Anthropology

Psychology vs. Anthropology Teachers definition of culture Behavioral- what you do. Ideational- what you think. Material- the stuff. Culture is always changing What is economics? Energy and stuff Different ways of Producing

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Distributing Consuming Resources (ex. STUFF) In the U.S. we use 11,040 kWh per capita 1.)South Africa= 4,818 kWh per capita 21.) Kenya= 169 kWh per capita 44.) Chad= 11kWh per capita One kWh is used to light a 100 watt bulb for 10 hrs. Mode of Production (Eric Wolf) A set of relation through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by the means of tools, skills, organization and knowledge. Wolfs typology of MOP(Mode of Production) Kin- Family, Relationship, & ties. Tributary- involves the giving of tribute on the part of lower status people to higher status. Market-Capital- Paying Adaptive Strategies Foraging Horticulture Agriculture Pastoralism Industrialism In the beginning (ca. 10,000 BC) 97%

Foragers (hunting and gathering) Foragers: o Take energy from nature directly. o Simple, human-fashioned tools. o Cannot store surpluses. o Few personal possessions. o Live in small, highly mobile bands. o No control over nature; Inhabit marginal lands. Cultivation and Domestication Horticulture Pastoralism Agriculture Horticulture (aka Gardening) o Extensive rather than intensive. o Slash and Burn (swidden, shifting) o Rain-fed o No additional fertilizers o Limited control over nature o Semi-sedentary o Little surplus; hard to store Pastoralism o Range animals o Large expanses of land o Seasonal mobility o Diet supplemented by foraging o Surplus stored in the animals Agriculture o Intensive as well as extensive o Use of domesticated animals (power, fertilizer) o Harnessing of water (ex, irrigation) o Permanently situated; complex o More control over nature o Storable Surplus Industrialization o Machines make tools and machines o Complex societies

o Variety of specialists o Labor of one person insufficient for survival Distribution (Karl Polyani, 1944) Reciprocity Redistribution Market-Capital Wolf- Modes of production Kin-based Tributary Market-Capital Polyani-Modes of exchange Reciprocity Redistribution Market

Forms of Reciprocity Generalized Balanced Negative Forms of Redistribution Through some centralized authority At a centralized place With a ritual Largely voluntary

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Political Organization: Some functions Governance o How collective decisions are made Conflict resolution o Necessary everywhere Allocation of resources o Including labor Population control o Key to any society Ideal types Bands o Small, kin-based Tribes o Larger, based on collections of several groups organized by common descent. Chiefdoms o Similar to Tribes, but larger, more complex, and more stratified. States o Formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification. to note about Band societies Lack of (much) private property means (virtually) no stealing (except of spouses.). Subsistence- no surpluses! Everyone has equal access to nature. Dispute resolution vested in the entire band, not in a single specialist or judge.

Things

Think about the song duels: the key result is the sense of insult. Primitive democracy? Or ideal democracy? The foundation of democracy? o Keep in mind Democracy implies state society. Things to know Ethnocentrism: The tendency to view ones own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different peoples by ones own standards.

 Cultural relativism: The position that State society- how did we get here? Storable surpluses o Economic condition Population growth o Economic condition Prestige o Political condition Control of Strategic Resources o Economic condition Stratification o Economic condition o Political condition Political Organization Is also about what you (collectively) believe to be how society should be organized and function. We believe in democracy; and we think its the best form of government. Right? Ideology; o Strongly held beliefs o The governing ideas of any system that help to obscure conditions and practices that violate those governing ideas. Ideology ex. Divine Right of Kings. USSR: No private property US o We are a free society o I am unique o Anyone can become wealthy in the US o People who are poor deserve to be so because they dont work hard. Ongka His adaptive strategy: o Horticulture His mode of Production o Tributary

His Mode of Distribution o Redistribution His status o Achieved; he didnt inherit his status. He earned it. o Role of generosity; Ongka recruits others resources to give them away. Etiquette: Why should you care? Etiquette provides rules for contemporary white-collar foragers. Practice the rules now, so you can get skilled at them. o

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Analytic Terms: Etic vs. Emic Etic Emic Participants viewpoint, analysis or terms eTic=outsiders eMic=insiders Human biological history 100,000 yrs Genetics as a science: 1859; Darwin- origin of the species 1866; Gregor nebdek- experiments on plant hybridization 1910; Thomas Case Study 1; Nayars of Kerala For the Nayar, marriage was a coming of age ritual, a mere formality. Nayar women did not reside with their husbands. Nayar men were career warriors. Nayar women and men had multiple sexual partners. Nayar children were raised by mothers and mothers brothers. Fathers were unimportant Who lived in the tharavad? Old women(matriarchs), their adult daughters, and their daughters male and female (young) children. Some men: elderly brothers Matrilocal and matrifocal Also matrilineal society Descent is traced through mothers Where were the adult men? There were a warrior caste. So they were off fighting And looking after their sisters children Nayar marriage Nayar women married Nambudiri (higher-ranking warrior caste). Observers viewpoint, analysis or terms

