ( a )0 < r = 0 ( b )r > c 5.22 RepeatProblem5.21 for a currentdensity iJse-'.
5.23* In a certain conducting region, the magnetic is given in cylindrical coordinatesby

Figure5-44: Longwire carryingcurrent/2, just abovea loop carrying /1 (Problem 5.19). squue

H - O!lr
Find the currentdensityJ.

(t + zr)e-z'l

Polential Magnetic 5-5: Section to Fig. 5-10: 5.24 With reference

(a) Derive an expressionfor the vector magnetic tial A at a point P located at a distance r from wire in the x-y plane. (b) Derive B from A. Show that your result is i given by Eq. (5.29), which with the expression derived by applying the Biot-Savart law.

Law Gauss's Lawlor Magnetism 5-4: andAmpire's Section 5,20 Cunent / flows along the positive z-direction in the inner conductorof a long coaxial cable and returns throughthe outerconductor.The inner conductor has radiusa, andtheinnerandouterradii of the outer conductor areb andc, respectively. (a) Determine the magneticfield in each of the followingregions:O S r 1 a, a 1 r < b, b < r < c, andr>c. (b) Plot the magnitude of H as a function of r over the : rangefromr 0tor : l0cm,giventhat/ : 10A, a = 2 cm,b : 4 cm, and c : 5 cm. 5.21* A longcylindricalconductorwhoseaxis is coincidentwith the z-axis hasa radius a andcarries a current acurrentdensity characterizedby J - iJo/r, where "/eis andr is the radial distancefrom the cvlinder's a constant

s 5.25*

In a given region of space,the vector potential is given by A : i5 cos zy + i(2 * (Wb/m). (a) DetermineB.

sin

(b) UseEq. (5.66)to calculatethe magneticflux througha squareloop with 0.25-m-longedgesif loop is in the x-y plane, its center is at the ori and its edgesare parallel to the x- and y-axes. (c) CalculateQ again using Eq. (5.67).

qLtsLEMS t-I uniform currentdensitygiven by .A, J : iJs (A/m2) Section Magnetic 5-7: Boundary Gonditions riseto a vertor magneticpotential sg,*r,*

165 is 9.27 x l0-2a (A.m2),how many electrons per atom contributeto the saturated field?

A: _try@, + yr) 4
,

(Wb/m)

5.30 Ther-y planeseparates two magnetic mediawith permeabilities magnetic and in h &z,xsshown Fig. 5-45. If thereis no surface currentat the interfaceandthe magneticfield in mediumI is

{pply the vector Poisson'sequationto confirm the rbove statement. find: (a) Hz --"e the expression for J in conjunction with .{m[ire's law to find H. Compare your result with tat obtained in part (b).

Hr: frHu*iHry+LHk

n, {-se the expressionfor A to find H.

(b) 0r and 02 (c) Evaluate H2,01,and02for Hb :3 (A/m), Hb : 0, Hk : 4 (Nm), &r : ps, andpz : 4po 5.31* Given that a current sheet with surface current density Js : *.4 (A/m) exists at y - 0, the interface between two magnetic media, and H1 - i8 (A/m) in medium I (y > 0), determineH2 in medium? (y < 0).

A thin current element extending between : = -Llz and e - L/2 carries a current 1 along *2 ..;ifra circular cross-section of radius a. ltln' r Fnd A at a point P located very far from the origin ilssumeR is so much larger than L that point P may be consideredto be at approximately the same dismncefrom every point along the current element). 'r Determinethe corresponding H.

Properties of Malerials luc:oo5-6:Magnetic In the model of the hydrogen atom proposed by 5 :r r:i io 1913, the electron moves around the nucleus ,rr- speedof 2 x 106 m/s in a circular orbit of radius 10-ll m. What is the magnitude of the magnetic by the electron'smotion? m rot generated ' j"u' atoms/m3. At saturation, Iron contains8.5 x 1028 -dignmentof the electrons' spin magnetic moments -rlrr : :rn cancontribute 1.5T to the total magneticflux denB. If the spin magneticmoment of a single electron

x-y plane

Figure 5-45: Adjacent magneticmedia (Problem 5.30).

CHAPTER5 MAGNETOST

Figure 5-46: Magnetic media separatedby the plane x-y-l(Problem5.32).

Magnetic Energy and Inductance 5-8and5-9: Sections

5.32 In Fig. 5-46, the plane defined by t - y _ I medium I of permeabilitypl1 from medium 2 separates of permeabilitypz. If no surfacecurrent exists on the boundaryand for the self-induc 5.35* Obtain an expression unit length for the parallel wire transmission Fig.5-27 (a) in termsof a, d, andp, wherea is the of the wires, d is the axis-to-axis distance wires, and p is the permeability of the medium in thev reside. 5.36 A solenoidwith a length of 20 cm and a 5 cm consistsof 400 turns and carriesa culrent of the midpoint of the solenoid, lf z : 0 represents a plot for lH(z) | as a function of z along the axis solenoid for the range -20 cm < z : 20 cm in steps. 5.37* In termsof the d-c current 1, how much energyis storedin the insulatingmedium of a2line, given air-filled sectionof a coaxial transmission the radius of the inner conductor is 5 cm and the i radius of the outer conductoris 10 cm?

Br : iZ + 9,3

(T)

your result for p'1 : Sltz. find Bz and thenevaluate Hint: Start by deriving the equation for the unit vector normal to the given plane.
,S-l

5.33 The plane boundary defined by e - 0 separates air from a block of iron. If 81 - *4 - 96 + e8 in air : 5000p0 (e > 0), find 82 in iron (z . 0), given that trr. for iron. 5.34 Show that if no surfacecurrent densitiesexist at shownin Fig. 5-47,the relationship theparallelinterfaces of pz. between0a,and91is independent

loop shownin Fig. 5-48is copla.tt Therectangular with the long, straight wire carrying the current = 2O A. Determinethe rnagnetic flux throughtheloop. -+5.41 Additional SolvedProblemson O. tumions complete

Figure 5-48: Loop and wire zurangement for Problem 5.38.

LCtanoe lon

s the cn|-eer min

ta

nt of

it
a\li

m m

tru r l-:
LT

d L\r