The Life of Imam Ali Bin Muhammad Al Hadi

TheLifeofImamAlibinMuhammadAlHadi Author:BaqirShareefalQurashi Introduction Dedication Hisbirthandupbringing Aspectsofhispersonality HissupplicationaftertheFajrPrayer Hisknowledgeandsciences Aconsciousoneisnottoreofferprayer ImpossibilityofdescribingAllah Samplesfromhissupplications ThevirtueoftheProphetandAli Hiscompanionsandthenarratorsofhistraditions 27.AyyubbinNoahbinDuraj 60.
NoahbinDuraj 60.DawudbinalQassimalJafari 94.AlibinAbdulGhaffar 133.MuhammadbinSulaymanalJallab ImamalHadiinSamarra
Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

AlMutawakkilinvitesibnasSikkittotrytheimam BreakingintotheImamshouse TheimamsprayeragainstalMutawakkil TheageoftheImam DestroyingthetombofImamHusayn TotheParadise Introduction WearebeforeanimamoftheAhlulBayt(peacebeuponthem)whofilledtheworldwith theirvirtuesandsciences,devotedtheirlivestoAllah,andwereloyaltothetruthinthefull senseofloyalty.Heisthetenthimam;AlialHadi(a.s.)whosenameislikehisgrandfathers; AmeerulMomineen(a.s.),thepioneerofwisdomandsocialjusticeintheearth.ImamalHadi (a.s.)waslikehisgrandfatherinasceticismandingivinghisbacktothematerialpleasures.It wasnevermentionedthathehadfollowedanyfancyorsubmittedtoanydesirethatwas awayfromthetruth.HehadpreferredtheobedienceofAllahtoeverythingelse.Hewasso fondofhisLordthathespenthisnightsworshipping,supplicating,andinvokingAllahthe Almighty. HisfaithinAllahreactedinsidehisdeepandessenceuntilitwasoneofhismostprominent qualitiesandconstituents.Manyexaltedsupplications,wiseinvocations,andwonderful maximsinmonotheismwererelatedfromhimshowingthathewasoneofthefirstleaders whoraisedthetorchofguidanceandfaithintheearth. AllahhadendowedtheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)withknowledge,wisdom,andvirtues thatHehadneverendowedanyoneelseofHispeoplewithatall.Thegreatknowledgeand sciencesthatweretransmittedfromthemwereasourceofpride.Theyoungandoldofthe infallibleimams(a.s.)havebeendistinguishedwiththisphenomenon.ImamalJawad(a.s.) assumedthereligiousleadershipandthegeneralauthorityofthenationsincehisearlyyears. Hewasjustsevenyearsandsomemonthsofold.Hewasaskedaboutthemostcomplicated philosophical,theological,andjurisprudentialquestionsandheansweredthemallasifhe
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wasanexpertscholarthoughhewasachildyet.Ofcourse,thereisnojustificationforthat exceptthatwhichtheTwelverShiabelievethatAllahhasendowedtheinfallibleimams(a.s.) withextraordinarypowersofknowledgeandsciencesasHehasendowedHisArchProphets with. AsImamalJawad(a.s.)wasthewonderoftheworldwithhistalentsandgeniuses,sowashis sonImamAlialHadi(a.s.).ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasyettooyoungwhenhewasafflictedwith thedeathofhisfather.TheulamaandjurisprudentsoftheShia,whoweresocautiousinthe matterofimamate,referredtohimandresearchedasfarastheycouldandwithutmost accuracyonthematterofimamate.Whentheyfoundthedefiniteproofsonhisimamate, theybelievedinhim.Theydidnotletthemselvesbecarriedawaybypassionsorfanciesin that,buttheysawthattheywereresponsibleforthatbeforeAllahbecauseimamateforthem isoneofthebasesusulofreligion. Anyhow,theulamaandjurisprudentsoftheShiaaskedImamalHadi(a.s.),whilehewasyet tooyoung,aboutdifferentbranchesofknowledgeandheansweredthemwithanswersofan expertthatmadethembelieveinhisimamate.Thismadethemmorefaithfulandcertainof whattheybelievedthatanimammustbethemostknowledgeableoneofhistimewithno differencewhetheryoungorold. Theknowledge,virtue,anddelvingintothesciencesoftheQuranandtheSunnaofImamal Hadi(a.s.)astonishedthemindsandmademeetingsandsessionsinallsidesoftheMuslim worldbusytalkingabouthisunlimitedscientifictreasure. GreatnumbersofMuslimsbelievedintheimamateofImamalHadi(a.s.)andfoundit obligatoryonthemtofollowandobeyhim.Greatmoniesoflegalduesthatmustbegivento theimamwerecarriedtohimbesidespresentsanddonationsMuslimsofferedtohim. InvestigatorsandpolicemenreportedthatindetailtoalMutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph,who wasthebitterestenemyoftheAlawidsandtheirfollowerstheShia.Thecaliphbecameso angryandwasfilledwithgrudge.HeorderedImamalHadi(a.s.)tobecarriedtoSurraMen Raa.[1]Heimposedhousearrestonhimtheretowatchallhisactivities,knowhisfollowers, andpreventmoniesfromcomingtohim.Hepreventedscholarsandnarratorsfrom associatingwithhim.ImamalHadi(a.s.)sufferedtoomuchduringthereignofalMutawakkil whoorderedhismenfromtimetotimetosearchthehouseofImamalHadi(a.s.)andcarry theimam(a.s.)howeverhewas.Once,ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasbroughttothemeetingofal Mutawakkilwhileglassesofwinewerehereandthere,songstersandsongstressessangwith theirmusicalinstrumentsandalMutawakkil,thecaliph,wasdrunkenandsurroundedby groupsofsingersanddalliers.ImamalHadi(a.s.)neitherrespectedhimnorfearedhis authoritybutbeganadvisingandremindinghimoftheafterlifeandcriticizingthestateof dalliance,amusement,andpleasurehewasin.Weshalldetailthatlateroninshallah.

[1]Samarra,thecapitaloftheAbbasidStateatthattime. ImamalHadi(a.s.)wastheonlyrepresentativeofthefrontofoppositiontotheAbbasidrule, andoneoftheprominentleadersofthenationwhostruggledagainsttyrannyand oppression.Hetookabrave,strictsituationagainstthekingsofhisage.Hedidnotassociate withanyoneofthemandhepreferredtobeawayfromthem.Therefore,theyhadgrudgeand enmityagainsthimandfacedhimwithseverityandviolence. IfImamalHadi(a.s.)hadhumoredorflatteredthekingsofhisage,theywouldnothave imposedhousearrestonhiminSurraMenRaa,ortheeconomicalblockadethathadledhim tocriticalinsolvency,orpreventedhimfrommeetinghisfollowers.ImamalHadi(a.s.) preferredtheconsentofAllahandtheadvantageofthenationtoanythingelse;thereforehe turnedawayfromthosekingswhoimposedtheirauthoritiesbyforceandoppression.We shallgiveinthisbookaclearpictureontheirpoliciesandlivesquotedfromthemostreliable sourcebooksofhistory. NotonlyImamalHadi(a.s.)wasafflictedwiththeAbbasidkingsofhistime,butallMuslims wereafflictedwiththem.TheAbbasidsplayedwiththeprinciplesofreligionandnoshadow ofIslamremainedasitwasduringtheirreigns.Theyexploitedtheeconomyofthenationto satisfytheirpleasures.TheyspentthewealthofMuslimswastefullyonsingersanddalliers. TheirrednightsinBaghdadandSamarrawerefullofallthatwhichAllahhadprohibited.They absolutelyturnedtheirbackstotheIslamicprinciplesandindulgedinpleasuresandlusts. Thestudyofanageisoneofthesystematicresearchesinstudyingthelifeofonewholivesin thatage,becauseituncoverstheimportantsidesoftheintellectual,social,andpoliticallifeof thatage.Inthelightofthisfact,wehavetostudytheageofImamalHadi(a.s.)andcoverall itssidesbecauseithadinfluenceonthelifeofImamalHadi(a.s.). TheageofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasrifewithterribleevents,themostprominentoneofwhich wasthedominanceoftheTurksoveralltheaffairsofthestateandtheirpossessingofthe generaleconomytoadegreethattheAbbasidkingshadnoinfluenceandwereawayfromall theinteriorandforeignaffairsofthestate.WhentheTurkswerepleasedwiththeAbbasid caliph,theykepthiminhispositionandwhentheywerenot,theydeposedorkilledhim.Due tothat,thenationfaceddangerouscrisesbecausetheTurkswerenotwellqualifiedtorule andtorunthepoliticalaffairsofthestatefortheywerenomadswithnocivilizationor administration. ThebookmentionsthecompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s.),hisdisciples,andthenarratorsof histraditions.IthinkIamtheonlyonewhohasstudiedthelivesoftheinfallibleimams(a.s.)

inthisway,becausethemodernstudieshavepaidnoattentiontothissideorignoreditatall. AsIthink,studyingthissidecompletesthestudyofthelifeoftheimambecauseitshowsthe aspectsofhisintellectualandculturallifeandtheextentofhisrelationwithpeopleand peoplesrelationswithhim.Atthesametime,thereisimportantinformationabouttheimam thathasnotbeenmentionedinthebooksofbiographiesthathavestudiedhislifebut mentionedwithinthebiographiesofhiscompanions. ThisbookisnotthefirstthathasbeenwrittenonthelifeofImamalHadi(a.s.).AllamaSheikh Thabeehullahhaswrittenindetailedabouthim.Hehasassignedthethirdvolumeofhis encyclopediaMaathiralKubaraonImamalHadi(a.s.)whentalkingaboutthecityof Samarra.AlsoProfessorAbdurrazakShakiralBadriashShafiiyhaswrittenabookcalledThe lifeofthetenthImamAlialHadi.Ithinkthatwhathasbeenwrittenonthisgreatimam, includingthisbook,doesnotcoverallhisvirtues,works,andconcernsbutitshedslightsupon theaspectsofhisgreatpersonalitythatwasthecontinuityofthelivesofhisfatherswhohad allvirtuesandnobilitiesoftheworld. Ifinditmyduty,attheendofthisintroduction,toacknowledgethefavorandrecordmy greatappreciationtoHisEminence,mybrother,grandAllamaSheikhHadiSharifalQurashi (mayAllahblesshim)forhissincerehelpinwritingthisbook.Hereviewedmanysources includingsomeencyclopediassuchasWassailashShiaandothersandofferedmemuch informationonthelifeofImamAbulHasanalHadiazZakiy(a.s.).IprayAllahtorewardhim withthebestassincereprayerfromabrotherforhisbrother. HolyNajaf BaqirSharifalQurashi Dedication Tothepioneerofwisdomandsocialjusticeintheearth, Tothethinkingmindofhumanity, TotheguardianoftheMessengerofAllah(blessingandpeacebeuponhim),hiscompanionand friendAmeerulMomineen,peacebeonhim,

Ioffer,withallprideandfaith,thishumbleworkthatIhavehadthehonorofstudyingthelifeof hisgrandsonImamAlialHadi(peacebeuponhim),therenovatorofIslam,hopingitwillbe acceptedtobeasupplytomeonthedaywhenIshallmeetmyLord. TheAuthor Hisbirthandupbringing ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasapurebranchfromthetreeofprophethoodandashinyboughfromthe treeofimamate.ByhimandhisfathersAllahhasconsolidatedIslamandexaltedmonotheism. Beforetalkingabouttheaspectsofhisgreatpersonality,wetalkabouthispureorigin,birth,and upbringing. Theoriginandthebirth Hisfather ThefatherofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasImamMuhammadalJawadbin[1]AlibinMusabinJafarbin MuhammadbinAlibinalHusaynbinAlibinAbuTalib(peacebeuponthem).Itisthemost exaltedlineageinIslam.Humankind,throughoutallitsages,hasneverhadalineagemore honorableandmoreexaltedthanthislineagethathaslittheworldwiththeessenceofIslamand faith.Fromthisgreat,honorablefamilyImamalHadi(a.s.)cametotheexistence.Hisfather, ImamalJawad(a.s.),wasthewonderoftheworldthroughhistalentsandgeniuses.He,afterthe deathofhisfatherImamarRedha(a.s.),assumedthegeneralreligiousauthorityandleadership ofthenationwhilehewassevenyears [1]Binmeanssonofandbintmeansdaughterof. andsomemonths.TheAbbasidgovernmentseizedthisopportunityandchargedYahyabin Aktham,whowasoneofthegreatulamaatthattime,totestImamalJawad(a.s.)andrefutehim sothatthefactthattheimamwasthemostknowledgeableoneofhisage,whichwasandisone ofthebasicelementsintheShiitedoctrine,wouldcometonothing.YahyaaskedImamalJawad (a.s.)beforeabigcrowdofscholars,viziers,andofficialsoftheAbbasidgovernmentabouta jurisprudentialquestionandImamalJawad(a.s.)ramifiedthequestionintomanybranches. Yahyawasastonishedandhefeltafailureandacknowledgedtheexceptionalscientificabilitiesof ImamalJawad(a.s.).ThenewsofthiseventandofotherscirculatedinthemeetingsofBaghdad andeverywhere.

Hismother BeforewetalkaboutthemotherofImamalHadi(a.s.)wewouldliketosay,aswehavesaid manytimesbefore,thatIslamhasadoptedtheunityofsocietyandstruggledagainstallthe meansthatmightleadtodisagreementorbreakthatunity.Inthelightofthisfact,theimamsof theAhlulBayt(a.s.)walked.TheydidnotdifferentiatebetweentheWhiteandtheBlack.Theygot marriedtobondmaidsinordertodoawaywithallkindsofracialsegregation.ImamAlibinal HusaynZaynulAabidin(asSajjad)(a.s.)gotmarriedtoabondmaidwhogavebirthtoZaydthe eternalmartyr,andImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s.)gotmarriedtoabondmaidwhogavebirth toImamAlialHadi(a.s.). ImamalJawad(a.s.)boughtthisbondmaidandhehimselfeducatedher.Shelivedinthehouseof imamatewiththeAlawidwomen,thedaughtersofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.),whowerethe exampleofhonor,chastity,andpurity.Shewasaffectedbytheirconductsanddevotedherselfto worshipAllah.ShespenthernightsworshippingandrecitingtheBookofAllah.[1] [1]RefertoUyoonalMujizat. (21) ItsufficedherthatshehadgivenbirthtoamasterfromthemastersofMuslimsandanimam fromtheAhlulBayt(a.s.)whomAllahhasmadesafetyanddeliveranceforpeople. Historiansdisagreedonhername.Herearesomeofthenamesasmentionedbyhistorians: 1.SumanaalMaghribiyya[1]andknownasLadyUmmulFadhl[2] 2.MariyaalQubtiyya[3] 3.Yadash[4] 4.Haweet[5] Thereareothersayingsbutthedetailinginthispointisnotsoimportanttothesubject. Greatnewbornbaby AlialHadi(a.s.)wasborninSiriya[6]inYathrib(Medina)[7]andbythisbirththeworldwas delighted.Noonehadeverbeenborninthatagemorepious,moredevoted,ormore knowledgeablethanhimatall.Heinheritedallqualitiesofgood,honor,andnobility.

Ceremoniesofthebirth ImamalJawad(a.s.)performedthecertainritualsforhisblessednewbornson.Heperformed azaninhisrightearandeqamaintheleft,circumcisedhimontheseventhdayafterthebirth,cut thehairofhishead,gavesilver,asmuchastheweightofthehair,to [1]TathkiratulKhawas,p.39. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.126,adDurranNadheem. [3]BahralAnsab,p.35. [4]MiratazZaman,vol.9p.553(manuscript). [5]TareekhalAimma,p.16. [6]AvillageestablishedbyImamMusaalKadhim(s)aboutthreemilesfromMedina. [7]AlIttihafbihubilAshraf,p.67,JawharatulKalamfeeMadhasSadahalAlam,p.151. (22) thepoor,andslaughteredaramasaqiqa[1]asitwasusualfortheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.) withtheirchildrenwhenbeingborn. Birthdate MostofhistoriansagreedthatImamalHadi(a.s.)wasbornin212AH[2]anditwasalsosaidthat hewasbornin214AH[3]buttheydisagreedonthemonthanddayofbirth.Herearesomeof theirsayings: 1.HewasbornonthetwentyseventhofThulHijja.[4] 2.HewasbornonthethirteenthofRajab.[5] 3.HewasbornonMonday,thethirdofRajab. 4.SomesourcesmentionedthathewasborninRajabbutwithoutmentioningtheday.Ithas beenmentionedinsomeduas(supplications)that,OAllah,IaskYoubytheonesborninRajab, MuhammadbinAlithesecondandAlibinMuhammadalMuntajab. Somehistoriansdidnotmentionthemonthandthedayofhisbirthbutsaidhewasbornin Medina.[6] Hisname

HisfatherImamalJawad(a.s.)namedhimAliliketheblessednameofhistwogreatgrandfathers AmeerulMomininImamAli(a.s.)andImamAlibinalHusaynZaynulAabidin(a.s.).Heresembled hisgrandfatherImamAli(a.s.)ineloquenceand [1]Aqiqaisthenameofthesacrificeonthesevendayafterthebirthofachild. [2]UsulalKafi,vol.1p.497,alIrshad,p.368,AyanashShia,vol.4p.252. [3]AlIttihafbihubilAshraf,p.67,JawharatalKalam,p.151,MiratalJanan,vol.2p.159,Tareekh alKhamees,vol.2p.321. [4]AyanashShia,vol.4p.252. [5]TareekhalKhamees,vol.2p.321,MiratalJanan,vol.2p.159. [6]AlIttihafBihubilAshraf,p.67. rhetoricandhisgrandfatherImamZaynulAabidininpiety,worshipping,andasceticism. Hissurname Givingasurnametoachildwasakindofhonoringwhichhelpedhispersonalitygrowwelltowards perfection.Theinfallibleimams(a.s.)noticedthisimportantfactandtherefore,theysurnamed theirchildrenintheirearlychildhood.TheArabswereproudofsurname. ImamalJawad(a.s.)surnamedhissonImamalHadi(a.s.)asAbulHasanwhichwasthesameas thesurnamesofhistwograndfathersImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.)andImamarRedha(a.s.). NarratorsdifferentiatedbetweenthesethreeimamsinthissurnamebysayingAbulHasanthe First(ImamMusaalKadhim),AbulHasantheSecond(ImamarRedha),andAbulHasantheThird (ImamAlialHadi). Hisepithets Hisepithetsexpressedthehighqualitieshehad.Hisepithetsareasfollows: 1.AnNasih(loyal);hewascalledsobecausehewasthesincerestadvisortothenation. 2.AlMutawakkil(reliantonAllah);hedislikedthisepithetandorderedhiscompanionsnottocall himwithit.IthinkhehatedthisepithetbecauseitwastheepithetoftheAbbasidcaliphJafaral Mutawakkilwhohadbittergrudge,spite,andenmitytowardstheAhlulBayt(a.s.). 3.AtTaqiy(pious,devout);hewascalledsobecausehefearedAllahandturnedtoHim.Al

Mutawakkil,thetyrantAbbasidcaliph,triedhisbesttoattractImamalHadi(a.s.)tothefieldsof amusementanddebaucherybuthefailed. 4.AlMurtadha(beingpleasedwithbyAllah);itwashismostfamousepithet. (24) 5.AlFaqeeh(jurisprudent);hewasthemostawareofhisageinjurisprudenceandhewasthe authoritythatjurisprudentsandscholarsreferredto. 6.AlAalim(knowledgeable);hewasthemostknowledgeableoneofpeopleatthattimenotonly intheIslamiclaws,butallbranchesofknowledgeandsciences. 7.AlAmeen(trusteeonreligionandlife) 8.AtTayyib(generous,goodhearted,goodnatured) 9.AlAskari(military);hewascalledsobecauseheresidedinSurraMenRaa(Samarra)which wascalledalAskar.[1] 10.AlMuwadhdhih(explaineroftheverdictsoftheHolyBookandtheSunna) 11.ArRasheed(wise,prudent);hewascalledsobecausehewasthewisestandmostprudentof histime. 12.AshShaheed(themartyr)becausehewasmartyredatthehandsoftheenemiesofAllah. 13.AlWafiy(loyal);hewasthemostloyalofhispeople,andloyaltywasanelementofhis personality. 14.AlKhalis(purefromeverydefectandbad) Hislineaments Hewasbrown[2]likehisfatherImamalJawadandgrandfatherImamarRedha(peacebeupon them).Narratorsdescribedthathewasblackeyed,withthickhands,widechest,hookednose, prettyface,andgoodbodyodour.HewasstoutinbodylikehisgrandfatherImamAbuJafaral Baqir(a.s.),neithershortnor

[1]ItismentionedinUmdatatTalib,p.188andIlalashSharayi,p.241,thatthequarterwhere ImamalHadi(s)livedwascalledAskarandthereforehewascalledalAskari. [2]NooralAbsar,p.164,BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.127,JawharatalKalam,p.151. (25) tall,withwideshoulders,bigorgans[1]straightstature.[2] Hischarm ImamalJawad(a.s.)resortedtoAllahtheAlmightytoprotecthissonImamalHadi(a.s.)from troublesandadversitiesoftimeandfromeveryevil.Everydayhecharmedhimwiththisduathat showedhisdevotednesstoAllah: InthenameofAllah,theBeneficent,theMerciful,thereisnopowersaveinAllah,theExalted, theGreat.OAllah,theLordofangelsandGabriel,prophetsandmessengers,theOmnipotentover theinhabitantsoftheheavensandtheearth,andtheCreatorandPossessorofeverything, protectmefromtheharmofourenemies,andwhoeverwantstodouswrongfromthejinnand humanbeings.OAllah,blindtheireyesandheartsandmakebetweenusandthemscreen,guard, anddefender.YouareourLordandthereisnopowerandmightsaveinAllah.OnHimwehave reliedandtoHimwehaveturnedandHeistheMighty,theWise.OourLord,saveusfromevery evil,andfromtheevilofeverylivingcreatureyouhavecontrolon,andfromtheevilofeverything thatcalmsdownonthedayandthenight,andfromeverybad,andfromtheevilofevery evildoer.OLordoftheworldsandtheLordofmessengers,haveblessingsonMuhammadandall hisprogenyandfavorMuhammadandhisprogenywiththebestofeverything,andthereisno powersaveinAllah,theHigh,theGreat.InthenameofAllah,andinAllahIbelieve,andfrom AllahIseekprotection,andtoAllahIresort,andwithAllahIseekrefuge,andbythegloryand mightofAllahIseekprotectionfromthedevilsofthehumansandthejinn,andfromtheir footing,knighting,andrunning,andfromtheircunningandevil,andfromtheevilofwhattheydo undernightandunderday,fromfarandfromnear,andfromtheevilofthepresentandthe absent,andofthewitnessandthevisitoraliveordeadandfrom [1]MaathiralKubaraFeeTareekhSamarra,vol.3p.20. [2]JawharatalKalam,p.151. (26) theeviloffarpeopleandclosepeople,andfromtheevilofmyselfinitsobsession,andfromthe

evilofthedevils,andthesense,touch,anddubiosity,andfromtheenvyofthejinnandthe humans. Andbythename,whichthethroneofBalqis[1]shookfor,Iprotectmyreligionandself,andall thoseundermycarefromtheevilofeveryfigureorimagination,whitenessorblackness,statue orappearance,allyornotallyofwhateverdwellsintheair,cloud,darkness,light,shadow,hot, cold,seas,plains,badlands,ruins,building,hills,marshes,moors,churches,graveyards(of Christians),desertsandcemeteries,fromtheemanatingwhoappearinthenightanddisappear onday,eveningandmorning,afternoonandsunset,andfromthesuspiciousandaccusers,and thetalebearersinthenight,thedevils,thePharaohs,Satan,andfromtheirsoldiers,wives,tribes, andclans,andfromtheirbackbiting,slandering,expectoration,maligning,magic,beating,playing, deceit,andfromtheevilofeverywickedofmagicians,thejinn,theirwind,andallwhatthey generateandfromtheevilofeverywickedcomingorgoing,accidentalorresisting,calmor moving,andthebeatingofavein,andheadacheandfeverandfromtheevilofeveryliving creatureyouhavepoweron,YouareonRightPath.OAllah,haveblessingonMuhammadandthe progenyofMuhammadandmuchpeace ImamalJawad(a.s.)fedhisgreatnewbornsonwiththisduasothathewouldreceivelivewith confidencethatthepowerwhichranandmanagedthisuniversewasbutAllahtheAlmighty,the CreatorofeverythingandtheMakeroflifeandwhatsoeverelsethanHimhadnopower.Imamal Jawad(a.s.)plantedinhissontheabsolutefaithinthepowersofAllah,andtaughthimthat resortingmustbeonlytoAllahWhosavedfromallmisfortunesanddistresses. [1]ShewasasovereignonYemen. (27) Hisupbringing ImamalHadi(a.s.)grewupinafamilydifferentfromallfamiliesinitsnobleconducts,high morals,andloftyvirtues.Theiryoungreveredtheoldandtheoldrespectedtheyoung.Historians mentionedwonderfulpicturesfromthehighconductsofthemembersofthisgreatfamily.They saidthatImamalHusayn(a.s.)didnevertalkbeforehisbrotherImamalHasan(a.s.)asakindof reverence.TheysaidthatImamZaynulAabidin(a.s.)didnoteatwithhismotherornursemaidfor fearthathemighteatsomethingthathismotherornursemaidhadlookedattopickandthenhe mightbeundutifultoher.Thesemoralswerelikethemoralsoftheprophetsthatwereandare notfoundinotherthanthisgreatfamily. ImamalHadi(a.s.)grewupunderthewingofhisfatherImamalJawad(a.s.)whowasthe

wonderfulexampleofvirtuesandhighmorals.ImamalJawad(a.s.)shedlightsfromhissoulon hissonandplantedhisvirtuesintohim.Healwayspraisedhissonandshowedhisadmirationof histalentsandgeniuses. HistorianssaidthatwhenImamalJawad(a.s.)wantedtogotoIraq,heseatedImamalHadi(a.s.), whowassixyearsthen,inhislapandsaidtohim,Whatdoyoulikeaspresentfromthe masterpiecesofIraq? ImamalHadi(a.s.)smiledandsaid,Aswordlikeaflame. ImamalJawad(a.s.)turnedtohissonMusaandsaidtohim,Andyou!Whatdoyoulike? Musasaid,Somemats. ImamalJawad(a.s.)didnothidehisadmirationandhesaidtohissonalHadi(a.s.),AbulHasan (alHadi)islikeme!Hewasdelightedbecausethisshowedcourageandvalorwhichwerefrom hisandhisfathersqualities. (28) Hisearlygenius Theintelligence,geniuses,andtalentsImamalHadi(a.s.)hadinhischildhoodastonishedthe mindsandamazedtheintellect.Hehadastrongmemory,excessiveintelligence,andsharpwit. Historianshavementionedmanyexamplesonhisintelligence.TheymentionedthatalMutasim, theAbbasidcaliph,afterhehadassassinatedImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s.),chargedUmarbin alFarajtogotoYathrib(Medina)inordertochooseateacherforImamalHadi(a.s.)whowassix yearsandsomemonthsthen.Heaskedhimtochooseateacherthatmustbeoneoftheenemies oftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)sothathewouldfeedhimwithhatredtowardstheAhlulBayt(a.s.).When UmararrivedinYathrib,hemetthewalithereandinformedhimofhistask.Thewaliandsome othersdirectedhimtoalJunaydiwhohadintensegrudgetowardstheAlawids.Umarsentforal Junaydiwhoacceptedthetask.AmonthlysalarywasassignedtoalJunaydiandhewascharged topreventtheShiafromvisitingorcontactingwithImamalHadi(a.s.).AlJunaydibeganteaching ImamalHadi(a.s.)buthewasastonishedatthesharpwitandacuteintelligenceofhim.Oneday, MuhammadbinJafarmetalJunaydiandaskedhim, Whataboutthisboy(ImamalHadi)whomyouteach?

