JoIun GuILung: PosILIve und NeguLIve Peuce

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n LIe presenL essuy, LIe word peuce Is LIe cenLruI Iocus. L Is oILen sLuLed LIuL,
LIe word peuce Is very oILen used und ubused und LIuL sInce IL Iucks un
ugreeubIe deIInILIon und dIIIIcuIL Lo concepLuuIIse, IL Is unreuI und uLopIun.
TIe word peuce conjures Imuges oI Iurmony und bIIss In psycIoIogIcuI, socIuI
und poIILIcuI sense. TIese Imuges seem Lo conIIIcL wILI LIe reuIILy oI u cIuoLIc
und non-IurmonIous worId. TIe IIeId oI peuce reseurcI Is un uLLempL Lo reucI
Lowurds u worId wIIcI Is peuceIuI or uL IeusL Iree oI vIoIence. Peuce ReseurcI
currIes u normuLIve vuIue oI sLrIvIng Lowurds peuce, noL onIy In InLernuLIonuI
reIuLIons buL uIso In domesLIc poIILIcs. TIe presenL essuy deuIs wILI peuce
LIeory und noL conIIIcL LIeory becuuse LIuL Is u reIuLed buL sepuruLe bruncI
wILIIn peuce reseurcI.
n LIIs essuy, wIII descrIbe LIe dIIIerences beLween Lwo uspecLs oI peuce,
derIved Irom peuce LIeory und reIevunL Lo socIuI und poIILIcuI pIIIosopIy,
known us posILIve und neguLIve peuce. TIese Lerms were IIrsL InLroduced by
one oI LIe Iounders und muIn IIgure In peuce reseurcI, JoIun GuILung (1q6q),
In LIe !"#$%&#'( Lo LIe IoundIng edILIon oI LIe *%+&,'( %- ./'0/ 1/2/'&03 In
1q6q. TIe edILorIuI pIece wus uImed uL cIurIIyIng LIe pIIIosopIy oI peuce
reseurcI, uccordIng Lo LIe Peuce ReseurcI nsLILuLe, OsIo wIo pubIIsIed LIe
journuI. TIe IIsLory oI LIe dIvIde beLween posILIve und neguLIve peuce sLems
Irom 1qo`s wIen peuce reseurcI wus Loo IeuvIIy Iocussed on dIrecL vIoIence,
sucI us ussuuIL und wurIure und wus domInuLed by LIe NorLI AmerIcuns. TIe
OsIo Peuce ReseurcI nsLILuLe und LIe journuI JPR were u source oI IresI
InsIgILs In peuce LIeory. n LIe 1q6o`s, GuILung expunded LIe concepLs oI
peuce und vIoIence Lo IncIude IndIrecL or sLrucLuruI vIoIence, und LIIs wus u
dIrecL cIuIIenge Lo LIe prevuIenL noLIons ubouL LIe nuLure oI peuce. TIe
expunded deIInILIon oI vIoIence Ied Lo un expunded deIInILIon oI peuce.
AccordIng Lo GuILung, peuce reseurcI Is u reseurcI InLo LIe condILIons Ior
movIng cIoser Lo peuce or uLIeusL noL drIILIng cIoser Lo vIoIence. TIus, neguLIve
peuce Is LIe ubsence oI vIoIence, ubsence oI wur, und posILIve peuce Is LIe
InLegruLIon oI Iumun socIeLy (1q6q, p. z). L musL be noLed LIuL In 1q6q
GuILung dId noL specIIIcuIIy menLIon LIe word sLrucLuruI vIoIence buL Iumun
InLegruLIon. urLIer, LIese Lwo Lypes oI peuce ure Lo be conceIved us Lwo
sepuruLe dImensIons, wIere one Is possIbIe wILIouL LIe oLIer. NeguLIve peuce
Is wIuL we see In u worId domInuLed by one nuLIon or u UnILed NuLIons wIo
ure equIpped wILI coercIve power und reudIness Lo use IL, wIIcI muybe used
Lo brIng ubouL InLegruLIon (posILIve peuce). GuILung beIIeves LIuL LIIs meLIod
Is noL goIng Lo work wILIouL generuI und compIeLe dIsurmumenL. ExumpIes oI
peuce poIIcIes und proposuIs In LIIs LrudILIon ure muILIIuLeruIIsm, urms
conLroI, InLernuLIonuI convenLIons (Genevu ConvenLIons), buIunce oI power
sLruLegIes, und so on. ExumpIes oI posILIve peuce poIIcIes und proposuIs
IncIude Improved Iumun undersLundIng LIrougI communIcuLIon, peuce
educuLIon, InLernuLIonuI cooperuLIon, dIspuLe resoIuLIon, urbILruLIon, conIIIcL
munugemenL, und so on. TIus, we cun see LIuL peuce reseurcI, Irom GuILung`s
(orIgInuI 1q6q posILIon) perspecLIve, Is peuce seurcI und IL vuIues LIeoreLIcuI
consIsLency oI norms und vuIues more LIun empIrIcuI vuIIduLIon. n uddILIon,
wIereus neguLIve peuce Is sIown Lo be pessImIsLIc, posILIve peuce Is opLImIsLIc.
