A Finite Element Code for Full 3-D Electromagnetic Logging Response Computation

A Finite Element Code for Full 3-D Electromagnetic Logging Response Computation
hei Yang, Petrophvsics Lab, Geoscience Department, Universitv of Petroleum, Beifing, China, 102200
Summary
Considering the inIluence oI conductivity and
displacement current at the meantime, we have derived a
new Iunctional Iormulation oI and developed a 3D
Einite Element code to simulate electromagnetic well
logging responses in Iull 3D and wide range Irequency.
We have computed the Iield distribution oI a horizontal
and a vertical magnetic Iield coil. We have also given the
response oI induction well logging in derived wells.
Einally we have analyzed the inIluence oI coil radius and
anisotropy.
Introduction
An eIIicient method to solve Iull three-dimensional (3-D)
electromagnetic (EM) Iields is in great demand Ior
practical applications oI EM methods. We have derived a
new Iunctional Iormulation oI and developed a 3D
Einite Element code to simulate electromagnetic responses
in the Irequency domain. Since we have considered the
inIluence oI conductivity and displacement current at the
meantime we can solve EM Iields in a wide range
Irequency.
Method
The diIIerential Iorm oI Maxwell equations in 3D arbitrary
Iormation is
Herein and represent isotropic inductive capacities.
We know Irom (3) that
!
can be expressed by
!
as
Substituting (8) in the equation (1) we have
ThereIore,

!
!
+ is non-curl it can be expressed by
the gradient oI as the Iollowing

!
!
It also can be written as
Substituting (6), (7), (8), (10) in the equation (2) and
rearranging terms, We get
II we assume that all Iields are sinusoidal and using the
complex notation we have
Einally we can have
herein

it is the second order vector wave
equation. In addition, since there is no electric charge
source in our model, equation (4) can be changed as
The variational Iormula oI equation (14) and (15) is
( ) ( )

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

! ! !
! ! !

Code Benchmark
Eirst, we compared the results oI the code with those oI 2-
D code and showed that they have a good agreement.
Eigure 1a is a 2D 3-layer model. Eigure 1b is the result oI
Numerical Mode Matching method (NMM) and 3D EEM
method in Irequency 20K, Iigure 1c is the result in
Irequency 20M. We can see that the 2 methods get the
very similar result, thereIore, the 3D EEM code is
validated in 2D situation in a wide range Irequency.
Eigure 1a: 2D 3-layer model

!
!
(1)

! !
!
!
+ +

(2)

!
(3)

!
(4)
We Iurther assume that

! !
(5)

! !
(6)

! !
(7)

! !
(8)

,
_

!
!
(9)

!
!
(10)
( )

!
!
!

(11)

! !

(12)

,
_

+ +

!
! ! ! !
(13)

! !

(14)

(15)
SEG Int'l Exposition and Annual Meeting * San Antonio, Texas * September 9-14, 2001
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A Finite Element Code for Full 3-D Electromagnetic Logging Response Computation
8 10 12
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Freq=20e3
EATT-2D
DFAI-2D
EATT-3D
DFAI-3D
Depth(m)
Eigure 1b: Result in requency 20K
8 10 12
10
15
20
25
30
35
Freq=20e6
EATT-2D
DFAI-2D
EATT-3D
DFAI-3D
Depth(m)
Eigure 1c: Result in requency 20M
To validate the code in 3D situation, We have also
benchmarked the code with the code discussed in
reIerences |1-2|. Eigure 2a is a 3D 6-layer model, Eigure
2b is the result comparison oI ours and reIerences |1-2| in
a highly deviated well (70