AlJunaydisaidtohimangrily,Doyousaythisboyandnotthissheikh?IaskyoubyAllah;do youknowanyoneinMedinamoreawareinknowledgeandliteraturethanme? MuhammadbinJafarsaid,No! AlJunaydisaid,ImentionsomemattersofliteratureandthinkthatIhaveelaborateduponthem, buthe(ImamalHadi)openssectionsofliteraturewhereImyselflearnfromhim.Peoplethink thatIteachhim,but,byAllah,Ilearnfromhim AftersometimeMuhammadbinJafarmetalJunaydiagainandaskedhim,Whatabouttheboy? (29) AlJunaydisaidtohim,Letyounotsayso!ByAllah,heisthebestoftheinhabitantsoftheearth andthebestofthecreaturesofAllah.Manyatime,whenhewantstoenterhisroom,Isayto him,Youdonotentertheroomuntilyoureciteasura.Hesays,Whichsurayouwantmeto recite?IaskhimtorecitelongsurasandherecitestheminawaythatIhaveheardnorecitation betterthanhis.HerecitesthesuraswithavoicenicerthanthepipesofProphetDavid(a.s.).He hasmemorizedtheQur'anfromitsbeginninguntilitsendandheknowsitsrevelationand interpretationAlJunaydiadded,ThisyoungboygrewupinMedinabetweenblackwalls.How didhegetthiswideknowledge?GlorybetoAllah! AlJunaydigaveuphisenmitytowardstheAhlulBayt(a.s.)andbelievedinthemandintheir imamate.[1] Ofcourse,thereisnojustificationtothisphenomenonexceptthatwhichtheShiabelievethat AllahhasendowedtheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.),whetheryoungorold,with knowledge,wisdom,andvirtuethatHehasnotendowedanyoneofHispeoplewithatall. Hisgravityandreverence Heinheritedgravityandreverencefromhisfathers.Themienofprophetsandbrightnessof guardiansappearedonhim,andnooneofhisenemiesorfollowersmethimunlessherevered andrespectedhimhighly. MuhammadbinalHasanalAshtaralAlawisaid,Oneday,Iwaswithmyfatheratthedoorofal Mutawkkil(theAbbasidcaliph)amongacrowdofpeople.Whilewewerewaitingthere,Abul Hasan(alHadi)cameandallthepeopledismountedreveringandhonoringhimuntilheentered thepalace.SomeonedeniedthisreverencetowardsImamalHadi(a.s.)andsaid,Whydowe

dismounttothisboy?ByAllah,heisneitherthenoblestnorthe [1]MaathiralKubarafeeTareekhSamarra,vol.3p.9596. (30) eldestofus.ByAllah,wedonotdismounttohimwhenhecomesout. AbuHashimalJafarirepliedtohim,ByAllah,youshalldismounttohimwithmeannessand lowness. WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)cameout,peoplebegancryingoutwithtakbirandtahlil[1]andallof themstoodupglorifyinghim.AbuHashimturnedtopeopleandsaid,Didyounotclaimthatyou wouldnotdismounttohim? Theysaid,ByAllah,wecouldnotcontrolourselvesuntilwedismounted.[2] Heartsreveredandhonoredhim,andthisreverencedidnotcomeoutofauthorityorrule,butit resultedfromhisdevotednesstoAllah,asceticismintheworldlylife,andutmostpiety.Hecame outofthemeannessofdisobedienceofAllahtothehonorofobedience.Fromthegreat reverenceofpeopletowardshim,wasthatwheneverhecametoalMutawakkilinhispalace, everyoneinthepalacehastenedtoservehim.Theycompetedtoraisethecurtains,openthe doors,etc.,andtheydidnotaskhimtodoanythingbyhimself.[3] TheAlawidsreverencetowardshim AlltheAlawidsagreedonreveringandhonoringImamalHadi(a.s.)andacknowledginghis leadershipandvirtue.AmongthemwastheuncleofhisfatherZaydthesonofImamMusaal Kadhim(a.s.)whowasarespectableoldman.Oneday,ZaydaskedUmarbinalFaraj,whowas thedoorkeeperofImamalHadi(a.s.),toaskpermissionforhim.Hewaspermittedtocomeinto havehonorofmeetingImamalHadi(a.s.).ZaydcameintoImamalHadi(a.s.),whowasinthe frontofthemeeting.Hesatbefore [1]TakbiristhesayingAllahuAkbarAllahisgreatandtahlilisthesayinglaillahaillallahthere isnogodbutAllah. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.13,p.131,AyanashShia,vol.4p.274275. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.129. (31)

ImamalHadi(a.s.)asamannerofhonoring,glorifying,andbelievinginhisimamate.Thenext day,ZaydcametothemeetingofImamalHadi(a.s.)whowasnotpresentyet.Zaydsatinthe frontofthemeeting.WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)came,ZaydjumpedandseatedImamalHadi(a.s.) inhisplace,althoughImamalHadi(a.s.)wastooyoungthenandZaydwastooold.[1] RelationofthePeopleoftheBooktohim ThereverencetowardsImamalHadi(a.s.)wasnotlimitedtoMuslims.PeopleoftheBookother thanMuslimsbelievedinhishighpositionnearAllah.Whentheyfacedamisfortune,theycarried giftstoImamalHadi(a.s.)andtookhimasmeanstorelievetheirmisfortunes. HibatollahbinAbuMansoralMusilysaidthatYousufbinYaqobtheChristianhadhadrelation withhisfather.Once,hecametohisfatherasguestandhisfatheraskedhimwhyhehadcometo Baghdad.Hesaid,ItwassentformetomeetalMutawakkilandIdidnotknowwhatfor,butI boughtmyselfwithonehundreddinarsthatIgavetoAlibinMuhammadbinarRedha(Imamal Hadi).Hibatollahadded,Myfathercongratulatedhim,andthenheleftBaghdadtowardsSurra ManRaa.[2]Hestayedthereforsomedaysandthencamebackdelightedly.Myfatheraskedhim abouthistravelandhereplied,IarrivedinSurraManRaa,whichIhadnotvisitedbefore.Iliked totaketheonehundreddinarstothesonofarRedha(ImamalHadi)beforeIwouldgotomeet alMutawakkil.IaskedabouthimanditwassaidtomethatalMutawakkilhadpreventedhim fromgoingoutandthathekepttohishouse.Ifearedtovisithimandrefrainedfromaskingabout him.ItcametomymindthatIwouldrideonmysumpterandgotothetownsothatImightknow somethingabouthimwithoutasking.Walkinginthestreetsandmarkets,Igottoahousethatit cametomyminditmightbethehouseofImamalHadi(a.s.).I [1]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.94. [2]Samarra,thecapitalofalMutawakkiltheAbbasidcaliph. (32) askedmyservanttoseewhosehouseitwas.Theservantaskedanditwassaidtohimthatitwas thehouseofthesonofarRedha.Myservantknockedthedoorandablackservantcameout towardsmeandsaid,AreyouYousufbinYaqob?Yes!Ireplied.Hesaid,Dismount!I dismountedfrommysumpterandhetookmeintoavestibule.Hewentinandthencameout askingme,Wherearetheonehundreddinars?Igavethemtohimandhetookthemtothe imam.Afterawhile,hecameandpermittedmetocomein.Icamein.ImamalHadi(a.s.)was alone.Helookedatmekindlyandcompassionatelyandsaid,Isitnotyetforyou?hemeant(to beguided).

Isaid,Omymaster,asufficientproofhasappearedtome! ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Howfar!YouwillnotbeaMuslim,butyoursonwillandhewillbefrom ourShia.OYousuf,therearesomepeopleclaimingthatourguardianshipdoesnotbenefitones likeyou.Gotowhatyouhavecometo!Youshallseewhatyoulike. YousufwasastonishedatthemiraclehesawfromImamalHadi(a.s.).HewenttoalMutawakkil andgotallthathewanted. Hibatollahsaid,YousufdiedandImethissonwhowasagoodMuslimfollowingtheAhlulBayt (a.s.).HetoldmethathisfatherwasstillChristianwhenhedied,andthathe(theson)becamea Muslimafterthedeathofhisfather.Heoftensaid,Iamthegoodtidingofmymaster.[1] ThepeopleoftheBookbelievedinImamalHadi(a.s.)andfoundinhislifeacontinuitytothelives ofprophetsandsaints. Whatauthorssayabouthim Allthose,whowrotethelifeofImamalHadi(a.s.),sawhonor,dignity,knowledge,piety,and charismainhisgreatpersonalityandshowedtheiradmirationandhighregardtohim.Hereare [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.133. (33) somesayingsofhistoriansandscholarsabouthim: 1.AbulFalahalHanbali AbdulHayyAbulFalahalHanbalisays,AbulHasanbinAlialJawadbinarRedhabinMusaal KadhimbinJafarasSadiqalAlawialHusayni,whoisknownasalHadi,wasajurisprudent, worshippingimam.HewasoneoftheimamswhomtheShiiteexaggeratorsbelievetobeinfallible likeprophets[1] 2.AlYafiiy AlYafiiysays,ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasworshipful,jurisprudent,imam[2] 3.AbulFida Hesays,AliatTaqiy(pious)isoneofthetwelveimamsoftheShia.HeisAliazZakiybin MuhammadalJawad[3] 4.IbnasSabbaghalMaliki

Hesays,Someoneofscholarssaid,ThevirtueofAbulHasanhasestablisheditsdomesonthe galaxy,andstretcheditsropesonthestars.Noexcellenceiscounted,unlesstohimisitsendand nonobilityismentioned,unlesstohimareitsdetailsandtotality,andnohighqualityisregarded, unlesshisproofsappearonit.Hedeservedallthatduetotheessenceofliberalqualitiesthathe alonehad,andglorythatgovernedhisloftynaturewhichwaspurifiedfromanyblemish,andso hisnatureandmoralswerepleasant,hisconductswerefair,andhisqualitieswerevirtuous.His gravity,calmness,certainty,chastity,honesty,andwitwereliketheProphetsandAlis.Hehada puresoulandhighdeterminationthatnooneofmenresembledhimin,andhelivedacoarselife ofasceticismthatnohumanparticipatedhiminorlookedforwardtoit.[4] [1]ShatharatathThahab,vol.2p.128129. [2]MiratalJanan,vol.2p.160. [3]TareekhAbulFida,vol.2p.47. [4]AlFusulalMuhimmah,p.268. (34) 5.IbnShahrashub Hesays,He(ImamalHadi)wasthebestandmosttruthfulofpeople.Hewasthewittiestfrom nearandthemostperfectfromfar.Whenhekeptsilent,gravityappearedonhim,andwhenhe spoke,splendorappearedonhim.Hewasfromthehouseofprophethoodandimamate,andthe abodeofguardianshipandcaliphate.Abranchfromtheloftytreeofprophethoodwashe,anda fruitfromthetreeofthemissionwashe[1] 6.AlQutbarRawandi Hesays,AsforAlibinMuhammadalHadi,allqualitiesofimamatehavegatheredinhim.His virtue,knowledge,andgoodmeritshavebeenperfected.Allhismoralswereextraordinarylike themoralsofhisfathers.HespentthenightworshippingtowardstheQiblawearingawool garmentandsittingonamat.Ifwementionhishighqualities,thebookshallbeprolongedwith them.[2] 7.AthThahabi Hesays,AlibinMuhammadbinAlibinMusabinJafarbinMuhammadbinZaynolAabidinbinas SayyidashSharifalAlawialHusayniwasjurisprudentandoneofthetwelveimams.TheTwelver ShiacallhimalManari.[3] 8.IbnHajar Hesays,AlialHadiwastheheirofhisfathersknowledgeandgenerosity.[4]

9.IbnAnbasah Hesays,AlialHadiissurnamedasalAskaribecausehelivedinSurraManRaawhichwascalled alAskar.HismotherwasUmmWalad(bondmaid)whowasabsolutelyvirtuousandnoble[5] [1]AlManaqib,vol.4p.401. [2]AlKharayij. [3]TareekhalIslam,vol.5. [4]AsSawaiqalMuhriqah. [5]UmdatatTalibfeeAnsabAalAbiTalib,p.188. (35) 10.MuhammadbinTalha MuhammadbinTalhaashShafiiysays,AsforthequalitiesofAlialHadi,earsdidneverreceive morepleasantthanthemthattheysurroundedhimaspreciouspearlsintheirshells.What witnessedforAbulHasanAlialHadiwasthathissoulwasdescribedwithinvaluabledescriptions, andthatitwasinthepositionofprophethoodinitshonorofranksandhonorofroots[1] 11.AaghaBuzurgatTahrani Thisgreatresearchersays,ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasthebestofhisbrothers.Heinheritedthe knowledgeandgenerosityofhisfathers.Theimamatemovedandwaslimitedtohimfromamong hisbrothersbecausehehadalltheconditionsofimamate.Theconditionsofimamateare knowledge,justice,qualifiedness,soundnessofsensesandorgansthatdoesnotaffectones determinationandaction,beingArabfromQuraysh,besidesbeingfromtheHashemites[2] 12.KhayruddeenazZarkali Hesays,AlialHadibinMuhammadalJawadbinAliarRadhiybinMusabinJafaralHusayniat TalibiwasthetenthofthetwelveimamsfortheShiaandoneofthepiousvirtuous[3] ThesearesomewordssaidbyscholarsandulamashowingtheiradmirationtowardsImamalHadi (a.s.)andsomeofhishighqualitiesforhewasthehighestreligiousauthorityintheIslamicworld. [1]MatalibasSaool. [2]ShajaratasSibtayn,(manuscript). [3]AlAlam,vol.5p.140.

Aspectsofhispersonality ThequalitiesofImamalHadi(a.s.)werelikethequalitiesofhisfatherswhoweredistinguishedby themoverallpeople.Allelementsofhonoranddignitymettogetherinhim.Hegotallvirtuesand excellences.ItsufficedhimthathewasoneoftheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)whom Allahhadpurifiedandkeptuncleannessawayfromthem.Hereweshalltalkinbriefaboutsome attributesofhishonorablepersonality: Imamate ImamateisakindnessfromAllahtoHispeoplethatHedoesnotgiveexcepttoHisloyalslaves whomHehastriedbyfaith,andpurifiedfromallkindsofinjusticeanddefects.Inourbookson thelivesoftheinfallibleimamswehavediscussedimamateindetailsinsomeofthemandin briefinothers.Inthisbookwetalkinbriefaboutimamateandrefertosomeofitssides. Theneedtoimamate ImamateisanaffairfromtheaffairsoftheIslamiclife.WithoutimamatetheIslamiclifedoesnot goonproperly;notonlybecauseitrunsthereligiouslife,butalsoitrunstheeconomical,political, andsociallife,andachievestothenationindependencyandfreedomandsecuressafety,ease, andpeace. (38) Perhaps,themostimportantreasonbehindtheneedtoimamateistomakespiritualpowers dominateandtospreadvirtueandgoodbetweenpeopleandresistbadtendenciesofselfishness, haughtiness,greed,envyandotherkindsofdeviation.Allgoodpowersintheworldarebasedon thefaithinAllah,becausethisistheonlywaythatprotectstheworldfromdestructionand disastersofwars.ThefaithinAllahisthestrongestweaponintheearththatkeepstheworldsafe frommisfortunes. Theinfallibleimamscaredmuchforthisside.Theyraisedthebanneroffaithhigh,andstruggled inthewayofAllahtoohardly.TheyleftluminousworksinthewayofinvitingtoAllah.Nahjol BalaghaofAmeerulMomineen(ImamAli)isfulloffragrancesoftruefaith.Itinvitespeopleto ponderonthecreationofeverythingintheworldthatleadstotheinevitablefaith.Italsoinvites togoodmoralsandhighqualitiesandwarnsofeviltendenciesthatleadtobackwardnessand deterioration.WealsofindspiritualnourishmentinasSahifahasSajjadiyyaofImamasSajjad

(a.s.)whichisconsideredastheBibleoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)anditisafertilesourcetofaith.Inall supplicationstransmittedfromtheinfallibleimams(a.s.)wefindthisspiritualnourishmentthat purifiesthesoulfromthedregsofignoranceandpride. Inthebooksofargumentationyoufindirrefutableevidencestheinfallibleimamsofferedon monotheismthatconfutedtheenemiesofIslamwhodeniedtheCreator.ImamalHadi(a.s.) praisedthejihadofhisfathersinthefieldsoffaithandtheinvitationtoAllahinhisZiyarahcalled alJamiah.Hesaid, PeacebeonthepropagandiststoAllah,theguidestothecontentmentofAllah,theresidentsin thecommandofAllah,theabsorbedintheloveofAllah,theloyalinmonotheism,themanifesters ofthemissionofAllah Headded,YouhonoredHisglory,exaltedHisstanding,glorifiedHisgenerosity,keptHismention, assuredHiscovenant,confirmedHisobedience,weresinceretoHimsecretlyand (39) openly,calleduntoHiswaywithwisdomandgoodexhortation,sacrificedyourselvestoplease Him,werepatientwithwhatafflictedyouforHim,offeredprayers,gavezakat,enjoinedthegood, forbadethewrong,struggledtrulyinthewayofAllahuntilyouannouncedHismission,declared Hisobligations,spreadHislaws,fixedHisverdicts,andbecamebythatintheeyeofHis contentment,submittedtoHisfate,andbelievedinHispastprophets Thesewonderfullinesexpressedthestrugglethattheinfallibleimamsundertooktoraisethe wordofmonotheismanddefendthevaluesofIslamandfaith.Theyofferedtheirlivesaspure sacrificetoAllahlookingforwardjusttoHisreward. Infallibilityoftheimams Theinfallibilityofthetwelveimams(a.s.)isanimportantelementintheShiitedoctrine.Some peopledenythisconceptclaimingthatitcannotberealized.Inourstudiesonthelivesofthe infallibleimams(a.s.)wehaveconfutedthedeniersofthisconceptandprovedtherealityand possibilityofinfallibility.He,whoreadsthelivesoftheinfallibleimams,doesnotdoubttheir infallibilityatall.Theyhadnevercommittedanykindofsinordisobediencewhetherintentionally orunintentionally.Nooneofthemhadeverdeviatedfromtherightpathorsoundconducts.Allof themwereabsolutelypious.AlMutawakkil,theAbbasidtyrant,triedhisbestwithallthemeans hehadtodeceiveImamalHadi(a.s.)inordertomakehimwalkinhisowndeviatewayandenter

intothefieldsofamusementanddebauchery,butImamalHadi(a.s.)abstainedfromallthatand atlastalMutawakkilfailedtotempthim.Withhisgreatsituations,ImamalHadi(a.s.)provedhis andhispurefathersinfallibilitythattheTwelverShiabelievein. (40) Theknowledgeoftheimams Theknowledgeoftheinfallibleimamswasliketheknowledgeoftheprophetswithnodifference betweenthem.AstheknowledgeoftheprophetsandmessengersofAllahwasinspirationalthat AllahhadendowedthemwithtobetheauthorityonHispeople,sowastheknowledgeofthe infallibleimams(a.s.). ImamasSadiq(a.s.)talkedaboutthegreattreasuresofknowledgetheinfallibleimams(a.s.)had andhowtheygotthatknowledgewhensaying,Ourknowledgeisancient,primordial,beatingin hearts,andknockinginears.Wehavetheredjafr,thewhitejafr,thebookofFatima(peacebe uponher),andalJamiah(compilation),inwhichthereareallwhatpeopleneed Hewasaskedtoexplainwhathehadsaidandhereplied,Theancientknowledgeisthe knowledgeofwhatshallhappen,andtheprimordialknowledgeistheknowledgeofwhathad happened.Thebeatinginheartsisinspirationandtheknockinginearsisthetalkofangelsthat weheartheirspeechbutwedonotseetheirfigures.Asfortheredjafr,itisacontainerhaving theweaponofthemessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)anditshallnot appearuntilImamalMahdi(a.s.)reappears.ThewhitejafrisacontainerhavingtheTorahof Moses,theBibleofJesus,theBookofPsalmsofDavid,andthefirstBooksofAllah.TheBookof Fatima(peacebeuponher)hasaccountsofalleventsandnamesofthosewhoruleintheworld untiltheDayofResurrection.Asforthejamiah,itisabookofseventycubitslonghavingthe dictationofthemessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)writtendownbyAlibin AbuTalib(a.s.).ByAllah,ithasallthatwhichpeopleneeduntiltheDayofResurrectioneventhe amountofbloodmoneyofascratch,awhip,halfawhip[1] [1]AlIrshad,p.307308,UsulalKafi. (41) Whatprovesthisfactisthedifferentkindsofknowledgeandsciencestransmittedfromthe infallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.).Asanexample,ImamAli(a.s.)thegateoftheProphets

townofknowledge,hadopenedmanysectionsofknowledgeandscienceswhichwereabout thirtytwosciencesasalAqqad[1]says.Itwashewhohadinformedaboutthetechnological progressandscientificdevelopmentthatwouldappearonthestageoflife.Hesaid,Atimewill comewherethepeopleintheEastcanseethepeopleoftheWest,andthepeopleintheWest canseethepeopleintheEast.Healsosaid,AtimewillcomewherethepeopleintheEastcan hearthepeopleoftheWest,andthepeopleintheWestcanhearthepeopleoftheEast.This sayingcametruebyinventingtheTVandtheRadio.Healsosaid,Atimewillcometopeople whereironwillmove.Itcametruebyinventingtrains,cars,andothermeansoftransportation. TherearemanyotherexampleslikethesethatImamAli(a.s.)hadinformedof.[2]Itwashewho hadsaid,AskmeabouttheBookofAllah!ByAllah,thereisnoverse,unlessIknowwhetherithas beenrevealedinthenightorday,inaplainoramountain.[3] FromtheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.),whohadspoutedspringsofknowledgeandwisdominthe earth,wasthemiracleofknowledgeandintellectintheworldImamasSadiq(a.s.).Heforetold aboutthepollutioninspaceandseasanditsbadeffectsonman.Healsotoldabouttheexistence oflifeonsomeplanets.Itwashe,whohadestablishedthebasesofanatomyandpeculiaritiesof mansorgansandthewondersinthem.AllthatwasmentionedinthebookTawhidal Mufadhdhal.Hewasthefirstfounderofphysicsandchemistry.Heestablishedtheirbases throughhisdiscipleJabirbinHayyantheprideoftheEastandthepioneerofthehuman developmentintheearth. [1]AnEgyptianauthor,researcher,andmanofletters. [2]ThelifeofImamMuhammadalJawad,p.69. [3]AlJamiliAhkamalQuran,vol.1p.35. (42) ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasnotmorethansevenyearswhenhisfatherImamalJawad(a.s.)died.Still inhisearlyyearsyet,ImamalHadi(a.s.)hadknowledgethatastonishedothersminds.Great scholarstriedhimbymostdifficultandcomplicatedquestionsinjurisprudence,philosophy,and theologybutheansweredthemallasifhewasanexpertjurisprudent.Therefore,ulamaand scholarsbelievedinhisimamate,andthusitwasaclearevidencethatAllahhadendowedthe infallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)withknowledge,wisdom,andvirtuethatHehadnever endowedotherthanthemwithatall. Announcinghisimamate TheShiapaidmuchattentiontothematterofimamatebecauseitwasoneofthebasesofIslam. Theyoftenaskedthepresentimamabouttheimamafterhimsothattheywouldrefertohimin

theirreligiousandworldlyaffairs,obeyandfollowhim.ManyreliableMuslimsnarratedthe assigningofAlialHadi(a.s.)astheimambyhisfatherImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s.).Hereare someofthem: 1.IsmailbinMihran WhenImamalJawad(a.s.)wenttoBaghdadinhisfirsttravel,IsmailbinMihranvisitedhimand saidtohim,MayIdieforyou!Ifearforyouinthistravel(fromtheAbbasids).Whoistheimam afteryou? ImamalJawad(a.s.)smiledathimandsaid,Itisnotasyouthought.Itisnotinthisyear. WhenalMutasim(theAbbasidcaliph)sentforImamalJawad(a.s.),Ismailwenttotheimamto knowtheimamafterhim.HesaidtoImamalJawad(a.s.),Youaregoing.Towhomwillthe matter(imamate)beafteryou? ImamalJawad(a.s.)criedandwasanxiousinhistravelandthoughtthathewouldnotgoback againtoYathrib.Therefore,heappointedhissonAlialHadiastheimamafterhim.Hesaid,Now, itistofearforme.Thematter(imamate)aftermeistomy (43) sonAli[1] WhatImamalJawad(a.s.)predictedcametrue.AlMutasim,theAbbasidcaliph,assassinated himwhilehewasinthebloomofhisyouthyet. 2.AlKhayrani HewasoneofthenarratorswhonarratedtheappointmentofImamalHadi(a.s.)astheimam afterhisfather.Weshallmentionthatinacomingchapter. 3.AsSaqrbinAbuDalf AsSaqrnarrated,IheardAbuJafarMuhammadbinAliarRedha(ImamalJawad)saying,The imamaftermeismysonAli.HisCommandismycommand,hissayingismysaying,andhis obedienceismyobedience.ImamateafterhimistohissonalHasan[2] 4.SomeoftheShia WhenImamalJawad(a.s.)traveledtoBaghdad,hesaidtosomeofhisfollowers,Iamgoing[3]

