A REPORT ON DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR FOR AN EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT

Submitted by

Mehta MitulArjunbhai Patel RajankumarDineshbhai Patel YogeshkumarNatubhai Patel Kripalkantilal Patel NiharkumarAshwinbhai Prajapati JigarkumarIshvarbhai

(090490119049) (090490119039) (100493119007) (090490119063) (090490119002) (090490119037)

In fulfilment the award of the degree Of Bachelor of engineering In Mechanical

S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, UMRAKH, BARDOLI

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the dissertation entitled DESIGN OF EVAPORATOR FOR AN EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT has been carried out by

Mehta MitulArjunbhai Patel RajankumarDineshbhai Patel YogeshkumarNatubhai Patel Kripalkantilal Patel NiharkumarAshwinbhai PrajapatiJigarkumarIshvarbhai

(090490119049) (090490119039) (100493119007) (090490119063) (090490119002) (090490119037)

Under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of bachelor of engineering in mechanical department of GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMADABAD during the academic year 2012-2013. DATE: 13-10-2012

MR. VIPUL R. PATEL

MR. ARJUN B. MEHTA

(Internal project guide)

(External project guide)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the several months of work, it took to produce the few pages before you, a few people that were support to this project need to be thanked. First and most of all Prof . Mr. Vipul R. Patel for his supervision of the project and freedom he left for me to choose most of the project direction and working hours.Also i would like to thanks Mr. Arjun B. Mehta for all technical support and guidance.I would like to thank Dr. Piyush s. Jain, who gave me the opportunity to work on this project and helped to get industrial experience as well. Thanks to everybody around who has always provided a perfect environment for the research and development at all levels. Finally, I would like to thank my friends, for their support both emotionally and financially, in completing this endeavor. I sincerely appreciate their patience and understanding while waiting for me to complete our project. I would like to acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful completion of this study. Without their overwhelming positive influence on my project, I would not have been able to achieve our goals. Last but not the least, I humble the God almighty for every success in my life.

Thank you.

NOMENCULATURE

Mf mass of feed water. Msmass of solute Msmass of steam M2mass of thick liquor W1 weight of solute in feed water W2weight of solute in thick liquor latent heat of vaporization of saturated water slatent heat of condensation steam Qs rate of heat transfer Cpfspecific heat of feed solution Aarea of heat transfer T temperature difference Tscondensing steam temperature TBoiling point of solution Ntnumber of tubes,

L length of tube , m U overall heat transfer co-efficient ddiameter of tube

LIST OF FIGURE
Sr No. 1 2 3 4 5 Figure Name Page No. 9 10

Open Pan Evaporator Horizontal Type Evaporator

CONTENT

Sr. No
1 2 3 4

Chapter Title Acknowledgment Nomenclature List Of Figure Chapter : 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Working 1.3 Objective 1.4 Application 1.5 Advantages 1.6 Drawbacks Chapter :2 HISTORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review Chapter :3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Page no

7 7 7 10 11 11 11

5 6

CHAPTER:1 INTRODUCTION

1: Introduction:
Effluent treatment plant is used to treat the waste water generated in company. It separates the water and sludge and purifies the water. Now waste water generated is in very large amount so we are treating it in etp plant and reusing it and those which are not treated biologically or contains excess salts we are evaporating it instead of discharging. And the remaining liquor we are getting, we will dry it and would dispatch it to solid waste site.

1.1: Working:
1)Preliminary Treatment includes simple processes that deal with debris and solid material. The purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove those easily separable components. Thisis usually performed by screening (usually by bar screens) and grit removal. Their removal isimportant in order to increase the effectiveness of the later treatment processes and preventdamages to the pipes, pumps and fittings .2)Primary Treatment is mainly the removal of solids by settlement. Simple settlement of thesolid material in sewage can reduce the polluting load by significant amounts. It can reduce BOD by up to 40%. Some examples of primary treatment is septic tanks, septic tanks with upflow filters, Imhoff tanks.

3)Secondary Treatment In secondary treatment the organic material that remains in thewastewater is reduced biologically. Secondary treatment actually involves harnessing andaccelerating the natural process of waste disposal whereby bacteria convert organic matter to stable forms. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes are employed in secondarytreatment. Some examples of secondary treatment are UASB, reed bed systems, trickling filters and stabilisation ponds.

4)Tertiary treatment

is the polishing process whereby treated effluent is further purified toacceptable levels for discharge. It is usually for the removal of specific pollutants e.g.nitrogen or phosphorus or specific industrial pollutants. Tertiary treatment processes aregenerally specialised processes. Some examples of tertiary treatment are banks clarifiers, grass plots, etc.

