Guia CELE

Estructura de la oracin
En esta oportunidad veremos como se construye la oracin bsica en el idioma ingls de acuerdo con su modalidad. Por ejemplo si lo que se desea es hacer una afirmacin deberemos emplear el siguiente esquema:

Para interrogar, deberemos colocar el auxiliar del tiempo correspondiente, al comienzo de la oracin, como se muestra en el siguiente grfico:

En cambio, en la oracin negativa colocaremos el auxiliar correspondiente al tiempo verbal seguido de la negacin (NOT) o su forma contrada entre el pronombre y el verbo como vemos a continuacin:

Tambin se puede emplear otros complementos como de tiempo, lugar, modo, etc. que se ubican al final de la oracin. Por ejemplo: I study the lesson at night. Yo estudio la leccin por la noche. She dances jazz at the nightclub. Ella baila jazz en el club nocturno. They speak English fast. Ellos hablan ingls rpido. Generalmente el complemento de lugar se coloca delante del complemento de tiempo: I study the lesson in my house at night. Yo estudio la leccin en mi casa la noche. She dances jazz at the nigh club every night. Ella baila jazz en el club nocturno todas las noches.

They speak English at school during the class. Ellos hablan ingls en la escuela durante la clase.
Otros complementos de la oracin (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final de la misma:
I eat apples at lunchtime. You need help in your job. We bought a car last Friday.

Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:

I eat apples at home at lunchtime. You need help in your job right now. We bought a car in Madrid last Friday.

Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, stos se suelen situar delante del verbo en las formas simples, y entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas (hay numerosas excepciones):
I always eat apples at home. I have always eaten apples at home. You never need help. You have never needed help.

6 -Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial: a) I didn't eat breakfast yesterday morning. Si en una oracin aparece ms de un "adverbial", el orden ms usuales "manner", "place" y "time" (modo, lugar y tiempo): b) He sang beautifully in the concert hall last night. c) John sang that song happily in the kitchen yesterday morning.

PUNCTUATION RULES
Period Exclamation Point Question Mark Colon Apostrophe Quotation Marks Dash Parentheses Brackets

Comma Semicolon

Ellipsis Hyphen

Underlining/Italics Spacing

Please note that some of the words below are in bold print to help them stand out. Also, this is certainly not an all-inclusive list of rules. The rules below have been researched using numerous sources. Some punctuation has more than one acceptable rule, and in those cases I have tried to include the variations. PERIOD 1. Use a period at the end of a sentence.
Example: I enjoyed the movie.

2. Use a period after an initial.

Example: M. E. Kerr is a wonderful author.

3. Use a period after an abbreviation.

Example: We welcomed Mrs. Simmons to our team.

4. Use a period as a decimal point.

Example: The workers received a 2.1 percent raise.

5. Use a period to separate dollars and cents.

Example: The book cost $4.95.

6. Use a period after each number in a list printed vertically.

Example: For the example, look at the lists on this page.

EXCLAMATION POINT 1. Use an exclamation point at the end of sentence, phrase, or word to indicate strong emotion. (Never use more than one exclamation point.)
Example: Wow! I never thought Mom would let us go to the concert! Unacceptable: Wow!! I never thought Mom would let us go to the concert!!!!!!

QUESTION MARK 1. Use a question mark at the end of a question.

Example: Did Steven go with you?

2. Use a question mark at the end of a declarative statement that you want to emphasize as not believing the statement.
She's our new teacher?

3. Use a question mark with parentheses to indicate that you are not sure of a spelling or other fact.
I have to visit an orthopeadic (?) doctor next week.

COMMA 1. Use a comma after each item in a series of at least three items. (It has become acceptable to omit the comma before the conjunction in a series. However, it is important to remain consistent.)
Example: I still need to take a test, write an essay, and check out a book. Example: I dislike spinach, broccoli, and cauliflower. Acceptable: I dislike spinach, broccoli and cauliflower.

2. Use commas after the street address and city in an address. (Do not use a comma after the state.)
Example: The address is 1234 Apple Street, Midtown, Kansas 98765.

3. Use a comma after the day and the year in a date. (No commas are used in dates when using the MLA style.)
Example: Connie's birthday is February 20, 1965. MLA version: Connie's birthday is 20 February 1965.

4. Use a comma to clarify large numbers. Counting from right to left, a comma is needed after every 3 digits. This rule does not apply to years, where no commas are used at all.
Example: In 1998 the population of Claremont was 23,899.

5. Use a comma to set off an interruption in the main thought of a sentence.

Example: Rosa, of course, will bring her folding chairs.

6. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that equally modify the same noun. (If you aren't sure whether to use a comma to separate the adjectives or not, say the sentence with the word and in place of the comma. If it makes sense, then use the comma.)
Example: Jill was having problems with the unruly, disruptive

7. Use a comma after a dependent clause that begins a sentence. (Never use a comma before a dependent clause at the end of a sentence.)
Example: If Mr. Wilson complains, we'll invite him for a snack. Example: We'll invite Mr. Wilson for a snack if he complains.

children.

8. Use a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence. However, if the two independent clauses are very short, you do not need the comma.
Example: We had a lot of fun, so I'll have another party soon. Example: She spoke and I took notes.

9. When quoting, put a comma to the left of a quotation mark that does not already have a period, question mark, or exclamation point. (It is much easier to remember this rule than to worry about "inside" and "outside".)
Example: Ariel said, "I knew you would win the contest."

10. Use a comma after a mild interjection, such as oh or well.

Example: Oh, the test was not that difficult.

11. 12. 13.

Use a comma after a noun of direct address. Use a comma after the greeting in a personal letter. Use a comma after the closing of a letter.