andthematter(imamate)willbetomysonAli.HewillhaverightsonyouaftermeasIhadonyou aftermyfather.[4] 5.AhmadbinAbuKhalid AhmadnarratedthatAbuJafar(ImamalJawad)hadrecommendedtohissonAlialHadi(a.s.)to betheimamafterhim.Weshallmentionthetermsofthiswilllateron.[5] ThesearesomeofthenarratorswhonarratedthatImamalJawad(a.s.)hadappointedhissonAli alHadi(a.s.)astheimamafterhim.Thetextsonthismatterweresuccessive.TheShiabelieve thattheappointingofimamswasnotoutofpassionsortendencies,butitwasaccordingtothe commandofAllahWho [1]AlIrshad,p.369,UsulalKafi,vol.1p.323. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.13,p.127,IkmaluddeenbyasSaduq. [3]Hepredictedthathewoulddie(bekilled)anditwasso. [4]AyanashShia,vol.4p.256. [5]UsulalKafi. (44) choseandappointedthemthroughtheProphet(a.s.)whocarriedoutwhathewasorderedbyhis Lord.TheProphet(a.s.)announcedthatthecaliphs(successors)afterhimwouldbetwelveones, whomImamalHadi(a.s.)wasoneof.Thetextsonthismatteraresuccessiveandtrue.[1] Hisgenerosity FromtheprominentqualitiesofImamalHadi(a.s.)generositywas.Hewasthemostliberaland generousoneinhistime.HewaslikehisfatherswhogavefoodoutofloveforHimtothepoor, theorphan,andthecaptive.Theygavefoodtoothersuntilnofoodremainedfortheirfamilies andthemselves,andgaveclothstoothersuntilnoclothsremainedforthem.ImamasSadiq(a.s.) gavefoodandclothstopeopleuntilnothingremainedforhisfamily.[2] HistoriansmentionedmanyexamplesonthegenerosityandcharityofImamalHadi(a.s.)tothe poorandneedy.Wementionsomeofthemhere: 1.Once,AbuAmrUthmanbinSaeed,AhmadbinIsaaqalAshari,andAlibinJa'faralHamadani wenttoImamalHadi(a.s.).AhmadbinIsaaqcomplainedofadebtonhim.ImamalHadi(a.s.) turnedtohisagentAmrandsaidtohim,GivehimthirtythousanddinarsandtoAlibinJafar thirtythousanddinars.Healsogavehisagentlikethat.IbnShahrashubcommentedonthisnoble

traitbysaying,Thisisamiraclethatnoonecandoexceptkings.Wehavenotheardofsucha gift.[3]Doingthis,ImamalHadi(a.s.)securedcomfortablelivingstothesenotablepersonsand savedthemfromthedistressofneediness. [1]SahihofMuslim,chap.OfalImarah(emirate),MusnadofAhmadbinHanbal,vol.5p.89,Sahih ofalBukhari,p.164. [2]SifatasSafwa,vol.2p.98. [3]AlManaqib. (45) 2.IsaaqalJallabsaid,OntheDayofTarwiya[1]IboughtmanyheadsofsheeptoAbulHasanal Hadi(peacebeuponhim)andhedistributedthemamonghisrelatives.[2] 3.HistoriansmentionedthatonedayImamalHadi(a.s.)wentfromSamarratoavillagehe possessed.Anomadmancametohimbutdidnotfindhiminhishouse.Hisfamilytoldthenomad thatImamalHadi(a.s.)hadgonetohisgarden.ThenomadwentandfoundImamalHadi(a.s.) there.Hesaidtohimwithfainttone,OsonofthemessengerofAllah,Iamfromthenomadsof KufawhobelieveintheguardianshipofyourgrandfatherAlibinAbuTalib.Thereisaheavydebt onmeandIhavenoonetogotoexceptyou ImamalHadi(a.s.)hadpityonhimbuthehimselfwasinlackofmoneyanddidnothavewhatto helpthisnomadwith.Hewroteinapieceofpaperwithhishandwritingthathewasindebttothe nomadandhementionedacertainamount.Hesaidtothenomad,Keepthispaperwithyou. WhenIgotoSurraManRaa(Samarra)andwhensomepeoplecometomymeeting,youcome andaskmetopaybackyourdebt.YouaretoinsistonmeandmentionthatIhavenotpaidyou yourdebt.DoexactlyasIsaytoyou! WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)wenttoSurraManRaaandagroupofpeople,amongwhomwere someofficialsandsecretpolicemen,attendedhismeeting,thenomadcame,showedthepieceof paper,andaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)topaybackthedebtmentionedinthepaper.ImamalHadi (a.s.)apologizedthathecouldnotpaybackthedebtandthenomadinsistedonhim.When peopleleftthemeeting,thepolicemenwenttoalMutawakkilandtoldhimaboutthismatter.Al MutawakkilorderedhismentosendthirtythousanddirhamstoImamalHadi(a.s.)andtheydid. Whenthenomadcame,ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtohim,Take [1]Thefirstdayofthehajj.Tarwiyameanswatering. [2]BiharalAnwar.

(46) thismoneyandpaybackyourdebtandspendtherestonyourfamily! ThenomadfoundthatgreatandsaidtoImamalHadi(a.s.),Mydebtislessthanthethirdofthis amountbutAllahismoreawarewhereHerevealsHismission.[1]Thenomadlefttohisfamily delightedlywhileprayingAllahforImamalHadi(a.s.)whohadsavedhimfrompovertyand neediness. 4.HistoriansmentionedthatonceAbuHashimalJafaryunderwentaseveredistressofneediness andheresortedtoImamalHadi(a.s.).WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)sawhiswretchedness,he wantedtocomforthim.Hesaidtohim,OAbuHashim,whichblessingofAllahyouwanttobe gratefulfor?Allahhasendowedyouwithfaiththatsavesyourbodyfromfire,endowedyouwith soundnessthathelpsyouinobedience,andendowedyouwithsatisfactionthatkeepsyouaway fromdegradation.ImamalHadi(a.s.)gavehimonehundreddinars.[2] Hisasceticism ImamalHadi(a.s.)turnedhisbacktoallpleasuresofthisworldlylifeandlivedabsolutelyan asceticlife.Hekepttoworship,piety,andasceticism.Hepaidnoattentiontoworldlypleasures andpreferredtheobedienceofAllahtoeverythingelse.HishouseinYathribandhishousein SurraManRaahadnoanyfurniture.Once,thepolicemenofalMutawakkilbrokeintohishouse andfriskeditbutfoundnothingofworldlyfurniture.TheyalsofriskedhisHouseinSurraManRaa andfoundhimwearingawoolgarmentandsittingonsandandpebbles.Nothingwasbetween himandtheground. AsSibtbinalJawzisaid,AlialHadihadnointerestinthisworldlylife.Hekepttothemosque. Whentheyfriskedhishouse, [1]AlIttihafBihubilAshraf,p.6768,SharhShafiyatAbuNuas,vol.2p.167,JawharatalKalam, p.151. [2]AmaliofasSaduq,BiharalAnwar. (47) theydidnotfindinitsavecopiesoftheHolyQur'an,booksofdua,andscientificbooks. Helivedinthelightofthenoblelifehisfatherslived;inasceticismandturningawayfromthe

materialpleasuresofthislifeexceptthatwhichconcernedthetruth.HisgrandfatherAmeerul Mominin(a.s.)wasoneofthemostasceticmeninthislife.Duringhisruleasthecaliphof Muslimshisshoeswerefromthefibersofpalmtreeandhehimselfmendedthemwithhishands. Hisbeltalsowasfromfibersofpalmtree.Hesufferedhungeroutofasceticismandinorderto comfortthepoor.HiswifetheheadofthewomenoftheworldFatimaazZahra(a.s.)alsoturned awayfromtheworldlylifeandlivedinasmallhousewithnofurnitureandherhandshardenedby thequern.Inthiswayalltheinfallibleimamswalked.Theydivorcedthislifeandturnedtheir backsonitspleasures.TheyturnedtoAllahdevotedlyanddidallthatwhichtookthemnearerto Allah. Workinginhisfarm ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasfreefromeverymaterialtendency.Hewasfreefromanykindof selfishnessandhedidnotsubmittoanypleasureorfancy.Historianssaythatheworkedinhis farmtosecurethelivingofhisfamily.AlibinHamzasaid,Once,IsawAbulHasanthethird(Imam alHadi)workinafarmwhilehisfeetweresoakedwithsweat.Isaidtohim,MayIdieforyou! Wherearethemen? Hesaid,OAli,one,whowasbetterthanmeandthanmyfather,workedwithspadeinhisfarm. Isaid,Whowashe? Hesaid,ThemessengerofAllah(a.s.),AmeerulMominin,andallmyfathersworkedwiththeir hands.Itwastheworkofprophets,apostles,andgoodsaints[1] [1]ManLaYahdhuruhualFaqih. (48) Workwasthesignofprophets.Everyprophetworkedinsomefiled.Wehavequotedthisholy traditioninourbookWorkandtherightsofworkersinIslamtoprovetheimportanceand honorofworkandthatitwasfromtheconductsoftheholyprophets. Guidingthedeviant ImamalHadi(a.s.)caredmuchforguidingthedeviantwhodigressedfromthetruth.Fromamong those,whomImamalHadi(a.s.)hadguided,wasalHasanalBasriknownasalMallahwhowasa waqifite.[1]Once,ImamalHadi(a.s.)methimandsaidtohim,Untilwhenisthissleep?Isitnot yetforyoutoawake?

Thiswordaffectedhimtoomuchandthenheturnedbacktothetruthandguidance.[2] ForbiddingfromassociatingwiththeSufis ImamalHadi(a.s.)warnedhiscompanionsandallMuslimsfromassociatingandmixingwiththe Sufisbecausetheywereasourceoferroranddeviationtopeople.Theyshowedasceticismto seducesimpleandnavepeople. AlHusaynbinAbulKhattabsaid,Oneday,IwaswithAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)inthemosqueof theProphet(a.s.)whensomeofhiscompanions,amongwhomwasAbuHashimalJafari,came tohim.AbuHashimwasaneloquentmanandhadahighpositionnearImamalHadi(a.s.).While wewerestanding,agroupofSufiscameintothemosque.Theysatinacornerofthemosqueand begansayinglailahaillallah;thereisnogodbutAllah.ImamalHadi(a.s.)turnedtowardshis companionsandsaidtothem,Donotpayattentiontothesedeceiversfortheyarealliesofthe Devilsanddestroyersofthebasesofreligion.Theybecomeascetictorelievetheirbodiesand watchtohunt [1]Thewaqifiteswereagroupofpeoplebelievingintheimamateofthefirstsevenimamsfrom ImamAli(a.s.)toImamMusabinJafaralKadhim(a.s.)anddidnotbelieveintherestfiveimams. [2]ManLaYahdhuruhualFaqih. (49) cattletheydonotpracticeritesexcepttodeceivepeople,anddonotdecreasefoodexcept tocheatthefooltheirworshipsarebutdancingandclapping,andtheirpraisesarebutsinging. Noonefollowsthemexceptthestupid,andnoonebelievesinthemexceptthefool.Whoever wenttovisitanyofthemaliveordeadasifhewenttovisitSatanandidolaters,andwhoever supportedanyofthem,asifhesupported,Moawiya,Yazid,andAbuSufyan Oneofthecompanionssaid,Evenifheacknowledgesyourrights? ImamalHadi(a.s.)scoldedhimandshouted,Donotsaythat!He,whoacknowledgesourrights, doesnotdisobeyus.DoyounotknowthattheyaretheworstgroupofSufis,thoughallSufisare dissentienttousandtheirwayiscontrarytoours?TheyarebutChristiansandmagiofthisnation. TheydotheirbesttoputoutthelightofAllahwiththeirmouths,andAllahwillnotconsentsave toperfectHislight,thoughtheunbelieversareaverse Honoringtheulama ImamalHadi(a.s.)honoredpeopleofintellectandknowledge,welcomedandpreferredthemto therestofpeoplebecausetheywerethesourceoflightintheearth.Once,ImamalHadi(a.s.)

wasinformedthatoneoftheShiiteulamahadarguedwithanopponentoftheAhlulBayt(s)and confutedhim.Hewasdelightedforthat.WhenthatscholarcametoImamalHadi(a.s.),he welcomedhimwarmlyinhismeetingwhichwasfullofAlawidsandAbbasids.Heseatedhimona sofaandbegantalkingwithhimeagerlyandrespectfully.TheHashemitesinthemeetingbecame angryandsaidtoImamalHadi(a.s.),WhydoyoupreferhimtothemastersofBani[1]Hashem? ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtothemBewaretobefromthosewhomAllahhassaidabout,(Haveyou notconsideredthose(Jews)whoaregivenaportionoftheBook?Theyareinvitedto [1]Banimeansthefamilyortribeof. (50) theBookofAllahthatitmightdecidebetweenthem,thenapartofthemturnbackandthey withdraw).[1]DoyouaccepttheBookofAllahasajudge? Theyallsaid,OsonofthemessengerofAllah,wedo. Hebeganprovinghisopinionbysaying,HasAllahnotsaid,(Oyouwhobelieve!whenitissaidto you,Makeroomin(your)assemblies,thenmakeampleroom,Allahwillgiveyouample,and whenitissaid:Riseup,then riseup.Allahwillexaltthoseofyouwhobelieve,andthosewhoaregivenknowledge,inhigh degrees;andAllahisAwareofwhatyoudo)[2]?Allahdoesnotacceptforaknowledgeable believerbuttobepreferredtoanunknowledgeablebelieverasHewantsabelievertobe preferredtoanunbeliever.Allahhassaid,(Allahwillexaltthoseofyouwhobelieveandthose whoaregivenknowledge,inhighdegrees).HasHesaid,Allahwillexaltthose,whoaregiven honoroflineage,inhighdegrees.Allahhassaid,(Arethosewhoknowandthosewhodonot knowalike?)[3]Then,howdoyoudenymyhonoringhimforwhatAllahhashonoredhim?His defeatingthatopponentoftheAhlulBayt(s)withtheproofsthatAllahhastaughthimismore honorablethaneveryhonoroflineage. Theattendantskeptsilentafterthisreply,butoneoftheAbbasidssaid,Osonofthemessenger ofAllah,youhavepreferredthismantousanddegradeduslowerthanonewhohasnolineage likeours,whilesincethebeginningofIslamuntilnowthosebetterinlineagearepreferredto thoselowerthanthem. ThisisnonsenseargumentationbecauseIslamdependsonlyonrightvalueswhichthatAbbasid mandidnotunderstand.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohimsaying,

[1]Qur'an,3:23. [2]Qur'an,58:11. [3]Qur'an,39:9. (51) GlorybetoAllah!HadalAbbas(theProphetsuncle)notpaidhomagetoAbuBakrwhowasfrom Taym[1]whilealAbbaswasaHashemite?DidAbdullahbinAbbasnotserveUmarbinalKhattab whowasfromAdiywhileAbdullahbinAbbaswasaHashemiteandthefatherofthe(Abbasid) caliphs?AndwhydidUmarappointpeoplefarinlineageintheshuraanddidnotappointal Abbas?IfpreferringanonHashemitetoaHashemiteisdenied,thenyouhavetodenythe homageofalAbbastoAbuBakrandtheserviceofAbdullahbinAbbastoUmar.Ifthatwas permissible,thisispermissibletoo. TheAbbasidmanwasconfuted.[2]WhenhedidnotunderstandtheproofsderivedfromtheHoly Qur'an,ImamalHadi(a.s.)arguedwithhimbythehomageofalAbbastoAbuBakrandthe serviceofAbdullahbinAbbastoUmarthoughthesetwocaliphs(AbuBakrandUmar)werenot equalinlineagetoalAbbasandAbdullahbinAbbas. Hisworship WhenyoureadthelivesoftheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s),youfindthattheprominent pointintheirliveswastheirdevotednesstoAllahandtheirwatchingthenightinworshipping, hymning,andrecitingtheQur'an. AbuFirasalHamadani,thepoet,comparesbetweentheAhlulBayt(s)andtheAbbasidsbysaying, Recitation(oftheQur'an)isheardintheirhousesuntildawn, andinyourhousesmusicandsinging. Atthatage,peopledidnotseeaworshipper,devout,piousonelikeImamalHadi(a.s.).He offeredallrecommendedworships(nafila).InthethirdrakaofthenafilaofMaghrib(sunset)he recitedthesuraofalHamd(1)andthebeginningofthesuraof [1]TaymwasabigfamilyfromQuraysh. [2]AlIhtijajbyatTabarsi.

(52) alHadid(57)untiltheendofthesixverse,andinthefourthrakaherecitedthesuraofalHamd andthesuraofalHujurat(49).[1]Anothernafilaoftworakaswassaidheofferedthatherecited inthefirstrakathesuraofalHamdandthesuraofYasin(36),andinthesecondrakaherecited thesuraofalHamdandthesuraofarRahman(55).[2] Hissupplicationsinqunut[3] ManysupplicationsweretransmittedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)thatherecitedinthequnutofhis prayersshowingtheextentofhisdevotednessandsubmissivenesstoAllah.Herearesomeof them. 1.OAllah,thefountsofYourgiftsarebrimful,thedoorsofYoursupplicationsforonewhohopes Youarewideopen,andYourmercifullooksononewhoresortstoYouarenotcut.Cautionis bridled,needisurgent,andpeopleofpatienceareunabletowait.OAllah,Youareinwatchover allplaces,andYoudonotignorebutrespite.WhoevertakesrefutewithYouwillbesecure,and whoeverresortstoYouwillsucceedandgettoYourdoorsafe. OAllah,overtakethosewhokeeponoppressionandcontinueintheirignorancetotheendof disbelief.Yourpatiencewiththemhasmadethemcovetousofdoingastheydesire.Theyharm Yourguardianswiththeirevils,andhurtthemwiththeirvices,andtaketheirharmtothemin theirhabitation.OAllah,dispeltormentfromthebelieversandsenditopenlyontheunjust!O Allah,drivetormentawayfromresortersandpouritonthehaughty!OAllah,assistthefollowers ofthetruth,andsurprisetheassistantsofinjusticewithsnap!OAllah,makeusdelightedwith gratefulness,giveusvictory,andkeepussafefromthebad [1]WassailashShia,vol.4p.750. [2]Ibid.,vol.5p.298. [3]Qunutmeansobedience,submissiveness,Godfearing,buthereitisapartofprayerin whichonerecitessupplicationinaspecifiedmanner. (53) bada,[1]badend,anddanger![2] Thesupplicationsoftheinfallibleimamswerenotlimitedtothespiritualside,buttheyincluded allsidesoflife.Thissupplicationpicturedthepoliticallifeandtheoppressionthatpeoplesuffered duringthereignsofthosekingswhowereexcessiveinoppressingpeopleandforcingthemtodo whattheywereunwillingtodo.Ithinkthat,inthissupplication,ImamalHadi(a.s.)invokedAllah

againstalMutawakkilwhoexaggeratedinoppressingtheAlawids. 2.OYou,Whoareuniqueindeity,andaloneinoneness,OYou,byWhosenamedayglows,and lightsshine,byWhosecommandnightdarkens,andbyWhosegiftdownpourscomedown,OYou, WhomthedistressedcalluponandYourespondto,thefrightenedresorttoandYourescuethem, obedientsworshipandYouthankedthem,andthegratefulpraiseandYourewardthem.How exaltedYouare!HowhighYourauthorityis!HowexecutableYourcommandsare!Youarethe Creatorwithnoeffort,andtheJudgewithnoinjustice.Yourexcuseisirrefutable,andYourwords areundeniable.ToYouIhaveresortedandsoughtprotectionfromtheblowsonknots(magic), andthewatchesoftheatheistswhodenyYourattributes,harmYourguardians,supportonkilling Yourprophetsandchoices,intendtoputoutYourlight,denyYourmessengers,resistYoursigns, takeguardiansotherthanYouandYourguardians,andworshiptheiridolsinsteadofYou,butYou favorYourguardianswithYourgreatblessings,generouslygivethemYourbounties,endowthem withthebestofYourrewardtosavethemfromresistingtheprophetsandfromthewaysof deviation,andrespondtothemwhentheycarryoutthecovenants,andsotheturninghearts submittoYouwithagreements.OAllah,IaskYoubyYourname [1]Theemergencyofnewcircumstanceswhichcauseachangeinanearlierdivineruling. [2]MuhajadDaawat,alMisbah. (54) whichtheheavensandtheearthhavesubmittedto,andbywhichYouenliventhedeadofthings, makealivebeingsdie,gathereveryseparated,separateeverygathered,perfectthewords,show greatsigns,assisttherepentants,anddelaytheactsofthecorruptiveandmaketheirdeeds vaintohaveblessingsonMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandmakemyShia (followers)fromthosewhohavebeenchargedandtheybelieved,andbeeninterrogatedandthey spokewhilesafeandtrusted. OAllah,IaskYouforthemthesuccessofthepeopleofguidance,thedeedsofthepeopleof certainty,theloyaltyofthepeopleofrepentance,thedeterminationofthepeopleofinsight,the Godfearingofthepeopleofpiety,theconcealmentofthetruthfuluntilthey,OmyLord,fearYou withfearthatpreventsthemfromYourdisobediencessothattheyobeyYoutogetYourdignity, anduntiltheybecomeloyaltoYouandforYouforfearofYou,anduntiltheybecomesincereto YouinrepentancesothatYougivethemYourlovewhichYouhavenecessitatedforrepentants, anduntiltheyrelyonYouinalltheiraffairsoutoftheirgoodwilltowardsYou,anduntilthey entrusttheiraffairstoYououtoftheirtrustinYou. OAllah,YourobedienceisnotobtainedexceptthroughYourreconciliation,andnodegreefrom

thedegreesofgoodnessisobtainedexceptbyYou.OAllah,theMasteroftheDayofJudgment, theAwareofthesecretshiddeninthechestsofpeople,purifytheearthfromtheimpurityofthe peopleofpolytheism,andsilencetheliarsfromfabricatingliesagainstYourmessenger! OAllah,perishtyrants,snapslanderers,anddestroyfabricatorswho,whentheversesofthe Beneficentarerecitedbeforethem,say:fablesoftheancients.OAllah,carryoutYourpromiseto me,andhastenthedeliveranceofeverysuppliantseeker;Youareeverwatchful!IseekYour protectionfromeverydubiosity,andfromeveryheartthatislockedupawayfromknowingYou, andfromasoulthatdisbelievesifitisdistressed,andfromonewhospeaksaboutjusticewhilehis deedsareoppositetojustice,andfromone (55) whoseeksthetruthwhileheisfarawayfromtruequalities,andfromonewhogainsfamewhile heisloweredinhisfame,andfromafacewhich,inspiteofsuccessiveblessings,isgloomy.Iseek Yourprotectionfromallthatandeverythinglikeit,YouareKnowing,Wise. HissupplicationaftertheFajrPrayer OYou,thegreaterthaneverygreat,Whohavenopartnerandnovizier,OYou,theCreatorof thesunandthelightingmoon,thesheltertotheresortingfearful,theLiberatoroftiedcaptives, thenourisherofyoungbabies,thesetterofbrokenbones,theMercifultotheold,thelightof light,theManagerofaffairs,theResurrectorofthoseingraves,theHealerofchests,theMakerof shadowandhot,theAwareofallinchests,theRevealeroftheBook,light,thegreatQur'an,and theBookofPsalms,OYou,Whomangelsglorifyinthemorningandnight,OYou,thePermanent andEternal,theBringerforthofplantsintheearlymorningandafternoon,theEnlivenerofthe dead,theResurrectorofdecayedbones,theHearerofsounds,theEverlasting,theDresserof bonesthatdecayafterdeath!OYou,Whomnothingdistractsfromanyotherthing,Whodonot changefromastatetoanother,Whodonotneedtomoveoradvance,Whomnoaffairprevents fromanyotheraffair,Whocancelforcharityandsupplicationwhathasbeendeterminedand affirmedintheHeavenofbadjudgment,Whomnoplacecanincludeorencompass,Whoput remedyinwhatYoulikeofthings,Whokeepalivefromseriousdiseasewiththeleastof nourishment,Whoremovebytheleastofremedytheworstofdiseases,OYou,Whoifpromise, carryout,ifthreaten,pardon,OYou,Whopossesstheneedsofrequesters,Whoknowwhatis

thereinsidetheconsciencesofthesilent,OYou,theMostMagnificent,theGenerousin pardoning,OYou,Whohaveafacethatdoesneverbecomeold,Whohaveinfinitesovereignty, Whohaveinextinguishablelight,Whosethroneisovereverything,Whoseauthorityisoverthe landandthesea,WhosewrathisintheHell,WhosemercyisintheParadise,Whosepromisesare true,Whose (56) favorsareuncountable,Whosemercyiswide,OYou,theHelperofthecallersforhelp,the Respondertothecallofthecompelled,OYou,WhoareinthehighviewandYourcreationisin thelowview,OYou,theLordofthemortalsouls,theLordofthewornbodies,themost perceptiveofseers,themosthearingofhearers,thepromptestofaccounters,thewisestof judges,theMostMercifulofthemerciful,theGiverofgifts,theReleaserofcaptives,theLordof glory,theOneofpietyandforgiveness,OYou,Whoselimitcannotbeperceived,Whosenumber cannotbecounted,Whoseaiddoesnotcease,Ibearwitness,andthewitnesstomeishonorand supply,andfrommeobedienceandsubmission,andbywhichIhopedeliveranceonthedayof sighandregret,thatYouareAllah;thereisnogodbutYoualonewithnopartner,andthat MuhammadisYourslaveandmessenger,Yourblessingbeonhimandonhisprogeny,andthathe hasinformedandcarriedoutonbehalfofYouwhatwashisdutytoYou,andthatYoualways create,providewithlivelihood,give,deny,exalt,humble,enrich,impoverish,disappoint,help, pardon,showmercy,forgive,overlookwhatYouknow,donotwrong,straiten,enlarge,omit,fix, initiate,reproduce,enlivenandmakedie;havemercyonMuhammadandtheprogenyof MuhammadandguidemefromYou,givemefromYourfavor,spreadonmefromYourmercy, andsenddowntomefromYourblessings,forYouoftenhaveaccustomedmetogoodandfavor, givenmetoomuch,anduncoveredmyuglydeeds. OAllah,haveblessingsonMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandhastenmy deliverance,forgivemyslips,pitymyloneliness,takemetothebestofYourworships,giftme withhealthinessfrommyillness,plentyofmysupplies,inclusivesoundnessinmybody,insightin myreligion,andhelpmetoaskyouforforgivenessbeforedeathcomesandhopingstops,and helpmebeardeathanditsdistress,graveanditsloneliness,thescalesandtheirlightness,the sirat[1]anditsslip,theDayof [1]SiratmeanswayorpathbutintheIslamicterminologyitmeansthe (57)

