1. AIM 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. CERTIFICATE 4. COMPONENTS 5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6. WORKING PRINCIPLE 7.

PRECAUTIONS

It is my duty to record my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my respected teacher Mr. successfully. I am also grateful to our laboratory in charge Mr. who provided me the required apparatus and materials. for his valuable guidance, interest and constant encouragement that has helped me to complete the project

This is to certify that, student of CLASSXII/C ; ENROLMENT NO : ...of, has done

the project work on FULL WAVE RECTIFIER under my supervision and guidance with my full satisfaction in the stipulated time period. All through the period I found her very sincere.

Mr. . (H.O.D) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS.

AIM

AC TO DC CONVERTER FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

THEORY
AC TO DC CONVERTER SYNOPSIS
A.C converter is a device, which is used to convert an A.C. supply into D>C. supply through semiconductor diodes. It finds its application in many fields of electricity. It is used in battery eliminators, television, radio, electroplating etc. I have studied about it and have recorded my observations in this project report.

CONVERTER
It converts an A.C. into D.C. or D.C into A.C. But in this project it converts an A.C. into D.C. The converter which an A.C. into D.C. is called rectifier and the process is called rectification.

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C.

D.C. output voltage, which is practically constant, is absolutely essential for Electrolytic and electrochemical processes such electroplating, electrotyping, electro refining, production of aluminium, copper and other metals by electrolysis. D.C. is also necessary for running of arc lamps and welding.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that can step up or step down A.C. voltage. It consists of two coils called primary and secondary coil wound on a common magnetic core. The core is made up of a large number of E and I shaped core. The transformer is a passive device. It does not consume any power for its operation, except for some losses. It passes on all the power applied to the primary to its secondary windings. The voltage and current relations are given by the following equation. V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 = I2 / I1, Where V1 & V2 are primary & secondary voltage. N1 & N2 are primary & secondary no. of turns and I1 & I2 are primary & secondary current. The above equation shows that a step-down transformer delivers lower voltage at secondary coil than the high voltage applied to the primary coil, but its current delivering capacity is more, therefore the secondary has less number of turns and is made up of a thicker gauge wire as compared to the primary coil.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. COPPER LOSS
This is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coil of transformer due to Joules heating of conducting wires

2. IRON LOSS
This is the energy wasted as heat due to development of eddy current in the iron core & can be minimized by taking laminated core..

3. HYSTERISIS LOSS
This is due to the iron core undergoing repeated cycle of magnetization and demagnetization when alternating e.m.f. is applied.

4. LEAKAGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX

This is due to imperfect insulation and winding of coils. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary and secondary coil is in variance.

5. MAGNETOSTRICTION
This is in form of humming noise due to loose winding of coils.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A diode is an electronic component through which current passes in only one direction. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are p-n junction made of gallium-arsenide or indium phosphide, as semiconductor semiconductors that produce light when current passes through them. They are used in forward bias arrangement in many common devices, such as the burglar alarm, calculators, telephone, digital watch, switch board & tuning indicator on a radio. An arrangement of seven LEDs in the shape of an 8 can also be used to display any number from 0 to 9.

APPARATUS
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER (TR) DIODE (D1 & D2) ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR (C) RESISTOR (R) LED (L) 6-0-6 Volt. In 4007. 470 F; 10Volt. 470 .

DIAGRAM
D1 and D2 are two semiconductor diodes. The source of A.C. to be rectified is connected to the terminals P1 and P2 of the primary coil of transformer. Two ends of the secondary coil S1 & S2 are connected to the p-type of the two diodes. The output is taken across the resistance R and positive electrode of electrolytic capacitor C.

P 1 S1

D2

L A.C C

P 2 S2

D1

WORKING
During first half cycle of input signal voltage, let P1 is (-) Ve and P2 is (+) Ve. On account of mutual induction S1 become (+) Ve and S2 become (-) Ve. In this case diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased and current in light emitting diode (LED) L passes through diode D1.

During next half cycle of input signal voltage, now P1 is (+) Ve and P2 is (-) Ve. Again on account of mutual induction S1 become (-) Ve and S2 become (+) Ve. Now diode D2 is forward biased and diode D1 is in reverse biased and current in light emitting diode (LED) L passes through diode D2. Thus, we get output as D.C. for complete cycle of input A.C., but this D.C. is not pure therefore we use filter circuit. When we insert the main wire in 220Volt A.C. then LED is on which is indication of continuous D.C. voltage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics text book for class XII of N.C.E.R.T. Laboratory manual of Physics for class XII. Comprehensive Physics.