5) Evaporator

Open pan evaporator

Fig 1.1 Open Pan Evaporator

 horizontal tube evaporator

Fig 1.2 Horizontal Tube Evaporator

Vertical tube evaporator

fig 1.3 vertical tub evaporator

Forced circulation evaporator

1.2: Objective:

The objective of the thesis is to formulate the design calculation procedure for an Evaporator of an effluent treatment plant. In this we are going to calculate the amount of water evaporated, the amount of thick liquor obtained,steam consumption, area of evaporator and according to it we would perform minor design

1.3: Application:
By designing of effluent treatment plant, the application of this plant is the treatment of waste water in all the chemical industries , pharmaceutical industries, paper mills, refineries, and many more industries use the effluent treatment plant for distillation of water. There are different chemical in particular company so the process of effluent treatment of that particular plant is different but the concept of plant is same, which is distillation of water.

1.4: Advantages:

Eco friendly Company can be easily expanded by getting permission from gpcb. New companies would get the permission of production. Aquatic animals life would not be disturbed. Destruction to human life would be reduced. Innovation to new types of disease would be reduced. Overall water pollution would be controlled.

1.5: Drawbackis:

Investment cost of an evaporator.

CHAPTER:2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1:LITERATURE REVIEW:

CHAPTER: 3

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Mass of thick liquor

Solute in feed = Solute in thick solution W1 mf = W2 m 1416.66 = 30 m m = 13.88

Mass of water evaporated

Water evaporated = feed water thick liquor
v

= f m = 416.66 13.88
v

= 402.78

steam consumption
Heat loss by condensing steam = heat gained by solution to increase its temp. to boiling point

+ heat required to evaporate water

s

s = f Cpf((T- Tf) + v v

s = latent heat of condensation of steam at 170C = 2046.5 v = latent heat of vaporization at 373 K = 2257

temp. of thick liquor, T = T + B.P.E = 373 + 10 T = 383

Tf = temp. of feed water = 32C = 305 K

f

= 416.66

Cpf = 4.187 Putting all this value in equation,

s s

s = f Cpf ((T- Tf ) + v v 416.66 4.187 ( 383 305 ) + 402.77 2257

2046.5 =
s

= = 510.69

511

Rate of heat transfer,

Q = s s

= 511 2046.5 = 1045761.5 = Q = 290489.3056

Area of evaporator,
Q = UA T T = Ts T Where Ts = saturated temperature of steam, 443 K T = temperature of thick liquor. 383 K T = 443 383 T = 60 k

A= Where, U =1750 W/ m2k A= A = 2.76 m2

Finding no. of tubes,

A= 2rln.

Here we will assume tube diameter from standard materials available in the market and length as per model size. Diameter d = i.5 inch Length l = 2 m A = 2 2 n n= n = 12 tubes

Efficiency of evaporator, =
= 100 %

= 81.53 %

CHAPTER: 4

Material selection

Material for tubes of evaporator:1. stainless steel. 2. cast iron. 3. copper. 4. aluminium. 5. nickel

from the above listed materials we are going to select copper for making tubes.

Material for shell of evaporator.

1. stainless steel. 2. gray cast iron. 3. copper. 4. chromiun nickel alloy. 5. mild steel. from the above listed material we would select gray cast iron.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

COPPER i. Excellent resistance to corrosion ii. non magnetic properties iii. easy to work, it is ductile and malleable. iv. moderate to high hardness and strength. v. high thermal and electrical conductivity vi. it can be easily polished,plated and possess a pleasing appearnce. vii. resistance to fatigue, abrassion and corrosion viii. it can be soldered, brazed or welded.

ix. very good machinability. x. easy of forming alloys with other elements like Zn,Sn,Al,Pb,Si,Ni,etc. Application i. electrical parts ii. heat exchangers

iii. screw machine products iv. household utensils.

Cast iron i. It possess high compressive strength. ii. It has low tensile strength. iii. It possess high rigidity. iv. It has high stability after weathering. v. high fluidity and ability to make sound castings. vi. Easily machined to a good finish. vii. Self damping does not vibrate or ring prevents chatter when used for machine frames. viii. self lubricating

ix. Good anti-friction properties. x. it possesses machinability better than steel Application i. Machine tool structure. ii. Gas or water pipes for underground purposes. iii. Manhole covers. iv. Cylinder blocks and heads for i.c. engines v. Tunnel segment. vi. Frames for electric motors vii. Ingot moulds. viii. sanitary wares

ix. Piston rings

x. Rolling mills and general machinery part. xi. Household appliances.

REFERENCES:1) Unit operation-1, by k.s. ganvahe. 2) material science and metallurgy, by o.p.khanna. 3) chemical engg. handbook, perry 4)