AccordIng Lo GuILung (1q8) LIe InspIruLIon beIInd LIe orIgInuI posILIve peuce
Ideu wus LIe IeuILI scIences, wIere IeuILI cun be seen us un mere ubsence oI
dIseuse us weII us someLIIng more posILIve: mukIng LIe body cupubIe oI
resIsLIng dIseuse. IkewIse, Lwo Lypes oI remedIes obLuInIng Irom IeuILI
unuIogy ure useIuI Ior peuce reseurcI: curuLIve uImed uL neguLIve peuce und
prevenLIve uImed uL posILIve peuce. SImIIurIy, LIe roIe oI peuce sLudIes Is Lo
sLudy boLI neguLIve us weII us posILIve uspecLs oI peuce, boLI LIe condILIons
Ior ubsence oI vIoIence und LIe condILIons Ior peuce. n LIe nexL secLIons we
wIII Iook uL wIuL peuce LIeory (us IL evoIved uILer 1q6q) Ius Lo suy ubouL peuce,
conIIIcL und vIoIence und LIeIr reIuLIon Lo posILIve und neguLIve peuce.
C2*52 D E-%+2/52' =$2%&< D F%/52G#;
TIe LIeory oI peuce Ius undergone cIunges sInce 1q6q und GuILung`s vIews on
peuce und vIoIence Iuve cIunged Lo u broudened Iocus on LIe cuuses und
eIIecLs oI vIoIence und peuce. GuILung`s orIgInuI 1q6q posILIon wus generuIIy
uccepLed LIougI noL wILIouL cIuIIenges. TIe muIn cIuIIenges cume Irom
crILIcuI socIuI LIeorIsLs wIo someIow dId noL ugree wILI LIe wIoIe peuce
projecL. BeLween 1q6q-1q;1 GuILung pubIIsIed muny LIeoreLIcuI pupers bused
on IIs sLrucLuruI LIeory, uIong LIemes sucI us uggressIon (1q6q),
InsLILuLIonuIIsed conIIIcL resoIuLIon (1q6), non-vIoIence (1q6), InLegruLIon
(1q68), vIoIence, peuce und peuce reseurcI (1q6q), sLrucLuruI und dIrecL
vIoIence (1q;1), und, ImperIuIIsm (1q;1). One promInenL Ideu LIuL comes ouL
oI LIese pupers Is LIuL un udequuLe undersLundIng oI vIoIence Is requIred In
order Lo undersLund und deIIne peuce. So, GuILung moved uwuy Irom LIe
ucLor-orIenLed expIunuLIon oI peuce und vIoIence Lo sLrucLure-orIenLed
expIunuLIon wIere LIe cenLruI Ideu wus LIuL vIoIence exIsLs becuuse oI LIe
sLrucLure und LIe ucLors mereIy curry ouL LIuL vIoIence. GuILung (1q6q) deIInes
vIoIence us beIng presenL wIen Iumun beIngs ure beIng InIIuenced so LIuL
LIeIr ucLuuI somuLIc und menLuI reuIIsuLIons ure beIow LIeIr poLenLIuI
reuIIsuLIon (p. 168). TIIs deIInILIon Is mucI wIder LIun vIoIence us beIng
mereIy somuLIc or dIrecL und IncIudes sLrucLuruI vIoIence. TIIs exLended
deIInILIon oI vIoIence Ieuds Lo un exLended deIInILIon oI peuce, wIere peuce Is
noL mereIy und ubsence oI dIrecL vIoIence (neguLIve peuce) buL uIso ubsence oI
sLrucLuruI vIoIence (posILIve peuce) (Igure 1). SLrucLuruI vIoIence sLems Irom
vIoIence In LIe sLrucLure oI socIeLy, ruLIer LIun LIe ucLor-generuLed personuI
und dIrecL vIoIence.