Resurrectionanditsterror.IaskYoufortheacceptanceofdeedsbeforedeath,andaskYoufor strengthinmyhearingandsightforthedoingofthebestofthatYouhavetaughtandmademe understand.YouaretheloftyLordandIamthehumbleslave,andhowgreatdifferencethereis betweenus.OYou,Compassionate,Benefactor,ofGloryandHonor,haveblessingson MuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadthegood,thepure![1] HissupplicationaftertheAsr[2]Prayer OYou,Whohaveraisedhighandbeengreat,overcomeandbeenmighty,beenmightyand overcome,OYou,WhohasbeenmightyandsobeengreatinHismight,OYou,Whohavespread shadowoverhiscreation,WhohaveendowedHispeoplewithfavor,IaskYou,OYouMightyof retribution,WhoavengewithHismightonpeopleofatheism,IaskYoubytherightofYour guardianAlibinAbuTalibandImakehimthemeansbetweenYouandmyneeds,tohavemercy onMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandtohelpmesatisfymyneeds,performmy nafilas(Supererogatoryprayers)andobligationsandbepioustomybrothers,andperfectinYour obedience,OYou,theMostMercifulofthemerciful.[3] Therespondingtohissupplications OneofthecharismataofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasthesoonresponseofAllahtohissupplications becauseofthehighpositionheandhisfathershadnearAllah.Historiansmentionedmany examplesonthismatter. 1.AlMansurnarratedthathisfathersunclesaid,Once,IwenttoImamAlialHadiandsaidto him,Omymaster,thisman(hemeantalMutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph)hasturnedhisbackto meandstoppedmysalary,andthisisbecauseheknowsIhave bridgethatdominatestheHell. [1]AlMisbahbyalKafami,BiharalAnwar. [2]Afternoon. [3]AlMisbahbyalKafami. (58) kepttoyou.HeaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)tointercedeforhimwithalMutawakkil.ImamalHadi (a.s.)saidtohim,Youshallbesatisfiedinshallah.Inthenight,themessengersofalMutawakkil cametothemanandhehastenedwiththemtothecaliph.Whenhegottothepalace,alFat~h thedoorkeeperscoldedhimforhisdelayandallowedhimtogointoalMutawakkil.Thecaliph receivedhimwithsmilessayingtohim,OAbuMusa,whatmadeyoubebusyandforgetus?Do

youneedanythingfromme? Themanaskedforwhatheneededandforhissalarythatwasstopped.AlMutawakkilordered himtobegivenmorethanwhathewanted.Themanleftdelightedly.HesawalFat~hatthedoor andsaidtohim,DidAlibinMuhammad(ImamalHadi)comehere? AlFat~hsaid,No. Themansaid,Didhesendabook? Thedoorkeepersaid,No. ThemanleftandalFat~hfollowedhimsaying,Ihavenodoubtthatyouhaveaskedhim(the imam)toprayforyou.Please,askhimtoprayforme! ThemanwenttoImamalHadi(a.s.),andwhenhehadthehonorofbeingbeforehim,Imamal Hadi(a.s.)saidtohim,OAbuMusa,Iseesatisfactiononyourface. Themansaidsubmissively,Itisbyyourblessing,mymaster.But,itwassaidtomethatyou neitherwenttohim(toalMutawakkil)nordidyouaskhimforanything. ImamalHadi(a.s.)smiledandsaid,AllahtheAlmightyhasknownfromusthatwedonotresort inseriousmattersexcepttoHim,anddonotrelyinmisfortunesexceptonHim.Hehas accustomedustoHisresponsewheneverweaskHimforsomething,andwefearthatifwe change,Healsowillchangewithus (59) ThemanunderstoodthatImamalHadi(a.s.)hadprayedAllahforhiminloneliness.Hesaidto ImamalHadi(a.s.),Omymaster,alFat~hasksyoutoprayforhim. ImamalHadi(a.s.)didnotrespondandsaid,AlFat~hbelievesinusoutwardlyandavoidsus inwardly.WeprayforhimifheisloyaltoAllah,believesinthemessengerofAllah(peacebeon himandonhisprogeny),andacknowledgesourrights,wetheAhlulBayt(s). Theinfallibleimams(a.s.)prayedAllahforpurepersonswhobelievedinAllah,Hismessenger,and therightoftheAhlulBayt(s).Theydidnotprayforthosewhodonotbelieve.

ThemanaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)toteachhimasupplication(dua)thatwouldbenefithimand ImamalHadi(a.s.)guidedhimtothefollowingdua: OYou,mysupply,myhopeandreliance,myresortandsupport,OYouOneandUnique,OYou, Whosay:He,Allah,isOne,OAllah,IaskYoubythosewhomYouhavenotcreatedlikethemin Yourcreation,tohaveblessingonthemandthenyouaskforyourneed.[1] 2.TherewasamaninIsfahan(inIran)calledAbdurrahmanwhohadembracedShiismand believedintheimamateofImamalHadi(a.s.).Abdurrahmanwasaskedaboutthereasonbehind thatandhesaid,Iwaspoor,butbraveandeloquent.I,withagroupfromthepeopleofmytown, wenttoalMutawakkiltocomplain.WhenwearrivedinSurraManRaa,wewenttohispalace. WhilewewerewaitingatthedoorofalMutawakkil,anorderwasissuedfromthepalacetobring AlibinMuhammadbinarRedha(a.s.).Iaskedabouthimanditwassaidtomethathewasan Alawidman,whomtheRafidha(theShia)believedinastheirimam.ItwassaidthatalMutawakkil mightorderhimtobekilled.Isaidtomyself,IdonotleavemyplaceuntilIseehim.Iwaitedno long [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.129,alAmalibyasSaduq. (60) whenImamalHadi(a.s.)cameridingasumpter.Peoplestoodupglorifyingandhonoringhim. WhenIsawhim,Ilovedhim.IbeganprayingAllahtokeephimsafefromtheplottingofal Mutawakkil.ImamalHadi(a.s.)caughtsightofme.Hecametowardsme,andsaid,Allahhas respondedtoyourprayer.Hewillprolongyourageandincreaseyourwealthandchildren. ItrembledbecauseheknewwhatwasinmymindandwhatIintended.Wecameintoal Mutawakkil,carriedoutouraffairsandthenIlefttoIsfahan.Allahendowedmewithgreatwealth thatIhadnotevendreamedof.NowIhaveonemilliondirhamsinmyhousebesidesthewealthI haveoutsidethehouse.IhavetensonsandIamnowmorethanseventyyearsold.[1]Allthatwas duetotheblessingoftheduaofImamalHadi(a.s.). 3.AlibinJafarwasoneofthedeputiesofImamalHadi(a.s.).Oneday,hewasbetrayednearal Mutawakkilwhothrewhiminprison.Heremainedinprisonforalongtimeandhecouldnotbear longer.Therefore,heaskedanagentoftheAbbasidgovernmenttointercedeforhimtobeset freeandhewouldgivehimthreethousanddinarsforthat.TheagentwenttoUbaydillah,who hadagoodpositionnearalMutawakkil,andaskedhimtointercedewithalMutawakkilforAlibin Jafar.UbaydillahrespondedtohimandintercededwithalMutawakkiltosetAlibinJafarfree, butalMutawakkilrefusedandsaidtohim,IfIdoubtedyou,IwouldsayyouareaRafidhi(Shia).

ThisisadeputyofAbulHasanalHadiandIhavedeterminedtokillhim. Ubaydillahregrettedhisintercessionandtoldhisfriend(theagent)thatalMutawakkilhad determinedtokillAlibinJafarandtherewasnochanceforsettinghimfree.AlibinJafarbecame sodistressedandwrotealettertoImamalHadi(a.s.)sayingtohim,Omymaster,pleasedo somethingforme!IfearImaylosemyfaith.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohim,Sincethematter hasreachedthispointwithyou,IwillprayAllahforyou. [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.132. (61) AlMutawakkilbecameseriouslyillandhisfeverincreased,andsoheorderedhismentosetfree allprisonersandgaveaspecialordertosetAlibinJafarfree.AlMutawakkilorderedUbaydillah tosetAlifreeandtobeghimtoforgivehim(alMutawakkil)whathehaddonetohim.Aliwasset freeandwenttoliveinMeccaasImamalHadi(a.s.)hadorderedhim.[1] 4.AhmadbinalKhasibhatedImamalHadi(a.s.).Heinsistedontheimamtogivehimhishouse withnoprice.ImamalHadi(a.s.)becamesoangryandsaidtohim,IwillprayAllahthatnothing fromyoushallremain. ItwasnolongafterthatwhenthewrathofAllahafflictedAhmadandheperished.[2] ThesearesomeexampleshistorianshavementionedonAllahsrespondingtotheprayersof ImamalHadi(a.s.).Itisdefinitethattheresponsetoprayersisnotmansdoingbutitisbythewill ofAllahWhorespondstotheprayerofwhomeverHelikesofHispeople.Thereisnodoubtthat theinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)hadaveryhighpositionnearAllahbecausethey devotedthemselvestoHimasfarasloyaltyhadmeaningandobeyedHiminthefullsenseof obedience,andtherefore,Allahrespondedtotheirprayersimmediatelyandmadetheirholy shrinesfromamongtheplaceswhereprayersarerespondedto. [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.13p.142. [2]Ibid.,vol.13p.132. Hisknowledgeandsciences

AllahhaddilatedthechestofImamalHadi(a.s.)forknowledgeandexpandedhisheartfor sciences.Secretsoffactsandobscuritiesofthingswereuncoveredforhimwithnorequestor effort.Peopletalkedaboutthevastknowledgehehadthatnooneatallwasequaltohiminhis amazing,scientifictreasureswhichcoveredallsciencesofHadith,jurisprudence,philosophy, theology,andotherbranchesofknowledge. Scholarsandjurisprudentsoftenreferredtohisopinionincomplicatedandmysteriousquestions ontheverdictsoftheIslamicSharia.AlMutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph,whowasthebitterest enemyofImamalHadi(a.s.)andofhisfathers,referredtotheopinionofImamalHadi(a.s.)in thequestionswhichtheulamaofhisagedisagreedonandhepreferredtheopinionofImamal Hadi(a.s.)totheopinionsoftherestofulama.Weshalldiscussthispointinthecomingchapters. Anyhow,weshalltalkinbriefabouttheknowledgeandsciencestransmittedfromhimandhis maximsandliteraturesthatdealtwithdifferenteducationalandsocialmatters. (64) Hadith ThetraditionstransmittedfromtheProphet(a.s.)andtheinfallibleimamsofhisprogenywere notlimitedtolegalverdictsandreligiousquestions,buttheyincludedallsidesoflife.Theyhad establishedthebasesofmorals,disciplines,goodbehaviors,andotherintellectualandsocial issues. ManytraditionsweretransmittedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)thatsomeofthemwerenarratedfrom theProphet(a.s.)andsomewerenarratedfromhisinfalliblefathers(a.s.). HistraditionsfromtheProphet(a.s.) ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedagroupoftraditionsfromhisfatherswhonarratedthemonebyone fromtheProphet(a.s.).Herearesomeofthem: 1.AlMasoudisaid,MuhammadbinalFarajtoldmeinJirjanthatAbuDuamahsaid,Ivisited AlibinMuhammadbinAlibinMusaduringhisillnessthatledtohisdeathandwhenIwantedto leave,hesaidtome,OAbuDuamah,youhavearightonme.DoItellyouatraditionthatshall delightyou?Isaidtohim,IaminutmostneedofthatOsonofthemessengerofAllah. Hesaid,MyfatherMuhammadbinAlitoldmefromhisfatherAlibinMusabinJafarfromhis fatherJafarbinMuhammadfromMuhammadbinAlifromAlibinalHusaynfromalHusaynbin AlifromhisfatherAlibinAbuTalibthatthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)saidtohim,Writedown!Ali

said,WhatshallIwritedown?ThemessengerofAllah(a.s.)said,Writedown:Inthenameof Allah,theBeneficent,theMerciful.Faithisthatwhichheartsacknowledgeanddeedsprove,and Islamisthatwhichtongueswitnessandmarriagebecomeslawfulwith. AbuDuamahsaid,OsonofthemessengerofAllah,Idonotknowwhichofthemisbetter;the traditionorthenarrators!AlialHadi(a.s.)said,ItisabookwrittendownbythehandofAli (65) binAbuTalibandthedictationofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)thatweinheritonefromthe other[1] ThistraditionshowsthedifferencebetweenfaithandIslam(beingaMuslim).Faithistosettle insidethesoulandthedeepofheartandtobeprovedthroughgooddeeds,butIslam(beingor turningaMuslim)istowitnesstheonenessofAllahandtheprophethoodofMuhammad(a.s.) andconsequentlymarriagebecomeslawfulbesidesotherpositiveordersthatrequirebeinga Musliminordertobeachieved. 2.AlHasanbinAlinarratedfromAbulHasanalHadifromhisfathersthatAmeerulMomininsaid, Once,IheardthemessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)say,Whenpeople willberesurrectedontheDayofResurrection,acallerwillcallme:OmessengerofAllah,Allah haspermittedyoutorewardyourloversandtheloversofyourhousehold(progeny)whohave followedthemforthesakeofyouandbeenopponenttotheirenemiesforthesakeofyou.You canrewardthemasyoulike.Ishallsay,OmyLord,Paradise!Youputtheminwhateverpartofit Youlike.ThisisthepraisedestateYouhavepromisedof.[2] 3.AbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthattheProphet(a.s.)said,LoveAllahfor theblessingsHegivesyou,andlovemefortheloveofAllah,andlovemyhouseholdformy love![3] 4.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthattheProphet(a.s.)said,OntheDayof ResurrectionIwillbeintercessorforfourones;theloversofmyprogeny,onewhofollowsthem, onewhoshowsenmityagainsttheirenemies,onewhocarriesouttheirneeds,andonewho relievestheirdistresses[4] [1]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.114. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.3. [3]AlAmalibySheikhatToosi. [4]Ibid.

(66) TheProphet(a.s.)stressedonlovinghispureprogenyandmadethisloveasanobligationon everyMuslimmanandMuslimwoman,becauselovingandfollowingthemwouldprotectthe nationfromdisagreement,separation,deviationandseditions. 5.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthattheProphet(a.s.)said,AllahtheAlmighty says:OsonofAdam,youarenotfairtoMe.IendearMyselftoyouthroughblessingsandyou makeyourselfhatedthroughsins.MygoodcomesdowntoyouandyourevilcomesuptoMe. EverydayandnightahonorableangelcomestoMebringinguglydeedsfromyou.OsonofAdam, ifyouhearyourdescriptionfromotherthanyouwhileyoudonotknowwhothedescribedoneis, youwillsoonhatehim[1] ThetraditioninvitespeopletodogooddeedsandavoidsthedeedsthatAllahhates,because everydeedgoesuptoAllah.Allahhassaid,(ToHimdoascendthegoodwords;andthegood deeds)[2]andHerewardsHispeopleduetotheirdeedsintheworldlylife. 6.ImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthattheProphet(a.s.)said,My daughterwasnamedFatimabecauseAllahtheAlmightyhasweaned[3]herandwhoeverloves herfromFire[4] 7.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersfromhisgrandfatherImamalBaqir(a.s.)thatJabir binAbdullahalAnsarisaid,OnceIwaswiththeProphet(a.s.).IwasathissideandAliAmeerul MomininattheothersidewhenUmarbinalKhattabcamedrawingsomemanfromthecollars. TheProphet(a.s.)askedUmar,Whatisthematterwiththisman?Umarsaid,Henarratedthat youhadsaid:He,whosaysthereisnogodbutAllahandMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah willbein [1]AlAmalibySheikhatToosi. [2]Qur'an,35:10. [3]InArabicfatamameansweaned. [4]BiharalAnwar,vol.10. (67) Paradise.Ifpeoplehearthis,theywillgiveupgooddeeds.Haveyousaidthis?TheProphet(a.s.)

said,Yes,iftheykeeptotheloveandguardianshipofthisman.HepointedtoImamAli(peacebe uponhim).[1] 8.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersfromhisgrandfatherImamAli(a.s.)thatthe Prophet(a.s.)said,OAli,AllahhascreatedmeandyoufromHislightwhenHecreatedAdamand putthatlightintoAdam.ThislightreachedtoAbdulMuttalibandthenitdividedandsoIwasin AbdullahandyouwereinAbuTalib.Prophethooddoesnotfitotherthanmeandguardianship doesnotfitotherthanyou.Whoeverdeniesyourguardianshipdeniesmyprophethoodand whoeverdeniesmyprophethoodAllahwillthrowhimdownonhisnoseintoFire[2] AllahcreatedProphetMuhammad(a.s.)andhisguardianImamAli(a.s.)fromonelightandthen theyilluminatedintellectualandsociallifeandliberatedtheearthfromidolatryandsuperstitions ofthepreIslamicera.Theywerebutoneself.WhoeverdeniedtheguardianshipofImamAli(a.s.) deniedtheprophethoodofProphetMuhammad(a.s.)andwillhavenoshareintheafterlifeand willbeamonglosers. 9.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthattheProphet(a.s.)hadsaidtoImamAli(a.s.), OAli,he,wholovesyou,lovesme,andhe,whohatesyou,hatesme. TherearemanyprophetictraditionsdeclaringthatthelovetoImamAli(a.s.)isoutoftheloveto theProphet(a.s.)andthehatredtowardsImamAli(a.s.)isoutofthehatredtotheProphet(a.s.) becauseImamAli(a.s.)wastheveryselfoftheProphet(a.s.),thegateofthetownofhis knowledge,thefatherofhistwograndsons,andhisdefenderinallsituationsandbattles. [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.8. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.9. (68) 10.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersfromhisgrandfatherAmeerulMominin(a.s.) thattheProphet(a.s.)said,He,wholikestomeetAllah(ontheDayofResurrection)safe, purified,andwithoutfearingthegreathorror,lethimfollowyouOAli,andfollowyourtwosons alHasanandalHusayn,and(yourgrandsons)AlibinalHusayn,MuhammadbinAli,Jafarbin Muhammad,MusabinJafar,AlibinMusa,MuhammadbinAli,AlibinMuhammad,alHasanbin Ali,andalMahdithelastofthem.OAli,attheendoftimetherewillbeagroupofpeople followingyouwherepeoplewillhatethembutiftheylovethemitwillbebetterforthemifthey know.They(thatgroup)willpreferyoutotheirfathers,mothers,brothers,tribes,andall relatives.ThebestblessingsofAllahbeonthem.Thosepeoplewillberesurrectedunderthe bannerofHamd(praise).Allahwillforgivetheirbaddeedsandexalttheirpositionsasrewardfor

whattheyhavedone.[1] 11.HenarratedthattheProphet(a.s.)said,People(afterdeath)areoftwokinds;onewillrest andtheotherwillrelieve(others).One,whowillrest,isabeliever.Hewillbefreefromthisworld withallitstroublesandwillgotothemercyofAllahandHisgreatreward.Asfortheone,whowill relieve,isadissolute.People,animals,andtreeswillberelievedfromhimandhewillgotowhat hehasdone.[2] HisnarrationsfromAmeerulMominin ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedagoodcollectionofmaximsandsayingsfromhisgrandfather AmeerulMo'minin,thepioneerofwisdomandjusticeintheearth.Herearesomeofthem: 1.HenarratedthatAmeerulMo'mininImamAli(a.s.)said,Bewareofwishesbecausetheyare fromthewaresofdissolutes.[3] [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.9. [2]AlAmalibyatToosi. [3]Ibid. (69) Islamresistsallmeansthatleadtobackwardnessanddeterioration.Amongthesemeansisthe relyingonwishingandgivingupworkandlaborwhichmeansthestopofprogressand developmentinlife. 2.HenarratedthatAmeerulMo'mininsaid,He,whobusieshimselfthinkingoftheafterlife,will berichwithnomoney,feelateasewithnofamily,andfeelmightywithnofellows.[1] One,whocaresfortheaffairsoftheafterlife,willberichwithhispietyandreligiousness,willbe happybecausehesatisfieshisconsciencethroughassociatingwithhisCreator,andwillbe respectableandhonorableamongpeoplebyhisbenevolenceandpiety. 3.HenarratedthatAmeerulMo'mininsaid,Knowledgeisaworthyinheritance,moralsare gracefulgarments,ponderingisaclearmirror,andtakinglessonsisasincerewarner.Itsuffices youtohavegoodmannersbygivingupwhatyouhatefromothers.[2] 4.HenarratedthatImamAli(a.s.)said,Whoeverfeelsconceitedwillperish.[3] 5.HenarratedfromAmeerulMo'mininhissaying,He,whoiscertainofrecompense(fromAllah),

willgivegenerously.[4] 6.ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Once,aJewcametoAmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)andsaidtohim,Tellme aboutthatwhichisnotofAllah,thatwhichAllahdoesnothave,andthatwhichAllahdoesnot know! ImamAli(a.s.)said,WhatAllahdoesnotknowisthatHedoesnotknow(accept)thatHehasa child.Thisrefutesyour(theJews)sayingthatUzayristhesonofAllah.Asforthatwhichis [1]AlAmalibyatToosi. [2]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.219. [3]WassailashShia,vol.1p.78. [4]Ibid.,vol.11p.523. (70) notofAllah,itisinjusticebecausethereisnoinjusticewithAllahagainstHispeople.Andasfor yoursayingaboutthatwhichAllahdoesnothave,itisthatAllahhasnopartner. TheJewwasastonishedandturnedMuslim.HedeclaredtheshahadaandthensaidtoImamAli (a.s.),Ibearwitnessthatyouarethetruth,fromthepeopleoftruth,andhavesaidthetruth.[1] ImamAliwasthegateofthetownoftheProphetsknowledge.Ifhewasgivenhisright(inthe caliphate),hewouldgiveverdictstothepeopleoftheBiblefromtheirBible,tothepeopleofthe Psalms(Zabur)fromtheirPsalms,andtothepeopleoftheTorahfromtheirTorah.Heoftensaid thatifthecaliphatehadcometohimafterthedeathoftheProphet(a.s.),everyJeworChristian wouldhaveturnedMuslimandfollowedthepathofthetruth. 7.ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthatamanfromIraqaskedImamAli(a.s.)when hewasmarching(withhisarmy)forthebattleofSiffeen,Tellusaboutourmarchingtofightthe peopleofSham![2]IsitbythefateofAllah? ImamAli(a.s.)said,Osheikh(oldman),yes,itis.ByAllah,youdonotmountacastleordescend intoavalleyunlessithasbeendeterminedbythefateofAllah. Themansaid,IexpecttherewardofmyeffortsfromAllahOAmeerulMo'minin. ImamAli(a.s.)explainedfatebysaying,Osheikh,wait!Youmaythinkitisinevitablefateand inescapabledoom!Ifitisso,thenrewardandpunishment,enjoiningandforbidding,scolding,

warningandthreateningwillbevoid,andabaddoerwillnottobeblamedandagooddoerwill notberewarded.Agooddoerwillbeworthierofbeingblamedthanaguiltyone,andaguiltyone willbeworthierofrewardthanagooddoer.Thisopinionisof [1]MaathiralKubara. [2]NowadaysDamascus.Butthen,ShamencompassedthepresentSyria,Jordan,Lebanonand Palestine. (71) idolaters,enemiesofAllah,fatalists,andthemagi.Osheikh,AllahtheAlmightyhaschargedHis peoplebuthasgiventhemtheoptiontodoornottodo,andforbiddenthemaswarning.Hegives muchforalittle.HeisnotdisobeyedoutofdefeatandHeisnotobeyedbyforce.Hehasnot createdtheheavens,theearth,andwhatisbetweentheminvain.Thatistheopinionofthose whodisbelieve,andwoeuntothosewhodisbelievefromtheFire ThemangotuprecitingsomeversesofpoetryinwhichhepraisedImamAli(a.s.)andshowedhis satisfactiontowhatImamAlisaid.[1] Weshalldiscussindetailthesubjectoffateinthefollowingchapterinshallah. 8.HenarratedthatImamAli(a.s.)said,Manyaretheythoseinattentivepeoplewhomayweavea dresstowearbutitistheirshroud,andbuildahousetoliveinbutitistheplaceoftheirgrave.[2] HisnarrationsfromImamalBaqir HenarratedfromhisgrandfatherImamMuhammadalBaqir(a.s.)hissaying,Bewareofthe physiognomyofabelieverbecauseheseesbythelightofAllah.Thenherecitedthisverse,(Lo! thereinverilyareportentsforthosewhoreadthesigns).[3] HisnarrationsfromImamasSadiq ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedmanytraditionsfromhisgrandfatherImamasSadiq(a.s.).Hereare someofthem: 1.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,Therearethreeprayersthatarenotblockedfrom AllahtheAlmighty;theprayerofafatherforhischildifheisdutifultohimoragainsthischild [1]AtTawhid,p.380381. [2]UyoonAkhbararRedha. [3]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.220.

(72) ifheisundutifultohim,theprayerofanoppressedoneagainsthisoppressororforhis (oppressedones)supporter,andtheprayerofabelieverforhisbelievingbrotherifhecomforts himoragainsthimifhedoesnot,whenheisabletodothat(tocomforthim)[1] 2.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,Keeptopietybecauseitistheessenceofreligion whichyoukeeptoandbelieveinAllahthroughit.ItisthatwhichAllahwantsfromthosewho followus.[2] 3.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,He,whodoesnotpracticetaqiyya(dissimulation)to keepussafefromthevillainsofpeople,isnotfromus.[3] Theinfallibleimams(a.s.)urgedtheirfollowerstoactduetotaqiyyahtosparetheirbloodsfrom thetyrannicalgovernmentswhokilledtheShiawithnobitofmercy.Iftaqiyyahhadnotbeen legislated,nooneoftheShiaandloversoftheAhlulBayt(s)wouldhaveremainedalive. 4.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,Therearethreetimesatwhichduaisnotblocked fromAllahtheAlmighty;theduaaftertheobligatoryprayers,theduaduringthefallingofrain, andtheduawhenoneofthesignsofAllahappearsinHisearth.[4] AllahtheAlmightylikestobesupplicatedatthesetimesandHehaspromisedtorespondtoHis suppliantsasHealsorespondstosupplicationintheholyshrinesoftheinfallibleimams. 5.Hesaid,Once,amancametoImamasSadiq(a.s.)andsaidtohim,Ihavebeenboredwith thislife.WouldyoupleaseaskAllahfordeathtome?ImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,Thepriceoflifeis to [1]MaathiralKubara,WassailashShia,vol.4p.163. [2]AlAmalibyatToosi. [3]WassailashShia,vol.11p.466. [4]AlAmalibyatToosi. (73) obeyandnottodisobey.Ifyoulivelongtoobey,isbettertoyouthantodieandneitherto disobeynortoobey.