 Because those were the rules Case Study 2: The Nambudiri A patrilineal society Inheritance form: primogenitor Only eldest son inherited indivisible property Younger sons opportunity for wealth? Marry out In effect, younger sons simply disappeared from lineages. Surplus daughters? They married trees. Singular and Plural Marriage Monogamy Polygamy Polyandry- Many husbands Polygyny- Many wives Serial monogamy Bride price- Price a husbands family pays Bride service Bride wealth Dowry

Case Study 3: the Dahomey Dahomey wives wives o West African kingdom from ca. 1650- 1894 o Slave raiding and trading o Senior wives acquire their own wives o Pay a bride price o Become female husbands o Get a male to impregnate their wives o Equal opportunity: late 19th century saw royal wives Case Study 4: The Kwakiutl Pacific coast foragers (Seattle/Vancouver area) An extremely wealthy, and highly stratified foraging population Chiefs lacking heirs married their body parts to other men. Chiefs marry their sons to status-seeking males. Descent How far back can you go? How far back can others go?

Ours: Shallow

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM C,D,B,B,E,B,A iclicker Key attributes of language Arbitrariness o Bow wow? o Table,la mesa Productivity Language is unique to humans Non-verbal communication o Kinesics Embodied memory Structure of Language: some vocab Phonology-study of sounds Morphology-study of the forms of meaningful combinations of sounds Lexicon- dictionary of meaningful sounds Santex Phonetics-study of all speech sounds in general Phonemics- study of meaningful sound contrasts in a given language. Phonemes: o A sound contrast that is meaningful o Minimal pairs o E.g. words that sound almost the same, but for one just one audible element o Pit/bit Emics and Etics Nepal:Tom Fricke and the Loo in Nepal Kerala (India): Female bovicide Language, thought and culture Universal grammar o Promoted by Noam Chomsky o Human brain contains limited rules for organizing language, so all languages have the same structural basis. o Creoles: all have certain structural similarities

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis o Language encodes cultural and cognitive categories. o Eg snow o Eg Time and the Hopi language o if I were king. o Magyar and gender- language of hungry Language and society Gender Diglosia Language establishes your position within a society Language is symbolic capital Dialects: bev and se

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Religion, Rituals- What do you believe? The Gender paradox: Its not stable But we want it to be Sex vs Gender? Sex= biology (etic) Gender= Culture (emic) What is Religion? belief and ritual concerned with supernatural being, powers and Rituals Formal: stylized, repetitive, stereotyped. Performed in sacred times and places. forces. Anthony F.C. Wallace, 1966. Collective emotions, Emile Durkheim, 1912. Community spirit, togetherness, Victor Turner, 1966. Great oceanic feeling, Sigmund Freud, 1930 Animism: Belief in spiritual beings. Mana: Sacred impersonal force residing in objects and beings.

Rites of Passage Customs associated with transitions from one place or stage of life to another. Three phases o Separation o Liminality (limbo) Ambiguity Normalcy is abrogated Extraordinary o Incorporation Cross-Cultural Comparison: Birth Where infant mortality is high- babies stay in liminal stage longer. Named: probably a human, but not yet a person( with rights and responsibilities) Ultrasound in the US- ritual that confers personhood status on a fetus.

Rites of intensification Reinforce solidarity Collective adherence to rules Creates emotions Other Rituals Pilgrimages Sacrifices Rituals of Reversal o Carnival o Mardi Gras o Mummering o St.Patricks Day Cults Revitalization o 1st Ghost Dance, or Messiah Craze. o Paviotso Prophet Wodziwob o Train arrival with explosion, would bring back the ancestors. o 2nd Ghost Dance o Sioux and the return of the bison. o Ends with the death of Sitting Bull and massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890. Cargo Legacy of Big Man societies clash with plantation society. Redistribution LEVELED wealth among tributary peoples. Expected that Big Men of Christian missions and plantations would give their wealth away When that failed to come to pass, cargo cults emerged. Secular Rituals Taboo

Very strong social prohibition

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Main Points How people have been connected for 500+ years through: Colonialism Capitalist World System Global Production Recap Nothing new aboutGlobalization; nothing new about people in contact. Contact in these contexts subordinated groups to one another 150,000 years ago? o Modern humans evolved o Maybe as long ago as 250,000 years ago 10,000-12000 years ago? o Domestication of plants and animals o Also called the Neolithic revolution 5,000 years ago? o First sate societies (middle east) o Agriculture

o Writing 2,000 years ago? o Christianity 600ish years ago Before the Age of Exploration 1392 AD 1392: Europe was the periphery Technologically primitive Comparatively small cities Ottoman Empire About to be defeated by a Turk named Timur Resumed power in 1453 with conquest of Constantinople Reigned for 300 years o Dominated Near East o Blocked Europes access to Orient Africa Lots of overland, long-distance trading

