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Subscribe <http://feeds2.feedburner.com/linuxbsdos> Guide to disks and disk partitions in Linux <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-in-li nux/> in Recommended Reading <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/category/recommended-reading/>, Tutorials/Tips <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/category/tutorialstips/> / on September 18, 2011 at 12:22 am / This article is an attempt to provide basic information about disk naming and partition numbering conventions, in non-technical terms, to those new to Linux. So, it's a Linux disk partition guide. I believe a basic understanding of all the aspects concerning how a disk is referenced and partitioned will put you in a better position to troubleshoot installation and disk-related problems. Basic information about partition tables and the difference between primary and logical partitions will be covered. *Hard Drive Naming Convention:* The first thing you need to know is there is no C drive or E drive in Linux. There are equivalents, but when you come across a reference to a hard drive in a modern Linux system, you will typically see something like /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, etc. The dev is short for device, and in this case, a block storage device. The sd is short for SCSI mass-storage driver. (SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.) For the rest of this article, the /dev/ will be dropped, so all references to hard drives and partitions will start with the last part only. The first hard drive detected by a Linux system carries the */sda/* label. In numerical terms, it is hard drive 0 (zero; counting begins from 0, not 1). The second hard drive is */sdb/*, the third drive, */sdc/*, and so on. In the screenshot below, there are two hard drives */sda/* and */sdb/*, detected by the installer. Partitions in Linux guide This screenshot comes from an installation process where three hard drives were attached to the system. 3 Partitions in Linux *Partition Tables:* A partition table describes the partitions of a hard drive or any storage device. And there are two standards for the layout of the partition table MBR (Master Boot Record) and GPT (GUID Partition Table). MBR, also know as ms-dos, is what you might call the first standard. GPT came much later. While MBR is still the most widely used partition table, it comes with two major limitations which led to the development of GPT. They are: 1. It does not allow the configuration of more than four main partitions. Those partitions are called primary partitions.

2. Disk partitions may not exceed 2TB The first limitation will be discussed in the next section. Nothing more will be written about the second in this article. *Partitions and Partition Numbering:* To install an operating system on a hard drive, it must first be subdivided into distinct storage units. Those storage units are called partitions. Under the MBR partitioning scheme, which is the default on virtually all Linux distributions, there are three different types of partitions Primary, Extended, and Logical. Extended, and Logical partitions will be discussed further down. With MBR, any partition that is not explicitly created as an extended or logical partition, is a primary partition. And, as stated earlier, there can be no more than four primary partitions. The screenshot below was taken from an installation process where four primary partitions were created. If you observe closely, you will see that the first primary partition is /sda/*1* and the last /sda/*4*. Unlike hard drives, partition numbers start from 1, not 0 (zero). Any space not allocated to the primary partitions, is shown as Free. But while it may be free, it is, however, unusable. And that is because as far as the system is concerned, that free space does not exist. Guide to Linux disk partitioning Debian So if you attempt to create another partition using the free space, the installer will throw up the type of error message shown in this image. The error message will always say, not enough free space, even when you know that there is space available. And it does not matter how much that free space is. It will be unusable. Linux Disk partition guide Error To get around the four primary partitions limit of the MBR partition table, the smart guys involved came up with the concept of an extended partition. By tagging a partition as an extended partition, it is then possible to create many more partitions under the extended partition. Those partitions are called logical partitions, and theoretically, there is no limit to the number of logical partitions that you can create. Note: Only one extended partition may be configured on a single hard drive. What the concept of extended partition brings to the table is illustrated in the screenshot below. You can see that there are three primary partitions (sda1, sda2 and sda3). And the fourth partition is an extended partition, which makes it possible to create more partitions (in this example, sda5, sda6 and sda7). Under an extended partition, you can have free space, and that free space is still usable. So you do not have to allocate all the available free space to the logical partitions of an extended partition. Extended and Logical Partitions Being able to create logical partitions comes in handy when you have to dual-boot with other operating systems like Windows, PC-BSD <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2008/01/26/pc-bsd-operating-system/> or even another Linux distribution, especially if that other operating systems has used up three primary partitions. In the image below, which was taken while setting up a system to dual-boot Windows 7 and Fedora 15 (see how to dual-boot Fedora 15 and Windows 7 <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/06/27/how-to-dual-boot-fedora-15-and-windows-7/> ), three Windows 7 partitions already exist on the target hard drive. That

