Colonization of Africa European Competition and Cooperation: Empire-building in Africa Europeans went to Africa and bought slaves, which

h were captured by African rulers and merchants. There was a lot of competition, but it was beneficial for Europeans because they didn t have to conflict with the African rulers and they didn t have to come in contact with disease in which they had no immunity against. The Competition for !outh Africa "utch established first European colony in sub-!aharan Africa in #$%& at Cape of 'ood (ope. )mmigrants from other countries, especially *ritain, +oined. "utch and then the *ritish went to rural areas to farm, which displaced the ,hoi-hoi people who lived in the area. The ,hoi-hoi chiefdoms were dissolved and many of them were ta-en as slaves. The .apoleonic /ars caused the military and legal control of the Cape Colony to pass from the "utch to the *ritish. *ritish laws and !ocial practices were instituted, which includes the development of a limited representative government, the abolition of slave trade, and in #012, the abolition of slavery throughout the *ritish Empire. Europeans controlled the best land. The former slaves could only be wage wor-ers rather than landowners and farmers. 3roperty restrictions on voting -ept Africans from political power and the 4asters and !ervants Act of #0%$ limited the freedom of African wor-ers. 3eople that were "utch thought that the limits on the African s freedom weren t enough. They decided to separate themselves from the *ritish and went on the 'reat Tre-, which was a march northward. The people were usually *oers, meaning farmers in "utch, or Afri-aners, for the African dialect of "utch they spo-e. They founded the 5range 6ree !tate and the Transvaal republics. This e7pansion caused a mfecane, or time of troubles, in southern and eastern Africa. *ecause of European domination of life in the colony, !outh Africa was considered a white settler colony, even though the ma+ority was Africans. !ierra 8eone and 8ibera: (avens for 6ormer !laves !ierra 8eone and 8ibera were established by the *ritish, Americans, and Africans as a refuge for freed slaves. *y founding new businesses, mostly based on agriculture, they slowly replaced slave trading in the e7port economy. To spread Christianity and /estern culture, the *ritish reorganized !ierra 8eone as a formal *ritish Colony. Also, the Anglican Church 4ission !ociety founded by 6ourah *ay College was an important institution for training African clergy. Then, the American Colonization !ociety received a charter from the 9.!. 'ov to found a site in /est Africa to help 6reed American slaves. )t later became -nown as 4onrovia. 8ater, 4onrovia +oined with other surrounding settlements to form the country of 8iberia. Cooperation among Africans and Europeans Europeans and Africans sought new e7port commodities. )vory, palm nuts and -ernels, peanuts, timber, dyes, wa7 honey, and redwood. The steam ship allowed the people to move cotton, coffee, sugarcane, and sugar products. :ubber, cassava, citrus fruits, tobacco, and maize too. 6reed slaves were often forced into labor to produce the products needed for e7port. !cramble for Africa The *erlin Conference Assigned the administration of the Congo to 8eopold the second as his personal fiefdom.

Economic purpose was for harvesting natural rubber and to get copper. 8aborers were forced with guns and would be -illed or have their hands cut off for failing to ma-e ;uotas. After realizing the cruelty and the economic losses of the Congo administration, the *elgian parliament too- over. The *erlin Conference divided up Africa on paper. Chiefs were forced to sign treaties and they became the agents of Europeans for recruiting labor and collecting ta7es. Europeans protected the chiefs from resistance and rebellion. Europeans and 8abor :elations in Africa Europeans too- farms away from Africans and produced a new wage-labor force. .atives 8and Act of !outh Africa closed 0< percent of land to African ownership. 'overnment imposed ta7es, which forced all Africans to find a +ob. This filled the lac- of wor-ers for the diamond and copper mines.