Statement of the problem This study is an attempt to investigate the crime-spots in Iligan City using Geographic Crime Mapping

Analysis. It specifically tries to track series/ incidence of crime in all areas of Iligan City using the records from the Police stations and Barangays, from 2003-2013. Further it looks deeper on the factors of crimes occurring in the area using the following data: 1. What is the population density and income-index per household by Barangay in Iligan City 2. What are the different types of crimes occurring in the areas according to? 1.1 Type 1.2 Time 1.3 Description of location crime was happened 1.4 Target/s 1.5 Method/s of attack 1.6 Perpetrators profile/ criminal profile 3. What are the current crime prevention/ mitigation/ initiatives/ strategies undertaken by the authorities against criminal acts? 4. How the residents of the area perceived such initiatives from the authorities and their recommendations to improve such strategies? Scope and limitations of the study There are three primary focus that this study intend to accomplish: a) crime analysis using a map- as to the components of this form of analysis using base-map of Iligan City will involve collection of crime cases in all Police Stations, Head Quarters and those from the Barangay Level, from 2003-present, to track incidence of crimes and the degree of occurrence of such crimes, among other data mentioned earlier. To which all areas in Iligan city through the base-map are represented by cases of crime in the analysis of crime spot (whether Barangay/ purok/ part of); b) Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the current measures undertaken by the authorities to curb criminal acts; and lastly, situational analysis that aims to generate information on the level of efficacy on the actions done by the authorities in their respective area and to generate opinions/ perceptions from these communities on how to mitigate such crime acts from occurring. Significance of the study All those areas that this study would like to address can be used as a tool/ method to improve the existing criminal mitigating programs of Iligan city through the identification of areas (crime spots) and providing the analysis of criminal behavior existing therein, that can be used as well as to develop a more equip crime prevention, reduction and mitigation initiatives

against crimes. Among other things, it helps the local police to conduct necessary precautionary measures to prevent further criminal acts in the area and to inform/ eventually involve the public in decision-making in undertaking safe and peaceful communities. Further, the data will be obtained from this study will help us police officers to develop/ innovate solutions, that include the full spectrum of suppressions, prevention, intervention programs and options to take advantage against them. Conceptual Framework Crime mapping has long been an integral part of the process known today as crime analysis wherein the data are graphically- visually represented/ placed using a map/ are all summed up into one. Simply that a map is data in a form that we can see all at once/ they convey their message more or less at a glance. It is an art of visualization; maps are the outcome of scientific activity: hypothesis formulation, data gathering, analysis, review of results, and evaluation of whether the initial hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of a modified version. This cycle, known as the hypothetic-deductive process, is used throughout science as a fundamental tool. It is a universal paradigm, or model, for scientific investigation (U.S Department of Justice, 1999). Constructing a map involves taking a set of data and making decisions consistent with the hypothetic-deductive process. Decisions need to be made about the kind of map to be prepared, how symbols or shading will look, how statistical information will be treated, and so forth. These decisions must be based on the objective to be achieved, including consideration of the target audience. Certain scientific principles can be applied. For example, if we are preparing a shaded map with a range of statistical data to be divided equally, then a simple formula can guide us: Range in data values Number of classes (Eck, et al., 2009) However, this science provides no help with elements of map design, such as choice of colors, symbols, or lettering, and the arrangement of map elements on the page or within a frame. These elements are pieces of the art of cartography and are just as important to the overall purpose and effectiveness of the map as the scientific elements. A map that is scientifically perfect may be ineffective if it is an artistic disaster. Art and science may merge imperceptibly and confound one another in unfortunate ways. For example, oversized symbols or lettering may draw attention to parts of the map that should be understated or less emphasized from a purely scientific perspective. A poor choice of colors or intervals for statistics can also make a big difference. Thus the scientific mission of the map can be subverted through inappropriate artistic choices, and poor choices on the science side can similarly affect the artistic elements. In cartography, as in medicine, art and science are inseparable. The perfect map blends art and science into an effective tool of visual communication ( Allen, et al., 1997). Maps try to display some aspect of reality. But like books, movies, television, or newspapers that try to do the same, they fall short. The only perfect representation of reality is, after all, reality itself. (You had to be there.) All else is, to a greater or lesser degree, an