6.Hesaid,ImamasSadiq(a.s.)wasaskedtodescribedeathandhesaid,Forthefaithfuldeathis sweeterthanbreezethatafaithfulsmellsandrefresheswithitandallfatigueandpainend,and fortheunbelieversitislikethestingingofsnakesandscorpionsorbitterer.Itwassaidtohim, Somepeoplesaythatdeathisbittererthansawing,cuttingwithscissors,stoning,andturningof millstonesonthepupilsofeyes.ImamasSadiq(a.s.)said,Yes,itissoforsomeunbelieversand sinners.Doyounotseethatsomeofthemsuffertheseseverities?Whattheywillmeetafterthat willbemuchseverer.Itisthetormentoftheafterlifewhichwillbemuchsevererthanthe tormentinthislife.Itwassaidtohim,Then,whydoweseesomeunbelieversdieeasilywhile talkingandlaughing,andsomebelieverstoo,andweseesomebelieversandunbelieverssuffer muchwhendying?ImamAsSadiq(a.s.)said,Theeasydeathofabelieverisasoonrewardfor him,andwhenhesuffersatdeath,heispurifiedfromhissinsinordertobepureandthento deservetheeternalrewardintheafterlife.Theeasydeathofsomeunbelieversisthattheyare giventherewardoftheirgooddeedsinthisworldandintheafterworldtheywillhavetorment. Andifsomeunbelieverssufferatdeath,itisthebeginningofthetormentofAllahonthem.Allah isjustandHedoesnotwrong.[1] 7.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)explainedthesayingofProphetJacob(a.s.)Comely patience!bysaying,Itisthepatiencethatoneundergoeswithoutcomplaining.[2] 8.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)interpretedthisQuranicverse(Theirsidesdrawaway from(their)beds)[3]bysaying, [1]UyonAkhbararRedha. [2]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.228. [3]Qur'an,23:16. (74) TheydidnotsleepuntiltheyoffertheIsha(evening)prayer.[1] 9.HenarratedthatImamasSadiq(a.s.)saidininterpretingthisQuranicverse(Wewillmost certainlymakehimliveahappylife),[2]Itmeanssatisfaction. HisnarrationsfromImamMusabinJafar ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisfathersthathisgrandfatherImamMusabinJafaralKadhim (a.s.)said,Allahcreatedthecreationandknewwhattheywouldbe.Heenjoinedthemtodo somethingsandforbadethemfromdoingsomeotherthings.HegavethemawaytodowhatHe enjoinedthemtodoandgavethemawaytorefrainfromwhatHeforbadethemfrom.Heforced

nooneofHiscreationtodisobeybutHetriedthemwithmisfortunesasHehadsaid,(Hemaytry you;whichofyouisbestindeeds).[3] Inthistradition,ImamalKadhim(a.s.)refutedtheconceptofcompulsionwhichweshalldiscuss inoneofthecomingchapters. HisnarrationsfromImamarRedha ImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)narratedfromhisgrandfatherImamAlibinMusaarRedha(a.s.) thatonedayAbuHanifahwaswithImamJafarasSadiq(a.s.)andwhenhewentout,hemet ImamMusaBinJafaralKadhim(a.s.)andaskedhim,Oboy,fromwhomdoesdisobedience come? ImamMusaalKadhim(a.s.)replied,Itisoneofthree;iteithercomesfromAllahtheAlmighty andcertainlynotanditdoesnotbehoovetheGenerousLordtopunishHisslaveforsomething hedoesnotdo,orfromAllahandmananditdoesnotanditdoesnotbehoovethemighty partnertooppresstheweakpartner,orfrommananditdoesandifAllahpunisheshim,itwill befor [1]AlAmalibyatToosi. [2]Qur'an,16:97. [3]Qur'an,67:2. (75) hisguilt,andifHeforgiveshim,itwillbeoutofHisgenerosityandmunificence.[1] Inthistraditiontheimam(a.s.)refutedtheconceptofcompulsionandshowedthatmanisfree inthislife.Heisforcedneithertoobeynortodisobey.Hiswillmakeshimfreetochoosewhatever helikes. ReferringobscuretraditionstotheAhlulBayt ImamalHadi(a.s.)orderedhisfollowerstobecertainaboutthetraditionsnarratedfromthe infallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s).Iftheywerecertainthatthosetraditionshadcomefromthe infallibleimamsandtheyunderstoodtheircontents,theyshouldactaccordingtothem; otherwise,theyshouldreferthemtotheimamstoverifyandexplainthem. Once,DawudbinFarqadalFarisisaidinaletterhesenttoImamalHadi(a.s.),Weaskyouabout theknowledgetransmittedtousfromyourfathersandgrandfathers.Thereissomecontradiction inthem.Howdoweactduetothemwiththiscontradiction?

ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohim,Ifyouarecertainitisoursaying,youactuponit,otherwise, youreferittous.[2]HeorderedhisfollowerstorefersuchtraditionstotheimamsoftheAhlul Bayt(s)sothattheywouldshowwhethertheyweretheirsorfabricated. Contradictorytraditions AlHimyariwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)askingaboutcontradictorytraditionsandhowtoactupon them.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohim,He,whoclingstotheheadofaspring,hisaffairswillnot beconfusedbecausetheycomeoutwhiteandpure.ImamalHadi(a.s.)meantthatwhoever associatedwiththeimamnothingwouldbeconfusedtohimbecausehewouldtake [1]AtTawhid,p.96. [2]BasairadDarajat. (76) factsfromtheiroriginandsource. WhenalHimyarireadthisreply,hewrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.),Howcanwegettheheadandit isblockedbetweenusandit(him)?AlHimyarimeantthattherewasnowayforpeopleto contactwithImamalHadi(a.s.)becauseofthepoliticalpressureandseverepunishmentthe governmentfollowedagainsttheShiawhocontactedwiththeinfallibleimams(a.s.). ImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Thetruthisavailableforwhoeversincerelyseeksit[1] Jurisprudence ImamalHadi(a.s.)paidtoomuchattentiontothespreadingoftheprinciplesoftheIslamic Sharia,theexplainingofitsverdicts,andtheteachingsofitssciences.Jurisprudentsandscholars gatheredaroundhimtakingfromthespringsofhisknowledgeandrecordinghistraditionsthat werefromthesourcesoftheIslamicrulingstotheTwelverShia. ImamalHadi(a.s.)wastheunequalledjurisprudentofhisagetoadegreethatevenal Mutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph,whowasoneofthebitterestenemiestotheAlawids,referredto himincomplicatedquestionsandpreferredhisfatwastotheotherjurisprudents.Herewe mentionsometraditionsofImamalHadi(a.s.)thatShiitejurisprudentsrefertoinderivinglegal verdicts; Washingthedead AhmadbinalQassimwrotealettertoImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)askingifabelieverdiedand

awasherwantedtowashthecorpse(performtheritualghuslofthedead)whilethereweresome Murjites[2]presentwhetherthewasherwouldwashthecorpseofthebelieverinthewaylikethe other(sectsof)Muslimsdidwithoutputtingaturbanonhisheadandwithoutputtinga [1]AdDuranNadhim(amanuscript). [2]OrMurjia:thenameofapoliticoreligiousmovementinearlyIslam. (77) palmbranchwithhimornot.ImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Heshouldperformtheghuslofbeliever eveniftheyarepresent.Asforthepalmbranch,itshouldbeputsecretlyandhe(thewasher) shouldtryhisbestnottoletthemseehimdothat.[1] Thistraditionshowedclearlythatadeadbelievershouldbewashedaccordingtothewayofthe AhlulBayt(s)payingnoattentiontotheMurjites.Italsoshowedtoputpalmbrancheswiththe corpsesecretlyduetotaqiyyah.Therearemanytraditionsabouttherecommendationofputting twogreenpalmbrancheswithadeadbeliever,otherwise,somebranchesoftreesotherthan palmtree.OneofthesetraditionsistheonenarratedbyAlibinBilalfromImamalHadi(a.s.),on whichjurisprudentsdependinderivingtheirfatwa.[2] Offeringtheprayerin(clothsof)fur Shiitejurisprudentsspecifycertainconditionsononesclothing,whenofferingtheprayer,forthe validityoftheprayersuchaspurityandnottobeillgotten.Theydependinthatontruetraditions transmittedfromtheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s). AlibinEesawrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)askingaboutthepermissibilityofofferingtheprayerwith clothsoffuroftheanimalswhosemeatisunlawfultoeat,andImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohim saying,Idonotlikeofferingtheprayerinanyofthesefurs.HewroteagaintoImamalHadi(a.s.) sayingthathelivedamongpeoplethathehadtopracticetaqiyyahwiththemandthatnoone couldtravelinhiscountrywithoutclothsoffur,andhefearedthathewouldbeharmedifheput offhisfurclothing.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohim,Youwearfuroffennecandbeaver.[3]This traditionpermittedofferingprayerwithclothsofthefuroffennecandbeaverwhenoneis obliged. [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.2p.737. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.2p.738,alHadaiqanNadhirah,vol.4p.41. [3]WassailashShia,vol.3p.254.

(78) Offeringtheprayerwithmanshair TherearemanytraditionsfromtheinfallibleImamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)showingthe impermissibilityofprayerwithfurofanimalswhosemeatisunlawfultoeatlikecatforexample. Ofcourse,thisdoesnotincludemanshair.Once,arRayyanbinasSaltaskedImamalHadi(a.s.) aboutthepermissibilityofofferingprayerwithagarmentonwhichsomehairornailofman hangedandImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtohimitwaspermissible.[1] Passingbeforeaprayer TwelverShiajurisprudentsbelievethatprayerisnotinvalidatedwhensomeonepassesinfrontof onewhoisofferingprayer.TheydependinthatonatraditionnarratedbyAbuSulaymanfrom ImamalHadi(a.s.)thatsomemanaskedhim(ImamalHadi)whetherprayerwouldbeinvalidif someonepassedinfrontofoneduringofferinghisprayerandImamalHadi(a.s.)said,No,prayer isnotsosimplyinvalidated.Itisacceptedfromitskeeper.[2] Offeringprayerinthedesert AlibinMahziyaraskedImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.),Ifsomeoneisinthedesertwhenthetime ofobligatoryprayercomesandhecannotcomeoutofthedesertbeforethetimeofprayer elapses,whatshouldhedowithhisprayersinceitisforbiddentoofferprayerinthedesert? ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Hecanofferprayerinthedesertbutheshouldavoidroads.[3]Itis unrecommendedtoofferprayerinthemiddleofroadswhetherarebusywithpeopleorempty, andifonetroublesthepassersbywhenofferingprayerinthemiddleofroads,prayerisunlawful inthiscase.[4] [1]WassailashShia,vol.3p.277. [2]Ibid.,vol.3p.334. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.3p.251. [4]AlLumah,vol.1p.223. (79) Prostratingonglass Shiajurisprudentshaveagreedthatprostrationinprayermustbeperformedontheearthorwhat isgrownfromtheearth.[1]Theyhavenotpermittedprostrationonthingswhichareeatableor wearableandtheyhaveprohibitedprostrationonglass.Theydependinallthatontraditions narratedfromtheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s). MuhammadbinalHusaynsaid,OneofourcompanionswrotealettertoImamAbulHasan(a.s.)

askingaboutprostratingonglass.Hesaid,WhenIsentmyletter,Ithoughtwithmyselfandsaid: it(glass)isfromthatwhichisgrownfromtheearthandIdidnothavetoaskaboutit.Imamal Hadi(a.s.)wrotetome,Donotofferprayeronglassevenifyourselfsaystoyouitisgrownfrom theearthbecauseitisfromsaltandsandwhicharechanged.[2] Aconsciousoneisnottoreofferprayer Jurisprudentssayamukallaf[3]mustnotbeunconsciouswhenprayersarerequiredfromhim.Ifa mukallafisunconsciousfromthebeginningofthetimeofchargingtotheend,heisnotcharged withprayersneitheradanorqadha.[4]Theydependonmanytraditionsoftheinfallibleimams (a.s.). AlibinMahziyaraskedImamalHadi(a.s.)abouttheunconsciousandhesaid,Anunconscious onehasneithertoofferqadhaprayernortoperformqadhafasting.Allahisworthierof pardoninghim.[5] [1]Thisespeciallyconcernstheplacewheretheforeheadisputduringprostration. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.4p.604. [3]Amukallafisonewhoisobligedtofulfillthereligiousduties. [4]Adaistoofferprayer(orotherobligations)atitsspecifiedtimeandqadhaistoofferprayer outofitsspecifiedtime. [5]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.5p.352. (80) AyyubbinNoahwrotetohimaskingaboutonewhowasunconsciousforadayoralittlemore whetherhehadtoofferqadhaprayersornot.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetohim,Hehastooffer neitherprayersnorfasting.[1] Offeringqasr[2]prayerinthetraveltoMecca TwelverShiajurisprudentsmakeconditionsonqasrprayersuchasthattravelisnottobeones joblikedriver,sailor,shepherdandthelike.Suchpersonsoffertamam(full)prayerintravel. Travelasajobdependsononeswillandpracticeoftravelatimeafteranotherinawaythat thereisnounusualbreakinit.Entrepreneurswhotakepilgrimstothehajjeveryyeararenot permittedtoofferfullprayerbuttheymustofferqasr(shortened)prayer.[3]

MuhammadbinJazzaksaid,IwrotetoAbulHasantheThird(ImamalHadi)thatIhadsome camelsandhademployeesonthem(totravelincaravans),butIdidnotgoexceptinthewayof Meccatoperformthehajjandonveryfewoccasionstosomeplaces.IaskedhimwhatIshoulddo whenIwentwiththem(theshepherds)whetherIshouldofferqasrprayerandbreakmyfastingin travelornot.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetome,Ifyoudonotkeeptothemanddonotgowith themineverytravelexcepttoMecca,youhavetoofferqasrprayerandtobreakfasting.[4] Khums Khums(onefifth)isoneoftheIslamictaxesthatIslamhasimposedtofightpoverty,spread culture,developintellect,andreviveIslamicsciences.Khumsisobligatoryontheprofitsoftrades, industries,andotherkindsofworkthataremorethanoneandhisfamilysexpenditureofone yearasitismentionedinthe [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.5p.352. [2]Qasristheshortenedformofprayer. [3]MinhajasSalihin,vol.1p.216217. [4]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.5p.518. (81) booksofjurisprudence.Jurisprudentsdependinthatonthetraditionstransmittedfromthe imamsoftheAhlulBayt(s). InalKafiithasbeenmentionedthatIbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadanisaid,IwrotetoAbul Hasan(alHadi)(a.s.)saying,AlibinMahziyarreadtomeyourfathersbookinwhichheimposed (ataxof)ahalfofthesixthontheownersofsmallvillagesafterdeductingthecosts,andone, whosevillageincomedoesnotcoverthecosts,doesnothavetopayahalfofthesixthoranything else.Somepeopledisagreedonthisandsaid,Thekhumsmustbepaidfromtheincomeof villagesafterdeductingthecostsofthevillageandthetaxtakenonitbythegovernmentandnot theexpenditureofoneandhisfamily.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotereplying,Afterdeductinghisand hisfamilysexpenditureandafterthetaxofthegovernment.[1] AlibinMahziyarnarratedthatAlibinMuhammadbinShujaanNaysaburisaidtoAbulHasanthe Third,Somemangotfromhisfarmonehundredkurrs[2]ofwheatwhichincludedzakat.The tenth,whichwastenkurrs,wastaken,thirtykurrswerespentonrepairingthefarm,andsixty kurrsremainedforhim.Whatmustbepaidtoyou(askhums)fromthat?...ImamalHadi(a.s.) wrote,Formeisthekhums(fifth)ofwhatremainsafterdeductinghis(theowners)expenditure (ofayear).[3]

Jurisprudentshavedependedonthesetraditionsinverdictingthatthekhumsisobligatoryon whateverremainsfromtheexpenditureofayear.Jurisprudentialbooksandpracticaltheseshave discussedthismatterindetails. [1]AlHadaiqanNadhirah,vol.12p.348. [2]Kurrisaunitofweight. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.123. (82) Zakat ZakatisoneoftheeffectiveprogramsIslamhasestablishedinitseconomicalsystem.Itisoneof thewonderfulmeansthatpluckouttherootsofpovertyandwretchednessinsociety.Imamal Hadi(a.s.)wasaskedaboutsomebranchesofzakatandhegaveanswerstothemwhere jurisprudentsdependedandstilldependoninderivinglegalverdicts. Amongtheconditionsjurisprudentsmakeonthedeservingofzakatisthatone,whodeservesto begivenzakat,mustbeabeliever.Unbelieversarenottobegivenfromthezakat.Itwasnarrated thatImamalHadi(a.s.)wasaskedwhetheritwaspermissibletogivethose,whobelievedin embodiment(ofGod),fromthezakatornotandhesaid,Donotgivewhoeverbelievesin embodimentfromthezakatanddonotofferprayerbehindhim![1] Ofcourse,thereisnospecificationforthosewhobelieveinembodimentandsothisprevention fromzakatincludeseveryunbelieverwhodoesnotbelieveinAllahandtheDayofResurrection. Jurisprudentssaythatone,whoisgivenfromthezakat,isnottobefromthosewhoseexpenseis onthegiverofthezakatlikefatherorgrandfather,childrenorgrandchildren.However,alKulayni mentionedinalKafithatIsmailbinImranalQummisaid,IwrotetoAbulHasantheThirdthatI hadmaleandfemalechildrenandaskedhimwhetherIcouldgivethemfromthezakatornot.He wrotetomethatIcould.Thesheikh(atToosi)inatTahthibaynthoughtthistraditiontoconcern thecaseofthisman,andhislike,whosemoneydidnotsatisfytheexpenditureofhisfamily.[2] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.157. [2]AlHadaiqanNadhirah,vol. (83)

Thereisnolimitationtothemoneygiventothepoorfromzakatexceptthezakatalfitr.[1]Oneof theShiawrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)throughAhmadbinIsaaqaskinghim,CanIgivemybrothers twoorthreedirhamsfromthezakat?ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetohim,Youcandoinshallah.[2] ThefirstkindofzakatlegislatedinIslamwasthezakatalFitrwhichjurisprudentscalledasthe zakatofbodies.Itisobligatoryonallpeople;faithfulandunfaithful,oldandyoung,maleand female.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetoIbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadanisaying,Thezakatal Fitris(obligatory)onyouandonallpeopleandwhoeveryouareresponsibleforwhethermaleor female,oldoryoung,freeorslave,sucklingorweaned.YoupaysixrotlsduetotherotlofMedina. Arotlisonehundredandninetyfivedirhams,andsothezakatalFitrisonethousandandone hundredandseventydirhams.[3] IbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadanisaid,TraditionsweredifferentonthezakatalFitrandsoI wrotetoAbulHasanaskinghimaboutthatandhewrotetomesaying,The(amountof)zakatal Fitrisasa[4]oftheusualfoodinyourcountry.OnthepeopleofMecca,Yemen,Taif,thesidesof Sham,Yamama,Bahrain,Iraq,Persia,Ahwaz,andKirmanisasaofdates,onthepeopleofthe middleofShamasaofraisin,onthepeopleoftheisland,Mosul,andallmountainsasaofwheat orbarley,onthepeopleofTabaristanasaofrice,onthepeopleofKhurasanasaofwheat,on thepeopleofMarwandRiyasaofraisin,onthepeopleofEgyptasaofwheat,andonother peoplesisasaoftheirusualfoods.Onthenomadsofthedesertisasaofuqt(driedcheese).The zakatalFitrisobligatoryonyouandonallpeople.[5] [1]ThezakatthatisgivenattheendoffastinginRamadan. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.177. [3]Ibid.,p.237. [4]Saisameasureofabout3.25kilograms. [5]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.238. (84) ThesubstanceofthezakatalFitristobefromtheusualfoodofthepeopleofacountrylike wheatorbarleyforexample.Theobligatoryamountofthiskindofzakatisonesawhichisabout threekilograms.Onecanpaymoneyinsteadoffoodsubstancesasjurisprudentssay. Fasting ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasaskedaboutmanyquestionsonfastingandheansweredthemin traditionstransmittedbyhisfollowers.

Fastingonseeingthecrescent ThesurestwayofthebeginningofRamadanistheseeingofthecrescent.Whoeverseesthe crescent,whetheraloneorwithothers,mustfast. AlibinRashidnarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)hissaying,Donotfastexceptontheseeing(of thecrescent).[1]Jurisprudentsbelieveintheimpermissibilityoffastingwiththeintentionof obligationwhentheseeingofthecrescentofRamadanisnotproved. Fastingofasucklingmother AlibinMahziyarwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)askinghim,Thereissomewomanwhosucklesher sonorotherthanhersoninthemonthofRamadan.Shesuffersmuchinherfasting.Shesuckles untilshefaintsandcannotfast.Doesshesucklesherchildandbreaksherfastingtoperformit lateronifshewillbeableorshegivesupsucklinginordertofast?Ifshecannothiresomewoman tosuckleherchild,whatdoesshedo? ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetohimsaying,Ifshecanhireawetnurseforherchild,shemaydoand performherfasting;otherwise,shebreaksfastingandcontinuessucklingherchildandperforms herfastinglateronwhenevershewillbeabletofast.[2] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.7p.187. [2]Ibid.,p.154. (85) Jurisprudentsdependonthistraditioningivingafatwathatasucklingmother,whosemilkislittle, ispermittednottofastinRamadanifherfastingharmsherchildandshecannothireawetnurse. Expiation(kaffara)ofspecifiedfasting AlHusaynbinUbaydawrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)saying,Omymaster,somemanvowedtofast onacertainday,buthesleptwithhiswifeonthatday.Whatexpiationisonhim?ImamalHadi (a.s.)repliedtohim,Hehastofastforonedayinsteadofthatdayandsetfreeaslave.[1]Inthe lightofthistradition,jurisprudentssaythatthekaffaraofbreakingonesspecifiedfastingisthe sameasthekaffaraofbreakingonesoathwhichisthefreeingofaslave,orfeedingtenneedy persons,orgivingthemcloths,andifhecannotdothat,hemustfastforthreedays. Trade

NarratorstransmittedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)manyquestionsontrade,whichjurisprudents dependedoninderivingtheirfatwas.Herearesomeofthem: Prohibitionoftheworkingwiththeunjust SincetheAbbasidrulerswereunjustandoppressive,workwiththemwasunlawfulastheShia believed.MuhammadbinAlibinEesawrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)askingwhethertheworkfor theAbbasidsandtakingfromtheirmonieswaspermissibleornot.ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,That whichhappensbyforceandsubjectionispardonedbyAllah,otherwise,itishated.Thereisno doubtthatthelittleofitisbetterthanthemuch.Theexpiationofthatisthatonedoeswhatmay delightusandourfollowers. ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidinhisreplythatAllahdidnotpunishone,whoworkedfortheAbbasids,if hisworkwasbyforceandsubjection,butifitwasbyoneswill,itwouldbehatedormight [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.7p.187. (86) meanforbiddenhere.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidthattheexpiationononewhoworkedwiththe AbbasidswastodelighttheAhlulBayt(s)bycarryingouttheneedsofthefaithfulandthepoor andsavingthemfrommisfortunesandoppression(ofthegovernment).Jurisprudentsmentioned manytraditionsintheirstudiesonworkingwithtyrants.[1] WhenthebookofImamalHadi(a.s.)cametoMuhammadbinAlibinEesa,hewrotetotheImam, Iwantinworkingwiththemtocausethemtroublesandtorevengeonthemthroughbeingclose tothem.ImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Whoeverdoessohisworkisnotunlawful,butratherhewill berewarded(byAllah).[2] Renting 1.MuhammadbinEesaalYaqtiniwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)sayingtohim,Someonesenthis sontosomemantoworkforhimasabushelmanforoneyearandforspecifiedwage.Then anothermancametothefatherandaskedhimforemployingthesonforoneyearbutmore wage.Doesthefatherhavetherighttosendhissontothesecondmanandisitpermissiblefor himtoannulhisagreementwiththefirstman?ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotetohimthatthefather hadtofulfillhisagreementwiththefirstmanexceptifhissonbecameillorweak.[3] 2.MuhammadbinIsaaqsaid,IwrotetoAbulHasan(peacebeuponhim)saying,Someman

rentedafarmfromanotherman.Then,thelessorsoldthefarminthepresenceofthetenantwho didnotdenythesale,butratherhewaspresentandasawitness.Thenthebuyerdiedandleft someheirs.Doesthatpropertygointotheinheritanceoritremainsinthehandofthetenantuntil theperiodofrentingends?ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrote,untilthe [1]AlMakasibbySheikhalAnsari. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.12p.137. [3]Ibid.,vol.13p.254. (87) periodofrentingends.[1] 3.IbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadanisaid,IwrotetoAbulHasan(a.s.)askinghimaboutsome womanwhorentedherlandfortenyearsonconditionthattherentwastobegivenattheendof everyyear.Nothingoftherentwouldbegiventoherexceptaftertheendofeveryyear.Before (orafter)threeyears,thewomandied.Shouldherheirscarryouttherentingtothespecified period,ortherentingwouldbeinvalidbythedeathofthewoman?ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrote,If therentinghadaspecifiedtimethatdidnotendwhenthewomandied,theheirswouldhavethe righttodetermineontherenting,andifthethirdorthehalforsomeperiodofrentingpassed,the heirscoulddecideontheremainingperiodofrentinginshallah.[2] Jurisprudentsdisagreedonrentingwhetheritwouldbeinvalidornotbythedeathofthelessoror thetenant.Someofthemsaiditwouldnotbeinvalidandsomeotherssaiditwouldbeinvalid sincethedeathofthelessorandnotfromthebeginning.Theyreliedinthatonthissayingof ImamalHadi(a.s.). Entailment AlibinMahziyarsaid,IwrotetoAbulHasantheThird(a.s.)thatIhadentailedapieceoflandon mychildren,hajj,andotherwaysofcharity,andyouhavearightfromitaftermeandformeafter you,butIchangeditfromthisway.ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Youarefreefromanyblameand permittedtodoso.[3] SheikhalHurralAamiliunderstoodfromthistraditionthatthechangeheretookplacebefore receivingtheentailment.Itisalsopossiblethattheentailmentheremightmeanwillbecausehe saidafterme[4]inordernottocontradictentailmentwhichif [1]WassailashShia,Vol.13p.268. [2]Ibid.

