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BGP Neighbor

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1.81 S0 1.82 S1
In router B Router BGP 110 neighbor 1.93 ? or neighbor 1.90 ?

A AS 110 IBGP

1.94 S1 1.93 S0

1.85 S0

C
1.86 S1 1.89 S0 1.90 S1

In router C Router BGP 110 neighbor 1.82 ? or neighbor 1.85 ?

BGP Neighbor
1.81 S0 1.82 S1

Technologies 1.94 S1 1.93 S0

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A AS 110 IBGP

B
In router B Interface loopback 12 IP add 10.10.0.1/24 Router BGP 110 neighbor 10.20.0.1

1.85 S0

C
1.86 S1 1.89 S0 1.90 S1 In router C
Interface loopback 1 IP add 10.20.0.1/24 Router BGP 110 neighbor 10.10.0.1

Loopback interface should be used for forming neighbor relationship. BGP messages Destination IP = Neighbor IP Source IP = Primary IP of Outgoing Interface BGP check source IP in its neighbor command, if no match Message will be discarded.

BGP Neighbor
1.81 S0 1.82 S1 1.94 S1 1.93 S0

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A AS 110 IBGP

B
In router B Interface loopback 12 IP add 10.10.0.1/24 Router BGP 110 neighbor 10.20.0.1

1.85 S0

C
1.86 S1 1.89 S0 1.90 S1 In router C
Interface loopback 1 IP add 10.20.0.1/24 Router BGP 110 neighbor 10.10.0.1

On Router B B(config)#router BGP 110 B(config-router)#neighbor 10.20.0.1 remote-as 110 B(config-router)#neighbor 10.20.0.1 update-source loopback 12 B(config)#int loopback 12 B(config-if)#ip add 10.10.0.1 255.255.255.0

EBGP Neighbor
10.0.1.1/30 S0 10.0.1.2/30 S0 S1 10.0.2.2/30

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A
AS 278

S1 10.0.2.1/30

AS 523

On Router A A(config)#router BGP 278 A(config-router)#neighbor 10.20.0.1 remote-as 523 A(config-router)#neighbor 10.20.0.1 update-source loopback 12 A(config-router)#neighbor 10.20.0.1 ebgp-multihop 2 A(config)#int loopback 12 A(config-if)#ip add 10.10. 0.1 255.255.255.0 A(config)#ip route 10.20. 0.0 255.255.255.0 s 0 A(config)#ip route 10.20.0.0 255.255.255.0 s 1

Next Hop in BGP

OSPF AS 110

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S2 2.1 S0 1.2 S1 1.1

AS 5252 NH 192.168.1.1 B 11.0.0.0/8

S2 S0 2.2

IBGP C EBGP
S1 3.1 3.2 S0

EBGP

F 11.0.0.0/8 AS 5252

E AS 2121

BGP is an AS-by-AS routing protocol, not a router-byrouter routing protocol. next hop next router, the Next-hop IP address used to reach the next AS.

Next Hop in BGP

OSPF AS 5252 5252,NH 1.1 AS 110 AS NH 192.168.2.1

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S0 1.2 S1 1.1

B 11.0.0.0/8 S2 B 11.0.0.0/8 S2 IBGP 2.1 S0 C 2.2

S1 3.1 3.2 S0

EBGP

EBGP

F 11.0.0.0/8 AS 5252

E AS 2121

If Router C doesn't know how to reach 1.1 it cannot reach 11.0.0.0 network. B(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.2.2 next-hop-self

BGP Troubleshooting

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Clearing BGP neighbor relationship

On modification or implementation of new policy, BGP takes time to show results. For instant implementation of policies, resetting BGP peers is required.

R#clear ip bgp *| <neighbor IP> BGP resets connection and starts from Idle State. R#clear ip bgp *| <neighbor IP> soft out|in Clear only BGP updates, TCP connection will not be reset. If BGP State is Idle or Active for long time. Check for neighbor command in both route. Check for route exist in routing table to reach neighbor.

BGP Summarization

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BGP Supports auto and manual summary. Manual summary can be done at any point in network.
Summary can carry network belonging to multiple A.S.
R(config-Router)#aggregate-address <network> <mask> [summary-only]

BGP Metric

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BGP metric is called as Attributes or Rich Metric. Metric Characteristics.

