5 The direction of the magnetic flux density, B, at a point can be found using the righthand-grip rule.

6 Figure 16.25(a) shows a conductor carrying a current into the page and Figure 16.25(b) shows a conductor carrying a current out of the page.

Figure 16.26 shows a wire carrying a current of 6.0 A entering into the page. Calculate the magnetic flux density at the points P and Q at equidistance of 30 cm from the wire.

At the point P, B = MI = 47r X 10-7 X 6.0 27rr 2 X 7r x 0.3 = 4 X 10-6 T (Direction is upward) At the point Q, B = go / = 47r X 10' X 6.0 27rr 2 x ir X 0.3 = 4 x 10- 6 T (Direction is downward) Figure 16.27 shows two wires, M and N, carrying current of 15 A and 9 A respectively. Calculate the magnetic flux density at X.

At X, by wire M, B = 0I = 47 X 10-'X 15 2777 2 X 7 X 0.18 = 1.67 X 10-5 T (Direction is downward) At X, by wire N, B = 141 = 4 7 X 10' X 9 2777 2 X 7 X 0.12 = 1.50 X 10-5 T (Direction is downward) Resultant field at X, B = 3.17 X 10-5 T (Direction is downward) Figure 16.28 shows two wires, C and D, carrying current of 8 A and 12 A respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant magnetic flux density at X.

At X, by wire C, B = '0I = 47r X 10' X 8 2777 2 X 7 X 0.03 = 5.33 X 10-5 T (To the right) At X, by wire D, B =14i = 4 7 X 10-7 X 12 2777 2 X 7 X 0.04 = 6.00 X 10-5 T (Upward) Resultant field at X: B = A15.332 + 6.002 X 10-5 = 8.03 x 10-5 T tan 8 = 6.0 0 5.33 0 = 48.4

1 The figure below shows two parallel wires, M and N, carrying current in the opposite direction. Determine the resultant magnetic field strength at the midpoint of the two wires.

2 The figure below shows two wires, carrying current 8 A and 6 A respectively. Find the direction and magnitude of the resultant magnetic field at points P and Q.

3 The figure below shows four wires, each carrying a current of 7.0 A, located on a circle of radius 5.0 cm.

Find the resultant magnetic flux density at the centre of the circle. 4 The figure below shows two wires placed perpendicularly to one another. Calculate the net magnetic flux density at P.

1 Figure 16.32 shows two parallel wires, X and Y, carrying current /1 and 12 respectively. If /1 and 12 are in the same direction, the wires attract one another. If and I2 are in the opposite direction, the wires repel one another.

2 Wire X which carries a current produces a magnetic field at wire Y. Wire Y which also carries a current and is in the magnetic field produced by wire X, will experience a magnetic force according to the equation, F = BIl. 3 Derivation of the magnetic force formula between two parallel current-carrying conductors Figure 16.33 shows two long parallel wires separated by a distance r and carrying currents and /2 in the same direction.

Magnetic field at Wire 2 produced by Wire 1: B1 = 1-11-1 277-r

Magnetic force acting on a length / of Wire 2: F = B1I21 F = (4411) X I, X 1 277-r = Pao 1 1121 2777 Direction of the magnetic force acting on Wire 2 is to the left. Note: The force acting on a length / of Wire 1 is also F = 4411121 277-r Direction of the magnetic force acting on Wire 1 is to the right. This shows that there is attractive force between the two wires. 4 For two parallel wires, the force acting on a length l of either one wire is given by: F = o111 21 (Unit for F is N) 27rr F = ,u0 /1/ rr 121 F where = force per unit length of either wire =f 1 2 Therefore, force per unit length on either wire, f = /41112 (Unit for f is N m-I) 27rr Figure 16.34 shows two long wires, P and Q, 12 cm apart and carrying current 15 A and 19 A respectively in the same direction. Calculate (a) the force acting on 1.0 m of wire P, (b) the force acting on 50.0 cm of wire Q, (c) the force acting on 3.0 cm of wire P.

ILO = 47r X 10-7 X 15 X 19 X 1 (a) On 1.0 m of wire P, F = 27rr 2 X 7rX 0.12 = 4.75 X IV N (To the right) (b) On 50 cm of wire Q, F = ''011'l= 47r X 10'X 15 X 19 X 0.5 27rr 2 X 77- X 0.12 = 2.38 X 10-4N (To the left ) (c) On 3.0 cm of wire P, F = A0/1/21 = 47r X 10-7 X 15 X 19 X 0.03 27rr 2 X 7 x 0.12 = 1.43 X 10-5 N (To the right) Figure 16.35 shows a rectangular loop PQRS carrying a current of 3.0 A placed near to a long wire which carries a current of 9.0 A. Find the resultant force on the loop.

