Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Existing Buildings
to 85% of all the buildings that will exist in urban areas in 2030 exist today.
Energy
we
2010 Trane
Business Climate
Budgets
Capital
Pressure
Maintenance
Deferred
(ignored?)
Enhanced
longer
Upgrade Goals
2010 Trane
2010 Trane
Chilled-Water System
air-cooled chiller
pump
coil
control valve
2010 Trane
Chiller
water water
Condenser
Pictures
2010 Trane
Chiller Products
2010 Trane
Upgrade options
Enhance controls
2010 Trane
Compare
2010 Trane
ASHRAE 90.1
Once a path is chosen, both full and part load requirements must be met
Positive displacement chillers evaluated only at AHRI Standard 550/590 standard conditions
Chilled water: 44F leaving, 2.4 gpm/ton Condenser water: 85F entering, 3.0 gpm/ton
2010 Trane
ASHRAE 90.1
Air-cooled Chillers Capacity (tons) <150 150 Full Load 9.562 9.562 2007 IPLV 10.416 10.416 2010 Path A Full Load 9.562 9.562 IPLV 12.500 12.750 2010 Path B Full Load NA NA IPLV NA NA
Positive displacement chillers evaluated only at AHRI Standard 550/590 standard conditions
2010 Trane
ASHRAE 90.1
Capacity (tons) <75 75 and < 150 150 and < 300 300
2007
Full Load
0.790 0.790 0.717 0.639
2010 Path A
Full Load
0.780 0.775 0.680 0.620
2010 Path B
Full Load
0.800 0.790 0.718 0.639
IPLV
0.676 0.676 0.627 0.571
IPLV
0.630 0.615 0.580 0.540
IPLV
0.600 0.586 0.540 0.490
Positive displacement chillers evaluated only at AHRI Standard 550/590 standard conditions All requirements in kW/ton. Chiller performance must be less than or equal to the requirements in the table
2010 Trane
ASHRAE 90.1
Capacity (tons) <150 150 and < 300 300 and < 600 600
Water-cooled Centrifugal Chillers 2007 Full Load 0.703 0.634 0.576 0.576 IPLV 0.669 0.596 0.549 0.549 2010 Path A Full Load 0.634 0.634 0.576 0.570 IPLV 0.596 0.596 0.549 0.539 2010 Path B Full Load 0.639 0.639 0.600 0.590 IPLV 0.450 0.450 0.400 0.400
Centrifugal chiller requirements must be adjusted for non-standard conditions All requirements in kW/ton. Chiller performance must be less than or equal to the requirements in the table
2010 Trane
Compare
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Overhauled Chillers
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2 gpm/ton
lift (DT)
58F
800 gpm
head/lift
compressor work
58F
cooling capacity/load
500 tons
2010 Trane
Lessons Learned
To reduce lift:
Decrease condenser pressure by reducing leaving-tower water temperature Increase evaporator pressure by raising chilled water setpoint
99F 73F
compressor work
45F 41F
2010 Trane
kW
Tons
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adds inefficiency
How often will it operate at advantageous conditions? How much energy is consumed by the cooling tower? Is the chiller oversized for the load?
Economizer
2010 Trane
Simultaneous
Weather Building
2010 Trane
Compare
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Chiller Replacement
chiller if possible
more tonnage is needed, higher efficiency allows present electrical system to serve
Constant
2010 Trane
Chiller Replacement:
Constant or Variable Speed?
sure each chiller meets ASHRAE 90.1 full and part-load requirements
2010 Trane
kW
% Load
2010 Trane
At high condenser water temperatures, constant speed is more efficient At low condenser water temperatures (low lift), variable speed is more efficient Analysis is required
Load and condenser water temperature do not vary directly with one another Account for loads at different ECWT
2010 Trane
High efficiency
VSD
Significant demand charges Humid climates Multiple chillers in the plant Economizer that reduces low load/low lift operating hours
Many hours at low condenser water temperature and low load Perhaps only on one chiller Factor in replacement of VSD when performing life cycle assessment
2010 Trane
Upgrade options
Enhance controls
2010 Trane
Provocation
in need of repair?
