IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO.

12, DECEMBER 2011

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Mode Excitation in the Coaxial Probe Coupled Three-Layer Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
Anandrao B. Kakade and Bratin Ghosh, Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a coax-probe excited multilayer dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) structure is rigorously analyzed from the modal perspective. The full-wave Greens function approach is presented for the analysis of such multilayer structures with an arbitrary number of layers with greatly reduced computational overhead. Additional reduction in computation time is demonstrated for a centered probe. Also, the modes of the multilayer DRA can be identied from the analysis, which can be used to explain the broadband nature of the coupling. The layer permittivities are optimized for broadband operation of the coax-fed DRA. The bandwidth enhancement for a centered and offset probe is seen to be due to a combination of several DRA modes and the probe resonance. Frequency tuning of the antenna structure is also demonstrated by exciting the antenna at a higher order mode, maintaining the broadband characteristics. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are also investigated. Index TermsDielectric resonator antenna (DRA), DRA mode, Greens function, mode excitation, multilayer DRA, probe coupled.

I. INTRODUCTION HE dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), originally proposed by Long et al. as a radiating element in [1], is characterized by low loss due to the absence of conductor loss. One of the techniques to extend the bandwidth of a single DRA element has been the multilayer DRA conguration. A broadband hemispherical DRA topology consisting of an inner resonator surrounded by a dielectric shell slot coupled to the microstrip line has been reported in [2] and [3]. A two-layer broadband DRA excited by a coaxial probe was presented in [4] and [5]. In the following work, the Greens function approach is presented for the analysis of a hemispherical DRA with arbitrary number of layers, taking into account all higher order modes. The analysis of the -layer DRA structure is accomplished by separation of the source terms from the eld-matching equations at the dielectric interfaces and incorporating them in the potential Greens function. The resultant matrix equation can be easily
Manuscript received August 02, 2010; revised June 06, 2011; accepted June 16, 2011. Date of publication August 18, 2011; date of current version December 02, 2011. A. B. Kakade was with the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721 302, India. He is now with the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale, Islampur 415414, India (e-mail: kakadeanand@yahoo.com). B. Ghosh is with the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721 302, India (e-mail: bghosh@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2011.2165480

solved. The analysis, which to the best of our knowledge has not been reported elsewhere, can also be used to identify the modes of the multilayer DRA [6]. The identication of the modes also explains the broadband nature of the coupling. The Greens function technique used in this paper is distinctly different from the Greens function approach used in [7] and [8] to analyze multilayer spheres. It should be noted that the matrix formulation developed in this work leads directly to the identication of modes in the multilayer DRA, unlike that in [7] and [8]. In addition, the Greens function approach in this work is developed from the fundamentals taking into account the conguration of the antenna structure and feed, and as such, all components of the dyadic Greens function need not be computed [9], [10]. This contributes to the efciency of our technique compared to the approach in [7] and [8]. It is seen that the approach also needs signicantly less computational time and memory compared to a nite-element-based electromagnetic software like the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) [11], particularly when the number of dielectric layers increase. The simulation time and memory requirements are almost independent of the number of layers, which is one of the main advantages of this approach over other simulation softwares. In addition, the double-summation representation of the homogeneous Greens function has also been extended for the multilayer case, with a large reduction in computation time. Also, a further reduction in computation time is achieved for the centered probe by a suitable dissociation of the homogeneous Greens function and expressing the homogenous impedance matrix elements as a product of two single integrations. The technique is used to design a broadband coax-fed multilayer DRA topology. It is shown that the layer permittivities should be appropriately chosen to minimize the quality factor of the antenna mode and to achieve optimum broadband behavior of the multilayer structure. A bandwidth of 65.60% is obtained with the centrally located probe, contributed by the DRA modes and the probe resonance. Frequency tuning and the effect of probe offset are also investigated for the antenna structure. II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM A. Offset Probe Case The antenna conguration is shown in Fig. 1, where the -layer DRA is excited by a -directed probe of length and radius located at a displacement along the -axis from the center of the DRA. The DRA rests on an innite ground plane.

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Bessel function of the rst kind, the spherical Bessel function of the second kind, and the spherical Hankel function of the second kind, all of the Schelkunoff type and order . All other symbols have the usual meanings. The three homogeneous potential Greens functions , and have unknowns. These unknowns can be obtained by matching the tangential electric and magnetic elds at the dielectric layer interfaces at . Thereafter, orthogonal properties of the exponential and associated Legendre functions can be used to evaluate the unknowns. This generates three sets of equations for the three potential Greens functions, each set having equations. The set of equations corresponding to is as follows:
Fig. 1. Coaxial probe-coupled -layer hemispherical DRA.