Force on wire PS = /1/2/ = 47 X 10-7 X 9 X 3 X 0.05 27rr 27 X 0.04 = 6.75 X 10-6 N (To the right) Force on wire QR = ,u0/1/2/ = 47 X 10-7 X 9 X 3 X 0.05 27rr 27 X 0.06 = 4.50 X 10-6N (To the left) Resultant force on the loop, F = 6.75 X 10-6 4.50 X 10-6 = 2.25 X 10-6 N (To the right) (Note: Forces on the upper arm and the lower arm of the loop cancel off each other) Figure 16.36 shows three long wires, X, Y and Z, carrying current 12 A, 14 A and 10 A respectively. Find the force per unit length acting on wire Y.

Force per unit length on wire Y by wire X = ,(L 0/1/2 = 47r x 10-7 X 12X 14 27r 27 X 0.08 = 4.20 X 10' N m-i (To the right) Force per unit length on wire Y by wire Z = 141112 = 47r X 10-7 X 14 X 10 27rr 27 X 0.05 = 5.6 X 10-4 N m-1 (To the right) Resultant force per unit length on wire Y = 4.20 X 10' + 5.6 X 10-4 = 9.80 X 10' N m-1 (To the right) 2 The figure below shows three wires, P, Q and R, carrying current 5 A, 7 A and 9 A respectively.

Find the net force per unit length acting on wire Q. 3 The figure below shows three long parallel wires, each carrying a current of 2 A. The distances between X and Y and between Y and Z are the same and equal to 5.0 cm. Find the force per unit length acting on wire X. X Y Z A A

2.0A 2.0A 2.0 A 4 04 05.0 cm 5.0 cm 1 Figure 16.37 shows an electron entering perpendicularly into a uniform electric field with a velocity v. The electron experiences an electric force of Eq in the upward direction, causing the electron to travel along a parabolic path inside the field.

2 Figure 16.38 shows an electron entering perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field with a velocity v. The electron experiences a magnetic force of Bqv in the downward direction, causing the electron to travel along circular path inside the field.

3 Figure 16.39 shows an electron entering perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electric field.

The magnetic field is into page and the electric field is downward. Inside the combined fields: Electric force experienced by the electron, F1 = Ee (Upward) Magnetic force experienced by the electron, F2 = Bev (Downward) If F1 = F2 the electron will pass straight through the combined field undeflected. Fi = F2 Ee = Bev v = E B where E = V ; V = voltage across the two plates; d = separation of the two plates. This arrangement can be used to find the velocity of a charged particle. Due to its ability to determine the velocity of charged particle, this arrangement is called a velocity selector. That means only charged particles with velocity equal to the E ratio will pass straight through undeflected while others will be deflected.

An electric field is produced between two parallel plates which are 2.0 cm apart by applying a potential difference of 800 V. A magnetic field of 0.042 T is applied perpendicular to the electric field. A beam of ions travelling with a velocity v enters perpendicularly into the combined fields and passes through undeflected. Find the velocity of the beam of ions.

800 E = = =40 000V m' d 0.02 E 40 000 v7-= = B 0.042 = 9.52 X 1O5 ms' Figure 16.41 shows an electric field formed between two metal plates separated by 2.0 cm and a magnetic field of 0.025 T perpendicular to it. A proton travelling with a velocity of 3.0 X 106 m s-1 enters the combined field perpendicularly and passes through undeflected by the fields.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (a)

Find the electric field strength between the two metal plates. What is the voltage between the two plates? Calculate the acceleration of the particle when the electric field is switched off. Calculate the acceleration of the particle when the magnetic field is switched off. v= 3 X 106 = 0.025 E = 7.5 X 104V m-' V (b) E= 7 .5 X 104 = V 0.02 V= 1.5 kV (c) Magnetic force = Bev = 0.025 X 1.6 X 10-19 X 3 X 106 = 1.2X10-14N F = ma 1.2 X 10-14=1.67X 10-27 X a a = 7.19 X 1012 m s-2 (d) Electric force = Ee =7 .5 X 104 X 1.6 X 10-19

= 1.2 X 10-14N F = ma 1.2 X 10-14= 1.67 X 10-27X a a = 7.19 x 10'2m s-2 1 A velocity selector uses a 60 mT magnetic field and a 2.4 X 103 V m-1 electric field. At what speed will charged particles pass through the selector undeflected? 2 A velocity selector is to select alpha particles of energy 200 keV from a beam containing particles of different energy. The electric field strength is 800 kV m(a) What is the velocity of an alpha particle having 200 keV of energy? (b) What must be the magnetic field strength? (Mass of an alpha particle is 6.68 X 10-27 kg) 3 The figure below shows an electric field formed between two metal plates separated by 4.0 cm and a magnetic field of 45 mT perpendicular to it. An electron travelling with a velocity of 1.5 X 106 m s-1 enters the combined field perpendicularly and is undeflected by the fields.