Igure 1: TIe Expunded concepL oI Peuce und VIoIence
By reIuLIng vIoIence Lo LIe sLrucLure oI socIeLy, GuILung creuLed u connecLIon
beLween peuce, conIIIcL und deveIopmenL reseurcI. TIe noLIon oI sLrucLuruI
vIoIence Is uIso reIevunL In conIIIcL LIeory und deveIopmenL reseurcI becuuse
ILs socIuI jusLIce connoLuLIons. GuILung goes even IurLIer Lo sLuLe LIuL sInce
personuI und dIrecL vIoIence ure oILen buIIL InLo LIe socIuI sLrucLure, IL Is mucI
beLLer Lo Iocus on LIe bIgger pIcLure reveuIed by sLrucLuruI vIoIence us LIIs
wouId reveuI LIe cuuses und eIIecLs oI vIoIence und condILIons Ior peuce.
oIIowIng Irom Iere, LIe purpose oI peuce reseurcI Is Lo creuLe condILIons Ior
promoLIng boLI Lypes oI peuce.
Hukun WIberg (1q81) Lruced LIe evoIuLIon oI LIe noLIons oI neguLIve und
posILIve peuce und Is oI LIe vIew LIuL GuILung expunded LIe concepL oI posILIve
peuce Lo IncIude sLrucLuruI vIoIence In IIs1q6q (GuILung, 1q6q) puper, uILer
ScImId`s (1q68) urLIcIe wIIcI muInLuIned LIuL mucI oI peuce reseurcI Is
bused on neguLIve peuce In IIne wILI LIe needs oI LIe power IoIders und LIuL
posILIve peuce Is devoId oI concreLe conLenL. TIereIore, peuce reseurcI serves
LIe purpose oI LIe powerIuI. ScImId`s IIne oI urgumenL Is sLIII prevuIenL Loduy
In some wrILIngs, sucI us Gur-Ze-ev (zoo1) wIo beIIeve LIuL LIe enLIre projecL
oI peuce educuLIon Is doomed Lo IuII. BonIscI (1q81) uIso Iound LIe posILIve
peuce concepL IuckIng In rIgour und overIy uLopIun. GuILung (1q8) sLuLes LIuL
LIe InspIruLIon beIInd LIe sLrucLuruI vIoIence Ideu wus GundII`s upproucI Lo
deuIIng wILI vIoIence, wIere LIe sLrucLure oI vIoIence wus LIe LurgeL oI
(GundII`s) non-vIoIence ruLIer LIun LIe ucLor. WIberg concIuded LIuL LIe
noLIons oI sLrucLuruI vIoIence und posILIve peuce Iud become weII enLrencIed
In peuce reseurcI even LIougI LIere were cIuIIenges. PrImurIIy us u response
Lo LIe work oI GuILung, LIe cenLruI concern oI peuce reseurcI Ior muny
reseurcIers moved Irom dIrecL vIoIence und ILs eIImInuLIon or reducLIon
(neguLIve peuce) Lo LIe brouder ugendu oI sLrucLuruI vIoIence und ILs
eIImInuLIon (posILIve peuce) (Weber, 1qqq).
