Contents

Acknowledgments Introduction vi vii

Strategies for learning vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Learning vocabulary: general advice Learning vocabulary: specific techniques Organizing a vocabulary notebook The names of English language words Using your dictionary Reviewing vocabulary Guessing and explaining meaning

Word formation 8 Suffixes 9 Prefixes 10 Roots 11 Abstract nouns 12 Compound adjectives 13 Compound nouns: noun + noun 14 Compound nouns: verb + preposition 15 Words from other languages 16 Abbreviations and acronyms 17 New words in English Words and pronunciation 18 19 20 Words commonly mispronounced Onomatopoeic words Homonyms

Connecting and linking words 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Time Condition Cause, reason, purpose, and result Concession and contrast Addition Text-referring words Discourse markers in speech Discourse markers in writing

Countable and uncountable nouns 29 30 31 32 33 34 Uncountable nouns Nouns that are usually plural Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings Collective nouns Making uncountable nouns countable Containers and contents

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Topics 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Countries, nationalities, and languages The weather Describing peoples appearance Describing peoples character Relationships At home Everyday problems Global problems Education Work Sports The arts Music Food The environment Towns The natural world Clothes Health and medicine Transportation Vacations Numbers and shapes Science and technology Computers and the Internet The media and the press Politics and public institutions Crime Money and finances

Feelings and Actions 63 64 65 66 67 68 Belief and opinion Pleasant and unpleasant feelings Likes, dislikes, and desires Speaking The six senses What your body does

Basic Concepts 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Number, quantity, degree, and intensity Duration of time Distances and dimensions Obligation, need, possibility, and probability Sound and light Possession, giving, and lending Movement and speed Texture, brightness, density, and weight Success, failure, and difficulty

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Idiomatic expressions 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Idioms and fixed expressions: general Everyday expressions Similes Binomials Idioms describing people Idioms describing feelings and mood Idioms connected with problematic situations Idioms connected with praise and criticism Idioms connected with using language Miscellaneous idioms Proverbs

Phrasal verbs and verb-based expressions 89 90 91 92 93 94 Expressions with do and make Expressions with bring and take Expressions with get Expressions with set and put Expressions with come and go Miscellaneous expressions

Special Topics 95 96 97 98 99 100 Headline English The language of signs and notices Words and gender Formal and informal words Varieties of English American English and British English

Pronunciation symbols Index Answer key

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Unit 42
A

Global problems
Disasters / tragedies earthquakes [the earth moves/trembles] hurricanes / tornadoes / typhoons [violent winds/storms] volcanoes [hot liquid rock and gases that pour from a mountain] explosions (e.g., a bomb) major accidents (e.g., a plane crash, a fire) floods [too much rain] drought [no rain] famine [no food] epidemics [diseases affecting large numbers of people] and pandemics [diseases affecting almost everyone in an area]

war / civil war / unrest

Verbs connected with disaster/tragedy words A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead. The flu epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country. Millions are starving as a result of the famine. A big earthquake shook the city at noon today. The area is suffering its worst drought in many years. Civil war has broken out in the north of the country. A tornado swept through the islands yesterday, destroying hundreds of homes.

note

injure is used with people, and damage is used with things, e.g., Many people were injured and dozens of buildings were damaged in the hurricane.

Words for people involved in disasters / tragedies It was a terrible accident, with only three survivors. [people who live through a disaster] The real victims [people who suffer from a disaster] of the civil war are the children. Thousands of refugees have crossed the border looking for food and shelter. The explosion/typhoon/flood resulted in 300 casualties. [dead and injured people]

Headlines about diseases and epidemics Rabies out of control in many parts of Asia disease that can be caused by a bite from a dog, raccoon, etc.

New malaria drug tested

disease caught from certain mosquitoes, causing fever

Cholera and typhoid shots not needed, claims Tourism Minister diseases caused by infected food and water

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Unit 42
Exercises
42.1
Write the type of disasters from A on page 84 that these situations are about. Then explain what each disaster means. 1. The lava flow destroyed three villages. volcano; lava is hot liquid rock that comes from a volcano. 2. The earth is cracked and vegetation has withered. 3. The tremor struck at 3:35 p.m. local time. 4. People boarded up stores and houses and stayed indoors. 5. Shelling and mortar fire could be heard all over the town.