(a) Find the electric field strength between the two metal plates. (b) What is the voltage between the two plates? (c) Calculate the acceleration of the electron when the electric field is switched off. 4 An electron beam moving with a speed of 2.5 X 107 m s-1 enters into a magnetic field directed perpendicular to its direction of motion. The magnetic flux density of the field is 4.0 X 10-3 Wb m-2. Find the intensity of an electric field that must be applied so that the electron is undeflected due to the magnetic field. 1 Figure 16.42 shows a cathode ray tube.

Electrons emitted from the hot filament cathode are accelerated by the anode voltage, V, to form an electron beam. An electron which emerges from the anode has a velocity v, and 1 mv2 = eV. By adjusting the magnetic field and the electric 2 field in the velocity selector, the electron beam is made to pass through the velocity selector undeflected. When this happens, v = E. From the equations 1 mv2 = eV and v = E, eliminating v, we have 2 e E2 m 2B2V

Note: (a) The ratio e for electron is called the specific charge of electron. (b) For electron, e = 1.76 X 10i' C If the electric field is switched off, the magnetic force will cause the electron beam to travel in a circular path inside the magnetic field of radius r. Then, mv= Bev In this cathode ray tube, we are able to form three equations: 1mv2 = e V (1) v (2) mv2 = Bev (3) In the above method, we use the equations 1mv2 = eV and v = E to obtain the 2 ratio e in v2 2 Obtaining the ratio e using the equations v = B m and = Bev 2 my From = Bev and v = E, eliminating v, we have r B eE m B2r 2 3 Obtaining the ratio e using the equations 1 mv mv2 = eV and = Bev 2 2 From 1 m my v2 = eV and = Bev, eliminating v, we have 2 e 2V rn B2r 2 Note: The method of finding e involving measuring of radius r is more difficult because rrr the radius r of the electron path in a magnetic field alone is difficult to measure. An electron beam is produced by an electron gun in which each electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 1.6 kV. When the electrons pass at right angle through a magnetic field of flux density 8.0 mT, the radius of curvature of the electron beam is 0.017 m. Determine the specific charge of the electron, e . From 1 mv2 = eV and Bev = my 2 2 e 2V m B2r2 2 X 1.6 X 103

0.0082 X 0.0172 = 1.73 X 1011 C kg-1 An electron beam is produced by an electron gun in which each electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 1.3 kV. When the electron beam passes at right angle through a magnetic field of flux density 9.5 mT and an electric field of 2.0 X 105V m-1, the electron beam is undeflected by the combined fields. Determine the specific charge of the electron, e. From 1mv2 = eV and v = E eliminating v, we have 2 E2 m 2B2V (2 X 105)2 2 X 0.00952 X 1.3 x 103 = 1.70 X 1011 C kg' Calculate the velocity of an electron that is accelerated by a potential difference of 1.5 X 104 V. The charge of the electron is 1.6 X 10-19 C and its mass is 9.11 x 10-31 kg. 1 2 mv2 = eV 1 X 9.11 X 10-31 x v2 = 1.6 X 10-19X 1.5X 104 v = 7.26 X 107 m s-1 An electron beam is produced by an electron gun in which each electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 1.6 kV. When the electrons pass at right angle through a magnetic field of flux density 8.0 mT, the radius of curvature of the electron beam is 0.017 m. Determine the specific charge of the electron, e . From 1 mv2 = eV and Bev = my 2 2 e 2V m B2r2 2 X 1.6 x 103 0.0082 X 0.0172 = 1.73 X 10" C kg-' An electron beam is produced by an electron gun in which each electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 1.3 kV. When the electron beam passes at right angle through a magnetic field of flux density 9.5 1114T and an electric field of 2.0 X 105V m', the electron beam is undeflected by the combined fields. Determine the specific charge of the electron, e. From 1mv2 = eV and v = E eliminating v, we have 2 E2 m 2B2V (2 X 105)2 2 X 0.00952 X 1.3 x 103 = 1.70 X 10" C kg-1 Calculate the velocity of an electron that is accelerated by a potential difference of 1.5 X 104 V. The charge of the electron is 1.6 X 10-'9 C and its mass is 9.11 X 10-3' kg. lmy2 = eV 2 2 X 9'11 X 10-31 X v2 = 1.6 x 10-19 X 1.5 x 104 v = 7.26 X 107 m s-1 4 Principles in the determination of the ratio 9- - for an ion using a mass spectrometer

Bi = magnetic flux density inside the velocity selector B2 = magnetic flux density inside the deflection chamber E = electric field strength inside the velocity selector The ions from the source is accelerated to a velocity of v. The velocity v of the ions is measured by the velocity selector, V = (1) B1 In the deflection chamber, the ions moves in a circular path of radius r, my- B7qv (2) From equations (1) and (2), q = v m B2r = BiB2r The specific charge of the ion, -q- = m B1B2r where radius r is obtained from the deflection chamber; in = mass of an ion; B2 = magnetic field strength in the deflection chamber, q = charge of an ion.