The innermost hemispherical DRA of the -layer conguration with radius and permittivity and permeability and , respectively, is surrounded by hemispherical shells with the th layer being free space. The outer radius of each shell is , where . The permittivity and the permeability of the th shell are and , respectively. A time dependence of is assumed and suppressed throughout. Also, in the formulation, and refer to the eld and source points, respectively. In the derivation of the Greens function of the probe-coupled single-layer hemispherical DRA [12] and of the two-layer DRA [4], [5] for a -directed electric current source, the Greens function has been divided into particular and homogeneous solutions. In the present case of the -layer DRA, the particular part of the solution remains unchanged and is not repeated here. In order to evaluate the homogeneous part, the -directed electric current is decomposed into and components [12]. Thereafter, three potential functions , and are used to compute the elds in the multilayer DRA. The expression for is given as (1), shown at the bottom of the page, where (2) (3) The expressions for the other two potential functions can be written down in a similar fashion replacing the unknown coefcients ( to ) in (1) by coefcients and for and , respectively. is the associated Legendre function of the rst kind with order and degree . , and are, respectively, the spherical

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9) on the It might be noted that the terms involving right-hand side (RHS) of (4) and (7) are the contributions from the particular solution. In order to facilitate the extraction of Greens function for the -layer DRA, the term

. . .

(1)

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involving the source which is common on the RHS of (4) and (7) is incorporated into the potential Greens function with associated unknowns ( to ) from the particular and homogeneous solutions, respectively. Thus, no source terms need to be considered in the evaluation of the unknowns in (4)(9). As a result, the number of unknowns in the homogeneous Greens function reduces from to . In addition, this results in the matrix formulation as a result of which the Greens function need not be rederived when the probe is placed in another layer, in contrast to [2][5]. This simplies the solution to the -layer DRA. The source-free resonant frequencies of the TM [13] modes of the -layer DRA can be obtained by computing the zeroes of the impedance matrix. The corresponding matrix for the TE modes of the -layer DRA can be obtained by replacing in the previous matrix by , from which the resonant frequencies of the TE modes can be obtained. The double summation representation of the homogeneous Greens function [14], [15] has also been extended to the multilayer case, resulting in a reduction in computation time for the antenna input impedance by a factor of about 100. B. Centered Probe Case For the probe located at the center of the multilayer DRA conguration, the integration with respect to and variables in the homogeneous impedance matrix in the method of moments can be performed independently and analytically, dissociating the homogeneous Greens function as . Also as a result, the summation over the modal index can be eliminated, resulting in signicant reduction in computational overhead. The nal expression of is obtained as

Fig. 2. Calculated, simulated, and measured return loss of the probe-coupled 12.5 three-layer DRA with centered probe: 15.5 mm, 20.7 mm, 5.9 mm, 0.63 mm, 2.0 mm, mm, 0 mm. and

(10) and refer to the piecewise sinusoidal basis In (10), and testing functions, respectively, with the unknown constants. It can be noted that (10) has been reduced to a form using a product of two single integrations over and . As a result, the computational time to evaluate (10) is further reduced. An additional reduction in computation time is achieved using the thin-wire approximation for the probe and using analytical integration [16]. III. RESULTS A. Centered Probe Case In this section, the coax-fed three-layer hemispherical DRA (HDRA) structure is investigated from a rigorous modal perspective, for excitation with a centered probe. As will be seen, this gives us an extremely thorough insight into the coupling and radiation phenomenon for this structure and also the mechanism of bandwidth enhancement. Fig. 2 shows the computed, simulated, and measured return loss of the three-layer probe coupled HDRA for wideband operation. The permittivity of the rst layer is chosen as 9. This enables us to obtain maximum bandwidth using reasonable values of permittivities and for the second and third layers, respectively. The dimensions 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, and 20.7 mm are chosen to excite the antenna in the TM mode and optimized for broadband operation. A very good agreement is seen between the theoretical, simulated, and measured results. It is observed that the rst dip in the return loss characteristics in Fig. 2 is at 4.68 GHz, which is close to the source-free resonant frequency of TM mode at 4.46 GHz. The second dip in the return loss plot at 6.08 GHz is due to the loaded probe resonance which occurs at 6.20 GHz. The loaded probe resonance is obtained by computing the resonant frequency of the probe antenna in an innite dielectric medium of permittivity (i.e., contribution of the homogeneous Greens function is set to zero). The third dip in the return loss at 7.88 GHz

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Fig. 3. Variation in layer permittivities: mm.