[3]Ibid.,p.299. [4]Ibid. (88) takesplacewithitscorrectconditions,itbecomesinevitableandcannotberenounced. Foods Once,AyyubbinNoahaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)aboutbuffalo.Hesaid,ThepeopleofIraqsayit hasbeenmetamorphosedwhichmeansthatitsmeatisunlawfultoeat. ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohimsaying,HaveyounotheardthesayingofAllah,(Andtwoof camelsandtwoofcows)[1]?ImamalHadi(a.s.)refutedthisspuriousityandprovedthatbuffalo wasakindofcowsandnotametamorphosedanimal. Judgment Ja'farbinEesasaid,IwrotetoAbulHasan(alHadi)(a.s.)thatifawomandiesandherfather claimsthathehaslenthersomethingsandsomeslaves.Ishisclaimacceptedwithoutevidence? ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedthatthefathersclaimmightbeacceptedwithoutevidence.Ialso wrotetohim,Ifthehusbandofthedeadwoman,orhisfatherormotherclaim,likeherfather does,thattheyhavelenthersomethingsorsomeslaves,aretheyconsideredlikeherfatherin theclaim?ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrote,No[2] Penalties 1.AlHasanbinAlibinShubahnarratedthatAbulHasantheThird(a.s.)said,Asforamanwho confessessodomy,ifthereisnoevidenceprovedagainsthim,buthewillinglyconfesseshisguilt againsthimself,andiftheimam,whoisfromAllah,istopunishonbehalfofAllah,hecanpardon onbehalfofAllah.HaveyounotheardthesayingofAllah,(ThisisOurfreegift,thereforegive freelyorwithholdwithoutreckoning)?[3] [1]Qur'an,6:144. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.18p.213.s [3]Qur'an,38:39.

(89) Thistraditionshowsclearlythatalegalimam,whoisappointedbyAllah,maypardonwhoever confessessodomyagainsthimself,thoughhehastherighttopunishforthat.However,ifoneis provedbyclearevidencethathehascommittedsodomy,theimamisnottopardonhim. 2.Ja'farbinRizqillahsaid,SomeChristianman,whocommittedadulterywithaMuslimwoman, wasbroughttoalMutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph,inordertopunishhim.Whenthecaliph wantedtopunishtheman,heturnedtoIslam.YahyabinAkthamsaid,Hisfaith(inIslam) cancelledhispolytheismandsin.Someotheronesaid,Heistobepunishedwiththree penalties.Anotheronesaid,Heistobepunishedwithsoandso.Then,alMutawakkilordered hismentoaskImamAbulHasan(alHadi)abouthisopiniononthematterandtheimamsaid,He (thesinner)istobehituntilhedies.Yahyaandtherestofjurisprudentsdeniedthisfatwaand askedalMutawakkiltowritetoImamalHadi(a.s.)andaskhimfortheevidencehedependedon inhisfatwa.AlMutawakkilwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)andImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Butwhen theysawOurpunishment,theysaid:WebelieveinAllahaloneandwedenywhatweusedto associatewithHim.ButtheirfaithcouldnotavailthemwhentheysawOurdoom.ThisisAllah's lawwhichhathevertakencourseforHisbondmen.Andthenthedisbelieverswillberuined).[1] Then,alMutawakkilorderedthesinnertobehitandhewashituntilhedied.[2] ImamalHadi(a.s.)dependedontheBookofAllahinissuinghisfatwathatmadealMutawakkil andthejurisprudentsastonishathisabundantknowledge. [1]Qur'an,40:8485. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.18p.331. (90) Disbeliefoftheexcessive TheShiabelieveunanimouslythattheexcessiveareunfaithfulandimpureandsoitispermissible tokillthem.ItwasnarratedthatImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtooneofhiscompanions,Ifyouseeone ofthem(theexcessive)alone,youbreakhisheadwithastone.[1]Weshalltalkindetailsabout theminoneofthecomingchapters. WehavementionedaboveafewexamplesofImamalHadisjurisprudence.Thequestionshewas askedshowedthathewasthehighestauthorityoffatwasintheIslamicworldathistimeandhe hadgreatscientifictreasuresintheIslamiclaws.

Theologicalargumentations AttheageofImamalHadi(a.s.)manydoubtsandillusionsspreadaboutthebasesofIslam.The beginningwasduringtheUmayyadrulethatpavedthewayforthespreadofdeviantand misguidingthoughtsandconcepts.TheUmayyadsencouragedthosemisguidingcultureswhich wentonmorestronglyduringtheAbbasidrule.Muslimulama,andattheheadweretheimamsof theAhlulBayt(s),resistedandconfutedtheatheisticopinionsandthoughtbyirrefutable, scientificevidences.AllthatwasrecordedinthebooksofargumentationwrittenbyShia scholarstoprovethestruggleoftheirimamsinsupportingIslamandfightingagainstdisbeliefand atheism.HerewementionsomeexamplestransmittedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)inthisconcern. TheimpossibilityofseeingAllah AhmadbinIsaaqwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)askinghimabouttheseeingofAllahandwhat peoplesaidinthisconcern.ImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,seeingisnotpossibleifthereisnoair (space)betweentheseerandtheseenthingwheresightgoesthrough.Ifthereisnoairandno lightbetweentheseerandtheseenthing,therewillbenosight.Whentheseerequalstheseen thinginthe [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.18p.554. (91) causeofsightbetweenthem,sighttakesplace,butthosewhocomparebetweentheseer(man) andAllahtheyaremistakenbecausetheylikenAllahtomanforeffectsmustrelatetocauses.[1] ImamalHadi(a.s.)provestheimpossibilityofseeingwherethereisnoairandlight,becausethe eyeseesthroughthesetwomeans;airandlight,otherwise,seeingisimpossibleandthesetwo powerscannotseeAllahtheAlmightybecausetheyarelimitedpossibilitiesthatcannotseethe greatpowerthatcreatedandmanagedtheseamazingworldsanduniverseswithalltheir wonders. Thesystemofseeingseesthingswhentheyequaltheseerinthepossibleaspectofseeing,andif thereisnoequalitybetweenthem,therewillbenosight.ProphetMusestriedhisbesttosee Allah;(AndwhenMusacameatOurappointedtimeandhisLordspoketohim,hesaid:MyLord! showme(Thyself),sothatImaylookuponThee.Hesaid:Youcannot(bearto)seeMebutlookat themountain,ifitremainsfirminitsplace,thenwillyouseeMe;butwhenhisLordmanifested HisglorytothemountainHemadeitcrumbleandMusafelldowninaswoon;thenwhenhe recovered,hesaid:GlorybetoThee,IturntoThee,andIamthefirstofthebelievers).[2]

ProphetMoses(a.s.)receivedthewordsofAllahandhissoullongedandwishedtoseehisLord, butheforgotwhoandwhathewaswhenheaskedforthatwhichnohumanbeingintheearth wasallowedorcouldbearthisgreatseeing.However,ProphetMoses(a.s.)wasoccupiedbyhis greatlongingandforcedbywishuntilwhenthedecisivewordsofAllahwakedhimup,(You cannot(bearto)seeMe).ThentheGreatCreatorpitiedforHisprophetandtaughthimwhyhe couldnotseeHim,(butlookat [1]UsulalKafi,vol.1p.97,atTawhid,p.109. [2]Qur'an,7:143. (92) themountain,ifitremainsfirminitsplace,thenyouwillseeMe).Themountainisfirmerand morefixed,thoughlesssensitiveandresponsivethanmanbutnevertheless,(whenhisLord manifestedHisglorytothemountainHemadeitcrumble).ProphetMoses(a.s.)understoodthe aweofthesituationandfellinaswoon,andwhenhewokeup,said,(GlorybetoThee,Iturnto Thee,andIamthefirstofthebelievers).[1] SeehowImamalHadi(a.s.)spokewithhisLordwiththesebrightwordsthatshowtheextentof hisknowingofAllahtheAlmighty,OmyLord,thoughtsofthinkerswentastray,sightsofseersfell short,descriptionsofdescribersdissipated,sayingsoffabricatorsvanishedbeforethewondersof Youraffair,orthereachtoYourhighness,forYouareintheunreachableplace,andnoeyecanfall uponYouwithaglanceorexpression.Howfar,andhowfar!OYoutheFirst,theOnly,the Unique!Youhaveexaltedinhighnesswiththegloryofgreatness,andrisenupbeyondevery bottomandendwiththeomnipotenceofpride[2] Impossibilityofembodiment ItisimpossiblefortheNecessaryBeingtobedescribedwithembodimentbecausethisisfromthe aspectsofpossiblebeingthatneeds,foritsexistence,acause,andforitsinexistenceacause becauseitisacreatedthing.InmanytraditionsImamalHadi(a.s.)confutedthosewhobelieved inembodiment.Herearesomeofhistraditions: 1.AsSaqrbinAbuDalfsaid,IaskedAbulHasanAlibinMuhammadaboutmonotheismandsaid tohimthatIbelievedinthatwhichHishambinalHakambelieved.Hebelievedinembodiment beforehisguidance.Theimam(a.s.)becameangryandsaid,Whatdoyouhavetodowiththe saying(belief)ofHisham?He,whoclaimsthatAllahisabody,isnotfromusand [1]FeeDhilalalQuran(intheshadowsoftheQuran),vol.9p.39. [2]AtTawhid,p.66.

(93) wearefreefromhiminthisworldandintheafterworld.OibnAbuDalf,body(substance)is createdanditisAllahWhohascreatedandbodiedit.[1] 2.HamzabinMuhammadsaid,IwrotetoAbulHasan(a.s.)askinghimaboutthebodyandthe shape(ofAllah)andhewrotetome,GlorybetoHim,Whomnothingislikeneitherinbodynorin shape.[2] 3.IbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadaninarrated,Iwrotetotheman(hemeantAbulHasan) sayingtohim,Withustherearesomeofyourfollowerswhohavedisagreedonmonotheism. Someofthemsay(Allahis)abodyandsomesayshape.Hewrotesaying,GlorybetoHim Whocannotbelimited,andcannotbedescribed.NothingislikeHimandHeistheHearing,the Knowing.[3] ItisimpossibletodescribeAllahtheAlmightywiththelimitsofthecreatedthingsanditis impossibletodescribeHimwithmultiplicityofaspectsbecauseHisattributesareHisveryessence astheologianhaveproved. ImpossibilityofdescribingAllah ImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.),inhistalkwithalFat~hbinYazeedalJirjani,declaredthe impossibilityofdescribingtheWiseCreatorwithanyattributethatmightcoverhisessenceand truth.Hesaid,TheCreatorisnotdescribedexceptwiththatwhichHeHimselfhaddescribed Himselfwith.HowcantheCreator,Whomsensesfailtoconceive,mindstoarriveat,imaginations tocontain,andsightstosurround,bedescribed?ExaltedisHeabovewhatdescriberssay,and glorifiedisHeabovewhatdepictersprescribe.HeisfarinHisnearness,andnearinHisfarness.He hasadaptedthehowthatitisnotsaid(forHim) [1]AtTawhid,p.104. [2]Ibid.,p.97. [3]AdDurranNadhim,atTawhid,p.100.

(94) how,andhasadaptedthewherethatitisnotsaid(forHim)where.Heisoutofhowandwhere. HeisOnly,One,Eternal,Absolute.Hebegettethnot,norwasbegotten,andthereisnone comparableuntoHim.GlorybetoHim.OrhowisMuhammad(blessingsbeonhimandonhis progeny)describedinhisessencewhereAllahtheSublimecomparedhimwithHisownname, participatedhiminHisgift,andpromisedwhoeverobeyedhimtoberewardedforhisobedience whenHesaid,(andtheydidnotfindfaultexceptbecauseAllahandHisMessengerenrichedthem outofHisgrace)?[1]IttellsthesayingofthosewhogiveupHisobedienceandHetorturesthem betweenthecoversofHellfireanditsgarmentsoftar,(OwouldthatwehadobeyedAllahand obeyedtheMessenger).[2]Orhowarethose(theAhlulBayt),whomAllahtheSublimecompared theirobediencewiththeobedienceofHismessenger,describedintheiressencewhenHesaid,(O youwhobelieve!obeyAllahandobeytheMessengerandthoseinauthorityfromamongyou),[3] and(andiftheyhadreferredittotheMessengerandtothoseinauthorityamongthem),[4]and, (SurelyAllahcommandsyoutomakeovertruststotheirowners),[5]and,(soaskthefollowersof thereminderifyoudonotknow)?[6] OFat~h,asAllah,glorybetoHim,themessenger,theguardian(imamAli),andthesonsofFatima (theinfallibleimams)cannotbedescribed,neithercanabelieverwhobelievesandsubmitsto ourmatterbe.[7] ThetraditionshowstheimpossibilityofdescribingAllahinawaythatexpressesHisveryessence andtruth.Itisthesameforthe [1]Qur'an,9:74. [2]Qur'an,33:66. [3]Qur'an,4:59. [4]Qur'an,4:83. [5]Qur'an,4:58. [6]Qur'an,21:7. [7]KashfalGhummah,vol.3p.176. (95) Prophet(a.s.)andtheinfallibleimamsandevenabelieverwholoyallysubmitsandbelievesinthe AhlulBayt(s),fordescriptionsfailtosurroundabelieversnobletendenciesandvirtuousqualities. Monotheism

ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasaskedaboutthetruthofmonotheismandhesaid,AllahtheAlmightywas stillalonenothingwithHim,andthenHecreatedthingsskillfully,andchosenamesforHimself. NamesandwordsarestillwithHimsinceeternity. Allahwasandisstillexistent.ThenHeformedwhatHewilledandnothingcanrepelHiswillor delayHisdetermination[1] Refutingofcompulsionandfreewill PerhapsoneofthemostwonderfulintellectualandscientifictraditionstransmittedfromImamal Hadi(a.s.)wasthisletterthathesenttothepeopleofAhwaz(inIran)inwhichherefutedthe conceptofcompulsionthattheAsharitsadoptedandspreadwhentheysaidthatmanwas compelledintohisactionsandhehadnowilloroption.Healsorefutedtheconceptoffreewill thattheMutazilitesbelievedinsayingthatAllahhadauthorizedpeopleintheiractionsdueto theirwillandtherewerenowillorpoweroverthem.Afterrefutingthesetwoconcepts,Imamal Hadi(a.s.)provedwithirrefutable,scientificproofstheconceptofthematterbetweenthetwo matters;amoderateconceptbetweencompulsionandfreewill,whichwastheconceptadopted bytheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s)andbytheirfollowers.Thisletterwasoneofthebest discussionsinthisconcern.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidinthisletter, FromAlibinMuhammad,peace,mercy,andblessingsofAllahbeuponyouanduponwhoever followstheguidance.YourbookcametomeandIunderstoodwhatyoumentionedofyour disagreementinyourreligion,yourplunginginthematterof [1]AlIhtijajbyatTabarsi. (96) fate,thebeliefofsomeofyouincompulsion,andothersinfreewill,andthedisagreement, separation,andenmityamongyoubecauseofthat.Thenyouaskedmeaboutthatandtoexplain ityou.Iunderstoodallthat Know,mayAllahhavemercyonyou,thatwelookedupintheabundanttraditionsandnewsand wefound,forallMuslimswhounderstandfromAllah,them(traditions)notfreefromtwo meanings;eithertruththatistobefollowedorfalsehoodthatistobeavoided.Thenationhas agreedunanimouslywithnodisagreementbetweenthemthattheQur'anisthetruththathasno doubtinitforMuslimsofallsects.TheiragreementistheproofoftheBookandthattheyare rightandguidedduetothesayingofthemessengerofAllah(peacebeuponhimandonhis progeny),Mynationdoesnotagreeondeviation.Hetoldthatwhattheentirenationagreedon

istruthwhennogroupdisagreeswithanother.TheQur'anisthetruththatthereisnodifference betweenthem(Muslims)initsrevelationandtruthfulness.SowhentheQur'anwitnessesthe truthfulnessofsomenewsbutagroupofthenationdeniesit,theyshouldacknowledgeitasa necessityforbasicallythenationhasagreedunanimouslyonthetruthfulnessoftheQur'an,andif theydeny,thisrequirethemtobeoutofthe(Muslim)nation ImamalHadi(a.s.)saysinthispassagethatMuslimsmustrefertotheQur'an,whichfalsehood shallnotcometofrombeforeitnorfrombehindit,inthematterstheydisagreeonandseethat whichagreeswiththeQur'anisthetruthandthatwhichcontradictsitisfalsehood.Whoever believesthisfalsehoodwillbeoutofIslam. Headded,Thefirstnewsthatisproved,witnessed,andconfirmedbytheBookisthesayingof themessengerofAllah(a.s.),Ileavetoyouthetwoweightythings;theBookofAllahandmy household.Youshallnotgoastrayaslongasyoukeeptothem.Theyshallnotseparateuntilthey shallcometomeatthepond(inParadise).Wefoundtheevidencesofthistraditionin (97) theBookofAllahwhereAllahsaid,(OnlyAllahisyourValiandHisMessengerandthosewho believe,thosewhokeepupprayersandpaythepoorratewhiletheybow.Andwhoevertakes AllahandHismessengerandthosewhobelieveforaguardian,thensurelythepartyofAllahare theythatshallbetriumphant).[1]AllMuslimsectsnarratedtraditionsthatAmeerulMominin (a.s.)hadgivenhisringascharitywhilehewasbowinginprayerandAllahpraisedhimforthat andrevealedthisverse.WefoundthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)saying,WhoeverIwashis guardian,Aliistobehisguardianand(addressingImamAli),YouaretomeaswasAaronto Mosesbuttherewillbenoprophetaftermeand,Alirepaysmydebts,carriesoutmypromises, andheismycaliphoveryouafterme ThetraditionindicatedclearlythecaliphateofImamAli(a.s.)aftertheProphet(a.s.)andthat therewasnooneworthieroftheProphet(a.s.)thanImamAli(a.s.),thepioneerofintellectual andcivilizationaldevelopmentintheearth. ImamalHadi(a.s.)added,Thefirsttradition,fromwhichthesetraditionswerederived,isatrue traditionthatallMuslimshaveagreedonwithnodisagreementamongthem.Italsoconformsto theBook.WhentheBookwitnessesthetruthfulnessofthesetraditionsbesidesotherevidences, thenthenationhastoacknowledgethemasanecessityfortheirevidencesareclearintheQur'an andtheyconformtotheQur'anandtheQur'anconformstothem.Moreover,thetruthofthese traditionsweretransmittedfromthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)throughthetruthful(infallible

imams)andnarratedbyknown,reliablepeople.Therefore,followingthesetraditionsisobligatory oneverybelievingmanandbelievingwoman,andnoonedeviatesexceptintransigents.Thatis becausethesayingsofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)andhisprogenyareconnectedwiththe sayingsof [1]Qur'an,5:5556. (98) Allahlikethisverse,(Surely(asfor)thosewhospeakevilthingsofAllahandHisMessenger,Allah hascursedtheminthisworldandthehereafter,andHehaspreparedforthemachastisement bringingdisgrace)[1]WefoundthelikeofthisverseinthissayingofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.), He,whoharmsAli,harmsme,andwhoharmsmeharmsAllah,andwhoeverharmsAllahisabout toberevengedon(byAllah)[2]andhissaying,He,wholovesAli,lovesme,andwholovesme, lovesAllah[3],and,inbaniWulayahIwillsendtothemamanwhoislikemyself.Heloves AllahandHismessengerandAllahandHismessengerlovehim.OAli,getreadytomarchto them!,andhissayingonthedayofKhaybar,Tomorrow,Iwillsendtothemamanwholoves AllahandHismessenger,andAllahandHismessengerlovehim.Heisbraveandnotrunaway.He shallnotcomebackuntilheshallconquerbythewillofAllah.[4]ThemessengerofAllah(a.s.) confirmedtheconquerbeforethemarching.ThecompanionsofthemessengerofAllahlooked forwardtothatbutonthenextday,themessengerofAllah(a.s.)sentforAliandsenthimatthe headofthearmy.Hesingledhimoutwiththisvirtueandcalledhimbraveandnotrunaway. AllahcalledhimaloverofAllahandHismessengerandinformedthatAllahandHismessenger lovedhim. Wejustintroducedthisexplanationasevidenceandconfirmationtowhatwewanttosayabout thematterofcompulsionandfreewillandthematterbetweenthetwomatters.WeaskAllah forhelpandassistanceandonHimwerelyinallouraffairs.We [1]Qur'an,33:57. [2]MustadrakasSahihayn,vol.3p.122,alIsabah,vol.4p.304,KanzulUmmal,vol.6p.152,Majma azZawaid,vol.9p.129,arRiyadhanNadhirah,vol.2p.165. [3]MustadrakasSahihayn,vol.3p.130,TareekhBaghdad,vol.13p.32,UsdalGhabah,vol.4p.383, MajmaazZawaid,vol.9p.131. [4]SahihofibnMajah,p.12,HilyatalAwliya,vol.1p.62,KhasaisofanNassaei,p.32,Kanzul Ummal,vol.6p.395. (99)

beginwiththesayingofImamasSadiq(a.s.),Itisneithercompulsionnorfreewillbutitisa positionbetweenthetwopositions.Itisthesoundnessofcreation,freedom,enoughtime, equipments,andthecausethatprovokesadoertowardshisdoing.Thesearefivethingswith whichImamasSadiq(a.s.)groupedtheitemsofvirtue.Ifsomeonelacksoneoftheseitems, obligationsarenotrequiredfromhim.ImamasSadiq(a.s.)informedofthenecessarythingthat peoplemustknowandtheBookconfirmedit.TheclearversesoftheQur'anandthemessenger ofAllahprovedit.ThemessengerofAllahandhisprogenydonotexceedbytheirsayingsthe limitsoftheQur'an.IftraditionsconformtotheQur'anandagreewithitsproofs,followingthem isobligatoryandnooneviolatesexceptthepeopleofintransigence.Whenweponderedonthe sayingofasSadiqaboutthepositionbetweenthetwopositionsandhisdenyingofcompulsion andfreewill,wefoundtheBookprovingandconfirminghissaying,besidesthattherewas anothersayingbyhimconfirmingthefirstone.Once,asSadiqwasasked,HasAllahobligedHis peopletocommitsins?Hesaid,He(Allah)ismuchfairerthanthis.Itwassaidtohim,HasHe, then,authorizedthemtodothat?Hesaid,Allahismightierandmoreomnipotentoverthem thanthis.Itwasnarratedthathesaid,People,infate,areofthreekinds;oneclaimsthatpeople areauthorizedtodoastheylikeandthushedeemsAllahweakinHisauthority,andthisonewill perish.TheotheroneclaimsthatAllahforcespeopleintosinsandchargesthemwithwhatthey areunabletodo,andthisonemistakesAllahandhewillperish.AndoneclaimsthatAllahcharges peoplewithwhattheyareabletodoanddoesnotchargethemwithwhattheyareunabletodo, sowhenthisonedoesgood,hethanksAllahandwhenhedoeswrong,heasksAllahtoforgive himandthisisatrueMuslim.AsSadiq(a.s.)toldthathe,whobelievedincompulsionorfree will,opposedthetruth.Ihavealreadyexplainedcompulsionandfreewillandthatwhoever believedinthemiswrong,andthereforethetruthisthepositionbetweenthetwopositions (100) Igiveexampleoneachtopictoexplainthemeaningforrequestersandmakeresearcheasier. TheseexamplesareconfirmedbytheQuranicversesandprovedtruebymenofunderstanding. WeaskAllahforsuccessandperfection. Asforcompulsion,itisthebeliefofthosewhoclaimthatAllahforcespeopleintocommitting sinsanddisobediencesandthenHepunishesthemforthat.Whoeverbelievesinthisconcept wrongsAllah,falsifiesHimanddeniesHissaying,(andyourLorddoesnotdealunjustlywith anyone)[1]and,(Thisisduetowhatyourtwohandshavesentbefore,andAllahisnotintheleast unjusttotheservants)[2]and,(SurelyAllahdoesnotdoanyinjusticetomen,butmenareunjust tothemselves)[3]besidesmanyotherversesinthisconcern.He,whoclaimsheisforcedinto disobedience,ascribeshissinstoAllahandconsidersAllahasunjustinpunishinghim.Whoever

considersAllahasunjustdeniesHisBook,andwhoeverdeniesHisBookmustbeunbelieverdue totheconsensusofthenation.Theexampleonthisisliketheexampleofamanhavingaslave whoneitherpossesseshimselfnordoeshehaveanypropertyatall.Thelordknowsthisabouthis slave;nevertheless,heorderstheslavetogotothemarkettobringhimsomethingbutwithout givinghimthepriceofthatthing.Thelordknowswellthatthatsomethinghasanownerthatno onecantakethatthingfromhimexceptafterpayingtheprice.Thelordoftheslaveconsiders himselfasjust,fair,wise,andfreefromanykindofinjustice.Hethreatenshisslavewith punishmentifhedoesnotbringhimthatthing,thoughheknowswellthatnoonecantakethat thingexceptafterpayingitspriceandtheslavedoesnothavetheprice.Whentheslavecomes backtohislordunsuccessfully,hislordbecomesangryathimandpunisheshim.Ifthelordisjust andfairinhisjudgment,heshouldnotpunishhisslave;otherwise,heshallbeconsidered [1]Qur'an,18:49. [2]Qur'an,22:10. [3]Qur'an,10:44. (101) asunjustandoppressive,andifhedoesnotpunishhisslave,heshallcontradicthimselfandbea liarforhehasthreatenedhisslavewithpunishment.Solyingandoppressioncontradictjustice andwisdom.HighExaltedisHeabovewhattheysay! WhoeverbelievesincompulsionorinwhatleadstocompulsionconsidersAllahasunjustand oppressiveifHepunishesthosewhomHeforcesintocommittingsins.WhoeverclaimsthatAllah forcesHispeopleintotheirdoingsmustsaythatAllahshouldnotpunishthem,andwhoever claimsthatAllahdoesnotpunishsinnersdeniesAllahwhensaying,(Yea,whoeverearnseviland hissinsbesethimoneveryside,thesearetheinmatesofthefire;inittheyshallabide)[1]and, ((Asfor)thosewhoswallowthepropertyoftheorphansunjustly,surelytheyonlyswallowfire intotheirbelliesandtheyshallenterburningfire)[2]and,((Asfor)thosewhodisbelieveinOur communications,Weshallmakethementerfire;sooftastheirskinsarethoroughlyburned,We willchangethemforotherskins,thattheymaytastethechastisement;surelyAllahisMighty, Wise)[3]andmanyothersayingsindifferentverses.Thus,whoeverdeniesthethreatofAllah mustbeunbelieverandbeoneofthoseaboutwhomAllahhassaid,(Doyouthenbelieveinapart oftheBookanddisbelieveintheother?Whatthenistherewardofsuchamongyouwhodothis butdisgraceinthelifeofthisworld,andonthedayofresurrectiontheyshallbesentbacktothe mostgrievouschastisement,andAllahisnotatallheedlessofwhatyoudo).[4] WesaythatAllahtheAlmightyrewardspeoplefortheirdoingsandpunishesthemfortheirdoings thattheydowiththeirwillandabilityHehasgiventothem.Hehasenjoinedthemtodo

