JS/DipEx

11/16/07

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Lecture 11
Adaptive immunity

Immunology 2
Learning Outcomes
To b e ab le to:

Humoral responses (B cells) Cell-mediated responses (T cells)

Specicity Diversity Memory Self-Tolerance
Humoral responses (B cells

1.

outline the principal properties of Adaptive Immunity compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity explain the principal changes in an immune disorder outline the functions of B cells (incl. immune memory) outline functions of T cells.
1

2.

3.

Immune Disorders
Autoimmune diseases AIDS

4.

5.
Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

(reprise)
Innate
(Phagocytosis, Inammation)

Adaptive
(Lymphocytes)

Nonspecic
Defends against any pathogen upon rst exposure Responds to:
infectious agents chemical irritants tissue injury burns

Specic
Responds to specic pathogens on 2nd or later exposure Comes into play after nonspecic responses have begun.
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Dr Alan Tuffery

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11/16/07

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Features of Adaptive Immunity

! Specicity
! Lymphocytes (B and T cells) bind and respond to foreign molecules
(antigens) via antigen receptors: each to a specic antigen

! Diversity ! Memory

! The body possesses millions of lymphocytes that can recognise and

respond to millions of antigens (one each)

! 1st exposure to an antigen generates lymphocytes & long-lived

memory cells next exposure to the same antigen, memory cells react more quickly & stronger response (acquired immunity)

! Self-Tolerance

! Lymphocytes can distinguish self (our normal antigens) from nonself (antigens from foreign material).

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

Slide 4

Adaptive Immunity can be NATURAL or ARTIFICIAL

Adaptive Immunity Natural Artificial
ACTIVE PASSIVE Antibodies are Antibodies that produced as a have been produced result of by another animal immunisation or given artificially. with a vaccine

PASSIVE Antibodies are Antibodies or lymphocytes are passed to foetus via placenta produced as a or colostrum result of infection
Dr Alan Tuffery

ACTIVE

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B Cells Clonal Selection

Antigen ts B cells receptors Proliferation and differentiation into 1. Plasma cells
Produce antibodies in blood
(immunoglobulins I gG, IgM, IgE, IgA, I gD)

Short-lived

2. Memory cells (clone)

S&G 23.7 (G&S 23.8)

With same receptor Long-lived.

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Dr Alan Tuffery

Slide 6

Immune Disorders Autoimmune Diseases

If immune system does not recognise its self (e.g. MHC), it reacts against normal cells and tissues
DISEASE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Multiple sclerosis (MS)
(G&S p689)

SYMPTOMS fever, arthritis, mouth ulcers, etc inammation and damage to the cartilage and bone of joints T cells attack myelin:
Blurred vision, muscle weakness, ataxia.

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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11/16/07

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Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity ! T cells must

become activated before they can attack pathogens

S&G 23.10 (G&S 23.11)

1. Cytotoxic T cells ! The antigen is

presented by an infected cell via the via its Class I MHC.
Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity

2. Helper T Cell
binds to Class II MHC on an ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
(e.g. an infected macrophage).

S&G 23.10 (G&S 23.11)

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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11/16/07

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Activated T Cell Responses

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

! kill infected cells by lysis (direct

action) [pic] or apoptosis

HELPER T CELLS (~70% of T cells)

activity of cytotoxic T cells; enhance phagocytosis stimulate development of B cells into plasma cells (indirect action)

! secrete cytokines that enhance the

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SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

! secrete cytokines that:

! suppress the activity of B cells,

helper, T cells and cytotoxic T cells

! inhibit phagocytosis.
Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Immune Disorders Autoimmune Diseases

If immune system does not recognise its self (e.g. MHC), it reacts against normal cells and tissues
DISEASE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Multiple sclerosis (MS) (p116) SYMPTOMS fever, arthritis, mouth ulcers, inammation and damage to the cartilage and bone of joints T cells attack myelin:
Blurred vision, Muscle weakness, Ataxia
Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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11/16/07

Slide 11

Immune Disorders - AIDS

! Human Immunodeciency Virus (HIV) binds to the surface of helper
T cells and its nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) enter the T cell

! Inside the cell, HIV uses the cell to make copies of itself ! HIV slowly destroys Helper T cells in the body ! (Helper T cells = 70% of all T cells) ! When Helper T cell function is impaired, immune responses weaken
and other diseases develop.

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Immune Disorders - AIDS

SYMPTOMS
HIV AIDS Fatigue, fever, swollen glands, headache Swollen lymph nodes, decreased T cell count; Susceptibility to pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma; AIDS dementia

TRANSMISSION Through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk Further info (and animations):
Dr Alan Tuffery

www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/AIDS/response.html.
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Common Symptoms
Painful or swollen joints and muscle pain Unexplained fever Red rashes, mostly in the face Chest pain upon deep breathing Unusual loss of hair Pale or purple ngers or toes from cold or stress (Raynaud's phenomenon)
Sensitivity to the sun Swelling (edema) in legs or around eyes Mouth ulcers Swollen glands Extreme fatigue Anaemia Renal failure Symptoms of lupus can range from mild to severe and may come and go over time.

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Slide 14

Learning Outcomes 1
To be able to:

1. outline the principal properties of Adaptive Immunity

Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Self-tolerance

2. compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity

Specific non-specific; 1st 2nd exposure; fast slow

3. explain the principal changes in an immune disorder

E.g. HIV kills helper T cells reduced immune competence.

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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JS/DipEx

11/16/07

Slide 15

Learning Outcomes 2
To be able to:

4. outline the functions of B cells (incl. immune memory)

Produce antibodies (plasma cells); form memory cells

5. outline functions of T cells

Cytotoxic T: lyses infected cells Helper T: enhance cytotoxic T, phagocytosis; stim B cells (Ab) Suppressor T: suppress all above.

Dr Alan Tuffery

JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

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Slide 16

Cell-Mediated Immunity

T cells must become activated before they can attack pathogens The antigen is presented to the T cell by an ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL (e.g. an infected macrophage) via its MHC.
Dr Alan Tuffery JS/Dip Ex Tissue Structure 11

www.gcarlsoncom

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