CANCER

What Is Cancer? Cancer happens when people have enormous amount of cancer cell. Cancer cell do not responds to normal mechanism that controls cell cycle and cell development. They will divide rapidly to form mass of a tumour, which they divide in enormous rate. The tumour may split up, releasing small clumps of cells into the blood or lymph systems, where they will circulate and then lodge into different areas of body. They continue their cell division at other places to form different tumours. This splitting is called metastasis. A tumour that invades surrounding tissue and metastasises is known as a malignant tumour. Not only do cancer cells divide more rapidly, they also can live longer. The enlarging tumour completely disrupts normal tissues, they also kill the organisms.

What Causes Cancer? According to the research, it has been found that not all types of cancer come from genes. In general, cancer can possibly comes from genetic or environmental factor. a) Environmental Factor People always consider cancer as coming from their genes. ome of the diseases do comes from genetic factor but some of them do results from environmental factor. According to a cancer researcher, !r "el #reaves, author of $volutionary %egacy has drawn a stronger conclusion than the twins study. &e made a research about factors of cancer. A pair of twin was selected. In an article from C'C News, #reave said that environmental factor was ()* while genetic factor only +)*. This is because due to the pollution of air, natural substances in food and changes in reproductive habits and our normal hormone can also causes cancer. People can get can cancer by smoking habit. It is a leading cause. Cigarette smoke contains more than ,,-)) individual chemicals, and more than .) are carcinogenic /cancer causing0. Consuming fatty foods and alcoholic beverages can also lead to cancer. kin e1posure to ultraviolet rays can cause melanoma, a skin cancer. e1ual behaviour that helps spread se1ually transmitted diseases can brings to cervical cancer in woman. Cancer also can

caused from chemicals which been ingested by our body through pollinated drinks, air and food.

b) Genetic Factors $gg and sperm are 2germ cells3. If there are alteration or mutation on the genes, it is called as 2germ4line mutation3. 5hen a germline mutation inherited, it is present in all body cells. 6n the other hand, mutation that we are not born with but that occur by chances over time in the cell of the body are said to be 2ac7uired3. Ac7uired mutation are always involved in causing cancer. #ermline mutation are involved in a small percentages of cases. The formation of tumour is the one that cause cancer. If there are alteration and mutation of the !NA of genes that involved in cell division, cancer will happen. The e1ample of gene are oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and !NA repair genes. 6ncogenes are altered form of genes of proto4oncogenes. Proto4oncogenes are responsible to control cell division. 5hen it became oncogene, it promote tumour growth. Tumour suppressor gene can control process of cell growth and cell death /apoptosis0. 5hen it is mutated, the brake of cell division is removed and it can led to tumor mutation. !NA repair genes are the genes that correct the naturally4occuring spelling error in the !NA, which happens during copying of !NA code. 5hen mutation happens, the mistakes of the !NA code remains. If this happens to cell which aid in cell division, tumour can be formed.