[1]Qur'an,2:81. [2]Qur'an,4:10. [3]Qur'an,4:56. [4]Qur'an,2:85. (102) somethingsandforbiddenthemfromdoingsomeotherthings.HesaysinHisBook,(Whoever bringsagooddeed,heshallhavetenlikeit,andwhoeverbringsanevildeed,heshallbe recompensedonlywiththelikeofit,andtheyshallnotbedealtwithunjustly)[1]and,(Ontheday thateverysoulshallfindpresentwhatithasdoneofgoodandwhatithasdoneofevil,itshall wishthatbetweenitandthat(evil)therewerealongdurationoftime;andAllahmakesyoutobe cautiousof(retributionfrom)Himself;andAllahisCompassionatetotheservants)[2]and,(This dayeverysoulshallberewardedforwhatithasearned;noinjustice(shallbedone)thisday).[3] Theseclearversesrefutecompulsionanddenywhoeverbelievesinit.Therearemanyother versesliketheseonesbutwedonotmentiontheminordernottoexpatiate.WeprayAllahfor success. Asfortheconceptoffreewill,whichImamasSadiq(a.s.)refuted,itistheconceptofsaying thatAllahtheAlmightyhasauthorizedHispeopletochooseHisenjoinmentsandprohibitionsand Heneglectedthem.TheinfallibleimamsoftheProphetsprogenysaythatifAllahhasauthorized peopleandneglectedthem,thenhemustbepleasedwithwhattheychooseandtheydeserve rewardforthatandshouldnotbepunishedforsinstheycommitifindeedthereisnegligence. Thisbelief(offreewill)hastwomeanings;thefirstisthatpeoplehavedefeatedAllahandforced Him,willinglyorunwillingly,toaccepttheirchoices;andthisshowsthatHeisweak,orHehas failedtomakethemworshipHimthroughtheenjoinmentsandprohibitionsaccordingtoHiswill, whethertheywantedornot,andtherefore,HeauthorizedthemtochooseHisenjoinmentsand prohibitionsaccordingtotheirwillswhenHefailedtomakethemworshipaccordingtoHiswill, andsoHegavethemtheoptioninchoosingfaithorunfaith. [1]Qur'an,6:160. [2]Qur'an,3:30. [3]Qur'an,40:17. (103) Itislikeamanwhobuysaslavetoservehim,acknowledgehisfavor,submittohislordship,follow

hisorders,andrefrainfromhisprohibitions.Thelordoftheslaveclaimsheismightyandwise. Thelordordershisslavetodothingsandforbidshimfromdoingotherthings.Hepromisesthe slaveofgreatrewardsifhefollowshisordersandthreatenshimwithseverepunishmentsifhe disobeys.Theslavecontradictsthewillofhislordanddoesnotsubmittohisordersand prohibitions.Whateverthelordordersorforbidstheslavetoornottodo,theslavedoesnot obeybutfollowshisownwillandtendencyandnothislords.Thelordisnotabletomakethe slaveactaccordingtohiswill,andsoheletshimfreetochooseduetohisownwillandtendency andacceptswhateverhedoes.Oneday,thelordsendstheslavetodosomethingforhim.The slavecarriesoutthatthingaccordingtohistendencyandnottohislords.Whenhecomesback, thelordfindsthattheslavehasdoneunlikewhathe(thelord)wants.Hesaystohim,Whydid youdounlikewhatIhaveaskedyoutodo?Theslavesays,Idependedonyourauthorizationto meanddidasIliked.Anauthorizedoneisfreeinhisdoing;therefore,freewillisimpossiblefor peopletowardstheirLord FreewillisthebeliefthatAllahhasleftHispeoplefreetodoastheylikeandthatAllahhasno relationinpeoplesdoings.Theimam(a.s.)refutedthisbeliefwithclearproofsandsaiditwas impossible.Headded, Itis,duetothat,thatthelordoftheslaveiseitherabletomaketheslavefollowhisordersand refrainfromhisprohibitionsaccordingtohiswillandnottotheslaveswill,andtogivehimability asmuchasthatwhichheordershimtodoandforbidshimfrom.Ifheordershimtodosomething andforbidsfromdoinganotherthing,heshouldtellhimtherewardandpunishmentforeach.He shouldwarnhimagainsthispunishmentandencouragehimtowardshisrewardsothattheslave willknowthepowerofhislordthroughthepowerthelordhasgiventotheslavehimselfthat makeshimabletofollowhisorders,refrainfromhis (104) prohibitions,approvehisencouragement,andkeepoffhiswarning.Thus,thelordwillbejustand fairtotheslaveandhisexcuseinpardoningandwarningwillbeclear.Then,iftheslavefollows hislordsorders,heshallberewardedbyhim,andifhedoesnotrefrainfromhisprohibitions,he shallbepunished.Thesecondmeaningisthatthelordisunabletopunishtheslaveandmakehim followhisordersandsoheletstheslavefreetodogoodorbad,toobeyordisobey.Thisinability disprovesmightanddeityandmakesenjoiningoftherightandforbiddingfromthewrongvain. ItcontradictstheHolyBookwhereAllahsays,(andHedoesnotlikeungratefulnessinHisservants; andifyouaregrateful,Helikesitinyou)[1]and,(becarefulof(yourdutyto)Allahwiththecare whichisduetoHim,anddonotdieunlessyouareMuslims)[2]and,(AndIhavenotcreatedthe jinnandthemenexceptthattheyshouldserveMe.Iseeknolivelihoodfromthem,nordoIask

thattheyshouldfeedMe)[3]and,(AndserveAllahanddonotassociateanythingwithHim)[4] and,(ObeyAllahandHisMessengeranddonotturnbackfromHimwhileyouhear).[5] He,whoclaimsthatAllahhasentrustedHisordersandprohibitionstoHispeople,describesAllah asunableandconsequentlyHemustacceptallthatwhichHispeopledowhethergoodorbad. Thisonealsodeniestheorders,prohibitions,warningsandthreateningofAllah.Whenoneclaims thatAllahhasentrustedallthattoman,itmeansthatmanisfreetobelieveordisbelieveandhe shallnotbeblamedforthat.He,whobelievesinfreewillinthismeaning,deniestheorders, prohibitions,warning,andthreateningofAllahandheisoneofthosewhoareincludedinthis verse,(Doyouthenbelieveina [1]Qur'an,39:7. [2]Qur'an,3:102. [3]Qur'an,51:5657. [4]Qur'an,4:36. [5]Qur'an,8:20. (105) partoftheBookanddisbelieveintheother?Whatthenistherewardofsuchamongyouasdo thisbutdisgraceinthelifeofthisworld,andonthedayofresurrectiontheyshallbesentbackto themostgrievouschastisement,andAllahisnotatallheedlessofwhatyoudo).[1]Allahistoofar abovethatwhichthepeopleoffreewillbelievein Afterrefutingtheconceptsofcompulsionandfreewill,ImamalHadi(a.s.)provedthe conceptofthematterbetweenthetwomatterswhichwasthetheoryoftheinfallibleimamsof theAhlulBayt(s).Hesaid, Butwesay:AllahtheAlmightycreatedpeoplebyHispowerandgavethemtheabilityofobeying Him.HeorderedthemtodowhatHewantedandforbadethemfromwhatHewanted.He acceptedfromthemtheirobediencetoHisordersandHepleasedit,andHeprohibitedthem fromdisobeyingHim,dispraisedthedisobeyers,andpunishedthemforthat.Allahhasthechoice ofenjoiningHispeopleondoingsomethingsthatHepleasedandforbiddingthemfromother thingsthatHehated.HepunishesfordisobediencesduetotheabilityhehasgiventoHispeople bywhichtheycanobeyHimandavoidHisprohibitionsbecauseHeisjust,fair,wise,andhasclear excuses.HechoosesfromamongHispeopleasHewillstoinformofHismissionandauthority overpeople.HechoseMuhammad(a.s.)andsenthimwithHismissiontoHiscreation,butsome unbelieversfrom(Muhammads)peoplesaidoutofenvyandhaughtiness,(Whywasnotthis Quranrevealedtoamanofimportanceinthetwotowns).[2]TheywereUmayyahbinAbussalt

andAbuMasoudathThaqafi.ButAllahrefutedtheirsayingsandthoughtswhenrevealing,(Will theydistributethemercyofyourLord?Wedistributeamongthemtheirlivelihoodinthelifeof thisworld,andWehaveexaltedsomeofthemaboveothersindegrees,that [1]Qur'an,2:85. [2]Qur'an,43:31. (106) someofthemmaytakeothersinsubjection;andthemercyofyourLordisbetterthanwhatthey amass).[1] Therefore,HeenjoinedonwhatHeliked,andforbadefromwhatHedisliked.Hewouldreward whoeverobeyedHimandwouldpunishwhoeverdisobeyedHim.IfAllahentrustedHisaffairsto Hispeople,HewouldpermitQuraysh[2]tochooseUmayyahbinAbussaltorAbuMasoudath ThaqafifortheywerepreferredbyQurayshtoMuhammad(a.s.). WhenAllahdisciplinedthebelieversbysaying,(Anditbehovesnotabelievingmananda believingwomanthattheyshouldhaveanychoiceintheirmatterwhenAllahandHisMessenger havedecidedamatter),[3]Hedidnotallowthemtochooseaccordingtotheirdesires,andHedid notacceptfromthemexcepttofollowHisordersandavoidHisprohibitionsthathadbeen informedbythose,whomHehadchosen(asprophets).He,whoobeyedHim,wasguided,andhe, whodisobeyedHim,deviatedandwentastrayandwouldbenotexcusedbecausehehadthe abilitytoobeyAllahsordersandavoidHisprohibitions;therefore,Allahpreventedadisobeyer fromHisrewardandHewouldpunishhiminstead ImamalHadi(a.s.)provedinthepreviousparagraphsthetheoryofthematterbetweenthetwo mattersthattheimamsoftheAhlulBayt(s)believedin.Thisconceptwasestablishedonafirm basisofunderstanding,intellect,andlogic.GrandAyatollahalKhoei,inhisstudiesonUsul, provedthematter.Hesaid,Thematterisnotamatterofworship,butthemediumway,bywhich theproblemofcompulsionandfreewillcanbesolved,islimitedtoit.Deedsofpeopledepend ontwosides;thefirstistheirlives,abilities,knowledge,andthelike,andthesecondistheirwills anddoings.ThefirstsideisfromAllahandconnected [1]Qur'an,43:32. [2]QurayshwasthetribewhichinhabitedMecca. [3]Qur'an,33:36.

(107) toHisEternalBeingandissubmissivetoHim.Itistheveryconnectionandsubmissionitselfand notsomethinghasconnectionandsubmission.Inthislight,ifAllahtheAlmightystopsthatfora moment,surelylifewillstop Thesecondsideisfrompeople.Supposingtheexistenceofthefirstside,itisconnectedwiththe secondoneinitsessenceandbranchedwithitnaturally.Hence,nodeedcomesfrommanexcept bythecorrelationofthesetwosides.But,ifonesideprevails,nodeedisachieved.Onthisbase,it istruetoascribedeedstoAllahandtoman.Toexplainthispoint,wegiveexamplestoshowthe differenceoftheconceptsofcompulsionandfreewillfromthetheoryoftheTwelverShia.A deedofmancomesinthreekinds: First,thedeedthatcomeswithoutmanswillandchoice;aswhenwesupposethatthereis someonewithatremblinghandwhoisunabletocontrolhishand.Ifhismastertiesaswordinhis tremblinghand,withsupposingthatthereissomeonelyingbesidehim,thoughthismanknows thatwhentheswordslipsfromhishandandfallsonthatsleepingperson,itwillkillhim,naturally thisdeedisawayfromhiswillandchoice.Reasonablepeopleseethatheisnotresponsiblefor thisdeedandheisnottobeblamedforit.Theone,whoisresponsibleandtobeblamedforthat, istheonewhotiestheswordinthatmanshand.Thisisthethemeofthetheoryofcompulsion. Second,thedeedsthatcomefrommanbyhiswill,choice,andindependencywithnoneedtoany otherthanhim;itisasifwhenwesupposethatamastergivesaswordtoafreepersonwhois freetodowhathewantsandabletomovehishandfreely.Inthiscase,ifthispersoncommitsa murderintheoutside,hehimselfwillberesponsibleforthatmurderandnotthegiverofthe sword,thoughthegiveroftheswordknowsthatgivingtheswordtothatpersonleadstoa murderbesidesthathecantaketheswordfromthatpersonwheneverhewants;nevertheless, themurdercannotbeimputedtothegiveroftheswordbuttothatpersonwhowas (108) freeinmovinghishandwithnoexternalinfluence.Thisisthethemeofthetheoryoffreewill. Third,thedeedsthatcomefrommanbyhischoiceandpower,thoughheisnotindependentby himselfbutinneedofotherthanhimthatiftheaidofthatotheronestopsatanytime,hisdeeds willstopdefinitely;asanexamplewesupposethatthemasterhasaparalyzedslavethatisunable tomove.Themasterconnectsanelectriccurrenttotheslavesbodytoarousepowerinhis musclesandmakehimabletomoveandact.Themasterholdsthecontroloftheelectriccurrent,

whichgivespowertotheslavesbodyatalltime,withhishandthatifhecutsthecurrentfora moment,thepowerwillbecutfromtheslavesbodyandhebecomesunabletomove.Onthis base,ifthemasterconnectsthatpowertotheslavesbodyandtheslavegoesbyhiswillandkills someonewherethemasterknowswhattheslavedoes,inthiscasethisdeedisimputedtoboth ofthem;totheslavebecauseheisabletoornottodothatdeedashewillsafterpoweris connectedtohisbody,andtothemasterbecausehegivespowertotheslaveevenatthetimeof committingthatmurderthoughheisabletocutthatpowerfromtheslaveatanytimehewants. Thisisthethemeandfactofthetheoryofthematterbetweenthetwomatters[1] WecomebackagaintothetraditionofImamalHadi(a.s.).Hesays, Thematterbetweenthetwomattersisneithercompulsionnorfreewill.Itisthiswhat AmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)toldAbayahbinRubiyalAsadiaboutwhenheaskedhimaboutthe abilitybywhichmancouldstandup,sitdown,andact.AmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)saidtoAbayah, Youaskedaboutability.DoyouhaveitwithoutAllahorwithAllah?Abayahkeptsilentanddid notknowwhattosay.ImamAli(a.s.)said,IfyousaythatyouhaveitwithAllah,Iwillkillyou,and ifyousaythatyouhaveitwithoutAllah,Iwillkillyou.Abayahsaid,ThenwhatshallIsay,O Ameerul [1]LecturesonusulalFiqh,vol.2p.8789. (109) Mo'minin?ImamAli(a.s.)said,YousaythatyouhaveitbyAllahWhohasitwithoutyou.IfHe makesyoupossessit,itisfromhisfavor,andifHedeprivesyouofit,itisfromHistrialforyou.He isthePossessorofwhatHemakesyoupossess,andHeisthePowerfuloverwhatHegivesyou powerin.Doyounothearpeopleasking(Allah)forabilityandpowerwhentheysay:thereisno abilityandpowersaveinAllah(lahawlawelaquwwataillabillah)?Abayahsaid,OAmeerul Mo'minin,whatdoesitmean?ImamAli(a.s.)said,Thereisnoabilitytokeepawayfrom disobediencessavebythepreservationofAllah,andwehavenopowertoobeyAllahsavebythe assistanceofAllah.AbayahjumpedandkissedImamAlishandsandfeet. ImamalHadi(a.s.)added,ItisnarratedfromAmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)thatonedayNajdacame tohimaskingabouthowtoknowAllah.Heasked,OAmeerulMo'minin,withwhatyouhave knownyourLord?ImamAli(a.s.)said,Withthethinkingthathasempoweredmeandthemind thathasledme.Najdasaid,Areyoumoldedintothat?ImamAli(a.s.)said,IfIammoldedinto that,Ishallnotbepraisedforgooddeedsandblamedforbaddeeds,andsoagooddoershall deserveblamemorethanawrongdoer.IknowthatAllahisEternal,Everlastingandanyother thanHimistransientandmortal.TheEternal,EverlastingOneisnotlikeatransientcreature.

Najdasaid,Iseeyouhavebecomewise.AmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)said,Iamfreetochoose.IfI commitabaddeedinsteadofgooddeed,Ishallbepunishedforit. ItisalsorelatedtoAmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)thathesaidtoamanwhoaskedhimaftercoming backfromSham,OAmeerulMo'minin,tellusaboutourmarchingtoSham!Isitbythefateof Allah?AmeerulMo'minin(a.s.)said,Osheikh(oldman),yes.Youdonotascendupahillor descendavalleyunlessitisbythewillandfateofAllah.Theoldmansaid,Iexpecttherewardof myeffortsfromAllahOAmeerulMo'minin. (110) ImamAli(a.s.)explainedfatebysaying,Osheikh,wait!Allahhasrewardedyouforyourmarching asyoumarch,foryourresidenceasyoureside,andforyourgoingbackasyougoback.Youmay thinkitisinevitablefateandinescapabledoom.Ifitisso,thenrewardandpunishment,enjoining andforbidding,scolding,warningandthreateningwillbevoid,andabaddoershallnotbeblamed andagooddoershallnotberewarded.Agooddoershallbeworthierofbeingblamedthana guiltyone,andaguiltyoneshallbeworthierofrewardthanagooddoer.Thisopinionisof idolaters,enemiesofAllah,fatalists,andthemagi.Osheikh,AllahtheAlmightyhaschargedHis peoplebutgiventhemtheoptiontodoornottodo,andforbiddenthemaswarning.Hegives muchforalittle.HeisnotdisobeyedoutofdefeatandHeisnotobeyedbyforce.Hehasnot createdtheheavens,theearth,andwhatisbetweentheminvain.Thatistheopinionofthose whodisbelieve,andwoeuntothosewhodisbelievefromtheFireTheoldmangotup,kissed ImamAlishead,andrecitedsomeversesofpoetrypraisinghim. AmeerulMo'mininprovedwhatcompliedwiththeBookandhedeniedcompulsionandfree willandshowedthatwhoeverbelievedinthemdeniedtheBookofAllahandwasunbeliever.We seektheprotectionofAllahfromdeviationanddisbelief.Webelieveneitherincompulsionnorin freewill,butwebelieveinthematterbetweenthetwomattersthatisthetrialoftheability whichAllahhasgiventousinordertoworshipHimwithitastheBookwitnessedandthepure imamsoftheProphetsprogeny(peacebeuponthem)believedin ImamalHadi(a.s.)gaveanexamplebysaying,Theexampleofthetrialofabilityislikethe exampleofamanwhopossessesaslaveandhehastoomuchmoney.Hewantstotryhisslave thoughheknowswhathisslaveshallbeanddo.Hegivestheslavesomeofhismoneyandagrees withhimonsomethings.Heordershimtospendthemoneyonsomethingsandforbidshimfrom otherthingsthathe(themaster)doesnotlike.Heordershimto

(111) avoidthemandnottospendfromhismoneyonthem,thoughmoneyisspentinbothsides.The slavespendssomemoneyinobeyingthemasterandseekinghispleasure,andsomeinthewayhe hasforbidden.Themasterhousestheslaveinatemporaryhouseandinformshimthatheshall notliveinthishouseforeverbutheshallliveinanotherhouse,whichthemasterwilltakehimto, wherethereshallbeeternalrewardandeternalpunishment.Iftheslavespendsthemoneyinthe waythatthemasterhasorderedhimtodo,heshallberewardedwiththeeternalrewardashis masterhaspromisedtorewardhimintheotherhousethathewilltakehimto,andifhespends themoneyinthewaythathismasterhasforbiddenhimfrom,heshallbepunishedwitheternal punishmentintheeternalhouse.Themasterdeterminesalimitforthat. Itistheabidinginthefirsthouse.Whenthelimitisreached,themasterchangestheslaveandthe money,thoughheisstilltheowneroftheslaveandmoneyinalltimesbuthehaspromisedthat heshallnotdeprivetheslaveofthatmoneyaslongashelivesinthathouseuntilhecompletes hisabidinginit.Themasterfulfilsthedesiresoftheslavebecausejustice,loyalty,fairness,and wisdomarefromthequalitiesofthemaster.Iftheslavespendsthatmoneyinthewayheis orderedof,themastershallcarryouthispromisetohimbyrewardinghimwitheternalblissinan everlastinghouse,andifhespendsthemoneyinthewayheisforbiddenfromandcontradictsthe ordersofhismaster,heshallbepunishedwiththeeternalpunishmentthatthemasterhas warnedhimof.Doingthat,themasterisnotunjusttotheslavebecausehehaspreinformedhim thathewillcarryouthispromiseandthreattohim.Itisforthisreasonthatthemasteris describedasmightyandomnipotent. ThemasterisAllahtheAlmighty,theslaveisman,moneyisthevastpowerofAllah,thetrialisthe showingofwisdomandmight,thetemporary(transient)houseistheworldlylife,thesumof moneythatthemasterhasgiventotheslaveistheabilitythatmanhas,andthewayAllahhas orderedthemoneytobespentinistheabilityoffollowingtheprophetsandacknowledgingwhat theyhavebrought (112) fromAllahtheAlmighty.ThewaysAllahhasforbiddenarethewaysofIblis,thepromiseofthe eternalblissistheParadise,thetransienthouseisthislife,andtheotherhouseistheeverlasting housethatistheafterlife.Themoderateconceptbetweencompulsionandfreewillisthetrial andtestoftheabilitythattheslavehasbeengiven.Itisexplainedinthefiveexampleswhich ImamasSadiq(a.s.)hasmentionedthattheyhavehadallvirtues.Ishallinterpretthemdueto

theproofsoftheQur'anandreasoninshallah. ThisexamplepresentedbyImamalHadi(a.s.)isclearthatmanhasfullcontroloverhiswilland choice.WhenmanobeysAllah,heobeysHimoutofhissatisfactionandchoiceandheisnot forcedintothat,andwhenhedisobeyshisLord,hedoesthatbyhiswillandchoicetoo.Onthe baseofthischoice,theconceptofthematterbetweenthetwomattersisbased,whichisthe conceptthathasbeenadoptedbytheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.). ImamalHadi(a.s.)added,AsforthesayingofasSadiq(a.s.),itmeanstheperfectionofmans morals,theperfectionofsenses,constancyofmind,discernment,andeloquence.Allahsays,(And surelyWehavehonoredthechildrenofAdam,andWecarrytheminthelandandthesea,and Wehavegiventhemofthegoodthings,andWehavemadethemtoexcelbyanappropriate excellenceovermostofthosewhomWehavecreated).[1]AllahinformsthatHehaspreferred mantoallHiscreaturesofanimals,beasts,seacreatures,birds,andalllivingcreaturesbyvirtueof reasonandspeaking.Allahsays,(CertainlyWecreatedmaninthebestmake),[2]and,(Oman! whathasbeguiledyoufromyourLord,theGraciousone,Whocreatedyou,thenfashionedyou, thenproportioned [1]Qur'an,17:70. [2]Qur'an,95:4. (113) you,intowhateverformHepleasedHeconstitutedyou),[1]andinmanyotherverses.Thefirst blessingofAllahformanisthesoundnessofhismindandhispreferencetoallcreatureswiththe perfectionofhismindandthefacultyofspeaking.Everylivingcreatureintheearthis independentinitssensesandcompleteinitsbeingbutmanispreferredbythefacultyofspeaking toallothersensitivecreatures.ItisforthisfacultyofspeakingthatAllahhasmademanprevail overallcreatures.Manisthecommanderwhileothercreaturesaresubmissivetohim.Allahsays, (thushasHemadethemsubservienttoyou,thatyoumaymagnifyAllahbecauseHehasguided youaright)[2]and,(AndHeitisWhohasmadetheseasubservientthatyoumayeatfreshflesh fromitandbringforthfromitornamentswhichyouwear)[3]and,(AndHecreatedthecattlefor you;youhaveinthemwarmclothingand(many)advantages,andofthemdoyoueat.Andthere isbeautyinthemforyouwhenyoudrivethemback(tohome),andwhenyousendthemforth(to pasture).Andtheycarryyourheavyloadstoregionswhichyoucouldnotreachbutwithdistress ofthesouls).[4]Forthat,AllahinvitedmantofollowHisordersandobeyHimbypreferringhim throughstraighteninghisshapeandgivinghimthefacultyofspeakingandknowledgeaftergiving himtheabilityofcarryingoutwhatHehasorderedhimtodo.Allahsays,(Thereforebecarefulof (yourdutyto)Allahasmuchasyoucan,andhearandobey)[5]and,(Allahdoesnotimposeupon

anysouladutybuttotheextentofitsability),[6]and,(Allahdoesnotlayonanysoulaburden excepttotheextenttowhichHehasgrantedit),[7] [1]Qur'an,82:68. [2]Qur'an,22:37. [3]Qur'an,16:14. [4]Qur'an,16:57. [5]Qur'an,64:16. [6]Qur'an,2:286. [7]Qur'an,65:7. (114) andinmanyotherverses.IfAllahdeprivesmanofoneofhissenses,Heexemptshimfromhis dutybythatsense.Allahsays,(Noblameisthereupontheblindnoranyblameuponthelamenor anyblameuponthesick).[1]Allahhasexemptedthesepersonsfromjihadandalldutiesthatthey cannotdo.Rather,Hehasimposedonwealthypeopletoofferthehajjandpaythezakatforthey havetheabilityofthat.Allahhasnotimposedthehajjandzakatonpoorpeople.Hesays,(and pilgrimagetotheHouseisincumbentuponmenforthesakeofAllah,(upon)everyonewhois abletoundertakethejourneytoit),[2]and,(Thosewhoputawaytheirwives(bysayingtheyare astheirmothers)andafterwardwouldgobackonthatwhichtheyhavesaid,(thepenalty)inthat case(is)thefreeingofaslaveandforhimwhoisunabletodoso(thepenanceis)thefeedingof sixtyneedyones).[3]ThisprovesthatAllahhasnotimposedonHispeoplewhatisoverthanthe abilityHehasgiventothemorforbiddenthemfromwhattheyhavenoabilitytorefrainfrom. Thisisthesoundnessofcreation. Andasforhissayingclearingtheway,itmeansthatthereisnowatchovermanthatprevents himfromcarryingoutwhatAllahhasorderedhim.ItisduetothesayingofAllahaboutthe disabledwhoarenotfreetoactasAllahsays,(Exceptthefeebleamongmen,andthewomen, andthechildren,whoareunabletodeviseaplanandarenotshownaway).[4]Heinformsthata disabledoneisnotgivenawayandsoheisnottobeblamedifhisheartisfulloffaith. Asfortimelimit,itistheageofmanwhereheisrequiredtoseekknowledgesincehecomesof ageuntildeath.He,whodieswhileseekingthetruthanddoesnotgetperfection,shallbeto good.Allahsays,(andwhoevergoesforthfromhishouse [1]Qur'an,24:61. [2]Qur'an,3:97. [3]Qur'an,58:34. [4]Qur'an,4:98.

