Food Nutrient Analysis Lab

Introduction
Nutrients may be classified as carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats and oils), and proteins. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds that contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the general formula of (CH2O)n. The biological process of respiration brea s do!n carbohydrates to yield energy for plant and animal acti"ities. #ased on the complexity of molecular structure, carbohydrates may be di"ided into three broad categories$ monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. %ipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds classified together because they are insoluble in !ater and soluble in organic sol"ents. %ipids pro"ide organisms !ith a concentrated source of energy, yielding t!ice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates or proteins. &roteins are complex organic compounds formed from long chains of amino acids chemically lin ed together. 'n this exercise, sugar, starch, fat ( oil, and protein !ill be tested using control and experimental setups.

Purpose
To perform chemical tests to identify the presence of sugar, starch, lipid, and protein To determine !hether specific organic compounds are present in a solution of un no!n composition

Materials
)lass "ials or test tubes (*) Hot plate 2-. ml bea er Toothpic 1. ml )raduated Cylinder +tarch +olution &rotein +olution (,lbumin) +ugar +olution ()lucose) +udan /at +tain 2egetable Oil +odium Hydroxide 'odine +olution #enedict +olution Test Tube 0ac

Procedure
33 +ha e solution bottles of sugar, starch, and protein before adding to "ials or test tubes33 +ugar Test 4ith a glass mar ing pencil (or tape and a pen), label the "ials 1 and 2 respecti"ely. ,lso label them !ith your initials. 5easure - ml of !ater in the graduated cylinder and pour the !ater into "ial 1. To "ial 2, add - ml of !ater and 1. drops of sugar solution. ,dd 2. drops of #enedict +olution to both "ials. 4hat color is the solution in "ial 16 4hat color is the solution in "ial 26 /ill out your data sheet. Carefully place both "ials upright in the hot !ater bath and let them heat for 1. minutes. 4atch the "ials during this heating period and note any color changes in the solutions. 0emo"e the "ials from the hot !ater bath. ,fter heating, !hat color is the solution in "ial 16 ,fter heating, !hat color is the solution in "ial 26 'n this experiment, !hat solution is the control6 /ill out your data sheet. Note$ This test does not test for the presence of cane sugar (sucrose) and most complex sugars. +tarch Test 4ith a glass mar ing pencil (or tape and a pen), label the "ials 1 and 2 respecti"ely. ,lso label them !ith your initials. 5easure - ml of !ater in the graduated cylinder and pour into "ial 1. To "ial 2, add - ml of !ater and 1. drops of starch solution. ,dd 7 drops of iodine solution to both "ials. 4atch the "ials closely for 8. seconds. 4hat color is the solution in "ial 16 4hat color is the solution in "ial 26 'n this experiment, !hat solution is the control6 /ill out your data sheet.

%ipid Test 4ith a glass mar ing pencil (or tape and a pen), label the "ials 1 and 2 respecti"ely. ,lso label them !ith your initials. 5easure - ml of !ater in the graduated cylinder and pour the !ater into "ial 1. To "ial 2, add - ml of !ater and 1. drops of "egetable oil. 9se the end of a toothpic to transfer a small amount of +udan /at +tain to both "ials. Co"er the open end of "ial 1 !ith your thumb and sha e the "ial for about - seconds. +ha e "ial 2 in the same manner. +et the "ials aside and do not mo"e them for three minutes. 4hat color is the solution in "ial 1 after three minutes6 /ill out your data sheet. , mixture of oil and !ater usually separates into t!o layers !ith the oil forming the top layer. :oes the +udan /at +tain appear to concentrate in the !ater or in the oil6 /ill out your data sheet. 'n this exercise, !hich solution is the control6 &rotein Test 4ith a glass mar ing pencil (or tape and a pen), label the "ials 1 and 2 respecti"ely. ,lso label them !ith your initials. 5easure - ml of !ater in the graduated cylinder and pour the !ater into "ial 1. To "ial 2, add - ml of !ater and 1. drops of protein solution. ,dd 2. drops of sodium hydroxide to both "ials. Then add 2. drops of copper sulfate solution to both "ials and gently sha e the "ials. 4hen solutions of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate are mixed in the presence of a protein, a pin or purple precipitate forms, !hich upon settling lea"es the li;uid abo"e it pin or purple. 'f the t!o solutions are mixed in the absence of a protein, a blue precipitate forms, !hich upon settling lea"es the li;uid abo"e it clear. 4hat color is the solution in "ial 16 4hat color is the solution in "ial 26 'n this exercise, !hich solution is the control6 /ill out your data sheet. Optional <xercise Common foods can be analy=ed for nutrient content. %i;uid foods can be tested according to the directions for each test gi"en abo"e. To perform a sugar, starch, or protein test on solid food, place a small amount in a "ial and add - ml of !ater, sha e, and perform the specific test described abo"e. To perform a lipid test on solid food, place a small amount in a test tube and perform the same procedure for 2ial 2 as described abo"e in the %ipid Test section (but do not add +udan /at +tain). Optional Exercise 1 - Unknowns 1) )ather one of the se"eral un no!n numbered samples and test this food for the presence of sugar, starch, lipid, and protein using the directions gi"en abo"e for each test. 0ecord your data on :ata Table 1 > Optional <xercise 1 !ith a yes or ? for a positi"e test and a no or @ for a negati"e test. 2) 0epeat the procedure in +tep 1 for t!o more un no!n numbered samples. Optional Exercise 2 Known Foods 1) Ta e one of the no!n samples and hypothesi=e !hether or not the no!n sample !ill contain the presence of sugar, starch, lipids, and proteins. 0ecord your hypothesis on :ata Table 2 > Optional <xercise !ith a yes or ? for a positi"e test and a no or @ for a negati"e test. 2) Test this food for the presence of sugar, starch, lipid, and protein using the directions gi"en abo"e for each test. 0ecord your data on :ata Table 2 > Optional <xercise 2 !ith a yes or ? for a positi"e test and a no or @ for a negati"e test. 8) 0epeat steps 1 ( 2 for t!o more no!n samples.