Well Known
Recognized by all the vendors.

Optional
May not be recognized by every vendor

Mandatory
Must be present in updates.

Discretionary
May be present in updates

Transitive
Send to other neighbors.

Non transitive
Only for that router should not be pass to neighbors.

Partial
Proprietary

BGP Attributes

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BGP Attributes contain following AS Path Next hop Origin Local preference Multi Exit Discriminator Weight

AS Path

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List of AS through which updates has traversed. Path with shortest AS path list is more desirable. AS Path is Well known, mandatory and transitive attribute.
AS path : 2007
AS 2007 11.0.0.0/8 12.0.0.0/8

11.0.0.0/8 12.0.0.0/8

AS200

AS2003

Next Hop

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BGP is AS by AS routing Protocol Next hop next router Next hop = IP to reach next AS Next hop well known, mandatory and transitive attribute.
AS 123 11.0.0.0/8 F
AS 123 NH 192.168.1.1 B 11.0.0.0/8 AS 123 NH 192.168.1.1 B 11.0.0.0/8

AS 110

S1 1.1

S0 1.2

S2 2.1

IBGP
S0 2.2

Origin

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Origin inform all AS in Internetwork how network got introduced into BGP.
IGP (i)
network command

EGP (e)
Redistributed from EGP

Incomplete (?)
Redistributed from IGP or static

The origin attribute is well-known, mandatory, and transitive.

I is better then e and e is better then ?

Local Preference

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Local preference define how data traffic should exit from an AS. Path with highest preference value is more desirable. It is advertised only to IBGP neighbor within an AS. Default value is 100 Local preference is Well known, discretionary and transitive only to IBGP neighbor.

Local Preference

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A My AS 123 B C AS 21117

AS 1220

AS 125

AS 179 11.0.0.0/8

Local Preference

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A My AS 123 B

11.0.0.1

LP 100 AS 21117

LP 250

AS 1220

AS 125

AS 179 11.0.0.0/8

Multi Exit Discriminator

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A My AS 123 192.15.2.0/24

C AS 12200 B

Multi Exit Discriminator

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A My AS 123 192.15.2.0/24

192.15.2.1

C AS 12200 B

Multi Exit Discriminator

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MED define how the data traffic should enter an AS. MED is used to advertised to EBGP neighbor only. Path with less MED is more desirable. Default is value 0. MED is optional and non transitive.

Weight
11.0.0.1

Technologies Weight 300 AS 21117

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A My AS 123 Weight 500

AS 1220

AS 179 11.0.0.0/8

Weight

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Weight is Ciscos attribute. Path with the highest weight is more desirable. Default weight is 32768 for local network and 0 for other. Weight is configured locally to each router, it is not advertised to any neighbor. Weight is partial attribute.

BGP Path Selection Processes

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BGP Consider only (synchronized), no AS loops and a valid next hop route for path selection processes: Prefer highest weight (local to router) Prefer highest local preference (global within AS) Prefer route originated by the local router (next hop = 0.0.0.0) Prefer shortest AS path Prefer lowest origin code (IGP < EGP < incomplete) Prefer lowest MED (from other AS) Prefer a path from EBGP neighbor over IBGP neighbor Prefer the path through the closest IGP neighbor Prefer oldest route for EBGP neighbor Prefer the path with the lowest neighbor BGP router ID

Route Map for BGP policy

13.0.0.1 11.0.0.1 12.0.0.1 14.0.0.1

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A My AS 123 B LP 250 C

LP 100 AS 21117 12.0.0.0/8

AS 1220 14.0.0.0/8

AS 125 13.0.0.0/8

AS 179 11.0.0.0/8

Route Map for BGP policy

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A My AS 123 B Route-map BGP Match IP add 11.0.0.0 Set Local preference 250 C

LP 100 AS 21117

AS 1220

AS 125

AS 179 11.0.0.0/8

Multi-homing AS

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ISP A 112.0.0.0/8 C My AS 123 ISP B 61.0.0.0/8

Global ISP X

Global ISP Y