abstraction. Abstractions present choices. How much abstraction can we tolerate? How much information can we afford to lose? The fundamental tradeoff is: a) more abstraction equals less information (farther from reality), less abstraction equals more information (closer to reality) (ibid.). The tradeoff can also be viewed this way: more abstraction equals greater simplicity and legibility (more effective visual communication), less abstraction equals greater complexity, less legibility (less effective visual communication). In our quest to represent reality as faithfully as possible, we may be tempted to put too much stuff in our maps or other graphics. This may give us maps that have a lot of information but that may be illegible junk heaps. Usually, the abstraction-reality tradeoff should tilt us in the direction of simplicity. Better to have one or two important points clearly understood than to have utter confusion pushing readers toward anger and frustration. Worse yet, that confusion may cause readers to draw incorrect conclusions. That outcome could be worse than no map at all. Consideration of this tradeoff should be part of the map production process. With practice, it will become second nature and will not need much thought. But for the novice, it is an important issue calling for thought and perhaps discussion with colleagues. Reading Tufte (1983, 1990) will raise awareness (Block, et al., 1995). Schematic diagram (refer to other doc) Operational Definition of Variables Population density - is the number of persons occupying in a given area. In principle the number of people divided by the land area of the given population is the population density. Income-index per household- is the average income obtained per household in a given month/ or the sum up of all sources of income generated by a household economic activities undertaken by each of the member belonging to the same. Different types of crime- are characterized according to the degree of unlawful acts committed against person, property and etc. Further, in this study, these acts are categorized into five, namely: type, time, location when this was happened, target/s, method/s of attack, and perpetrators profile. Current crime prevention program/s- refers to the present undertaken by authorities to avoid/ curb crimes in all areas of Iligan City whether in a form of visibility, community relation and etc. In this study, this present program is to assess according to its effectiveness in addressing crimes. It emphasizes more on how to reinforce this program to be more effective. Residents perception- refers to the opinions of those residents in areas where crimes are rampant and there is an ongoing police intervention. These responses can be used to supplement the analysis of crime in the area wherein they will be asked as to their recommendations on how to improve these police intervention.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research design This study largely using secondary data from police records from all the police stations and Barangays in Iligan City especially documenting the series of crimes from 2003-present. And partly using primary data, those from the responses on current crime prevention and perception of the residents on the said police intervention. From that, the design is a combination of sources where both can be obtained using quantitative and qualitative measures. It will be using these combine methods from the entire process of the study from data gathering and analysis of data. Subjects and sampling techniques The archival records/ secondary sources are unnecessary to conduct proper sampling procedure to get the data. Collecting of crime incidence and among other data that can be found in police records will be collected for sorting and classification according to relevance and other uses for the entire study whether for data supplementation or validation. However, assessment on present crime intervention can be done through key informants at least two representative from each police station and barangays (to be determined). The same procedure can be performed to get the data of the residents perceptions through quota sampling (to be determined in the area after field visit) Research Locale
Iligan City. The name Iligan is from the Higaonon word iligan or ilijan' meaning "fortress of defense" against frequent attacks by pirates and other hostile Mindanao tribes.

The City of Iligan (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Iligan; Filipino: Lungsod ng Iligan), is a highly urbanized city in the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. It was part of Central Mindanao (Region 12) and now under Northern Mindanao (Region 10).[1] Iligan has a total land area of 813.37 km2 (314.04 sq mi), making it one of the 10 largest cities in the Philippines in terms of land area. It has an estimated population of 322,821 inhabitants as of 2010 (Iligan city.gov.ph, 2013)

Data gathering instruments and procedures To obtain the crime incidence report, this study will be using archival records from the police stations and barangays for documentation. And for key informants, it will be using the interview guide to generate information on the present crime intervention and a survey questionnaire will be administered to the residents to obtain their responses/ opinions on issues of the said concern. Data analysis technique The data will be analyzed respectively according to uses and classification. Archival data will be directly processed using QGIS/ map processor, while other data from key informants will be analyzed through content analysis and the survey data will be through appropriate statistical tools ( to be determined).

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