meant there was just one primary partition to play with. Only by setting up the available free space as an extended partition, was it possible to install the system. What this also shows is that Linux can boot from a logical partition. Primary, logical partitions In the last two screenshots, the extended partitions were the last primary partitions (*/sda4/*). But it does not have to be. In this screenshot, for example, the extended partition is the second primary partition (*/sda2/*), and first logical partition number is still 5 (*/sda5/*). So whether an extended partition is the last primary partition or not, the logical partition number always starts with the number *5*. Linux disk partitioning guide Not all installation programs broadcast the presence of an extended partition. But if you know what to look for, you can tell if one exists. In the image below, for example, you can see the partition numbers go from 1, then 5, 6 and 7. The presence of partition number 5 and above, is the most obvious tell-tale sign of an extended partition. This image, by the way, was taken while installing Ubuntu <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2008/02/21/ubuntu-linux/>. Linux disk partition guide Fedora *GPT:* As stated earlier, GPT, or GUID Partition Table, overcomes two limitations of the MBR scheme maximum of four primary partitions, and the 2TB limit to partition sizes. In the image below, for example, you can see that there are eight partitions, with about 45GB still available. The most important point to note here is that all eight partitions are primary partitions, as the concept of extended and logical partitions, is foreign to GPT. Linux disk partition guide Ubuntu With GPT, there can always be unallocated space at the end of existing partitions. And unlike the case with an MBR scheme that has no extended partition, that unallocated space can be used to create new or additional partitions, unless the maximum number of partitions possible with GPT has been reached. In the image below, for example, there are six partitions and a small unallocated space remaining. The unallocated space may be used to create a new partition. Linux disk partition guide Mint Currently, Chakra is the only Linux distribution that is configured to use GPT by default. You may read GPT disk partitioning guide for Chakra <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/05/24/gpt-disk-partitioning-guide-for-chakra-201 1-4/> to see the steps involved. Fedora <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2008/02/21/fedora/> 16, which is slated for release in early November 2011, will support GPT. Test installations of the first beta release show that GPT will be the default on standalone installations. In dual-boot setups, MBR will be used if there is an existing operating system installed on MBR partitions on the target disk. You may read feature preview of Fedora 16 installer <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/08/08/feature-preview-of-fedora-16-installer/> and Fedora 16 KDE and GNOME alpha screenshots <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/08/24/fedora-16-kde-and-gnome-3-alpha-screenshot s/> for a few screenshots of GPT partitions in Anaconda, the Fedora system installer.

<http://twitter.com/share> 17saves Save <http://delicious.com/save> To have articles like this delivered automatically to your Feed Reader or Inbox, subscribe via *RSS <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/feed/>* or *email <http://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=linuxbsdos&loc=en_US>*. Tags: disk partition <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/tag/disk-partition/>, gpt <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/tag/gpt/> Related articles: * Installation and disk partitioning guide for Ubuntu 13.10 <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/10/25/installation-and-disk-partitioning-gui de-for-ubuntu-13-10/>Installation and disk partitioning guide for Ubuntu 13.10 <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/10/25/installation-and-disk-partitioning-gui de-for-ubuntu-13-10/> * Triple-boot Windows 7, Ubuntu 12.10 and Fedora 18 on one HDD <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/03/05/triple-boot-windows-7-ubuntu-12-10-and -fedora-18-on-one-hdd/>Triple-boot Windows 7, Ubuntu 12.10 and Fedora 18 on one HDD <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/03/05/triple-boot-windows-7-ubuntu-12-10-and -fedora-18-on-one-hdd/> * Windows 7 disk partitioning annoyance <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2012/11/18/windows-7-disk-partitioning-annoyance/ >Windows 7 disk partitioning annoyance <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2012/11/18/windows-7-disk-partitioning-annoyance/ > * Semi-manual LVM disk partitioning guide for Fedora 18 <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/02/08/semi-manual-lvm-disk-partitioning-guid e-for-fedora-18/>Semi-manual LVM disk partitioning guide for Fedora 18 <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/02/08/semi-manual-lvm-disk-partitioning-guid e-for-fedora-18/> * No, availability is not security! <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/01/17/no-availability-is-not-security/>No, availability is not security! <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/01/17/no-availability-is-not-security/> * Usability, user-friendliness and the Linux desktop <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/08/27/usability-user-friendliness-and-the-li nux-desktop/>Usability, user-friendliness and the Linux desktop <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/08/27/usability-user-friendliness-and-the-li nux-desktop/> * How to dual-boot Fedora 18 and Windows 8 on 1 HDD, with GRUB in a PBR <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/02/06/how-to-dual-boot-fedora-18-and-windows -8-on-one-hdd-with-grub-installed-in-a-pbr/>How to dual-boot Fedora 18 and Windows 8 on 1 HDD, with GRUB in a PBR <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/02/06/how-to-dual-boot-fedora-18-and-windows -8-on-one-hdd-with-grub-installed-in-a-pbr/> * Multiboot Linux distributions from one USB key <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/03/28/run-multiple-distribution-fron-one/>Mu ltiboot Linux distributions from one USB key <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2013/03/28/run-multiple-distribution-fron-one/>