 Including trade in human beings Some large kingdoms China Under ethnic Han domination Partly solidified through massive water infrastructure Requiring centralized bureaucratic control and governance. South America Inca- just beginning imperial expansion in 1400 Hierarchically organized in the god-like Inca dynasty Aristocracy composed of dynastys relatives Local leaders submitted to Inca rule Local men of rank headed endogamous patrilineal descent groups Paid tribute with labor on public works, in agriculture and military service. Mesoamerica Greater political fragmentation Teotihuancan largest city, in Central Valley of Mexico (150,000200,000) First Century AD: hegemony over large area, to Guatemala Agriculture dependent on massive drainage and irrigation Fell around 700AD unclear why Aztecs in 1400, minor mercenaries But by 1521- the year they fell- had built a city on a lake of nearly 300,000 people European Expansion Feudal Crisis Agricultural pace had slowed Plagues Delicate balance of power shifted with increased demands by military tribute takers Resistance and rebellions Solution New Frontiers (possible because of science/technology) Thanks to the Arabian influence on Europe Moved beyond existing boundaries

Iberian Pennisula: Reconquista Reestablishment of Christian over Muslim (Moorish) rule in Spain and Portugal Between 718 and 1492 (Portugal consolidated in 1249) Linked to crusades

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Three things that shape variation: Mutation o Variation is natural and inherent Natural Selection Genetic Drift 85% of variation is within populations; only 15% is between populations Two random Koreans may be as genetically different as Korean and an Italian. Natural Selection Natural variation in traits (mutations). Some become associated with survival to reproductive age Imagine, lack of melanin in Africa: babies would burn right up

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Why should we care about the drug war in Mexico? Globalization has been violent Some international products have blood on their hands You should know where your pot comes from The war for drugs in Juarez is the same war for drugs in Detroit, St.Louis, Baltimore and so on. Recall the Industrial Revolution (British Empire) 1760-1832: Freeing of English peasant labor. 1600-1833: Enslaving of African labor. (1440s-1888) The emergence of the idea of freedom Globalization has always been kind of violent Even though it has made possible a life easier for consumers of goods. Why is the global price of labor so cheap? Because there are so many potential workers. Who cant make a living. o Farming o Fishing o Hunting o And so on Why cant they farm? They dont own the land They dont have access to credit to keep up with big farming operations. o That have machinery and inputs to make it cheaper to produce. o and can sell their crops on the global market o for less than what it costs a small farmer to subsist Dearborn Michigan 1960: 112,007 2011:98,153 Current Poverty rate: 22% (up from 16% in 1999) Historically o -1930:over 100,000 workers at The Rouge Now

o Ford: 33,000 workers o Visteon 4,300 workers o Others 2,000 workers High School Graduation Rates Dearborn 80% Dearborn Heights 75% Detroit 25% (2007) Why they dont graduate? Because it takes money to graduate Declining household income makes it harder to graduate Cuidad Juarez, ca.2000 1.2 million people 279 manufacturing plants 215,000 workers 100,000 Teenagers High School spots for 10,000

1/24/2011 2:07:00 PM Two Terms for your Papers Super- organic- Above organic or above biology Super- individual- Above the individual Culture is super organic Above nature Meaning that we are not limited by nature Meaning that behavior is not encoded in our genes. Meaning that culture is learned, not biologically inherited. Meaning that culture, not nature, makes us who we are. Culture is super- individual Above the individual Meaning that culture is beyond what any individual can produce or control Meaning that you need many individuals to make a culture Meaning that culture is something that people share among themselves (even though it always over time). War Department; The Energy Problem Ways to explain war o Materialist o Symbolist What the Etoro Believe: Limited life force; concentrated in semen and only available in semen. In order to grow, boys must receive it directly from men Women waste it Thus men engage in ritualized homosexuality. All kinds of complicated taboos govern heterosexual relations; fewer prohibitions on homosexual relations. Etoro explanations are emic. Other things o Mix of horticulture and foraging o Limited sources of protein o Frequent food shortages Etic Explanations o Calorie/protein limits limit population size

o Cultural practices and associated beliefs accommodate to resource limits o Therefore, ritualized homosexuality is an adaptation to resource scarcity. Rwanda 1994: Genocide/Civil War Hutus 85% Tutsis 15% Bosnian: Civil War 1992-1995 Serbs Croats Bosniaks Muslims