COMPONENTS OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Chapter 7 UV, Visible and IR Instruments

Topics
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. GENERAL DESIGNS SOURCES WAVELENGTH SELECTORS SAMPLE CONTAINERS RADIATION TRANSDUCERS SIGNAL PROCESSORS AND READOUT FIBER OPTICS TYPES OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENT PRINCIPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS

A. General Designs 5 components

Absorption Fluorescence Phosphorescence Scattering Emission Chemiluminescence

B. Sources
General Requirements Adequate power Stability Utility voltage: 115 V ac 115 V ac desired/ appropriate dc voltage
Double polaritysingle polarity smooth dc signalconstant dc signal

These conversions are performed within the Power Supply.

Power Supply
Components of a Power Supply and their Effects on the 115-V line voltage

Power Supply
Transformer
Function: decreases or increases the ac voltage Components: induction/ inductor coils
Primary inductor coil Secondary inductor coil

Principle of operation
A varying magnetic field induces a voltage in any conductor in its field. A changing current in the primary winding produces a changing magnetic field flux in the seconday coil, which induces a changing voltage across the secondary coil.

Vout = 115 V x N2/N1

Power Supply
Rectifier
Function: convert double polarity current to single polarity current Components: semiconductor diodes Operational principle: block current in one direction while allowing it to flow in the opposite direction

Power Supply
Filtering
RC circuit C: capacitor R:resistor Capacitor: two conductors separated by an thin layer of dielectric substance/ insulator with no mobile current carrying charged species Capacitor charging by a dc source Q=CxV Q: quantity of charge C: capacitance (farads/F) A one-farad capacitor stores one coulomb of charge per applied volt. Charge and discharge rate

i = I init e t / RC

Power Supply
Voltage regulators
Function: maintain output voltage at constant desired level Component: Zener diode

B-1& 2 Continuum and Lines Sources

Line source: emit a few discrete lines Continuum source: emit a continuum spectrum

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B-3 Laser Sources

Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation Useful characteristics
High Intensity Narrow bandwidth Coherent

Applications
High-resolution spectroscopy Kinetic studies of short lived events (10-9 to 10-12 sec) Low concentrations Raman FT IR

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Components of lasers
Lasing medium
Gas (He-Ne, Argon) Solid (ruby) Solution (dye)

Pumping system (radiation, electrical discharge) Mirrors (amplifying cavity)

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Mechanism of Laser Action

Pumping-Excitation Population of a Metastable Excited State Spontaneous emission Normal radiative relaxation Stimulated emission excited species struck by photons that have same energies emit photons that travel in phse with the stimulating photon
Coherence

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Mechanism of Laser Action

Population inversion required!
Normal distribution: number of particles in the lower energy state higher than that in the higher energy state Population inversion: number of particles in the higher energy state higher than that in the lower energy state

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How Population Inversion Methods

Three levels system
More than 50% of lasing species must populate level Ey

Four level system

Because the transition from Ex to E0 is fast population inversion is more readily achieved between Ey and Ex

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Laser cavity Optical Cavity

Lasing is an optical feedback Wave is amplified as it moves back and forth within the cavity All lasers cavities are types of interferometer

100% refelecting

< 5-90%reflecting

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Examples of Lasers
Solid State Lasers Ruby (Al2O3 + 0.05% Cr(III)) Nd-YAG Gas Lasers He-Ne (neutral atom) Argon (ion laser) Ar+ CO2 (molecular) N2 Dye Lasers Fluorescent dyes Tunable (20 to 50 nm) Semiconductor Diode Lasers
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

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