Digital Ocean SSD VPS Cloud Server droplets <https://www.digitalocean.com/?refcode=900fe177d075> Digital Ocean is a VPS/Cloud hosting provider. For just $5 per month, you can get yourself a Cloud server with 512 MB of RAM, 20 GB super-fast SSD, free snapshots, plus backups for a minimal fee. All via a simple graphical interface. And by signing up with this referral link <https://www.digitalocean.com/?refcode=900fe177d075>, you can help support this website. If you are reading this, your ad could also be occupying this space. Contact us <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/contact/> to make it happen. 17 Comments 1. Kalin Mandaliev says: September 18, 2013 at 1:40 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-16944> Great Tutorial! Congrats :) Is's very very useful. Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=16944#respond> 2. Abdulla says: May 17, 2013 at 10:45 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-16172> extremely well written and very very helpful post!!!! i had a serious confusion with the linux tree because i have been using windows all my life and couldn't convert my brain from C: to sda.__thanks a lot for this post..:D Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=16172#respond> 3. shirisha says: November 22, 2012 at 9:44 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-14565> Thank you for the excellent explanation of hard disk partitions. Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=14565#respond>

4. Donald says: October 18, 2012 at 3:22 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-14182> You're simply the best. You should think of writing a book on Linux. What ever subject, no meter how complicated, it seems you have the ability to get the message to the others Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=14182#respond> 5. JORGE says: August 17, 2012 at 8:32 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-13225> Me gusto mucho el artculo sobre las particiones y su desarrollo, es algo ms que aprend. Gracias ! Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=13225#respond> 6. Mark says: August 13, 2012 at 3:11 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-13187> Yup, this really is a fantastic article. It's so clear and concise. And the information covered is very useful. I wish there were more articles like this one. Thanks! Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=13187#respond> 7. Bertrand says: September 30, 2011 at 9:54 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-9543> Perfect, exactly what I search Thanks! Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=9543#respond>

8. Paul says: September 19, 2011 at 3:45 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-9456> Can you add information about UUID and disk labels please? Distributions are going the UUID route but you can get around ugly UUIDs by labeling your disks. Much appreciated. Thanks. Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=9456#respond> 9. alex_from_somewhere says: September 18, 2011 at 10:16 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-9441> In the 5th picture (counting the error message picture), you point to the free space and say its Free (and usable) space. But that's only true IF you made the extended partition bigger? Isn't it? Cause it's outside the extended partition Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=9441#respond> * finid <http://linuxbsdos.com/> says: September 18, 2011 at 3:16 pm <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions -in-linux/comment-page-1/#comment-9446> The free space in that image is under the extended partition. It might not be apparent, but it is. Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions -in-linux/?replytocom=9446#respond> o alex_from_somewhere says: September 19, 2011 at 4:16 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partit ions-in-linux/comment-page-1/#comment-9451> Hmm, ok, thanks!! I agree with Tom. Clear, short, easy tutorials like this are awesome! Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partit ions-in-linux/?replytocom=9451#respond>

10. tom says: September 18, 2011 at 9:17 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/comment-page-1/#comment-9439> This is the Best Article I have ever read on Partitions!! and I'm gonna spread it and use it to tech my friends! Thank You!!! This has helped me learn the key concepts in partitions, even though I have been using linux for past 4 years! Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions-inlinux/?replytocom=9439#respond> * Gavin says: August 14, 2012 at 5:37 am <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions -in-linux/comment-page-1/#comment-13191> Yes, I agree totally, a brilliant explanation of partitioning drives, including starting out with the acronyms, and explanations of the words relating to those acronyms which are mostly omitted in other tutorials, and often leaves those new to a subject scratching their heads before they have completed the first paragraph. Reply <http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/09/18/guide-to-disks-and-disk-partitions -in-linux/?replytocom=13191#respond>

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