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ADOLESCENCE REVIEWER PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT - not the same as adolescence, but a marker of adolescence - period of rapid physical maturation

involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs during adolescence - not a single sudden event Boys 9 yrs old Increase in penis and testicle size Appearance of straight pubic hair Minor voice change First ejaculation Appearance of kinky pubic hair Onset of maximum growth in height and weight Growth of hair in armpits More detectable voice changes Growth of facial hair Girls 11 yrs old Breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears Hair appears in the armpits Grows in height Hips become wider than her shoulders Menarche

Brain Adolescents brain: undergo significant structural changes - Corpus Callosum : fibers connect the brains left and right hems thickens= improves the ability to process info Prefrontal Cortex: reasoning, decision making and self-control doesnt finish maturing until the emerging adult years Amygdala: matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex, for emotion Sexuality bridge between asexual child and sexual adult time of sexual exploration and experimentation incorporating sexuality into ones identity insatiable curiosity about sexuality developing a sexual identity mastering emerging sexual feelings forming a sense of sexual identity Adolescents who view more sexual content on TV are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse earlier than their peers who have less sexual content on TV It is commonly thought that most gays and lesbians quietly struggle with same- sex attractions in childhood Do not engage in heterosexual dating, and gradually recognize that they are gay or lesbian in mid- late adolescence

Exercise Many of todays adolescents virtually live on fast-food meals, which contribute to the high fat levels in their diet. Eating regular family meals during early adolescence was linked to healthy eating habits ve years later Individuals become less active as they reach and progress through adolescence. Adolescent boys are more likely to engage in moderate to vigorous exercise than are girls. Physical activity increased until 13 years of age in boys and girls but then declined through 18 years of age. Low levels of exercise were related to depressive symptoms in young adolescents while vigorous physical activity was linked to lower drug use in adolescents. Sleeping Partners Adolescents who get inadequate sleep (eight hours or less) on school nights are more likely to feel more tired or sleepy, more cranky and irritable, and be in a depressed mood. When given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night. Older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents. Research suggests that adolescents biological clocks undergo a shift as they get older, delaying their period of sleepiness by about one hour. Melatonin is a sleep-inducing hormone produced in the brains pineal gland. Melatonin is secreted at about 9:30 p.m. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents. 1. 2. 3. Causes of death Accidents (unintentional injuries, vehicle accidents, etc.) Homicide Suicide

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Piagets Theory 1. Formal Operational Stage - More abstract than Concrete Operational - Not limited to actual and concrete situations; a. Can conjure make believe experiences and can try to logically explain them b. Verbal Problem Solving ability: verbal representation c. Increased tendency to think the thought itself - Idealism and possibilities - Hypothetical-Deductive reasoning o Adolescence have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems, such as an algebraic equation. o Adolescents think more logically o Children are likely to solve problems through trial and error Egocentrism - Imaginary audience o Belief that others are interested to them as they themselves are; attention- getting behavior motivated to a desire of being noticed visible or on-stage

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Personal Fable Uniqueness and Invincibility feeling leads to dangers Drag racing, drug use, sexual intercourse without use of contraceptives Information Processing Most important cognitive change is Executive Functioning Decision Making Generate more options, examine the situation and anticipate the consequences than before Better decisions when calm rather than emotionally aroused Social Context is important Dual-process model : One part analytical, one part experimental/experiential Critical Thinking Adolescence is the transition period for critical thinking If fundamental skills are not developed, critical thinking are unlikely to mature in adolescence. Cognitive changes include: a. Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity information processing b. More breadth of content knowledge c. Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge d. Greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies for applying or obtaining knowledge

SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Self-esteem - Overall way we evaluate ourselves. - Changes during adolescence. - Self-esteem of girls is likely to decline at least somewhat during early adolescence. Reasons: - Some girls have negative body images during pubertal change. - Greater interest young adolescent girls take in social relationships and societys failure to reward that interest. - Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality (Krueger, Vohs, & Baumeister, 2008). - High self-esteem may refer to accurate, justified perceptions of ones worth as a person and ones successes and accomplishments. - Low self-esteem may suggest either an accurate perception of ones shortcomings, or a distorted, even pathological insecurity and inferiority. o o o o o Identity Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces, including these: Vocational or career identity o Sexual identity Political identity o Cultural or ethnic identity Religious identity o Interests Relationship identity o Personality Achievement, intellectual identity o Physical identity Eriksons View: During this time, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. Identity confusion: individual withdraw, or immerse themselves

