TECHNICAL REPORT

Topic: 132 kv Substation Bosan Road Multan

Complete layout of 132 kv Substation Bosan road Multan. Description of equipment

used in Substation and outgoing of Substation.

Group members
Talha Maqsood
Ali yasir noor
Ali Raza
Sultan Zeb

2008-EE-29
2008-EE-31
2008-EE-01
2008-EE-55

Submitted To
Engr.Tuheed-ur-Rehman

Contents
1.1
1.2

Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------04
Brief history of electric power-----------------------------------------------------04
2

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

1.9

Electrical power system------------------------------------------------------------05

Electrical distribution --------------------------------------------------------------05
1.4.1 AC distribution-----------------------------------------------------------06
Definition of sub-station-----------------------------------------------------------06
1.5.1 Classification of sub-station--------------------------------------------06
Functions of a substation-----------------------------------------------------------07
132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan------------------------------------------08
Equipment used in a sub-station--------------------------------------------------09
1.8.1 Bus bar-------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.8.2 Insulators------------------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.3 Isolating switches--------------------------------------------------------11
1.8.4 Instrument transformer--------------------------------------------------12
1.8.4.1 Current transformer-----------------------------------------12
1.8.4.2 Voltage transformer-----------------------------------------13
1.8.5 Metering and indicating instrument ----------------------------------14
1.8.6 Miscellaneous equipment-----------------------------------------------15
1.8.7 Protective relay-----------------------------------------------------------15
1.8.8 Circuit breaker------------------------------------------------------------17
1.8.8.1 The type of the circuit breaker-----------------------------18
1.8.8.2 Breaker used in 132KV grid station----------------------19
1.8.8.2.1 Oil circuit breaker----------------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.2 Vacuum circuit breaker----------------------------------19
1.8.8.2.3 SF6 circuit breaker---------------------------------------20
1.8.9 Power transformer-------------------------------------------------------21
1.8.9.1 Parallel operation of three-phase transformers---------22
1.8.10 Bus-bar schemes used in a sub station------------------------------23
1.8.11 Bus-bar isolator---------------------------------------------------------23
1.8.12 Bus coupler--------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13 Battery -------------------------------------------------------------------24
1.8.13.1 Batteries room ---------------------------------------------25
1.8.14 Lighting arrestor--------------------------------------------------------25
1.8.15 Capacitor -----------------------------------------------------------------26
Outgoings -------------------------------------------------------------------------------27

1.1 Introduction
Electricity is the basic need for the economic development of any country.
Electricity has now become a necessity for all as it powers the machinery,
the computers, the health-care systems and the entertainment of modern
society. Every power system has three major components

Generator
T.L

Load

Transmission Line

Distribution

Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and

Frequency.
Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor.
Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRIC POWER

Early 1880s Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in Manhattan
supplying 59 customers
1884 Sprague produces practical dc motor
1885 invention of transformer
Mid 1880s Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system
Late 1880s Tesla invents ac induction motor
1893 First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV
1896 ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at Niagara
Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away.
Early 1900s Private utilities supply all customers in area (city);
recognized as a natural monopoly; states step in to begin regulation
By 1920s Large interstate holding companies control most
electricity systems
1935 Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company Act to
establish national regulation, breaking up large interstate utilities
1935/6 Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to rural areas.

1.3 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

1) The generating station converts the energy of gas, oil, coal or

nuclear fuel to electric energy. The generator voltage is around 1525 kV (12.5KV at Mangla Dam Generation).
2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 230-765 kV. (220500KV in Pakistan) This reduces the current and losses.
3) The high voltage transmission line transports the energy from the
generating station to the large loads, like towns. Example: Energy
generated at Palo Verde is transported by a 500 kV line to the
KYRENE substation at Phoenix.
4) The high voltage substation reduces the voltage to 500-220 / (220132) kV. The substation serves as a node point for several lines.
5) The sub-transmission lines (132 kV-11 kV) connect the high voltage
substation to the local distribution station.
6) The Distribution lines 11 kV distribute the energy along streets or
underground. Each line supplies several step-down transformers
distributed along the line.
7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to 240 (1-phase) or
415V (3-phase) which supplies the houses, shopping centers, etc.

1.4 Electrical Distribution

There are two types of Electrical distribution
1) AC Distribution
2) DC Distribution

1.4.1 AC Distribution
5

Now a days A.C. system is universally used for distribution of electric

power as it is more economical than direct current method. One important
reason for the use of alternating current in preference to direct current is
the fact that alternating voltage level can be changed in magnitude by a
transformer. High transmission and distribution voltages have greatly
reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses.