Example: Kodi, didn't I ask you to clean your room? Example: Dear Aunt Sheila, Example: Sincerely,

14. Use a comma to indicate where a pause is necessary in order to avoid confusion. (Sometimes rewriting the sentence is a better choice.)
Example: After Kelly, Jennifer gets a turn. Example: Maria came in, in quite a hurry.

15. Use a comma after an appositive. (An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that gives additional information about the noun that it follows. Do not use a comma after a restrictive appositive, which is one that cannot be

removed from the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.)
Example: Wesley, my brother, is an optician.

15.

Use a comma to set off the abbreviation etc.

Example: I went to the store to get napkins, plates, cups, forks, etc.

SEMICOLON 1. Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses. (This eliminates the need for a comma and a conjunction.)
Example: Casey read a book; then he did a book report.

2. Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when those items contain punctuation such as a comma. COLON 1. Use a colon between numerals indicating hours and minutes.
Example: School starts at 8:05 a.m. Example: We went on field trips to Topeka, Kansas; Freedom, Oklahoma; and Amarillo, Texas.

2. Use a colon to introduce a list that appears after an independent clause. (Introductory words such asfollowing go somewhere before the colon to help introduce the list.) 3. When mentioning a volume number and page number, use a colon between the two items. 4. Use a colon after the greeting of a business letter.
Example: Dear Sir: Example: You will find information about Mexico in Grolier Encyclopedia 17:245. Example: You need the following items for class: pencil, pens, paper, ruler, and glue.

5. Use a colon between the title and subtitle of a book. 6. Use a colon between the chapter and verse numbers for parts of the Bible.
Example: Please read Genesis 1:3. Example: Reading Strategies That Work: Teaching Your Students to Become Better Readers is an excellent resource.

APOSTROPHE 1. Use an apostrophe in a contraction to show where letters have been omitted, or left out.

2. Use an apostrophe when you leave out the first two numbers of a year.
She was in the class of '93.

Example: I don't think I can do this. (The apostrophe shows that the letter

3. For a singular noun that does not end in -s, add 's.
Example: The lady's hands were trembling.

4. For a one syllable singular noun that ends in possessive.

Example: It is my boss's birthday today.

5. If a singular noun has more than one syllable and ends in s it is acceptable to use 's OR to use only an apostrophe after the -s. (It is important to remain consistent.)
Example: The metropolis's citizens were very friendly during our visit. Acceptable: The metropolis' citizens were very friendly during our visit.

6. To form the possessive of a singular proper noun ending in -s, it is acceptable to add 's OR to add only an apostrophe. (It is important to remain consistent.)
Example: Mr. Ness's classroom is very inviting. Acceptable: Mr. Ness' classroom is very inviting.

7. If a plural noun ends in -s, add an apostrophe after the -s.

Example: The ladies' restroom was a mess.

8. If a plural noun does not end with an -s, form the possessive by using an apostrophe before an -s.
Example: The mice's tails were caught in a trap.

9. For a compound noun, place the possessive ending after the last word.
Example: My mother-in-law's car was in the garage during the hail storm. (singular) Example: My brothers-in-law's cars were damaged in the hail storm. (plural)

10. To show possession of the same object by more than one noun, only make the last noun in the series possessive.
Example: I'm looking for Mrs. Garcia, Mrs. Lee, and Miss Carter's office. (They all share the same office.)

11. Use an apostrophe to form the plural of a number, letter, sign, or word used as a word.
Example: Check to see that you used the +'s and -'s correctly.

Example: I'm looking for Mrs. Garcia's, Mrs. Lee's, and Miss Carter's offices. (Each person has her own office.)

QUOTATION MARKS 1. Use quotation marks before and after a direct quote. If the speaker tag interrupts the quoted material, then two sets of quotation marks are needed. However, do not put quotation marks around the speaker tag.
Example: "I think my leg is broken," Jesse whimpered. Example: Did Mrs. Steele just say, "We are going to have a test today"? Example: "I can't move." Maria whispered, "I'm too scared."

2. Put quotation marks around the titles of short works, such as articles, songs, short stories, or poems. 3. Place quotation marks around words, letters, or symbols that are slang or being discussed or used in a special way. (Underlining can be used for the same purpose.)
Example: I have a hard time spelling "miscellaneous." Example: I have a hard time spelling miscellaneous. Example: Have you heard the song "Love Me Tender," by Elvis Presley?

4. Use single quotation marks for quotation marks within quotations.

Example: "Have your read the poem, 'The Raven,' by Edgar Alan Poe?" I asked Chris.

5. Any punctuation used goes to the left of a quotation mark. However, if the punctuation is used to punctuate the whole sentence and not just what is inside the quotation marks, then it goes to the right.
Example: Have you read the poem, "Anabel Lee"?

ELLIPSIS 1. Use an ellipsis to indicate a pause.

Example: You mean ... I ... uh ... we have a test today?

2. Use an ellipsis to indicate omitted words in a quotation. 3. If the ellipses comes at the end of your sentence, you still need end punctuation, even it is a period. HYPHEN 1. Use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine.
Example: The final score was seventy-eight to sixty-two. I listened carefully as the teacher read Lincoln's inaugural address. "Four score and seven years ago ...." Example: "Then you'd blast off ... on screen, as if you were looking out ... of a spaceship."

2. Use a hyphen between the numbers in a fraction.

Example: I only used three-fourths of the flour you gave me.

3. Use a hyphen to form some compound words, especially compound adjectives that appear for the nouns they modify.
Example: The court took a ten-minute recess.

4. Use a hyphen to join a capital letter to a word.

Example: I had to have my arm X-rayed.