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Developmental changes Crisis: period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives. Commitment: personal investment in identity. Four statuses in Identity Identity diffusion Status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. 2. Identity foreclosure Status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. 3. Identity moratorium Status of individuals ho are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined. 4. Identity achievement Status of individuals who have undergone crisis and have made a commitment. Family Relationships Autonomy and attachments o adolescents push for autonomy and responsibility angers most parents o parents anticipate that their teenager will have a difficult time adjusting to changes during adolescence o appropriate reactions from parents regarding teenagers desire for control o adolescents do not have the knowledge to make appropriate and mature decisions o adults give up their control over adolescents life o BOYS AR GIVEN MORE INDEPENDENCE THAN GIRLS o adolescents who do not spend time with their parents are most likely the ones who engage in smoking, drinking, gets into fights, sexual activity, etc. Parental monitoring o supervising adolescents choice of social setting, activities, friends, and academic efforts o lack of parental monitoring may be linked to juvenile delinquency o adolescents are more willing to share information to their parents if they ask them about it, and when their relationship is established with trust and acceptance

Peer Relationships Friendships o teenagers prefer to have a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate o friends become more important in meeting social needs o if they fail to develop close friendships, teenagers experience loneliness and reduced sense of self-worth o adolescents depend more on their friends than they do on their parents for companionship, reassurance of worth, and intimacy o most conversations include gossips (more common in girls) Peer Groups o adolescents who are unsure of their social identity are most likely to conform to peers o most adolescents conform to peer standards peer pressure o they also tend to conform when they are with someone they perceive to have a higher status than they do

Cliques o from 2 to 12 people o form because adolescents engage in similar activities or have spent time with each other, share mutual interests, etc. Crowds o larger than cliques and less personal o may be based on reputation o may not really spend time with each other Dating: adolescents spend considerable time either dating or thinking of dating Dropouts During the last half of the 20th century and earlier years of the 21st, the number of high school dropouts declined. 1940s: more than half of U.S. 16- t0 24-year olds had dropped out of school. 2006: decrease by 9.3% The dropout rates of Latino and Native American Youth remain very high. Less than 50% of Native Americans finish their high school education. Reasons for dropping out: o School-related reasons (50%) o Economic reasons (20%) o Personal reasons (1/3 of females) Preventive measures: o Effective programs o Bill and Melinda Gates Foundations strategy o I Have a Dream (IHAD) program Effective Programs o Tutoring o Counseling o Mentoring

Eating Disorders 1. Anorexia Nervosa - Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. It can lead to death. 2. Bulimia Nervosa - Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-andpurge pattern. The bulimic goes on an eating binge and then purges by self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative. Substance Abuse 1. Binge drinking: Having ve or more drinks in a row in two weeks 2. Cigarette smoking: Risk factors for becoming a regular smoker in adolescence include having a friend who smoked, a weak academic orientation, and low parental support. 3. Use of prescription painkillers: These drugs fall into the general class of drugs called narcotics, and they are highly addictive.

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Depression & suicide suicide as third leading cause of death among U.S. adolescents; more common among females 15-20% of adolescents; by age 15, adolescents females have a rate of depression twice as male Some causes of these gender differences: o Depressed moods o Females face more discrimination o Females self image o Earlier puberty for girls than boys Family factors that contribute to depression: o Depressed parents o Parents who have high marital o Emotionally unavailable parents conflict o Parents with financial problems Factors than can contribute to Suicide Long standing in family instabilty o High control Unhappiness o Pressure from parents in acheivements Lack of affection and emotional support o Peer pressure Indicators of Suicidal Adolescent: Depression o Family background Used alcohol while they are sad or o Friends with suicidal behaviors depressed o Hopelessness Suicide ideation Juvenile delinquency linked to low socioeconomic status, negative family experiences, negative peer influences adolescent who breaks the law/ engages in behaviour that is considered illegal ranging from littering to murder males are more likely to engage in delinquency

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