High voltage AC transmission offers

Higher transmission capacity / Km

Lower line-voltage drop / Km
Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

The electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at
favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered
to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution.
At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and
necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, AC to DC,
frequency P.F. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (5kv or 20kv)
at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 500kv,220kv,132kv
or 66kv) for transmission of electric power. Similarly near the consumers
localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level.
This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.

1.5 Definition of sub-station

The assembly of apparatus used to change some

characteristics (e.g. Voltage frequency. P.F. etc) of electric supply is called
sub-station.

1.5.1 Classification of sub-station

There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two most
important way of classification is
I) According to service requirement
II) According to constructional features

1.5.2 According to service requirement

According to service requirement sub-station may be classified into

1) Transformer sub-station

Those sub-station which change the voltage level of electrical supply

are called TIF .

2) Switching sub-station

These sub-station simply perform the switching operation of power

line.
3) Power factor correction
These sub-station which improve the P.F. of the system are
called P.F. correction, these are generally located at receiving end.

4) Frequency changer

Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are

known as frequency changer . Such may be required for industrial
utilization.
6

5) Converting sub-station
Those sub-station which change a.c. power into d.c. power are
called converting. Ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction,
electroplating, electrical welding etc.

6) Industrial sub-station

Those sub-stations, which supply power to individual industrial

concerns, are known as industrial sub-station.

1.5.3 According to constructional features

According to constructional features, the sub-station are classified as

1) Outdoor Sub-Station

For voltage beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed

outdoor. It is because for such Voltage the clearances between conductor
and the space required for switches, C.B. and other equipment becomes so
great that it is not economical to installed the equipment indoor.

2) Indoor Sub-station

For voltage up to 11KV, the equipment of the is installed

indoor because of economic consideration. However, when the
atmosphere is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations can be
erected for voltage up to 66KV.

3) Under ground sub-station

In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment

and building is limited and the cost of the land is high. Under such
situations, the sub-station is created underground.
The design of underground s/s requires more careful consideration
1) The size of the s/s should be as minimum as possible.
2) There should be responsible access for both equipment & personal.
3) There should be provision for emergency lighting and protection against
fire.
There should be good ventilation
4) Pole-mounted sub-station
This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed
overhead on H.pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest from of s/s for
voltage not exceeding 11KV(or 33KV in some cases). Electric power is
almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.
The 11KV line is connected to the T/F (11KV/440V) through
gang isolator and fuses. The lighting arresters are installed on the H.T.
Side to protect the sub-station from lighting strokes. The transformer
step down voltage to 400 V, 3 phase, 4 wire supply. The voltage between
any two lines is 400 V & between line & neutral is 230V. The oil circuitt
breaker installed on the L.T. side automatically isolates the mounted substation. transformers are generally in the event of fault generally 200KVA
transformer is used.

1.6 Functions of a Substation

1
2
3
4

Supply of required electrical power.

Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
Maximum security of supply.
Shortest possible fault-duration.
7

5 - Optimum
6 - Supply of
50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of
8 - Supply of

efficiency of plants and the network.

electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and
electrical power within specified voltage limits.
electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.

1.7 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan

132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan is an out-door substation. A simple layout

of substation is shown below

Figure 1

Symbol used in Diagram

Isolator

Current Transformer

Circuit Breaker

Potential Transformer

Power Transformer

Lighting Arrester

Incoming Supply
1) Industrial state side
2) Khanewal side

1.8 Equipment Used in a Sub-Station

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the
type of Sub-Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection
desired. 132KV Sub-Station Bosan Road Multan has the following major
equipments.
9

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)

Bus-bar
Insulators
Isolating Switches
Circuit breaker
Current transformer
Power transformer
Potential transformer
Aux-transformer
Lighting arrestor
Capacitor bank
Batteries
Bus coupler
Relay room
Metering and Indicating Instrument

1.8.1 Bus - bar

When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be

directly connected electrically, bus-bar are used, it is made up of copper
or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at
constant voltage.
Duplicate bus-bar, generally it consist of two bus-bars a
main bus-bar and spare bus-bar. The incoming and outgoing lines can
be connected to either b/b. With the help of a bus-bar coupler, which
consist of a circuit breaker and isolators.
However, in case of repair of main bus-bar or fault accusing on
it, the continuity of supply to the circuit can be maintain by transforming it
to the spare bus-bar for voltage exceeding 33KV, Duplicate bus-bar is
frequently used.
Bus-bar scheme used in 132KV Substation Bosan Road Multan is single Bus
bar scheme as can be seen in layout (Figure I).

10

1.8.2 Insulators

The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor (

or bus bar ) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly
used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are
several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there
used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement.