5. Use a hyphen to show a family relationship, except "grand" and "half."

Example: My sister-in-law helps take care of my great-aunt. Example: We are going to go visit my grandparents while we are in town. Example: Connie just found out that she has a half sister.

DASH 1. Use a pair of dashes to indicate a sudden interruption in a sentence. (One handwritten dash is twice as long as a hyphen. One typewritten dash is one hyphen followed by another.) 2. Use a dash to attach an afterthought to an already complete sentence. 3. Use a dash after a series of introductory elements.
Example: There is one thing--actually several things--that I need to tell you.

Example: Sarah bought a new pet yesterday--a boa constrictor.

PARENTHESES 1. Use a set of parentheses around a word or phrase in a sentence that adds information or makes an idea more clear. (Punctuation is placed inside the parentheses to mark the material in the parentheses. Punctuation is placed outside the parentheses to mark the entire sentence. When the material in parentheses is longer than one sentence [such as this information], then the punctuation for the final sentence is placed inside the parentheses.)
Example: Your essay (all nine pages of it) is on my desk.

Example: Murder, armed robbery, assault--he has a long list of felonies on his record.

2. Do not use parentheses within parentheses. Use brackets in place of the inner parentheses.
Example: Please refer to Julius Caesar (Act IV, scene i [page 72]).

BRACKETS 1. Use brackets around around words of your own that you add to the words of someone you are quoting. UNDERLINING (OR ITALICS)
Example: The news anchor announced, "It is my sad duty to inform our audience that we are now at war [with Iraq]." It is more acceptable to use italics when available.

1. Underline titles of long works such as books, magazines, albums, movies, etc. (Do not underline end punctuation.)
Example: We use The Language Handbook to study grammar. Example: We use The Language Handbook to study grammar.

2. Underline foreign words which are not commonly used in everyday English.
Example: If you look closely, you'll see e pluribus on most U.S. currency. Example: If you look closely, you'll see e pluribus on most U.S. currency.

3. Underline a word, number, or letter which is being discussed or used in a special way. (Quotation marks can be used for the same purpose.)
Example: Remember to dot every i and cross every t.

Example: Remember to dot every i and cross every t.

S
Grammar and punctuation rules evolve over time, and spacing rules are no exception. I was taught how to type in the days before computers. I learned to use two spaces after a period, and I find it very difficult to do otherwise. It is now acceptable (some would say required) to use only space after a period. I teach my students that consistency is the key. For more information on the "new rules" visit Chattanooga Writers Guild. This is an informative article. It makes a good argument for using one space, but this old dog is having problems learning that new trick. I'll stick to two spaces. I don't think it will bother you any; you've made it to the bottom of this page, and I used two spaces after every period.

List of Comparatives and Superlatives (Lista de comparativos y superlativos)

Lista de los adjetivos ms comunes, con su forma comparativa y superlativa.
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo Espaol

angry Bad big bitter black bland bloody blue bold bossy brave brief bright broad busy calm cheap

angrier worse bigger bitterer blacker blander bloodier bluer bolder bossier braver briefer brighter broader busier calmer cheap

angriest worst biggest bitterest blackest blandest bloodiest bluest boldest bossiest bravest briefest brightest broadest busiest calmest cheaper

enfadado, enojado malo grande amargo, resentido, agrio negro soso sanguinolento deprimido audaz mandn valiente breve brillante, luminoso ancho, amplio ocupado, ajetreado tranquilo barato

chewy chubby classy clean clear clever close cloudy clumsy coarse cold cool crazy creamy creepy crispy cruel crunchy curly curvy cute damp dark deadly deep dense dirty dry dull dumb dusty early

chewier chubbier classier cleaner clear cleverer closer cloudier clumsier coarser colder cooler crazier creamier creepier crispier crueler crunchier curly curvier cuter damper darker deadlier deeper denser dirtier drier duller dumber dustier earlier

chewiest chubbiest classiest cleanest clearest cleverest closest cloudiest clumsiest coarsest coldest coolest craziest creamiest creepiest crispiest cruelest crunchiest curliest curviest cutest dampest darkest deadliest deepest densest dirtiest driest dullest dumbest dustiest earliest

correoso, gomoso rechoncho elegante limpio, sano claro, despejado listo, ingenioso cerca nubiado torpe spero, grosero fro fresco loco cremoso espeluznante, repugnante crujiente cruel crujiente rizado, crespo, quebrado curvo mono hmedo oscuro, moreno mortal, mortfero profundo denso sucio seco aburrido, soso, tonto, romo estpido polvoriento pronto, temprano

easy faint fair fancy far fast fat few fierce filthy fine firm fit flaky flat fresh friendly full funny gentle gloomy good grand grave greasy great greedy gross guilty hairy

easier fainter fairer fancier further/farther faster fatter fewer fiercer filthier finer firmer fitter flakier flatter fresher friendlier fuller funnier gentler gloomier better grander graver greasier greater greedier grosser guilter hairier

easiest faintest fairest fanciest furthest/farthest fastest fattest fewest fiercest filthiest finest firmest fittest flakiest flattest freshest friendliest fullest funniest gentlest gloomiest best grandest gravest greasiest greatest greediest grossest guiltiest hairiest

facl leve, tenue, vago, ligero claro, sereno, recto, justo lujoso lejos, distante rpido gordo pocos fiero, encarnizado aaqueroso, obsceno fino firme, estricto apto, en forma desconchado llano, liso, plano fresco, nuevo, original agradable, amable, amistoso lleno, completo gracioso, curioso, raro tierno, afectuoso, suave oscuro, abatido, decado bueno grandioso, ambicioso, impotente grave grasiento grande, genial goloso, codicioso, vido asqueroso, grosero, craso culpable velludo, peludo