As LIe noLIons oI sLrucLuruI vIoIence und posILIve peuce Look rooL In peuce
LIeory, GuILung sInce 1q8o`s Ius IurLIer expunded LIe concepLs oI neguLIve
und posILIve peuce Lo IncIude LIe noLIons oI socIuI cosmoIogy, cuILure und
ecoIogy. GuILung (1q81) presenLed un urgumenL LIuL LIe peuce concepL LIuL
domInuLes conLemporury peuce LIeory und prucLIce Is LIe Romun pux und IL
serves LIe InLeresLs oI LIe powerIuI Lo muInLuIn sLuLus quo In LIe socIeLy.
GuILung IeIL u need Ior u rIcIer peuce concepL reIIecLIng LIe socIuI cosmoIogIes
oI LIe worId Ior creuLIng condILIons Ior peuce. AnoLIer cenLruI Ideu LIuL
GuILung (1q88) proposed wus LIuL peuce sIouId be ucIIeved by peuceIuI
meuns und noLIons sucI us jusL wur ure busIcuIIy vIoIences commILLed by LIe
seII-sLyIed Ieuders oI LIe worId. n 1qqo, GuILung (1qqo) InLroduced LIe
concepL oI cuILuruI vIoIence us LIose uspecLs oI cuILure LIuL cun be used Lo
jusLIIy und IegILImIse dIrecL und cuILuruI vIoIence. VIoIence wus redeIIned us
uvoIdubIe InsuILs Lo busIc Iumun needs und more generuIIy Lo IIIe. CuILuruI
vIoIence wus udded us u Lype oI vIoIence uIongsIde dIrecL und sLrucLuruI
vIoIence. TIe IIow oI vIoIence wus Irom cuILuruI vIu sLrucLuruI Lo dIrecL
vIoIence (Igure z).
H-0"&2 A' F*";*+ H+%3 %4 E-%+2/52
To undersLund LIe dIrecL-sLrucLuruI und cuILuruI vIoIence LrIungIe, GuILung
(1qq6) empIoyes LIe concepL oI power und IdenLIIIed Iour dImensIons oI
power ImpucLIng posILIve und neguLIve peuce: cuILuruI, economIc, mIIILury und
poIILIcuI. GuILung beIIeves LIuL LIe vIcIous spIruI oI vIoIence cun be broken
wILI LIe vIrLuous spIruI oI peuce IIowIng Irom cuILuruI peuce LIrougI
sLrucLuruI peuce Lo dIrecL peuce. TIIs process wouId brIng ubouL posILIve
peuce.
>-442&2/52; I2#322/ C%;-#-:2 */8 J20*#-:2 C2*52
TIe mujor cIurucLerIsLIcs oI neguLIve und posILIve peuce cun be summurIsed us
IoIIows:
4/5'$#6/ ./'0/: Absence oI vIoIence, pessImIsLIc, curuLIve, peuce noL uIwuys
by peuceIuI meuns.
.%2#$#6/ ./'0/: SLrucLuruI InLegruLIon, opLImIsLIc, prevenLIve, peuce by
peuceIuI meuns.
GuILung In mosL oI IIs work Ius sougIL Lo projecL posILIve peuce us u IIgIer
IdeuI LIun neguLIve peuce. TIIs Is becuuse uccordIng Lo GuILung, peuce
reseurcI sIouIdn`L mereIy deuI wILI LIe nurrow vIsIon oI endIng or reducIng
vIoIence uL u dIrecL or sLrucLuruI IeveI buL seek Lo undersLund condILIons Ior
prevenLIng vIoIence. or LIIs Lo Iuppen, peuce und vIoIence need Lo be Iooked
uL In LoLuIILy uL uII IeveIs oI Iumun orgunIsuLIon. So, InLer-gender vIoIence Is
no Iess ImporLunL LIun InLer-sLuLe vIoIence und posILIve peuce promoLIon Ius
Lo uddress Issues oI vIoIence uL uII IeveIs. TIIs requIres un undersLundIng oI
LIe cIvIIIsuLIons, deveIopmenL, peuce und conIIIcL sLudIed ecIecLIcuIIy.