Insulators

1.8.3 Isolating Switches

In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the
system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an
isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a kniff Switch and is
design to often open a ckt under no load, in other words, isolator Switches
are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load.
11

For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a cut
breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.

1.8.4 Instrument Transformer

The line in Sub-Station operate at high voltage and carry
current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and
protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and
current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted
directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing
Instrument transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of
instrument transformer.
1)
2)

Current transformer
Potential transformer
3) Power transformer
4) Aux-transformer

1.8.4.1 Current Transformer

A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer

which steps-down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this
transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected in series
with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with
line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring
instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current
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in the line.The current transformer (CT) is often treated as a black box. It is

a transformer that is governed by the laws of electromagnetic induction:
= k Ac Nf
Where
= Induced voltage
= Flux density
Ac = Core cross-sectional area
N = Turns
f = Frequency
k = Constant of proportionality

CT 600/5A

CT 200/5A

1.8.4.2 Potential Transformer

It is essentially a step - down transformer and step down the
voltage in known ratio. The primary of these transformer consist of a
large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The
secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for measuring
instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line
voltage.

13

132KV

1.8.5 Metering and Indicating Instrument

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g.

Ammeters, Volt-meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Sub-Station to
maintain which over the ckt quantities. The instrument transformer are
invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.

14

Temperature Gauge
Ammeter

1.8.6 Miscellaneous equipment

In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a
Sub-Station.
i)
Fuses.
ii)
Carrier-current equipment.
iii)
Sub-Station auxiliary supplies.

1.8.7.Protective relay

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and

initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the
rest of the system. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
15

electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which

are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities
which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency
and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the
trip circuit of C.B.

Distance Relay

16

1.8.8 Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a
circuit under normal as well as fault condition. It is so designed that it can
be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay wt. is
17

used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to 66 KV
while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage,
air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.

1.8.8.1 The type of the Circuit Breaker

The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of
arc extinction. The classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium
of arc extinction is as follows:
(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or
Double Pressure).
Type
Medium
Voltage, Breaking Capacity
1 Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric
(430 600) V (5-15)MVA
Breaker
pressure
(3.6-12) KV - 500 MVA
2 Miniature CB.
Air at atmospheric
(430-600 ) V
pressure
3 Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil
(3.6 12) KV
4 Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil
5 Air Blast CB.
Compressed Air
(20 40 ) bar

(3.6 - 145 )KV

245 KV, 35000 MVA
up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
18

6 SF6 CB.

SF6 Gas

7 Vacuum CB.
8 H.V.DC CB.

Vacuum
Vacuum , SF6 Gas

12 KV, 1000 MVA

36 KV , 2000 MVA
145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA
36 KV, 750 MVA
500 KV DC

1.8.8.2 Breaker Used in 132KV Grid Station

Oil Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
SF6 Circuit Breaker

Oil Circuit Breaker

Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

Low Oil Circuit Breaker

Consists of two parts
Supporting Chamber
Circuit-Breaking Chamber( Consists of
fixed and moving contact)

Disadvantages Of Oil Circuit

Breaker

It may form explosive mixture with air.

Its requires frequent maintenance.
Absorb moisture so reduces dialectical
strength.

1.8.8.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum is used as an arc quenching medium.

Have more insulating strength.
10-7 to 10-5 pressure is maintained.

Advantages

Compact, reliable and have longer life.

No fire hazards.
No generation of gas during and after operation.
Can interrupt any fault current.
No noise is produced while operating.
Require less power for control operation.

1.8.8.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

Sulphur Hexafluoride used in arc quenching medium.

SF6 is electro-mechanical gas.
19

It has strong tendency to absorb electron.

It is much more effective for high power and high voltages.

Pressure Gauge
SF6 Gas

Advantages

Simple construction, less cost.

SF6 gas is not catches flame, non toxic & chemically inert gas.
Maintenance free.
Ability to interrupt low and high fault current.

1.8.9

Power Transformer

Power transformer is a static electrical device, involving no continuously

moving parts,used in electric power systems to transfer power between circuits
through the use of electromagnetic
induction. The term power transformer is used to refer to those transformers
used between the generator and the distribution circuits, and these are usually
rated at 500 kVA and above. Power systems typically consist of a large number
of generation locations, distribution points, and interconnections within the
system or with nearby systems, such as a neighboring utility. The complexity of
the system leads to a variety of transmission and distribution voltages. Power
transformers must be used at each of these points where there is a transition
between voltage levels. Power transformers are selected based on the
application, with the emphasis toward custom design being more apparent the
20

larger the unit. Power transformers are available for step-up operation,
primarily used at the generator and referred to as generator step-up (GSU)
transformers, and for step-down operation, mainly used to feed distribution
circuits. Power transformers are available as single-phase or three-phase
apparatus.
Transformer is a vital link in a power system which has made possible the
power generated at low voltages (6600 to 22000 volts) to be stepped up to
extra high voltages for transmission over long distances and then transformed
to low voltages for utilization at proper load centers.
This flux induces an electro-motive force in the secondary winding too. When
load is connected across this winding, current flows in the secondary circuit.
This produces a demagnetizing effect, to counter balance this the primary
winding draws more current from the supply so that
IP.NP = IS.NS