-factor of the TM mode of the three-layer DRA with 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, and 20.7

Fig. 5. Calculated maximum bandwidth versus number of layers for different 0.63 mm, 2.0 mm, 0 mm. D1: . D2: layer widths. 3.0 mm, . D3: 12.5 mm, . 3.0 mm, 5.2 mm, . D5: D4: 12.5 mm, 5.2 mm, . D6: 12.5 3.0 mm, . mm,

Fig. 4. Calculated maximum bandwidth versus number of layers for different 0.63 mm, 2.0 mm, 0 mm. Case C2: dielectric constants. 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, . Case C3: 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, . Case C4: 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, 20.7 mm, . Case C5: 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, 20.7 mm, . Case C6: 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, 20.7 mm, .

is caused by the TM mode with a source-free resonant frequency of 6.89 GHz. The wideband behavior is thus seen to be due to a combination of the above DRA modes together with the probe resonance. The 10-dB impedance bandwidth is measured at 65.60%. The variation in the quality factor of the TM mode with the layer permittivities is investigated next. Fig. 3 shows the variation in -factor of the TM mode with change in the permittivities and of the second and third layers, respectively. The variation in the impedance bandwidth characteristics with the number of layers and the layer permittivities is shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, case C1 refers to a single-layer DRA, cases C2 and C3 to the two-layer DRA, and cases C4, C5, and C6 to the three-layer DRA. It is observed from Fig. 3 that the minimum TM mode -factor is attained for the . It is also seen that for , the minimum TM mode -factor

occurs at . The permittivity possesses a similar -factor at . However, it has been veried from the impedance bandwidth characteristics that the bandwidth for the layer permittivities is higher than that for the case . Thus, the optimized permittivity combinations , and are chosen which are also easy to obtain. It might be noted that if the permittivity of the rst layer is less than 9, a permittivity value of 2 has to be used in the second or third layer to obtain high bandwidth, which is difcult to obtain. It can also be observed from case C5 in Fig. 4 that, similar to Fig. 3, the bandwidth is maximized for . It might also be noted that the maximum bandwidth with for case C5 almost coincides with that for and is thus not shown for clarity. The probe length was also optimized for each value of , and to obtain the maximum bandwidth in the gure. The maximum computed impedance bandwidth for the permittivity combination , and is at 62.67%, which can be compared to the measured bandwidth of 65.60% for Fig. 2. For the two-layer case, the computed maximum bandwidth is observed at 46.28% for while for the singlelayer case, the maximum bandwidth is computed at 35.28% with a DRA permittivity of 8. For the single-layer case C1, the DRA radius has to be adjusted for each permittivity to maintain a xed resonant frequency. The variation in the impedance bandwidth with the number of layers and the layer widths are shown in Fig. 5, for the permittivities corresponding to the maximum bandwidth in Fig. 4. For Fig. 5, case D1 refers to a single-layer DRA, cases D2 and D3 to the two-layer DRA, and cases D4, D5, and D6 to the three-layer DRA. The maximum bandwidth is seen to be achieved with 12.5 mm, 3.0 mm, and 5.2 mm for the three-layer case. For the two-layer case, the bandwidth is seen to be maximized with 12.5 mm, 3.0 mm while a maximum bandwidth is obtained with 16 mm for a single-layer DRA.

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Fig. 6. Calculated and simulated return loss of the probe-coupled three-layer DRA with centered probe excited at a higher order mode : 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, 17.5 mm, 3.8 mm, 0.63 mm, 2.0 mm, and 0 mm.

Fig. 8. Simulated radiation pattern in the plane for the centered probe-fed three-layer DRA across impedance bandwidth corresponding to Fig. 2.

Fig. 7. Calculated, simulated, and measured radiation pattern in the plane for the centered probe-fed three-layer DRA at 6.32 GHz corresponding to Fig. 2.

