Chapter 12: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

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Section 12-1 I. Important DNA experiments A. Griffith (1928) discovered transformation genetic information can be transferred from one iving t!ing to anot!er (fig. 12"2) #. Avery (19$$) discovered t!at DNA stores and transmits genetic information %. Hershey and Chase (19&2) discovered t!at t!e enetic information in a vir!s is DNA, not protein. (fig. 12"' and 12"$) II. (tr)ct)re of DNA A. DNA is made of n!c"eotides. (fig 12"&) a. N)c eotides are made of a* 1. phosphate ro!p 2. s! ar '. #ase $A % adenine& ' % thymine& C % cytosine& G % !anine( #. Char off)s base"pairing r) es* (fig 12"+) a. (!o,ed t!at t!e percentages of t!e bases A and - are approximate . e/)a and % and - are approximate . e/)a b. -!erefore0 in DNA0 A pairs ,it! '1 C pairs ,it! G %. Rosa"ind *ran+"in (19&2) )sed 2"ra. diffraction to st!dy the str!ct!re of DNA D. ,atson and Cric+ (19&') made a mode" of DNA (fig 12"3) a. (!o,ed t!at DNA ,as a do)b e stranded mo ec) e0 ca ed a do!#"e he"ib. DNA is 2 strands of n)c eotides ,rapped aro)nd eac! ot!er0 and connected b. base pairs in t!e midd e0 forming a t,isted adder s!ape

Section 12-2: DNA Rep"ication I. %!romosomes are made of DNA. %!romosomes m)st cop. before a ce can divide Chromosome differences #et/een pro+aryotes and e!+aryotes: Pro+aryotes %!romosomes in c.top asm (no n)c e)s) %ontain 1 c!romosome t!at is circ) ar 0!+aryotes %!romosomes in n)c e)s %ontain man. c!romosomes

(ee fig)re 12"8

(ee fig)re 12"14 %!romosomes contain DNA ,rapped aro)nd proteins.

II. Chromatin s)bstance made of DNA ,rapped aro)nd proteins. -!e proteins are ca ed histones. III. Genes sections of DNA t!at contro" protein prod!ction I5. DNA rep"ication !o, DNA is copied A. (teps of DNA rep ication* 1. DNA strands separate 1!n2ip3 2. '/o ne/ strands form, ca""ed comp"ementary strands '. DNA po"ymerase forms the ne/ strands

DNA rep ication fo o,s t!e base pairing r) es. 0-amp"e: o d strand* A - - A % 6 6 6 A A 6 % ne, strand* - A A - 6 % % % -%6

Section 12-4: Protein Synthesis !o, proteins are made I. 7NA reads t!e message in DNA and !e ps to ma8e proteins II. Differences #et/een DNA and RNA: DNA Do)b e stranded %ontains deox.ribose s)gar %ontains -!.mine (-) RNA (ing e stranded %ontains ribose s)gar %ontains 9raci (9) instead of t!.mine

III. :roteins are made of man. amino acids in8ed toget!er. I5. :roteins are made in ri#osomes. 'ypes of RNA ;essenger 7NA (m7NA) -ransfer 7NA (t7NA) *!nction ;a8es a cop. of a section of DNA and brings it to ribosome #rings amino acids to t!e ribosome to form protein

7ibosoma 7NA (r7NA) ;a8es of part of t!e ribosome

5. (teps of protein s.nt!esis* (<fig 12"18) A. 'ranscription 7NA ma8es a comp ementar. cop. of a section of DNA and ta8es to ribosome ex* DNA strand* A A - - 6 6 % % % 7NA cop.* 5 5 A A C C G G G a. DNA contains codin re ions ca""ed e-ons and noncodin regions ca ed introns (7NA on . ta8es cop. of e-ons to ribosome) #. 'rans"ation tRNA read bases in mRNA and #rin amino acids to ri#osome in correct se/)ence )sing t!e genetic code Genetic Code: $fi 12-16( "m7NA is read b. t7NA ' bases at a time. "=ac! ' base se/)ence is ca ed a codon "=ac! codon codes for a certain amino acid (t!ere are 24 different amino acids)

%. Protein assem#"y t!e ribosome moves a ong t!e m7NA0 connecting ne, t7NA mo ec) es and amino acids 0-amp"e of protein synthesis: (trand of DNA* -A% 6%A -66 AAm7NA codon* A96 %69 A%% 99A t7NA anticodon* 9 A % 6 % A 9 6 6 A A9 amino acids* ;et " Arg " -!r " >e)" Section 12-7: 8!tations I. 8!tation A c!ange in a gene. ;)tations are a so)rce of genetic variation. Not a m)tations are !armf) ? A. -,o t.pes of m)tations* a. Point m)tations c!ange in a sing e base (see fig 12"24) 1. S!#stit!tion one base is s)bstit)ted for anot!er Original Sequence: DNA* 6%A -A- A-6 m7NA* %69 A9A 9A% amino acid* Arg" Iso" -.r" After Substitution: DNA* 6TA -A- A-6 m7NA* %A9 A9A 9A% amino acid* Hist - Iso" -.r" 2. *rameshift m!tations* <!armf) point m)tations beca)se t!e. c!ange t!e @reading frameA i. insertion an extra base in inserted ii. de"etion a base is eft o)t

S!#stit!tion

9nsertion

De"etion

b. Chromosoma" m!tations c!ange in a str)ct)re of c!romosome (see fig 12"21)