). Since we don`t know some

details in Druskin`s paper, we can not contrast both in
completely same situation. All in all, both oI curves have
similar character. We can make they have a good
agreement iI we know all parameters in the model.
ThereIore, it shows that our code is validated in 3D
situations.
Eigure 2a: 3D 6-layer model
-2 3
0.01
0.1
1
Depth(m)
Formation
Our's
Druskin's
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C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
S
/
m
)
Eigure 2b: comparison oI our`s and Druskin`s
Numerical Example
AIter the validation oI the 3-D code, we have used the
code to compute some important problems in
electromagnetic well logging. These problems include 3-
Compenment EM Logging, the highly deviated wells, and
inIluence oI coil radius.
Three Component EM Logging
Considering these requirements we try to develop new
tools using the code. We have recorded 3 components oI
electric Iield and 3 components oI magnetic Iield. We
Iound that we can change the conIiguration oI the present
tools and excite these components oI EM Iields and use
these supplement components to detect unsymmetrical
invasion zone Iormations. Eigure 3a is a horizontal
magnetic coil. It will excite a horizontal magnetic in
Iormation. The magnetic is shown in Iigure 3b. On the
other hand, the present induction-logging coil is shown in
Iigure 3c, and, its magnetic is shown in Iigure 3d. Erom
these Iigures, we can see that the horizontal coil has
produced a Iield that has a high vertical resolution and a
deep horizontal investigation depth. Based on the Iact,
people can develop 3-compement induction-logging tool
that has better investigation character.
Eigure 3a: a horizontal magnetic coil.
SEG Int'l Exposition and Annual Meeting * San Antonio, Texas * September 9-14, 2001
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A Finite Element Code for Full 3-D Electromagnetic Logging Response Computation
Eigure 3b: Magnetic Iield excitated by coil in Iigure 1a.
Eigure 3c: Vertical magnetic field coil.
Eigure 3d: Magnetic Iield excitated by coil in Iigure 3c.
Deviated Well Responses
The dip angle`s eIIects Ior the interpretation oI horizontal
and deviated wells have been investigated with the code.
The dip angle`s eIIects have diIIerent values when the dip
angle (the angle between the well axis and the normal oI
Iormation boundary) changes. Applying the same
Iormation model in Iigure 2a. Results in Iigure 4 show
that the apparent conductivity values decrease and the
apparent thickness oI Iormation increases as the angle
increases. The less Iormation thickness the more eIIect oI
the angle.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.01
0.1
1
Formation
Derviated angle 70 degree
Derviated angle 20 degree
A
p
p
a
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n
t

C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
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y
(
S
/
m
)
Depth(m)
Eigure 4: response in diIIerent derivated angle.
Influence of Coil Radius
Coil radius may have some inIluence in EM well logging
response. We have checked its inIluence with the code.
The result is shown in Iigure 5. The Iormation model is the
same as Iigure 2a. We can see that apparent conductivity
become lower with the increase oI coil radius.
3 4 5 6 7
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50 Coil Radius=0.03m
Coil Radius=0.445m
A
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C
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d
u
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i
v
i
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y
(
S
/
m
)
Depth(m)
Eigure 5: Response in different coil radius.
Conclusions
The code has been benchmarked with 2D NMM and 3D
EDM. Results show that it can be used to simulate Iull 3D
response oI EM well logging in a wide range Irequency.
Simulation results oI the tested 3D EEM code show that
horizontal magnetic Iield coil can excite a better Iiled
distribution than vertical magnetic Iield coil used in
present induction well logging.
Results show that the apparent conductivity values
decrease and the apparent thickness oI Iormation increases
as the angle increases. The less Iormation thickness the
more eIIect oI the angle.
Results show that apparent conductivity become lower
with the increase oI coil radius. We can get a better
contrast result iI we know the coil radius.
Our results strongly suggest that instruments developed
using the triaxial induction principle are sure to add great
value to Iormation evaluation.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the assistance of Chinese
National Science Eoundation, Division of
Geoscience, under contract 49804003 and Chinese
National Petroleum Corporation for the research in
SEG Int'l Exposition and Annual Meeting * San Antonio, Texas * September 9-14, 2001
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A Finite Element Code for Full 3-D Electromagnetic Logging Response Computation
this paper.
References
Van der Horst, M.,Druskin,V., and Knizhnerman, L., Modeling the
response oI induction logging tools in 3D geometries with the
Spectral Lanczos Decomposition Method: International
Symposium on three-dimensional electromagnetics,
Schlumberger-Doll Research, RidgeIield, Connecticut, USA,
Expanded Abstracts, 4-6, 1995.
Druskin, V., Knizhnerman, L., and Lee P., A new spectral Lanczos
decomposition method Ior induction modeling in arbitrary 3D
geometry: Geophysics, 64, 701-706, 1999.
Zhdanov, M.S., Cheryauka, A.B., Peksen, E. and W.D. Kennedy,
2000, Modeling and interpretation oI tensor induction well
logging: Consortium Ior Electromagnetic Modeling and Inversion,
Proceedings oI the 2000 Annual Meeting, 103-145.
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SEG Int'l Exposition and Annual Meeting * San Antonio, Texas * September 9-14, 2001
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