GuILung (1qq6) suggesLs u LypoIogy In unswer Lo LIe quesLIon, wIuL Is LIe
cuuse oI peuce? WIuL Is LIe eIIecL oI peuce? TIe LypoIogy IncIudes sIx spuces:
NuLure, Person, SocIuI, WorId, CuILure und TIme. TIIs gIves IIve vIoIences:
nuLure vIoIence, ucLor or dIrecL vIoIence, sLrucLuruI or IndIrecL, cuILuruI und
LIme vIoIence. NeguLIve peuce LIen Is deIIned us LIe ubsence oI vIoIence oI uII
LIe ubove kInds. PosILIve peuce IncIudes nuLure peuce, dIrecL posILIve peuce,
sLrucLuruI posILIve peuce und cuILuruI posILIve. Bused on LIese GuILung comes
Lo LIe concIusIons LIuL vIoIence und peuce breed LIemseIves und LIuL posILIve
peuce Is LIe besL proLecLIon uguInsL vIoIence.
TIe unswer Lo LIe ubove quesLIon cun be Irumed LIus, LIuL posILIve peuce Is
IeusIbIe uccordIng Lo GuILung`s LIeory und LIuL LIougI neguLIve peuce Is useIuI
Ior LIe sIorL Lerm, LIe Ionger-Lerm remedIes ure onIy ucIIevubIe wILI LIe
posILIve peuce upproucI. AILer uII, prevenLIon Is LIe besL cure.
>-;5";;-%/
TIe LypoIogIes oI vIoIence und peuce cIeurIy sIow LIuL GuILung (1qq6) Ius
modIIIed IIs prevIous posILIon. As LIe crILerIu Ior vIoIence Ius become wIder,
LIe ucIIevemenL oI posILIve peuce Ius become even more IIIusory. KenneLI
BouIdIng (1q;;, 1q;8) Ius crILIcIsed GuILung Ior downgrudIng LIe sLudy oI
InLernuLIonuI peuce by IubeIIIng IL neguLIve peuce und by InLroducIng LIe
noLIon oI sLrucLuruI vIoIence. BouIdIng beIIeves LIuL sucI Ideus drug peuce
reseurcIers InLo LIeoreLIcuI ureus (IIke deveIopmenL sLudIes) wIere LIey Iuve
IILLIe experLIse. KenneLI BouIdIng (1qq1) uLLempLed Lo unIIy LIese Lwo
concepLs. BouIdIng`s Ideu, wIIcI Ie cuIIed sLubIe peuce, borrowed LIe noLIon
oI LIe ubsence oI wur Irom neguLIve peuce. BuL BouIdIng uIso drew Irom LIe
posILIve peuce concepL. ReseurcI on sLubIe peuce, Ie beIIeved, enLuIIed
expIorIng Iow socIuI sysLems sucI us reIIgIon or IdeoIogy und economIc
beIuvIour dImInIsI or Increuse LIe cIunces oI movemenL Lowurds sLubIe
peuce. WIIIe BouIdIng empIusIses on sILuuLIons wIere peuce Is presenL,
GuILung LrIes Lo IInd ouL wIere conIIIcL Is presenL, wIuL vIoIences IL does und
Iow Lo ucIIeve posILIve peuce.
L seems LIuL Iud GuILung noL kepL on pressIng LIe concepL oI posILIve peuce,
IL wouId Iuve been superseded by LIe neguLIve peuce Ideu us LIe cenLruI Ideu oI
peuce reseurcI. TIIs wouId InIucL Iuve meunL LIe Iegemony oI LIe NorLI
AmerIcun domInuLed conIIIcL resoIuLIon purudIgm us LIe domInunL purudIgm
In peuce sLudIes. TIe vuIue oI LIe posILIve peuce purudIgm Is ILs vIsIon oI
brIngIng ubouL peuce ruLIer LIun jusL resoIvIng conIIIcLs LIrougI poIILIcuI
mecIunIsms. AnoLIer Ideu LIuL comes ouL oI LIIs dIscussIon Is LIuL LIe
dIcIoLomy oI neguLIve und posILIve peuce mIgIL be u IuIse one. BuL II LIIs
dIcIoLomy Is noL pIuced uL LIe concepLuuI IeveI, LIen LIe LIeory oI peuce wIII
be poorer.