42.2

Complete this table, using a dictionary if necessary. Where there are dashes, you do not need to write anything. Verb destroy erupt explosion injure starve survival Noun: thing or idea Noun: person/people ------------------the injured ------------------Adjective

42.3

Read these headlines and say whether the situation is getting worse or better, or whether a disaster has happened or has been avoided. 1. Poison Gas Cloud Spreads 3.

Police Defuse Bomb

All Survive Emergency Landing

5. 5

Hurricane Smashes Coast

2.

AIDS Time Bomb Ticking Away

4. 4

6. 6

Flood Warnings Not Heeded In Time

42.4

Fill in the blanks with words from page 84. Try to answer from memory. of the famine. 1. Another fifty people died today, all 2. The government has agreed to allow 3,000 trying to escape the civil war to enter the country. 3. It was a tragic highway accident, with twelve . 4. A: Were there any from the ship that sank? B: Im afraid not. No one was rescued.

42.5

Disease quiz. 1. What disease can be caused by a mosquito bite? 2. What disease can you get by drinking infected water? 3. What disease can you get from an animal bite?

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Unit 55
A

Vacation
Different places where you can spend a vacation resort [a hotel (usually large and expensive), with leisure facilities such as tennis courts, a golf course, health spa, swimming pools, beach, etc.] motel [a hotel for motorists, with parking spaces directly outside the rooms] bed & breakfast (B&B) [a small hotel, inn, or private home, providing a room and breakfast the next morning for one price] campground [an outdoor area where you can pitch a tent or park a van or an RV] summer camp [a summer recreation area in the country, usually for children] youth hostel [cheap lodging, mainly for young people, who share facilities (there are also elder hostels for traveling senior citizens)] time-share [a house or an apartment, usually in a resort area, owned by many people and used by each owner for a specified time period (e.g., 12 weeks a year for vacations)] B Activities that people like to do on vacation

sunbathe or go to the beach

swim or go swimming

do some sightseeing or go sightseeing

hike or go hiking

cycle or go cycling

go to an amusement park

go shopping

camp or go camping

Useful language when you are on vacation Id like to book a single/double room with two beds / twin beds / a queen-size bed / a king-size bed. Do you have a nonsmoking room with an ocean view / a river view available? Id like to guarantee my reservation with a credit card. Id like a wake-up call at 7 a.m., please. Wed like room service, please. What time is check-in/checkout? Is late checkout available? Common adjectives used for describing vacations breathtaking scenery/views exhilarating feeling/ride/moment exotic beauty/location glamorous surroundings/hotel intoxicating views/air picturesque streets/village unspoiled charm/nature sublime simplicity/beauty

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Unit 55
Exercises
55.1
Which of the vacation places in A on page 110 have you or any of your friends stayed at? Think of at least one advantage and one disadvantage for each place, even if you have no experience staying there. Put the eight activities shown in B on page 110 in order, based on your personal preferences. Are there any you would definitely never do? Can you think of others you would prefer to do during your vacation? What would you say in a hotel when . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. you want to reserve a room for a couple? you want to reserve a room for yourself? you dont like cigarette or cigar smoke? you have to wake up at 6 a.m. for an important meeting? you want to find out what time you must leave the room in the morning? youd rather not go to the restaurant for dinner?

55.2

55.3

55.4

Name a place that you are familiar with that fits each of these descriptions. Make a sentence for each one. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. picturesque: I love the picturesque villages along the Amalfi Coast in Italy. breathtaking: exhilarating: exotic: intoxicating: glamorous: unspoiled: sublime:

55.5

Find seven typical language mistakes in the paragraph below and fix them. The Smiths stayed at a camping last summer. Every day Mrs. Smith had a sunbath, and Mr. Smith made a sightseeing. The children had a cycle, and they made a travel around the island. One day the family made an excursion to a local castle. The castle had a gift shop, so they could shopping.

follow-up

To find useful language about vacations, get some brochures or other tourist information in English. You could try the embassies or tourist offices of English-speaking countries, or a travel agency. When you receive the information, note down any useful new words and expressions that you find.

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