2010 Trane
Design Parameters
Chilled water
Chilled water
Condenser water
Condenser water
2010 Trane
Chilled water DT: 18F Condenser water DT: 14.2F (3.6 - 8.3% energy savings in various climates)
2008 Trane
a history of
Chiller Performance
8.0 chiller efficiency, COP
centrifugal >600 tons screw 150-300 tons scroll <100 tons reciprocating <150 tons
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
ASHRAE Standard 90
90-75 (1977) 90-75 90.1-89 90.1-99 (1980)
NBI
best available
2008 Trane
2008 Trane
Coil
Its a simple heat transfer device Reacts to colder entering water by returning it warmer
2008 Trane
GPM/ton
LWT
2.4
54F
1.5
57F
WTR
10F
16F
Chiller needs to be replaced Cooling needs have increased by 50% Cooling tower was replaced two years ago Condenser pump and pipes are in good shape
2010 Trane
2010 Trane
Upgrade options
Enhance controls
2010 Trane
2010 Trane
2010 Trane
Flow requirements
VPF System
Always need a method to allow minimum flow (bypass) Flow rate changes
2% of design flow per minute not good enough 10% of design flow per minute borderline 30% of design flow per minute many comfort cooling applications 50% of design flow per minute best
2010 Trane
Chiller Control
Variable Water Flow
130 120 110 100 90 Evaporator Water Flow 80 70 60 50 40 30 3:50:00 Evap Entering Water Temp 500 300 100 -100 -300 -500 4:10:00 1500 1300 1100 900 700
3:55:00
4:00:00
Time (hour:min:sec)
4:05:00
2010 Trane
Flow [gpm]
2010 Trane
Confirm existing chillers and controls can operate with variable evaporator flow
Ensure evaporator flow rate can stay above minimum
New
2010 Trane
VPF System
Single chiller
Retrofit
Controller
D D P P
2010 Trane
DP
2010 Trane
More information
VPF System
Http:/trane.com/commercial /library/newsletters.asp (1999 and 2002) Dont Ignore Variable Flow, Waltz, Contracting Business, July 1997 Primary-Only vs. Primary-Secondary Variable Flow Systems, Taylor, ASHRAE Journal, February 2002 Comparative Analysis of Variable and Constant Primary-Flow Chilled-Water-Plant Performance, Bahnfleth and Peyer, HPAC Engineering, April 2001 Campus Cooling: Retrofitting Systems, Kreutzmann, HPAC Engineering, July 2002
2010 Trane
Upgrade options
Enhance controls
2010 Trane
Control Options
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2010 Trane
VSDs improve part-lift performance, so running two chillers with VSDs at part load seems more efficient than one chiller at double the same load, but is dependent on condenser water temperature
2010 Trane
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Operate 1 or 2 chillers?
2010 Trane
Communicating BAS
Pump Speed
Valve position
2010 Trane
pump-pressure optimization
No action
65%
ChillerTower Interaction
energy consumption, kW total
300
chiller
200
100
tower
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
chillertower optimization
An Example
720,000 ft hotel
2 chillers, 2 tower cells Control strategies
2010 Trane
North America
350K annual operating cost, $ USD
control strategy:
300K
250K 200K 150K 100K 50K
0
2010 Trane
Mexico City
Orlando
San Diego
Toronto
Global Locations
500K annual operating cost, $ USD 400K
control strategy: 55F lvg tower optimal control design ECWT
300K
200K
100K
0
2010 Trane
Dubai
Paris
0
Dubai Paris Sao Paulo Singapore location Orlando Toronto Mexico City San Diego
chillertower optimization
2010 Trane
Consider VPF
Update controls
Perform analysis
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References
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