handy happy hard harsh healthy heavy high hip hot humble hungry icy itchy juicy kind large late lazy light likely little lively lonely long loud lovely low mad mean messy

handier happier harder harsher healthier heavier higher hipper hotter humbler hungrier icier itchier juicier kinder larger later lazier lighter likelier littler livelier lonlier longer louder lovelier lower madder meaner messier

handiest happiest hardest harshest healthiest heaviest highest hippest hottest humblest hungriest iciest itchiest juiciest kindest largest latest laziest lightest likeliest littlest liveliest lonliest longest loudest loveliest lowest maddest meanest messiest

prctivo, til, habilidoso, maoso feliz, contento, alegre duro, difcil spero, duro sano, saludable pesado, grueso, fuerte, duro alto, elevado, agudo moderno caliente, caluroso, picante humilde hambriento helado, fro pica jugoso, zumoso, suculento amable, benvolo, carioso grande tarde, restrasado, reciente perezoso ligero, claro probable pequeo, poco animado, vivo solitario largo fuerte, alto precioso, bello, lindo bajo enfadado, enojado, loco malo, mezquino, tacao sucio, desordenado, desastroso

mild moist narrow nasty naughty near neat needy new nice noisy odd oily old plain polite poor pretty proud pure quick quiet rare raw rich ripe risky roomy rough rude

milder moister narrower nastier naughtier nearer neater needier newer nicer noisier odder oilier older/elder plainer politer poorer prettier prouder purer quicker quieter rarer rawer richer riper riskier roomier rougher ruder

mildest moistest narrowest nastiest naughtiest nearest neatest neediest newest nicest noisiest oddest oiliest oldest/eldest plainest politest poorest prettiest proudest purest quickest quietest rarest rawest richest ripest riskiest roomiest roughest rudest

afable, suave, leve hmedo estrecho, escaso asqueroso, desagradable malo, travieso, picante cercano, prximo ordenado, aseado, pulcro necesitado nuevo, fresco, reciente, moderno simpatico, agradable, bueno ruidoso, clamaroso raro, extrao grasiento, aceitoso viejo, anciano, antiguo claro, sencillo educado, corts pobre bonito, lindo, hermoso orgulloso, soberbio, digno puro rpido tranquillo, silencioso raro crudo, agrietado rico, abundante maduro, curado arriesgado, peligroso espacioso spero, tosco, bruto, ronco maleducado, grosero, tosco

rusty sad safe salty sane scary shallow sharp shiny short shy silly simple sincere skinny sleepy slim slimy slow small smart smelly smoky smooth soft soon sore sorry sour spicy steep

rustier sadder safer saltier saner scarier shallower sharper shinier shorter shyer sillier simpler sincerer skinnier sleepier slimmer slimier slower smaller smarter smellier smokier smoother softer sooner sorer sorrier sourer spicier steeper

rustiest saddest safest saltiest sanest scariest shallowest sharpest shiniest shortest shyest silliest simplest sincerest skinniest sleepiest slimmest slimiest slowest smallest smartest smelliest smokiest smoothest softest soonest sorest sorriest sourest spiciest steepest

oxidado triste, lamentable, penoso seguro salado cuerdo, sensato espantoso, asustadizo superficial, poco profundo afilado, cerrado, agudo brillante, reluciente corto, bajo, chaparro tmido tonto sencillo, simple, facl sincero, genuino flaco adormilado, sooliento delgado, fino viscoso, pegajoso, empalagoso lento pequeo listo, inteligente, agudo apestoso humeante, ahumado liso, suave, llano, fluido blando, suave pronto dolorido lamentable agrio, cido picante, especiado, sazonado empinado, pronunciado

stingy strange strict strong sunny sweaty sweet tall tan tasty thick thin thirsty tiny tough true ugly warm weak wealthy weird wet wide wild windy wise worldly worthy young

stingier stranger stricter stronger sunnier sweatier sweeter taller tanner tastier thicker thinner thirstier tinier tougher truer uglier warmer weaker wealthier weirder wetter wider wilder windier wiser worldlier worthier younger

stingiest strangest strictest strongest sunniest sweatiest sweetest tallest tannest tastiest thickest thinnest thirstiest tiniest toughest truest ugliest warmest weakest wealthiest weirdest wettest widest wildest windiest wisest worldliest worthiest younges

tacao, rcano, raqutico raro, extrao, desconocido estricto, rgido fuerte, slido, intenso, marcado soleado, radiante sudoroso dulce alto bronceado, moreno rico, sabroso, apetitoso grueso, denso, espeso, poblado delgado, fino sediento diminuto, minsculo fuerte, resistente, duro, difcil cierto, verdadero, leal, fiel feo caliente, templado, clido dbil, flojo rico, pudiente raro, extrao mojado, hmedo, lluvioso ancho, amplio, extenso salvaje, silvestre, descontrolado ventoso sabio, sensato, prudente mundano, terreno virtuoso, digno joven

Present Perfect (Presente perfecto)

Ver tabla de conjugacion: Present Perfect

El presente perfecto equivale ms o menos al pretrito perfecto del espaol. Veremos las diferencias en la seccin sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el presente. Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar "to have" en el presente y el participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple del pasado. Ver la leccin sobre el pasado simple para ms informacin sobre como formar el pasado.
Subject Auxiliary Short Form Past Participle

I, You, We, They have He, She, It has

I've, you've, we've, they've he's, she's, it's

talked, learned, traveled... talked, learned, traveled...

Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en ingls. A continuacin tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados irregulares ms comunes.
Verb Past Simple Past Participle

Play be Play do Play go Play make Play see Structure (Estructura)

Play was/were Play did Play went Play made Play saw

Play been Play done Play gone Play made Play seen

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + participio pasado... Ejemplos: Play I've talked to Peter. (He hablado con Peter.) Play She's gone to work. (Ha ido a su trabajo.) Play We've been to London. (Hemos ido a Londres.) Play They've learned English. (Han aprendido ingls.) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "not" + participio pasado... Ejemplos: Play I haven't talked to Peter. (No he hablado con Peter.) Play She hasn't gone to work. (No ha ido a su trabajo.) Play We haven't been to London. (No hemos ido a Londres.) Play They haven't learned English. (No han aprendido ingls.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) EstructuraVerbo auxiliar ("to have") + sujeto + participio pasado...? o Ejemplos: o Play Have you talked to Peter? (Has hablado con Peter?) o Play Has she gone to work? (Ha ido a su trabajo?) o Play Have you been to London? (Has ido a Londres?) o Play Have they learned English? (Han aprendido ingls?) Uses (Usos) Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de ahora. El tiempo especfico no es importante. Por lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de tiempo especficas ("this morning", "yesterday", "last year"...) con el presente perfecto. Se puede usar el presente perfecto con expresiones de tiempo no concretas ("never", "ever", "many times", "for", "since", "already", "yet"...). Este concepto de tiempo no especfico es bastante difcil de comprender, por este motivo, a continuacin tienes los usos particulares del presente perfecto. 1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No lo usamos para acciones especficas. o Ejemplos: o Play I have never flown in a plane. (Nunca he volado en un avin.) o Play He has worked in many different museums. (Ha trabajado en muchos museos diferentes.) o Play We have been to Ro de Janeiro. (Hemos ido a Ro de Janeiro.) 2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo. o Ejemplos: o Play I have become more timid in my old age. (Me he vuelto ms tmido en mi vejez.) o Play Their English has improved a lot this year. (Su ingls ha mejorado mucho este ao.) o Play He has learned to be more patient. (Ha aprendido a ser ms paciente.) 3. Se usa para los exitosos. o Ejemplos: o Play Our football team has won the championship three times. (Nuestro equipo de ftbol ha ganado el
campeonato tres veces.)

o o

Play Dan has finished writing his first novel. (Dan ha terminado de escribir su primera novela.) Play Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses. (Los cientficos han tenido xito en la curacin de
muchas enfermedades.)

4. Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todava no han sucedido. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que an estamos esperando la accin, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los adverbios "yet" y "still". o Ejemplos: o Play The plane hasn't arrived yet. (El avin no ha llegado todava.) o Play Our team still hasn't won a championship. (Nuestro equipo an no ha ganado un campeonato.) o Play You haven't finished your homework yet? (No has acabado todava los deberes?) 5. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en diferentes momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que son posibles ms acciones en el futuro.

o o o o

Ejemplos: Play We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement. (Hemos hablado varias veces,
pero todava no podemos llegar a un acuerdo.)

Play Our team has played 4 games so far this year. (Nuestro equipo ya ha jugado 4 partidos este ao.) Play I love New York! I have been there 5 times already and I can't wait to go back. (Me encanta
Nueva York! Ya he estado all 5 veces y no puedo esperar para regresar.)

6. En general, usamos el presente perfecto continuo para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente. Pero como hemos visto, hay unos verbos que no podemos usar en los tiempos continuos. En estos casos, usamos el presente perfecto. o Ejemplos: o Play How long has Michael been in Barcelona? (Cunto tiempo ha estado Michael en Barcelona?) o Play I have loved you since the day I met you. (Te he querido desde el da que te conoc.)

Past Perfect (Pasado perfecto)

Ver tabla de conjugacion: Past Perfect

El pasado perfecto en ingls corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de espaol. En general, lo usamos para acciones que han ocurrido antes de otra accin en el pasado. Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo auxiliar " to have" y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estar en pasado.
Subject Auxiliary Short Form Past Participle

I, You, He, She, It, We, They

had

I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd

studied, visited, worked...

Note: Ten cuidado: La contraccin "-'d" tambin se utiliza con el verbo modal "would" para formar el condicional. Como tal, la forma corta "I'd" puede tener dos significados diferentes. Podemos distinguir entre estos dos significados por la forma del verbo principal que les sigue. Si queremos decir "I'd" en el sentido de pasado perfecto, el verbo principal est en la forma de participio pasado, mientras que con el condicional, " I'd" va seguido por el verbo en infinitivo. Para ms informacin, ver la leccin sobre las frases condicionales. Ver la lista de los participios pasados irregulares. Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) EstructuraSujeto + "had" + participio pasado... o Ejemplos: o Play I'd visited the Louvre before so I knew where the Mona Lisa was. (Haba visitado el Museo del
Louvre antes, as que saba donde estaba la Mona Lisa.)

o o

Play They'd studied English before they went to London. (Haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres.) Play Henry changed careers because he'd worked as an accountant for many years and was bored. (Henry cambi de profesin porque haba trabajado como contable durante muchos aos y estaba
aburrido.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) EstructuraSujeto + "had" + "not" + participio pasado... o Ejemplos: o Play I hadn't visited the Louvre before so I didn't know where the Mona Lisa was. (No haba visitado el
Museo del Louvre antes, as que no saba donde estaba la Mona Lisa.)

o o

Play They hadn't studied English before they went to London. (No haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a
Londres.)

Play Henry changed careers even though he hadn't worked as an accountant for long. (Henry cambi
de profesin a pesar de que no haba trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Estructura"Had" + sujeto + participio pasado...? o Ejemplos: o Play How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre before? (Cmo sabas
dnde estaba la Mona Lisa? Haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes?)

o o

Play Had they studied English before they went to London? (Haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a
Londres?)