Fig. 9. Calculated, simulated, and measured return loss of the probe-coupled 12.5 three-layer DRA with offset probe: 14.0 mm, 20.0 mm, 6.0 mm, 0.63 mm, 2.0 mm, mm, 4 mm. and

It is shown next that the resonant frequency of the antenna can be tuned by exciting the antenna at a higher order mode. The antenna dimensions in this case are 12.5 mm, 15.5 mm, 17.5 mm with the same layer permittivities as in Fig. 2 and 3.8 mm with the probe at the center. Fig. 6 shows the return loss performance of the antenna when the antenna is excited at the TM mode. The rst dip in the return loss at 8.16 GHz in Fig. 6(a) is near the TM source free resonance of the three-layer DRA at 8.12 GHz. The second return loss dip at 9.98 GHz corresponds to the loaded probe resonance at 10.06 GHz. The computed 10-dB impedance bandwidth for this case is 34.09%, with the wideband behavior caused by the TM mode and the probe resonance. The computed, simulated, and measured radiation patterns for the antenna structure in Fig. 2 are shown in Fig. 7 at the center frequency of 6.32 GHz. It can be observed from Fig. 7 that the radiation pattern for the centered probe is monopole-like with low cross-pol levels. The computed cross-pol levels are below 50 dB and are not visible. The gain was measured at 3.28 dBi. It was also seen that the radiation characteristics for Fig. 6 are preserved with frequency tuning and are similar to that of Fig. 2. It has also been observed that for the centered probe-fed DRA of Figs. 2 and 6, the radiation pattern is stable with low cross-pol levels across the impedance bandwidth. The radiation pattern across the impedance bandwidth for the case of Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 8.

B. Offset Probe Case The broadband behavior for a multilayer DRA caused by the probe offset is investigated next. Fig. 9 shows the return loss for the antenna conguration with 12.5 mm, 14.0 mm, 20.0 mm, 6.0 mm, and 4 mm. The rst resonant dip in the return loss characteristics at 4.65 GHz in this case is due to the loaded TM mode with a resonant frequency of 4.56 GHz. The second return loss dip at 5.90 GHz is caused by the resonant frequency of the TM mode at 6.12 GHz together with the loaded probe resonance at 6.10 GHz. The third dip at 7.17 GHz is due to the TM mode with a resonant frequency of 7.04 GHz. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that the loaded TM mode and the probe resonances occur simultaneously and cannot be distinguished from each other. The merging of the above three DRA modes together with the probe resonance result in the bandwidth extension for the antenna structure. The measured 10-dB bandwidth for the antenna in Fig. 9 is at 54.51%. The radiation characteristics for the offset-probe fed case are shown in Fig. 10 at the center frequency of 6.06 GHz. A broadside pattern is observed in this case due to the probe displacement. In addition, due to the probe displacement along the -axis, the co-pol pattern in the plane is asymmetric, with the pattern symmetry preserved in the plane. A high cross-pol level is also observed in the plane as a result of

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Fig. 12. Convergence of the return loss with number of terms in the homogeneous Greens function at 5.90 GHz corresponding to Fig. 9.

in the plane co-pol improves slightly at the lower and upper band edges with a decrease in broadside gain. The peak radiation occurs at about 60 , with low cross-pol levels. For the plane, an increase in the cross-pol level is observed at the lower and upper band edges relative to the co-pol radiation. Thus, the pattern stability is better for the centered probe-fed case compared to the offset probe-fed case.
Fig. 10. Calculated, simulated, and measured radiation patterns for the offset plane. probe-fed three-layer DRA at 6.06 GHz corresponding to Fig. 9. (a) plane. (b)

IV. COMPUTATION The convergence of the return loss with the number of terms in the homogeneous Greens function is shown in Fig. 12 for the case of Fig. 9, where it is observed that a good convergence is achieved with six modal terms. The code was written in MATLAB 7.1 and run on a Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU with 2 GB of RAM and 2.53-GHz clock speed. The average time taken by the code using the double-summation representation of the homogeneous Greens function to compute the return loss and input impedance for a single frequency point using three basis functions was 5.12 s. An additional reduction in computation time is obtained for the centered probe, with 1.64 s required for the computation of input impedance using (10), corresponding to a reduction of about 67.97% compared to the previous case. It was found that using the single-summation representation of the homogeneous Greens function, it takes 514.56 s for the same number of basis functions and sample points in the integration. Correspondingly, results using HFSS for the same structure could be obtained after 3 h, 49 min, and 55 s in this machine using a lambda renement of 0.2 and . The peak RAM utilization by HFSS was 1.05 GB. It can be noted that the computation time and memory resources required by HFSS increase exponentially with increase in the number of layers in the DRA. As an example, the simulation of a ve-layer DRA using HFSS is beyond the capability of the current machine. In contrast to this, the execution time and memory requirements of the MATLAB code with the single- or double-summation representation of the homogeneous Greens function is almost independent of the number of layers in the DRA. Table I shows the computational time at a single frequency point for the calculation of input impedance for a single-layer, a three-layer, and a ve-layer DRA excited by a probe. It can be seen that the computation time is almost invariant with the increase in the number of DRA layers.