21

Transformer ratings
Incoming # 01 20/26 MVA
Incoming # 02 20/26 MVA
Incoming #03 31.5/40 MVA
Maximum Load
TR1 113/1305 A
TR2 113/1305 A
TR3 175/2008 A
1.8.9.1 PARALLEL OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
Ideal parallel operation between Transformers occurs when (1) there are
no circulating currents on open circuit, and (2) the load division between the
Transformers is proportional to their kVA ratings. These requirements
necessitate that any - two or more three phase Transformers, which are
desired to be operated in parallel, should possess:
22

1) The same no load ratio of transformation;

2) The same percentage impedance;
3) The same resistance to reactance ratio;
4) The same polarity;
5) The same phase rotation;
6) The same inherent phase-angle displacement between primary
and secondary terminals. The above conditions are characteristic of all three
phase Transformers whether two winding or three winding. With three
winding Transformers, however, the following additional requirement must
also be satisfied before the
Transformers can be designed
suitable for parallel operation.
7) The same power ratio
between the corresponding
windings.
The first four conditions need
no explanation being the same as
in single phase Transformers.
The fifth condition of phase
rotation is also a simple
requirement. It assumes that the
standard direction of phase
rotation is anti-clockwise. In case of
any difference in the phase rotation
it can be set right by simply
interchanging two leads either on
primary or secondary. It is the
intention here to discuss the last
two i.e., sixth and seventh
conditions in detail.

1.8.10 Bus-Bar Schemes

used in a sub station
1.8.11 Bus-Bar Isolator
1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector
Switch)
2 Maintenance Earth Switches.
3 CT's For Transformer
protection.
4 Circuit Breaker.
5 CT's for Bus-Bar protection and
metering.
6 Maintenance Earth Switches.
7 Transformer Isolator.

23

1.8.12 Bus-coupler
Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to the other without
any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is
achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.
Bus coupler is used in sub-station for changing the source of supply without
interrupting the transmission. Let we have two source feeders A1(132KV) &
A2(132KV). And initially A1 is connected via transfer bus, main bus, bus coupler
1 to transformer. Now we want to change source feeder A1 with A2, the Bus
coupler comes into play. 1st we connect all three phases of feeder A2 to
Transfer bus which in turn connected to main bus in parallel to transfer bus of
feeder A1.Since both are in parallel so there neither be any damage nor any
interruption in supply takes place. Thus we have same value (132KV) supply
from combined sources in our main bus. Now we connect the bus coupler of A2
and disconnect bus coupler of A1.
next, we remove the transfer bus connection of A1 from main bus followed by
disconnecting all three phases.
Now our supply is completely through feeder A2 and bus coupler 2.

Bus-coupler

24

1.8.13 Battery
A battery is a device that converts the chemical energy contained in
its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidationreduction (redox)
reaction. In the case of a rechargeable system, the battery is recharged by a
reversal of the
process.

1.8.13.1 Batteries Room

Batteries are very important part of the grid. It works as a
standby storage device, that provides D.C power to the grids dc supply
equipment in case of failure of A.C supply. Different protection devices i.e
relays, circuit breakers and other control equipment of relay room, 11KV
control room, 132KV control room and yard operates on 110 D.C volt supply
that is normally supplied by a rectifier. In case of failure of A.C power batteries
works as a standby source of 110 D.C supply.
No. of cells installed = 55
2 Volt/cell, 150 AH
Total Output Voltage = 110 Volt.
Recommended Float Voltage = 202 Volt/cell at 25 C
Recommended Boost Voltage = 2.4 Volt/cell Minimum
2.8 Volt/cell Maximum
Total Float Voltage = 121 Volt

25

1.8.14 Lighting arrestor

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide
varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the mid
1970s. The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching
surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.

26

Lighting arrestor

1.8.15 Capacitor
Capacitors are used in substation to improve power factor.

Capacitor bank

27

1.9 Outgoings of 132 KV Substation Bosan Road

Multan
Raza Hall
Express
Usmanabad
Hazori bagh
Wapda colony
Gulgusht
Eidgah
Shamsabad
Sabzazar
Shalimar
Gray vala
Hussain agahi
University
P.K.Colony

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