Play Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed careers? (Henry haba trabajado
como contable durante mucho tiempo antes de cambiar de profesin?)

Uses (Usos) 1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una accin o evento que comenz en el pasado y que es anterior a otra accin tambin en el pasado. La accin que ocurri primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue en pasado simple. Ejemplos: Play I'd read the book before I saw the movie. (Haba ledo el libro antes de ver la pelcula.) Play Donna had just left when you called. (Donna haba salido justo cuando llamaste.) Play Had you ever flown before the trip to France? (Alguna vez habas volado antes del viaje a Francia?) 2. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo especfico en el pasado. Ejemplos: Play I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am. (Ya me haba despertado cuando son el
despertador a las 7.)

Play He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008. (No haba estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.) 3. Tambin, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto especfico en el pasado. Ejemplos: Play She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW. (Haba tenido un coche antes de que

lcompr su nuevo BMW.)

Play I'd been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs. (Haba estado deprimido durante mucho
tiempo antes de que cambiara de trabajo.)

Ms expresiones comunes
Aqu tienes algunas expresiones comunes ms en ingls que sern tiles en muchas situaciones diferentes.
OK of course of course not OK, vale por supuesto por supuesto que no

that's fine that's right sure certainly definitely absolutely as soon as possible

est bien es verdad claro seguramente definitivamente absolutamente tan pronto como sea posible es suficiente no importa no es importante no es nada serio no vale la pena tengo prisa tengo que irme voy a salir qu duermas bien lo mismo te digo! yo tambin no est mal me gusta ... l ella eso no me gusta ... l ella eso

that's enough it doesn't matter it's not important it's not serious it's not worth it I'm in a hurry I've got to go I'm going out sleep well same to you! me too not bad I like ... him her it I don't like ... him her it

Thanks and apologies Dar las gracias y disculparse

thanks for your ... help hospitality email I'm sorry I'm really sorry sorry I'm late sorry to keep you waiting sorry for the delay gracias por tu ... ayuda hospitalidad e-mail lo siento lo siento mucho perdn por llegar tarde perdn por hacerle esperar perdn por la tardanza

Exclamations Exclamaciones
look! great! come on! only joking! o just kidding! bless you! that's funny! that's funny, ... that's life! damn it! mira! genial! vamos! solo bromeaba! Jess! (despus de un estornudo) es divertido! es extrao, ... as es la vida! maldicin!

Instructions Instrucciones
come in! please sit down could I have your attention, please? let's go! hurry up! get a move on! calm down steady on! entre! por favor, sintese pueden prestarme atencin, por favor? vamos rpido! date prisa! clmate tranquilo!, para el

carro! hang on a second hang on a minute one moment, please just a minute take your time please be quiet shut up! stop it! don't worry don't forget help yourself go ahead let me know! espera un segundo espera un minuto un momento, por favor dme un minuto tmate tu tiempo por favor, estate quieto cllate! para! no te preocupes no te olvides srvete tu mismo adelante hzmelo saber!

Si deseas dejar pasar a alguien antes que t al pasar por una puerta, es educado decir:
after you! Pgina anterior Frases bsicas pase usted primero! Pgina siguiente Emergencias

Hay disponible audio para todas las frases de esta pgina simplemente haga clic en cualquiera de las frases para escucharla. Common questions Preguntas comunes
where are you? what's this? what's that? what's this called? is anything wrong? what's the matter? donde ests? qu es esto? qu es eso? cmo se llama esto? pasa algo malo? qu pasa?

is everything OK? have you got a minute? have you got a pen I could borrow? really? are you sure? why? why not? what's going on? what's happening? what happened? what? where? when? who? how?

est todo bien? tienes un minuto?

podra prestarme un bolgrafo? de verdad? ests seguro? por qu? por qu no? qu ocurre? qu est pasando? qu ha pasado? qu? dnde? cundo? quin? cmo?

Congratulations and commiserations Felicitaciones y condolencias

congratulations! well done! good luck! bad luck! never mind! what a pity! o what a shame! happy birthday! happy New Year! happy Easter! happy Christmas!or merry enhorabuena! bien hecho! buena suerte! mala suerte! no importa! qu pena!

feliz cumpleaos! feliz Ao Nuevo! felices Pascuas! feliz Navidad!, !Felices Navidades!

Christmas! happy Valentine's Day! glad to hear it sorry to hear that feliz Da de San Valentn! me alegra orlo siento or eso

Expressing needs and feelings Expresando necesidades y sentimientos

I'm tired I'm exhausted I'm hungry I'm thirsty I'm bored I'm worried I'm looking forward to it I'm in a good mood I'm in a bad mood I can't be bothered estoy cansado estoy extenuado tengo hambre tengo sed estoy aburrido/a estoy preocupado/a lo espero con ilusin

estoy de buen humor estoy de mal humor no me da la gana

More ways to greet or say goodbye to someone Ms formas de saludar o decir adis a alguien
welcome! welcome to ... England long time no see! bienvenido! bienvenido a ... Inglaterra hace tiempo que no nos vemos! buena suerte!, te deseo lo mejor! nos vemos maana!

all the best! see you tomorrow!

Asking and expressing opinions Preguntando y expresando opiniones

what do you think? qu opinas?