Fig. 11. Simulated radiation patterns for the offset probe-fed three-layer DRA plane. (b) across impedance bandwidth corresponding to Fig. 9. (a) plane.

the -offset of the probe with low cross-pol level in the plane. The measured gain was at 5.65 dBi. The radiation pattern across the impedance bandwidth for this case is shown in Fig. 11. It is observed that the pattern symmetry

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TABLE I COMPUTATIONAL TIME AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY POINT FOR THE EVALUATION OF INPUT IMPEDANCE OF COAXIAL PROBE COUPLED MULTILAYER DRA USING THE PREVIOUS [12, (19b)] AND CURRENT HOMOGENEOUS GREENS FUNCTIONS

V. CONCLUSION The analysis of multilayer DRA with an arbitrary number of shells excited by a coaxial probe using the Greens function approach has been presented. The formulation enables us to identify the modes of the multilayer DRA and explain the broadband nature of coupling. Also, one of the main advantages of this method is that the computational time and memory requirements are almost independent of the number of DRA layers. The above technique was employed to investigate the enhancement of bandwidth of a three-layer DRA rigorously in terms of the modes of the multilayer structure. A maximum bandwidth of 65.60% was obtained for the antenna using a centered probe. The broadband behavior is caused due to a combination of the TM and the TM modes together with the probe resonance. Frequency tuning, preserving the broadband characteristics, was also demonstrated for the antenna structure, together with mode excitation for the offset probe. REFERENCES
[1] S. A. Long, M. W. Mcallister, and L. C. Shen, The resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-31, no. 5, pp. 406412, May 1983. [2] N. C. Chen, H. C. Su, K. L. Wong, and K. W. Leung, Analysis of a broadband slot-coupled dielectric-coated hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 1316, Jan. 1995. [3] N. C. Chen and K. L. Wong, Input impedance of a slot-coupled multilayered hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Newport Beach, CA, Jun. 1995, vol. 4, pp. 17961799. [4] K. L. Wong and N. C. Chen, Analysis of a broadband hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with a dielectric coating, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 7376, Feb. 1994. [5] K. L. Wong, N. C. Chen, and H. T. Chen, Analysis of a hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with an airgap, Microw. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 3, pp. 355357, Oct. 1993.

[6] K. W. Leung and K. K. So, Theory and experiment of the wideband two-layer hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 12801284, Apr. 2009. [7] C. T. Tai, Dyadic Greens Functions in Electromagnetic Theory. New York: IEEE Press, 1994, ch. 10. [8] L. W. Li, P. S. Kooi, M. S. Leong, and T. S. Yeo, Electromagnetic dyadic Greens function in spherically multilayered media, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 42, pp. 23022310, Dec. 1994. [9] K. W. Leung, K. M. Luk, K. Y. A. Lai, and D. Lin, Theory and experiment of an aperture-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 11921198, Nov. 1995. [10] K. W. Leung, Conformal strip excitation of dielectric resonator antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 961967, Jun. 2000. [11] Ansoft Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, HFSS ver. 10.2. [12] K. W. Leung, K. M. Luk, K. Y. A. Lai, and D. Lin, Theory and experiment of a coaxial probe fed hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 13901398, Oct. 1993. [13] M. Gastine, L. Courtois, and J. L. Dormann, Electromagnetic resonances of free dielectric spheres, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 15, pp. 694700, Dec. 1967. [14] A. B. Kakade and B. Ghosh, Efcient technique for the analysis of microstrip slot coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 332336, 2008. [15] A. B. Kakade and B. Ghosh, Efcient technique for the analysis of coaxial probe-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 52, pp. 15881591, Jul. 2010. [16] K. W. Leung, General solution of a monopole loaded by a dielectric hemisphere for efcient computation, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 12671268, Aug. 2000.

Anandrao B. Kakade received the B.E. degree in electronics engineering from Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, in 2001 and the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in RF and microwave engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 2005 and 2010, respectively. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale, Islampur, India. His research interests are novel antennas, metamaterials, and guided-wave components.

Bratin Ghosh (M05) received the B.E. degree in electronics and telecommunication engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, in 1990, the M.Tech. degree in microwave engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 1994, and the Ph.D. degree in applied electromagnetics from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, in 2002. He did his postdoctoral research from the Royal Military College, Kingston, ON, Canada from September 2002 to December 2003. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology. His research interests are efcient antennas, antenna miniaturization, metamaterials, guided-wave components, and numerical techniques.