S

ut
(ksi) SQ(a) (in
0.5
)
50 0.130
55 0.118
60 0.108
70 0.093
80 0.080
90 0.070
100 0.062
110 0.055
120 0.049
130 0.044
140 0.039
160 0.310
180 0.024
200 0.018
220 0.013
240 0.009
Chapter 4: Stress, Strain, and Deflection
Maximum Bending Stress Straight Beams (4.9)
max
Mc
I
=
Transverse Shear Stress in Beams (4.9)
1
c
xy
y
V
ydA
Ib
=


max
3
2
V
A
=

max
4
3
V
A
=

Torsion (4.12)
max
Tr
J
=
Tl
JG
=
Chapter 5: Static Failure Theories
Von Mises Effective Stress for 3 Dimensions (5.1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
6
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
zx yz xy x z z y y x

+ + + + +
=
+ + =

Von Mises Effective Stress for 2 Dimensions (5.1)
2 2 2
2
3 3 1
2
1
3
xy y x y x


+ + =
+ =

Safety Factor for Ductile Materials under Static Loading
(5.1)

=
y
S
N
1 3
max
:
2 2
y
S
MSS
N

=
Shear Yield Strength as a Function of Tensile Yield Strength
(5.1)
3
ys y
S S =
Modified-Mohr Effective Stress for 3 Dimensions (5.2)
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1 2
2 2 3 2 3
2 3 1 3 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
ut uc
uc
ut uc
uc
ut uc
uc
S S
C
S
S S
C
S
S S
C
S



(
= + +
(

(

(
= + +
(

(

(
= + +
(

(


1 2 3 1 2 3
( , , , , , ) MAX C C C = 0 = if MAX<0
Safety Factor for Brittle Materials under Static Loading (5.2)
ut
S
N=

Stress Intensity Factor (5.2)
nom
K a =
Safety Factor for Crack Propagation (5.2)
C
FM
K
N
K
=
Chapter 6: Fatigue Failure Theories
Fluctuating Stress Components (6.4)
max min
=
min
max
R

=
a
m
A

=
max min
2
a

=
max min
2
m

+
=
Uncorrected Fatigue Strength Estimates (6.5)
Steels:
0.5 1400
700 1400
e ut ut
e ut
S S S Mpa
S MPa S MPa

<
`
>
)

Irons:
0.4 400
700 400
e ut ut
e ut
S S S Mpa
S MPa S MPa

<
`
>
)

Aluminums:
@5 8
@5 8
0.5 330
700 330
E
E
f ut ut
f ut
S S S Mpa
S MPa S MPa

<

`
>

)

Correction Factors for Fatigue Strength (6.6)
Bending: C
load
=1
Axial loading: C
load
=0.70
2
95
0.0766 A d =

2
95
0.010462 A d =

95
0.05 A bh =

For d<8mm: C
size
=1
For 8mm<d<250mm: C
size
=1.189d
-0.097

C
surf
=A(S
ut
)
b
if C
surf
>1.0, set C
surf
=1.0
For T<450C: C
temp
=1
For 450<T<550C: C
temp
=1-0.0058(T-450)
Corrected Fatigue Strength Estimates (6.6)
S
e
=C
load
C
size
C
surf
C
temp
C
reliab
S
e

S
f
=C
load
C
size
C
surf
C
temp
C
reliab
S
f

Approximate Strength @ 1,000 cycles (6.6)
Bending: S
m
=0.9 S
ut

Axial loading: S
m
=0.75 S
ut

S-N Diagram (6.6)
log log log
n
S a b N = +
b
n
S aN =
1
log
m
e
S
b
z S
| |
=
|
\ .
where
1 2
log log z N N = N
1
=1,000
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
log log log log 3
m m
a S b N S b = =
Notch Sensitivity (6.7)
1
1
q
a
r
=
+

Fatigue Stress-concentration factors (6.7 & 6.10)
( ) 1 1
f t
K q K = +
Safety Factor Fully Reversed Stresses (6.9)
n
f
S
N

Modified Goodman Diagram (6.10)
1
m a
yc yc
S S

+ = 1
m a
ut f
S S

+ =
a f
S = 1
m a
y y
S S

+ =
Safety Factor Fluctuating Stresses (6.10)
Case 1 (mean increase): 1
y
a
f
m y
S
N
S

| |

= |
|

\ .

Case 2 (amp increase): 1
f
m
f
a ut
S
N
S

| |
=
|

\ .

Case 3 (ratio constant):
f ut
f
a ut m f
S S
N
S S
=
+

Case 4 (independent):
f
OZ ZS
N
OZ
+
=
( ) ( )
2 2
a m
OZ = +

( ) ( )
2 2
@ @ a a S m m S
ZS = +
SEQA Method for Complex Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue
(6.11)
1
2 2 2 4
3 3 9
1 2 1 2 cos 2 2
4 2 16 2
SEQA

(
| | | | | |
(
= + + + +
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .


Fracture Mechanics in Fatigue (6.5)
( )
( )
max min
max min
n
K a a
a
da
A K
dN


=
=
=

Reliability %Creliab
50 1
90 0.897
99 0.814
99.9 0.753
99.99 0.702
99.999 0.659

Roller > Slider

static

dynamic

Supports radial & thrust
Lubrication less critical
No self-excited
instabilities
Low Temp
Sealed lubricant
Less space axially
Slider > Roller
Less fatigue
Less space radially
Better damping
Lower noise
Lessened alignment
Lower cost
Lower friction
Beam Bending (4.10)
1
1 2
2
1 2 3
3 2
1 2 3 4
V qdx C
M Vdx C x C
M
dx C x C x C
EI
y dx C x C x C x C

= +
= + +
= + + +
= + + + +

Stress Concentrations (6.11)
max
nom
f y
K S <
fm f
K K =
max
nom
f y
K S >
nom
nom
y f a
fm
m
S K
K

=
max min
2
nom nom
f y
K S > 0
fm
K =
Chapter 9: Shafts, Keys, and Couplings
Power-Torque Relationship (9.4)
avg avg avg
P T =
Shaft Stresses (9.6)
a
a f
M c
k
I
=
m
m fm
M c
k
I
=
axial
z
m fm
F
k
A
=
a
a fs
T r
k
J
=
m
m fsm
T r
k
J
=
b
t
r
K A
d
| |
=
|
\ .

2
d
c r = =
4
64
d
I

=
4
32
d
J

=
D/d A b
3.00 0.90720 -0.33333
2.00 0.93232 -0.30304
1.30 0.95880 -0.27269
1.20 0.99590 -0.23829
1.10 1.01650 -0.21548
1.05 1.02260 -0.19156
1.01 0.96689 -0.15417

ASME Shaft-Design Eqn. (9.8)
2
2
1
a m
f f
e ys
N N
S S

| |
| |
+ = |
|
|
\ .
\ .

1
1
3
2 2
2
32
3
4
f
a m
f
f y
N
M T
d k
S S

(
| | | |

(
= + | |
`
| |
(
\ . \ .


)

General Shaft-Design Eqn. (9.8)
2 2
3
a a a
= +
( )
2
2
3
axial
m m m m
= + +
1
a m
f f ut
N S S

= +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
3
2 2 2 2
3 3
32
4 4
f a fs a fm m fsm m
f
f ut
k M k T k M k T
N
d
S S

(
+ +
(

(
= +
`
(

(


)

Shaft Torsional Deflection (9.9)
Tl
GJ
=
Chapter 10: Bearings and Lubrication
Load-Life Relationship (10.10)
Ball bearings:
3
C
L
P
| |
=
|
\ .

Roller bearings:
10
3
C
L
P
| |
=
|
\ .

Equivalent Load for Rolling Bearings (10.10)
r a
P XVF YF = +
1
in
V = 1.2
out
V =




Bearing Life:
For catalog (C
10
)
1
10
10
a
D
D
L
C F
L
| |
=
|
\ .

a: - 3 ball bearings
a: - 10/3 roller bearings

For given reliability
( ) ( )
1
10 1
0 0
1
a
D
D
b
D
C F
R

(
(
=
(
+
(


10
D
D
L
L
=

0
, (-
0) and b
weibull parameters
D a e
F f F = f
a
=load app. factor
F
e
equivalent radial load

For combined radial (F
r
) & thrust (F
a
) loading
e R
F VF =
a
R
F
e
VF

2 2 e R a
F X VF Y F = +
a
R
F
e
VF
>
F
a
=applied constant thrust load

Chapter 14: Screws and Fasteners
Torque required to raise the load with a power screw (14.2)
( )
( )
cos
2 2
cos
u
p
p
c
u s c c
p
d L
Pd
d
T T T P
d L

+
= + = +

Self-locking of a power screw will occur if (14.2)
cos
p
L
d

or tan cos
Efficiency of a power screw (14.2)
2
out
in
W PL
e
W T
= =
Spring constant of a threaded fastener (14.7)
1
t t t s
b t b b b t b b b
l l l l l
k A E A E A E A E

= + = +
Spring constant of the clamped material (14.7)
m m
m
A E
k
l
=
Approximate effective area of a clamped material around one
fastener (14.8)
2
2 2 3
4 2
m
d d
A d

(
+ | |
(
|
\ . (


Load taken by a preloaded bolt and the joint constant C
(14.7)
b
b
m b
k
P P
k k
=
+

or
b
P CP = where
b
m b
k
C
k k
=
+

Load taken by the preloaded material (14.7)
( ) 1
m
m
m b
k
P P C P
k k
= =
+

Minimum load in material and maximum load in bolt (14.7)
( ) 1
m i
F F C P =
b i
F F CP = +
Load required to separate a preloaded bolt (14.7)
( )
0
1
i
F
P
C
=

Mean and alternating loads felt by a preloaded bolt (14.7)
2
b i
mean
F F
F
+
=
2
b i
alt
F F
F

=
Mean and alternating stresses in a preloaded bolt (14.7)
mean
m fm
t
F
K
A
=
alt
a f
t
F
K
A
=
Preload stress in a bolt (14.7)
i
i fm
t
F
K
A
=
Fatigue safety factor for a preloaded bolt (14.7)
( )
( )
e ut i
f
e m i ut a
S S
N
S S

=
+

Approximate torque needed to preload a bolt (14.9)
0.21
i i
T Fd
Centroid of a group of fasteners (14.10)
1
1
n
i i
n
i
A x
x
A
=

1
1
n
i i
n
i
A y
y
A
=

Forces of fasteners eccentrically loaded in shear (14.10)
1
i
P
F
n
=
0
2
2 2
1 1
i
i i
n n
j j
j j
Mr Plr
F
r r
= =
= =