I think that ... I hope that ... I'm afraid that ... in my opinion, ... I agree I disagree o I don't agree that's true that's not true I think so I hope so you're right you're wrong I don't mind it's up to you that depends that's interesting

creo que ... espero que ... me temo que ... en mi opinin, ... estoy de acuerdo estoy en desacuerdo

es verdad no es verdad creo que s espero que s tienes razn no tienes razn no me importa como quieras depende interesante

http://www.speakenglish.co.uk/phrases/more_common_expressions?lang=es http://www.englishspeak.com/es/english-phrases.cfm?sortby=2

Tiempo Verbal Futuro: BE GOING TO y WILL

Existe una diferencia entre estas dos formas de expresar el futuro. Generalmente"to be + going to" se usa para acciones que van a suceder muy pronto o para expresar un plan que se tiene. "Will" se usa para expresar una promesa, una prediccin o algo que se quiere hacer en el futuro.

"Going to":
El tiempo futuro con "going to" se usa ms comnmente en el lenguaje hablado cuando se quiere hacer referencia al futuro inmediato, es decir, a algo que est por ocurrir. Ejemplos: She is going to pay with a credit card = Ella va a pagar con una tarjeta de crdito (algo que est por ocurrir). I am going to drop off my prescription over there = voy a dejar mi prescripcin mdica all.

Tambin se emplea para hablar de intenciones o planes para hacer algo: Ejemplo: Im going to learn English = voy a aprender ingls. Se forma con el verbo"to be" conjugado para la persona correspondiente, seguido de"going to" y el verbo base.

"To be" + "going to" + verbo:

I am going to pay = yo voy a pagar. You are going to pay = t vas a pagar. He is going to pay = l va a pagar. She is going to pay = ella va a pagar. It is going to pay = eso va a pagar. We are going to pay = nosotros vamos a pagar. You are going to pay = ustedes van a pagar. They are going to pay = ellos/ellas van a pagar.

"Will":

El futuro con "will" se utiliza para hablar de decisiones que se toman mientras se habla: Ejemplos: I need to get my medicine. I will go to the pharmacy tonight. Necesito comprar mi medicina. Ir a la farmacia esta noche. I need some cash. I will pay with my debit card and ask for cash back. Necesito algo de efectivo. Pagar con mi tarjeta dbito y pedir efectivo de vuelta. Tambin es usado para decir predicciones de carcter general:

Ejemplos: Im sure it will rain tomorrow. Estoy seguro de que va a llovermaana. Gerardo Gmez will win the election. Gerardo Gmez va a ganar las elecciones.

Se forma con el verbo "will" + verbo:

I will pay later. You will pay later. He will pay later. She will pay later. It will pay later. We will pay later. You will pay later. They will pay later. Impotante!

"will" es un verbo modal (o auxiliar) que se utiliza para formar el futuro. "will" siempre debe ir acompaado de otro verbo para formar el futuro.

Future Simple (Futuro simple)

Ver tabla de conjugacion: Future Simple

Hay dos formas principales para expresar el futuro. A veces son intercambiables, pero a menudo pueden tener significados diferentes. Future: "Will" Structure (Estructura) Nota: Existe una forma corta del verbo auxiliar "will".
Afirmativo Forma corta Negativo Forma corta

Play I will Play You will Play He will

Play I'll Play You'll Play He'll

Play I will not Play You will not Play He will not

Play I won't (I'll not) Play You won't (you'll not) Play He won't (He'll not)

Play She will Play It will Play We will Play They will

Play She'll Play It'll Play We'll Play They'll

Play She will not Play It will not Play We will not Play They will not

Play She won't (She'll not) Play It won't (It'll not) Play We won't (We'll not) Play They won't (They'll not)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) EstructuraSujeto + "will" + verbo principal. o Ejemplos: o Play I will [I'll] ring (call) you tonight. (Te llamar esta noche.) o Play She will [She'll] arrive late. (Llegar tarde.) o Play They will [They'll] be happy to see you. (Estarn felices de verte.) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) EstructuraSujeto + "will" + "not" + verbo principal. o Ejemplos: o Play I will not [won't] ring (call) you tonight. (No te llamar esta noche.) o Play She will not [won't] arrive late. (No llegar tarde.) o Play They will not [won't] be happy to see you. (No estarn felices de verte.) 3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Estructura"Will" + sujeto + verbo principal. o Ejemplos: o Play Will you ring (call) me tonight? (Me llamars esta noche?) o Play Will she arrive late? (Llegar tarde?) o Play Will they be happy to see you? (Estarn felices de verte.) Future: "Going to" "Going to" equivale a "ir a" en espaol. Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "going to" + verbo principal. o Ejemplos: o Play I'm going to ring (call) you tonight. (Voy a llamarte esta noche.) o Play She's going to arrive late. (Va a llegar tarde.) o Play They're going to be happy to see you. (Van a estar felices de verte.) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + "going to" + verbo principal. o Ejemplos: o Play I'm not going to ring (call) you tonight. (No voy a llamarte esta noche.) o Play She's not going to arrive late. (No va a llegar tarde.) o Play They're not going to be happy to see you. (No van a estar felices de verte.) 3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

