Kinematics in Two Dimensions

8.01t Sept 15, 2004

Vector Description of Motion

Position Velocity Acceleration
r (t ) = x (t ) i + y (t ) j
dx(t ) dy (t ) v (t ) = i+ j vx (t ) i + v y (t ) j dt dt

dvx (t ) dv y (t ) j ax (t ) i + a y (t ) j a(t ) = i+ dt dt

Projectile Motion
Ignore air resistance Gravitational Force Law Fgrav = mgrav g j Newtons Second Law
Fy total = min a y

Fx total = min a x

Equations of Motion
y-component: x-component:

mgrav g = min a y
0 = min ax
mgrav = min

Principle of Equivalence:

Components of Acceleration:
ay = g

ax = 0
g = 9.8 m s 2

Kinematic Equations:
Acceleration ycomponent: Velocity y-component: Position ycomponent:
1 2 y (t ) = y0 + v y ,0t gt 2

ay = g

v y (t ) = v y ,0 gt

Kinematic Equations:
Acceleration x-component: Velocity x-component: Position x-component:

ax = 0
vx (t ) = vx ,0

x (t ) = x0 + vx ,0t

Initial Conditions
Initial position

+ y0 r0 = x0i j

depends on choice of origin

Initial Conditions
Initial velocity with components:

v 0 (t ) = vx ,o i + v y ,o j

vx ,0 = v0 cos 0

v y ,0 = v0 sin 0
initial speed is the magnitude of the initial velocity 2 2 1/ 2 v0 = (vx + v ,0 y ,0 ) with direction

0 = tan (
1

v y ,0 vx ,0

Orbit equation
v y ,0 1 g 2 y (t ) = 2 x(t ) + x(t ) 2 vx ,0 vx ,0
slope of the curve

y (t ) vs.

x(t )

at any point determines the direction of the velocity

dy = tan ( ) dx
1

with x0 = 0

y0 = 0

Derivation
x (t ) = vx ,0t
x(t ) t= vx ,0
1 2 y (t ) = v y ,0t gt 2

equation for a parabola

y (t ) =

v y ,0 vx ,0

1 g 2 x(t ) x t ( ) 2 vx ,0 2

Experiment 2: Projectile Motion

Initial Velocity

gx(t ) 2 v0 = 2 cos 2 0 ( tan 0 x(t ) y (t ) )

Gravitational Constant

v0 2 2 g= 2 cos 0 ( tan 0 x(t ) y (t ) ) ) 2 ( x(t )

Experiment 2: 2: Projectile Projectile Motion Motion Experiment

Reminder on projectile motion

Horizontal motion (x) has no acceleration. Vertical motion (y) has acceleration g. Horizontal and vertical motion may be treated separately and the results combined to find, for example, the trajectory or path. Use the kinematic equations for x and y motion:

Experimental setup Coordinate system

Impact point:

Height: h Horizontal displacement: r

Theta >0: upward Theta <0: downward

With chosen coordinate system: Height: y=-h Horizontal displacement: x=r Solve above equation for g:

Experimental setup

Set up for upward launch

The output end with photogate

Connect voltage probe from 750 interface to red & black terminals. Connect 12VAC supply to the apparatus; the LED should light up.

Velocity measurement
The photogate produces a pulse when the ball interrupts a beam of light to a phototransistor; the more light is blocked, the greater the pulse amplitude. If you look carefully at the output pulse, it looks approximately like this:

Rise & fall time: t Flat top lasting: t To analyze the experiment we need to understand why the pulse has this shape!

tA t1 tB

tC t2 tD

t is time the ball partly blocks the beam t is time it completely blocks the beam

Velocity measurement

Rise & fall time: t=d/v Flat top lasting: t=(D-d/v) Therefore: v=D/(t+t) Determine (t+t) from Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)!

T=D/v

tA t1 tB

tC t2 tD