TIIs upproucI Lo peuce cun be seen us very posILIvIsL, reIIecLIng
EnIIgILenmenL IdeuIs. TIese Ideus do noL IInd Iuvour wILI LIe posLmodernIsL
LIeorIsLs wIo beIIeve LIuL LIese ure WesLern, IumunIsLIc, IIberuI, und
enIIgILenmenL IdeuIs. urLIer, posLmodern sensILIvILy Lo LIe conLIngenL
sLunce oI vuIues und LruLI cIuIms; LIe reIusuI Lo uccepL unIversuI vuIIdILy
cIuIms; und LIe rejecLIon oI uny generuI LIeory oI IounduLIonuIIsm,
essenLIuIIsm, und LrunscendenLuIIsm, ure In dIrecL conIIIcL wILI LIe
EnIIgILenmenL's modern IdeuIs und ILs pIIIosopIIcuI LrudILIon (Gur-Ze-ev,
zoo1). TIe posLmodern crILIque Is uguInsL peuce vuIues bused on empIrIcuI
duLu. On LIe oLIer Iund, LIe peuce LIeory Is consLrucLIvIsL In nuLure, wIIcI
meuns IL provIdes consLrucLIve proposuIs ubouL wIuL sIouId Iuppen und wIuL
mIgIL work? L uLLempLs Lo udjusL LIeorIes Lo vuIues, producIng vIsIons oI u
new reuIILy (GuILung, 1qq6). GuILung IImseII rejecLs LIe posILIvIsL
epIsLemoIogy In Iuvour oI ecIecLIsm, wIere Ie guLIers IIs concepLuuI und
LIeoreLIcuI mIxLure by combInIng EusLern und WesLern pIIIosopIIes.
F%/5+";-%/
TIe ubove essuy Ius sIown Iow LIe concepLs oI posILIve und neguLIve peuce
Iuve been expunded und reIormuIuLed us u response Lo cIuIIenges Irom LIeIr
crILIcs. TIIs cIunge Ius noL uILered LIe busIc dIIIerences beLween LIese Lwo
concepLs, LIuL wIIIe neguLIve peuce Is ubsence oI vIsIbIe und dIrecL vIoIence,
posILIve peuce Is emuncIpuLory In nuLure. DespILe LIe cIuIIenges, LIese Ideus
remuIn LIe IounduLIon oI peuce LIeory und ure vuIuubIe us counLer-weIgIL Lo
LIe reuIIsL LIeory oI InLernuLIonuI reIuLIons, wIIcI gIves Loo mucI credIL Lo LIe
sLuLe. Peuce Ius Lo be worked uL und Is noL eusy und resIsLunce Irom LIe sLuLe
Is InevILubIe. TIe LwIn concepLs ure very vuIuubIe Loduy wIen peuce sLudIes Is
evoIvIng Irom buIIdIng knowIedge ubouL peuce Lo peuce LruInIng und peuce
educuLIon.
K242&2/52;
BonIscI, A. (1q81). EIemenLs oI LIe Modern ConcepL oI Peuce. *%+&,'( %-
./'0/ 1/2/'&03, 18 (z), 16-1;.
BouIdIng, K. (1q;;). TweIve rIendIy QuerreIs wILI JoIun GuILung. *%+&,'( %-
./'0/ 1/2/'&03, 1q (1), ;-86.
BouIdIng, K. (1q;8). uLure DIrecLIons oI ConIIIcL und Peuce SLudIes. 73/
*%+&,'( %- 8%,-(#0$ 1/2%(+$#%,, zz (z), qz-q.
BouIdIng, K. (1qq1). SLubIe Peuce Among NuLIons: A eurnIng Process, In
BouIdIng, E., BrIguguo, C. und CIemenLs, K. (eds.). ./'0/9 8+($+&/ ',"
:%0#/$;< 7&',2,'$#%,'( 1/2/'&03 '," =#'(%5+/. BouIder, CO: WesLvIew Press,
pp. 1o8-1q.
GuILung, J. (1q6q). An EdILorIuI. *%+&,'( %- ./'0/ 1/2/'&03, 1 (1), 1-q.
GuILung, J. (1q6q). VIoIence, Peuce und Peuce ReseurcI. *%+&,'( %- ./'0/
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