o o o o

EstructuraVerbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + "going to" + verbo principal. Ejemplos: Play Are you going to ring (call) me tonight? (Vas a llamarme esta noche?) Play Is she going to arrive late? (Va a llegar tarde?) Play Are they going to be happy to see you? (Van a estar felices de verte?) Nota: Para acciones o eventos inminentes, podemos decir "about to" (a punto de). La estructura es la misma de "going to." Ejemplos: Play I'm about to leave. (Estoy a punto de irme.) Play The concert is about to begin. (El concierto est a punto de comenzar.) Uses (Usos) Las formas "will" y "going to" se utilizan para expresar el futuro. La diferencia entre "going to" y "will" es el sentido de planificacin y probabilidad de que suceda una accin. En general, se usa "going to" para planes concretos, cuando tenemos la seguridad de que algo va a suceder. Se usa "will" con acciones voluntarias. Ejemplos: Play Will you help me move? (Me ayudars a mudarme?) Play They will clean their rooms. (Limpiarn sus habitaciones.) Play She won't work with Paul. (No trabajar con Paul.) Se utiliza "will" para expresar una promesa. Ejemplos: Play When I am president, I will lower taxes. (Cuando sea presidente, bajar los impuestos.) Play He promises he will call when he arrives. (Le prometi llamar cuando llegue.) Se usa "going to" para planes. Se indica la intencin de hacer algo. Ejemplos: Play We're going to have a party tonight. (Vamos a dar una fiesta esta noche.) Play Richard's going to take an English class. (Richard va a realizar un clase de ingls.) Play Are Peter and you going to play football later? (Vas a jugar a ftbol luego?) Se puede usar "will" o "going to" para prediccionesporque el hablante no tiene control sobre el futuro. Ejemplos: Play It will be a great party. / It's going to be a great party. (Ser una fiesta genial.) Play It won't rain. / It's not going to rain. (No va a llover.) Nota: Existen algunas situaciones en las que usamos el presente continuo o el presente simple para expresar acciones en el futuro. Se puede usar el presente continuopara acciones en el futuro cercano. Ejemplos: Play Sarah is arriving tonight. (Sarah llega esta noche.) Play I'm going to the doctor this afternoon. (Voy al mdico esta tarde.) Se usa el presente simplepara eventos programados en un futuro prximo. Ejemplos:

1.

o o o o
2.

o o o
3.

o o o o
4.

o o o

1.

o o o
2.

o o

Play The party starts at 9pm. (La fiesta empieza a las 21h.) Play The train leaves at 10am. (El tren sale a las 10h.)

basketball/on the weekends./in the street/Max and Peter/play Max and Peter play basketball in the street on the weekends.

every month/to my parents/I/write/that live in Rome/a letter studies/she/at home/during the night/the lesson sends/every morning/a dozen roses/Peter/to my office on Mondays/Sarah/in the same restaurant/has/lunch washes/Jeff/outside/ in the morning/the car wants/My boss/on his desk/the papers/right now explains/different subjects/the teacher/everyday offers/Egypt/in its surroundings/mysteries. Sheila/to eat fruits/loves/in the evening/in her bedroom enjoys/Mark/soccer/at the beach/playing/ during the day

products/to Paris/takes/every two days/the plane the team/when Sam is present/the cup/ in its city/wins only admits/at 5 pm/50 people/the train/in the station. to the farm/during the morning/takes/my father/the cows. during the class/George/several languages/speaks/at school. appears/the UFO/in the sky/during the night. wants/The Thompsons/to the beach/to go/during the summer. prepare/we/when my brothers come/ a large dinner/ to our home. in his house/Michael/rock and roll/every nights/dances. destroys/when they are hanging/my socks/outside/the dog.

En esta entrega te ofrecemos la forma correcta de ordenar las frases de acuerdo con la estructura de la oracin:

I write a letter to my parents that live in Rome every month. She studies the lesson at home during the night. Peter sends a dozen roses to my office every morning. Sarah has lunch in the same restaurant on Mondays. Jeff washes the car outside in the morning. My boss wants the papers on his desk right now. The teacher explains different subjects everyday. Egypt offers mysteries in its surroundings. Sheila loves to eat fruits in her bedroom in the evening. Mark enjoys playing soccer at the beach during the day.

The plane takes products to Paris every two days. The team wins the cup in its city when Sam is present. The train only admits 50 people in the station at 5 pm. My father takes the cows to the farm during the morning. George speaks several languages at school during the class. The UFO appears in the sky during the night. The Thompsons wants to go to the beach during the summer. We prepare a large dinner when my brothers come to our home. Michael dances rock and roll in his house every nights. The dog destroys my socks when they are hanging outside.

Ejercicios: Estructura de la Oracin (2)

En esta entrada te proponemos que sigas ejercitando la construccin de oraciones teniendo en cuenta los tiempos verbales aprendidos:

played / last / Mary / night / at / theatre / piano / the the / a / city / flat / rent / parents / My / will / in an / I / need / will / umbrella will / cloudy / tomorrow / be / cold / weather / and / The having / is / new / Alison / lunch / restaurant / the / at will / You / better / this / after / feel / medicine explained / I / exercises / in / the / minute / a Clare / a / abroad / days / few / spent did / I / school / a lot of / at / exercises / school will / money / lend / I / you / some

teaches / St. Pauls School / Sandra / at / maths will / John / midnight / leave / town / the / at is / The / visiting / President / Irak phoned / Mike / Jane / about / to ask / the / party to / counting / Steve / is / savings / his / travel / New York / to will / at / school / the / Chris / dance / evening / this climbed / The / Jason / Everest / last / the / year will / The / show / policeman / way / the sister / is / My / taking / photographs / outside in / were / They / shoes / buying / Italy

Solucin del ejercicio sobre Estructura de la Oracin (2)

En esta entrada te ofrecemos la solucin del ejercicio sobre estructura de la oracin el el cual debas reacomodar las palabras teniendo en cuenta los tiempos verbales aprendidos:

Mary played the piano last night the theatre. My parents will rent a flat in the city. I will need an umbrella. The weather will be cold and cloudy tomorrow. Alison is having lunch at the new restaurant. You will feel better after this medicine. I explained the exercises in a minute. Clare spent a few days abroad. I did a lot of exercises at school. I will lend you some money.

Sandra teaches maths at St. Pauls School. John will leave the town at midnight. The President is visiting Irak. Jane phoned Mike to ask about the party. Steve is counting his savings to travel to New York. Chris will dance this evening at the school. Jason climbed the Everest the last year. The policema will show the way. My sister is taking photographs outside. They were buying shoes in Italy.