(115) emigratingtoAllahandHisMessenger,andthendeathovertakeshim,hisrewardisindeedwith Allah).[1] EquipmentsarewealthandpowerbywhichmancanbeabletofollowthecommandsofAllah. Allahsays,(Thereisnoway(ofblame)againstthedoersofgood).[2]DoyounotseethatAllahhas acceptedtheexcuseofthosewhohavenofurthermoneytospend,butimposedonthepeople whohaveenoughmoneyandridingcamels(orhorses)[3]togotothehajjandjihad?Hehasalso acceptedtheexcuseofthepoorandimposedtothemasharefromthewealthoftherich.Hehas said,((Almsare)forthepoorwhoareconfinedinthewayofAllah).[4]Allahhasexemptedthem andhasnotchargedthemwiththatwhichtheyareunabletodo. Asforhissayingtheprovokingcause,itistheintentionthatleadsmantoallhisdeeds.The senseofthisintentionisintheheart(mind).Whoeverdoesathingwithoutintendingitbyhis heart(sincerely)itshallnotbeacceptedfromhim.Allahdoesnotacceptfrommanadeedexcept outofsincereintention,andthereforeHehassaidabouthypocrites,(Theysaywiththeirmouths whatisnotintheirhearts,andAllahisbestawareofwhattheyconceal).[5]ThenAllahrevealed toHismessenger(a.s.)ablameonthebeliever,(Oyouwhobelieve!whydoyousaythatwhich youdonotdo).[6]Ifmansayssomethingandbelievesinit,histrueintentionmakeshimprovehis sayingbydoing,andifhedoesnotbelieveinhissaying,thetruthofhissayingshallnotappear. Allahhaspermittedthetrueintentionevenifthedoingdoesnotcomplywiththeintention becauseofsomethingthatmaypreventfromachievingthedoingasAllah [1]Qur'an,4:100. [2]Qur'an,9:91. [3]Meansoftransportation. [4]Qur'an,2:273. [5]Qur'an,3:167. [6]Qur'an,61:2. (116) says,(excepthewhoiscompelledwhilehisheartisstillcontentwithfaith)[1]and(Allahdoes notpunishyouforwhatisvaininyouroaths,butHewillpunishyouforwhatyourheartshave earned).[2]TheQur'anandthetraditionsoftheProphet(a.s.)showthattheheartisthe

possessorofallsensesanditconfirmstheirdoings,andnothinginvalidateswhattheheart confirms.ThisistheexplanationofthefiveexamplesmentionedbyasSadiq(a.s.)which determinethepositionbetweenthetwopositions.Thetwopositionsarecompulsionand freewill.Ifthesefiveitemsarefoundinaman,itisobligatoryonhimtodoasAllahandHis messengershaveordered,andifthatmanlacksoneoftheseitems,heisexemptedfromthe doingconcerningthatitem. AsfortheproofsintheHolyQur'anonthetryingaccordingtoabilitywhichmeanstheconcept ofthematterbetweenthetwomatters,aremany,suchasthisholyverse(AndverilyWeshall tryyoutillWeknowthoseofyouwhostrivehard(forthesakeofAllah)andthepatient,andtill Wetestyourrecord),[3]and(AndthosewhodenyOurrevelations,Wedrawthemnear(to destruction)stepbystepfromwhencetheyknownot),[4]and(Domenthinkthattheywillbeleft aloneonsaying,Webelieve,andnotbetried),[5]and(AndcertainlyWetriedSulaiman),[6]andin thestoryofProphetMoses(Hesaid:SosurelyWehavetriedyourpeopleafteryou,andthe Samirihasledthemastray),[7]andthesayingofMoses(ItisnaughtbutThytrial).[8]Theseverses arecompared [1]Qur'an,16:106. [2]Qur'an,2:225. [3]Qur'an,47:31. [4]Qur'an,7:182. [5]Qur'an,29:2. [6]Qur'an,38:34. [7]Qur'an,20:85. [8]Qur'an,7:155. (117) onetoanotherandtheyconfirmoneanother. Asfortheversesofafflictionwhichmeantrying,theyarealsomanysuchas,(butthatHemight tryyouinwhatHegaveyou),[1]and(thenHeturnedyouawayfromthemthatHemighttry you),[2]and(WehavetriedthemasWetriedthepeopleoftheGarden),[3]and(Whocreated deathandlifethatHemaytryyou;whichofyouisbestindeeds),[4]and(AndwhenhisLordtried Ibrahimwithcertainwords),[5]and(andifAllahhadpleasedHewouldcertainlyhaveexacted whatisduefromthem,butthatHemaytrysomeofyoubymeansofothers).[6] Theseversesandmanyotherslikethemprovethetrying.AllahtheAlmightyhasnotcreatedthe creationsinvain,norhasHeignoredthem,norhasHeshowedHiswisdomforplay.Hehassaid,

(What!didyouthenthinkthatWehadcreatedyouinvainandthatyoushallnotbereturnedto Us?).[7]Ifsomeonesays,DidAllahnotknowwhatHispeoplewoulddosothatHetriedthem? Wesay,Yes,Heknowswhattheyshalldobeforetheydo.Hesays,(andiftheyweresentback, theywouldcertainlygobacktothatwhichtheywereforbidden).[8]Allahtriespeopletoshow themHisjusticeandthatHedoesnottorturethemexceptbyacertainexcuseandafter committingtheirdeeds.Allahsays,(AndhadWedestroyedthemwithchastisementbeforethis, theywouldcertainlyhavesaid:OourLord,whydidstThounotsendtousamessenger,forthen weshouldhavefollowedThycommunicationsbeforethatwe [1]Qur'an,5:48. [2]Qur'an,3:152. [3]Qur'an,68:17. [4]Qur'an,67:2. [5]Qur'an,2:124. [6]Qur'an,47:5. [7]Qur'an,23:115. [8]Qur'an,6:28. (118) metdisgraceandshame),[1]and(andWeneverpunishuntilwehavesentamessenger),[2]and ((Wesent)messengersasthegiversofgoodnewsandaswarners,sothatpeopleshouldnothave apleaagainstAllahafterthe(comingof)messengers).[3]SothetrialofAllahisontheabilitythat Hehasgiventomanandthisistheconceptofthematterbetweenthetwomatters.Aboutthis theQur'anspokeandthetraditionsoftheinfallibleimams(a.s.)confirmed. Ifsomeonesays:WhatistheargumentinthissayingofAllah(SurelyAllahmakeserrwhomHe pleasesandguidesarightwhomHepleases),[4]andinotherverseslikeit?Itissaid:themetaphor inalltheseversesisintowmeanings;oneisthatAllahtellsaboutHismightthatHeisableto guidewhomeverHepleasesandmisguidewhomeverHepleases,andifHeforcesthemintoone ofthesetwoways,neitherrewardnorpunishmenttheywoulddeserve,andthesecondisthe informinglikeinthisverse(AndastoThamud,Wegavethemguidance,buttheychoseerror aboveguidance).[5]ItmeansthatAllahhasshowedthemtherightway.IfHehadforcedthem intoguidance,theywouldnotbeabletogoastray.Itisnotwheneveranallegoricalverseis mentionedthatitwillbeanevidenceontheclearverseswhichwehavebeenorderedtofollow. Allahsays,(HeitisWhohasrevealedtheBooktoyou;someofitsversesaredecisive,theyarethe basisoftheBook,andothersareallegorical.Thenasforthoseinwhoseheartsthereisperversity, theyfollowthepartofitwhichisallegorical,seekingtomisleadandseekingtogiveit(theirown) interpretation),[6]and(givegoodnewstoMyservantswho

[1]Qur'an,20:134. [2]Qur'an,17:15. [3]Qur'an,4:165. [4]Qur'an,35:8. [5]Qur'an,41:17. [6]Qur'an,3:7. (119) listentotheword,thenfollowthebestofit;thosearetheywhomAllahhasguided,andthose whoarethemenofunderstanding).[1]Thebestofthewordmeanstheclearestandmost decisive. MayAllahmakeussuccessfulinsayinganddoingtowhatHelikesandpleases,andmayHekeep usawayfromHisdisobediencebyHisfavorandgrace.MuchpraisebetoAllahasHedeserves, andHisblessingsbeonMuhammadandonHisgoodprogeny.Allahissufficientforusandmost excellentistheProtector.[2] ThisistheendofthewonderfulletterofImamalHadi(a.s)inwhichherefutedtheillusionsofthe AsharitesandtheMutazilitesandprovedwithirrefutableproofstheconceptofthematter betweenthetwomatterswhichtheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)believedin. Samplesfromhissupplications ThesupplicationsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)formedawonderfulpartintheIslamicheritage.Theyhad establishedthebasesofbehaviorsandmoralsandthespiritualelementsofpersonality.They includedimportant,politicaldocumentationsthatshowedtheextentofpersecutionand oppression theIslamicnationfacedduringthoseagesundertheruleoftheUmayyadsandthe Abbasidswhosparednoeffortinoppressingpeopleandmakingthemastoolstoservetherulers andtheirretinues.Besidesthatthesesupplicationsshowedtheresortanddevotednessofthe imamstoAllahandthattheybelievedwiththeirhearts,feelings,andpassions. [1]Qur'an,39:1718. [2]TuhafalUqul,p.458475,alsomentionedinbriefinalIhtijajbyatTabarsi.

(120) Hissupplication(dua)atdistresses WhenImamalHadi(a.s)sufferedadistressorhewantedsomeneedtobesatisfied,heprayed Allahwiththisdua.NarratorssaidthatbeforerecitingthisduaImamalHadi(a.s)fastedon Wednesday,Thursday,andFriday,performedaghuslinthemorningofFriday,paidcharitytoa poorperson,offeredafourrakasprayer,andthenhespreadhispalmstowardstheheavenand invokedsincerelybyreciting, OAllah,praisebetoYouthatisthebestpraisethatYoudeserve,themostpleasantpraiseto You,themostappropriatepraisetoYou,themostbelovedpraisetoYou.PraisebetoYouasYou deserve,andasYouacceptedittoYourself,andasthose,whomYouacceptedtheirpraise, praisedYoufromallYourcreation.PraisebetoYouasYourprophets,messengers,andangels praisedYouwith,andasitfitsYourglory,highness,andgreatness.PraisebetoYouthattongues failtodescribe,andspeechstopsbeforereachingitsend.PraisebetoYouthatisnotlessthan Yourcontentment,andthatisbetterthaneverypraise. OAllah,praisebetoYouinjoyandtrouble,easeanddistress,soundnessandillness,yearsand ages.PraisebetoYouforYourfavorsandblessingstome.PraisebetoYouforwhatYouhave giftedme,triedme,healedme,providedmewithlivelihood,givenmewhatIneed,preferredme, honoredme,dignifiedme,andguidedmetoYourreligion;apraisethatnodescribercandescribe andnosayercansuffice. OAllah,praisebetoYouforYourkindnesstome,andYourfavorsonme,andYourpreferringme tootherthanme.PraisebetoYouforYouradjustingmycreation,andforYoureducatingmewell asafavorfromYouandnotforaprecedentgoodfromme.OmyLord,thenwhichblessingYou havenotgivenme,andwhichgratitudethatisnotrequiredfrommetoYou?!Iamsatisfiedwith Yourkindness,andYousufficemefromamongallcreation. OmyLord,YouaretheBestoweruponme,theBeneficent,theGracious,theBeautiful,theLordof gloryandhonor,andofgreat (121) favorsandblessings,sopraisebetoYouforallthat.OmyLord,Youdidnotdisappointmeinany

distress,didnotbetraymeforanyguilt,anddidnotexposemeforanyconcealedsin.Your blessingsarecontinuousonmeineverydifficultyandease.Youhavealwaysdonemegoodand pardonedme. OAllah,makemeenjoymyhearing,sight,andorgansandallthatwhichtheearthhasforme.O Allah,myfirstneedIaskYoufor,andmywishIrequestfromYou,andmakeitthemeansbefore myrequest,andIcomenearertoYoubyitisthesendingofblessingonMuhammadandthe progenyofMuhammadandIaskYoutohaveblessingonhimandonthemasthebestblessing thatYouhavecommandedYourpeopletosendonthem,andasthebestofthatwhichanyof YourpeoplehaseveraskedYoufor,andasYouareresponsibleforthemuntiltheDayof Resurrection.OAllah,haveblessingontheminasmuchasallthosewhohavesentblessingson them,andinasmuchasallthosewhoshallsendblessingonthem;acontinuousblessingwiththe means,exaltedness,andvirtue,andhaveblessingonYourprophets,messengers,andYourgood slaves,andhaveblessingonMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandsendmuchpeace onthem! OAllah,andfromYourgenerosityisthatYoudonotdisappointwhoeverasksYouforsomething, andlooksforwardtowhatYouhave,andYoudislikewhoeverdoesnotaskYou,andnooneisso otherthanYou.OmyLord,mygreedforYourmercyandforgiveness,andmytrustinYour kindnessandfavorhasledmetocallonYou,yearnforYou,andoffermyneedbeforeYou.Ihave presentedbeforemyasktheaimingatYoubythemeansofYourProphet,whohadbroughtthe truthfromYou,andbroughtYourlightandstraightpathbywhichYouhaveguidedthepeople, andbywhoselightYouhaveenliventheearth,andwhomYouhaveendowedwiththehighest dignity,andhonoredwiththeshahada,andsenthimafteracessationofthemessengers.OAllah, Ibelieveinhissecretandopenness,andinthesecretofhis (122) progenywhomYouhadkeptuncleannessawayfromandpurifiedathoroughpurifyingOAllah, donotcutbetweenmeandtheminthislifeandintheafterlifeandacceptmydeedsbythem! OAllah,YouhadguidedYourpeopletoYourselfwhenYousaid,(AndwhenMyservantsaskyou concerningMe,thensurelyIamverynear;Ianswertheprayerofthesuppliantwhenhecallson Me,sotheyshouldanswerMycallandbelieveinMethattheymaywalkintherightway),[1]and (Omyservants,whohaveactedextravagantlyagainsttheirownsouls,donotdespairofthe mercyofAllah;surelyAllahforgivesthefaultsaltogether;surelyHeistheForgiving,the Merciful),[2]and(AndNoahdidcertainlycalluponUs,andbestofanswerersareWe).[3]OLord, yes!ThebestofthecalleduponYouare,thebestoflordsYouare,andthebestofanswerersYou

are!Yousay,(Say:CalluponAllahorcallupontheBeneficent;whicheveryoucallupon,Hisare thebestnames),[4]andIcalluponYou,OAllah,byYournameswhichifYouarecalleduponby, YourespondandifYouareaskedby,Yougive.IcalluponYousuppliantly,humblywiththecallof onewhominadvertencehastakenawayandneedinesshasexhausted.IcalluponYouwiththe callofonewhohasgivenup,confessedhisguilt,andhopedforYourgreatpardon,andwide reward. OAllah,ifYouhavesingledoutsomeone,whofollowedwhatYouhaveorderedhimandactedas Youhavecreatedhimfor,withYourmercy,hewouldnotreachthatexceptbyYouandYour assistance.OAllahtoYoumyMasterismypreparinghopingforYourprizesandgifts.IaskYouto haveblessingonMuhammadandontheprogenyofMuhammadandtosatisfymyaskandneed [1]Qur'an,2:186. [2]Qur'an,39:53. [3]Qur'an,37:75. [4]Qur'an,17:110. (123) OYou,themostgenerousofgivers,thebestofthebeneficent,haveblessingonMuhammadand ontheprogenyofMuhammad,andwhoeverfromYourpeoplewantstoharmmedisconcerthis heart,refutehistongue,blindhissight,curbhishead,makehimbusywithhimself,andmakeme safefromhimbyYourmightandpower!OAllah,donotmakeitthelasttimetomethatIcall uponYousuppliantly,andifYoudo,thenforgivemeallmyfaultswithforgivenessthatdoesnot leaveoneguilt.Makemycallamongtherespondedcalls,mydeedamongtheaccepteddeeds nearyou,andmyspeechamongthatwhichcomesuptoYouofgooddeeds,andmakemewith YourProphetandchoice,andtheimams,peacebeuponthemall.BythemIbeseechYou,andby themIyearntoYou.RespondtomycallOthemostMercifulofthemerciful,andforgivememy slips.ThenImamalHadi(a.s)askedforhisneedandwentdownintoprostrationandsaid, ThereisnogodbutAllahtheForbearing,theGenerous.ThereisnogodbutAllahtheMostHigh, theGreat.GlorybetoAllahtheLordofthesevenheavens,thelordofthesevenearths,andthe LordoftheGreatThrone.OAllah,IresorttoYourpardonfromYourpunishment,andtoYour contentmentfromYourwrath,andtoYoufromYou.IcannotreachthepraiseofYouorthe gratitudetoYou.YouareasYouhavepraisedYourself.Makemylifeagrowthtomeinevery good,andmydeatharelieftomefromeveryevil.MakethedelightofmyeyesinYourobedience. OmyTrustandHope,donotburnmyfaceinFireaftermyprostrationtoYoumyMaster.Withno favorfrommeonYou,Youhavethefavoronme,sopitymyweaknessanddelicateskin,and relievemefromthedistressesofthislifeandoftheafterlife,andfavormewiththecompanyof

theProphet(a.s)andhisprogeny(peacebeuponthem)inthehighranksintheParadiseOYou theLightoflight,theManagerofaffairs,Generous,Glorious,One,Unique,Eternal,Whoneither begotnorwasbegotten,andthereisnonecomparabletoYou,OYouWhoaresoandnooneisso otherthanYou,OYouWhomthereisnogodinthehighheavensorinthelowearthotherthan You,OYouWhohonoreveryhumbleone, (124) andhumbleeverymightyone,byYourgloryandloftinessIhavelostmypatience,sohave blessingonMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandrelieveme! Hisduaatsleeping Whenhewenttobedorawokefromsleep,herecitedthisdua: ThereisnogodbutAllahtheAlive,theEternal,andHehaspoweroverallthings.Glorybeto Allah,theLordoftheworldsandtheDeityofthemessengers.GlorybetoAllah,theLordofthe sevenheavensandallthatwhichtheyhave,andtheLordofthesevenearthsandallthatwhich theyhave,theLordoftheGreatThrone,andpeacebeonthemessengers,andpraisebetoAllah theLordoftheworlds. Theduaofresorting OYou,mysupply,myhopeandreliance,myresortandsupport,OYoutheOneandUnique,O You,Whosay:He,Allah,isOne,OAllah,IaskYoubythoselikewhomYouhavenotcreatedin Yourcreation,tohaveblessingonthem HisduaofseekingprotectionfromSatan OYouWhoaremightyinYourmight,WhoarethemightiestinYourmight,makememighty fromYourmight,assistmewithYourhelp,keepawayfrommetheevilsuggestionoftheDevils, defendmebyYourdefense,protectmebyYourprotection,andmakemefromthegoodpeople ofYourcreation,OYouOne,Unique,Eternal! Aloftydua OYouthemosthearingofhearers,themostperceptiveofseers,thebestoflookers,the promptestofaccounters,theMostMercifulofthemerciful,thewisestofjudges,haveblessingon MuhammadandontheprogenyofMuhammad,andincreasemylivelihood,prolongmyold,favor mewithYourmercy,makemefromthosewhodefendYour

(125) religionanddonotreplacemebyotherthanme![1] Hiscommunes ImamalHadi(a.s)communedAllahtheAlmightyinthedarknessofnightwithasuppliantheart andpeacefulsoul.Itwasnarratedthathesaidinhiscommunes: 1.OmyLord,aguiltyhascome,andapoorhassought;donotdisappointhiseffort!Havemercy onhim,andforgivehisfaults.[2] 2.MyLord,blessMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammad,andhavemercyonmewhenmy tracewilldisappearfromthislifeandmymentionwillberemovedamongpeople,andIshallbe forgottenasthosewhohadbeenforgotten.MyLord,Ihavebecomeold,myskinhasbecome delicate,myboneshavebecomethin,timehasaffectedme,mydeathhasapproachedme,my dayshaveelapsed,mylustshavegonebutmyguiltremained!OmyLord,havemercyonme whenmyshapewillchange![3] 3.OmyLord,thoughtsofthinkerswentastray,sightsofseersfellshort,descriptionsof describersdissipated,sayingsoffabricatorsvanishedbeforethewondersofYouraffair,orthe reachtoYourhighness,forYouareintheunreachableplace,andnoeyecanfalluponYouwitha glanceorexpression.Howfar,andhowfar!OYoutheFirst,theOnly,theUnique!Youhave exaltedinhighnesswiththegloryofgreatness,andrisenupbeyondeverybottomandendwith theomnipotenceofpride.[4] [1]AyanashShia,vol.4p.285. [2]AdDurranNadheem. [3]AdiyatalBihar. [4]AtTawhid. (126) Hisziyarahs Acollectionofwonderfulziyarahs[1]weretransmittedfromImamalHadi(a.s)bywhichhevisited hispurefathers,theinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s).Theseziyarahsarefullofarguments ontherightoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)intheIslamiccaliphate.Theyalsoincludeimportant

documentationsoftheirachievements,morals,virtues,andqualities. AzZiyarahalJamiahisthemostfamousandimportantziyarahoftheinfallibleimams(a.s).Itis verywidespreadamongtheShiaandallfollowersoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)whohavememorizedit. TheyreciteitonFridaysasavisittothepureimams(a.s).Ithasbeenpublishedhundredsoftimes indifferenteditionsandwethinkthereisnoneedtomentionithereforitisverywellknownand widespreadamongMuslims. ZiyarahofalGhadir TheDayofalGhadirisoneofthemostimportantoccasionsfortheTwelverShiawhoconsiderit asanEidwheretheProphet(a.s)hadappointedImamAli(a.s)asthecaliphoverMuslimsafter him.TheShiavisitedandstillvisittheholyshrineofImamAli(a.s)ontheDayofalGhadirevery yeartoconfirmtheirguardianshipandallegiancetohim. ImamalHadi(a.s)visitedtheholyshrineofhisgrandfatherImamAli(a.s)intheyearwhenal Mutasim,theAbbasidcaliph,broughthimfromMedinatoSammarra.[2]ImamalHadi(a.s) visitedhisgrandfatherAmeerulMo'mininwiththiswonderfulziyarahinwhichhementionedthe virtuesofImamAli(a.s)and [1]Ziyarahlinguisticallymeansavisitbuthereitreferstothespecialsacredwordingssaidby theinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)andbyothersasakindofgreeting,respectand reverenceofferedtotheAhlulBayt(a.s)andotherholypersonalitieswhenvisitingtheirshrinesor mayberecitedoncertaindaysandoccasionswhereveroneis. [2]MafatihalJinanbySheikhAbbasalQummi,p.363. (127) thepoliticalandsocialproblemshesufferedatthatage.Wementionheresomepassagesfrom theziyarah: AndyouwerethefirstonewhobelievedinAllahandofferedprayertoHim,foughtinHisway, anddidwellinthehouseofpolytheismwheretheearthwasfullofdeviationandSatanwas worshippedopenly. Youhadthememorablesituations,famousoccasions,andgreatdays;theDay(battle)ofBadrand theDayofalAhzab(whentheeyesturneddull,andtheheartsroseuptothethroats,andyou begantothinkdiversethoughtsofAllah.Therethebelieversweretriedandtheywereshaken withsevereshaking,andwhenthehypocrites,andthoseinwhoseheartswasadisease,were

saying:AllahandHismessengerpromisedusnaughtbutdelusion,andwhenapartyofthemsaid: OpeopleofYathrib,thereisnoplacetostandforyouhere,thereforegoback,andapartyof themaskedpermissionoftheprophet,saying:Surelyourhousesareexposed;andtheywerenot exposed;theyonlydesiredtoflyaway)[1]andAllahsaid,(Andwhenthebelieverssawtheallies, theysaid:ThisiswhatAllahandHisMessengerpromisedus,andAllahandHisMessengerspoke thetruth;anditonlyincreasedtheminfaithandsubmission).[2]ThenyoukilledtheirAmr[3]and defeatedtheirparties(andAllahturnedbacktheunbelieversintheirrage;theydidnotobtainany advantage,andAllahsufficedthebelieversinfighting;andAllahisStrong,Mighty).[4]Andonthe DayofUhud(whenyouclimbed(thehill)andpaidnoheedtoanyone,whilethemessenger,in yourrear,wascallingyou [1]Qur'an,33:1013. [2]Qur'an,33:22. [3]AmrbinAbdWiddwasthemostfamous,andbravestheroofthepolytheistswhofoughtinthe battleofalAhzab. [4]Qur'an,33:25. (128) (tofight),[1]butyoudroveawaythepolytheistsfromtheProphet(a.s)ontherightandontheleft untilAllahdrovethemfromit(war)fearfullyandgavevictorybyyoutothe(disappointers),and ontheDayofHunaynasAllahsaid,(whenyourgreatnumbersmadeyouvain,buttheyavailed younothingandtheearthbecamestraittoyounotwithstandingitsspaciousness,thenyouturned backretreating.ThenAllahsentdownHistranquilityuponHisMessengeranduponthe believers).[2]AndthebelieverswereyouandyourcompanionsAndontheDayofKhaybarwhen Allahshowedtheweaknessofthehypocritesandcuttherootsoftheunbelieverspraisebeto AllahtheLordoftheworlds(AndcertainlytheyhadmadeacovenantwithAllahbefore,thatthey wouldnotturn(their)backs;andAllah'scovenantshallbeinquiredof).[3] AndyouparticipatedwiththeProphet(a.s)inallhiswarsandbattlesholdingthebannerbefore him,andbeatingwiththeswordinfrontofhim.Thenforyourwellknownresolutionandinsight onaffairs,hemadeyoutheemirinthebattlesandtherewasnoemiroveryou Inyoursleepinginthebed(oftheProphet)[4]youwereliketheslaughtered(ProphetIshmael) Peacebeuponhim,thatyourespondedasheresponded,andyouobeyedasheobeyedpatiently hopingfortherewardwhenhisfathersaidtohim,(Omyson!surelyIhaveseeninadreamthatI shouldsacrificeyou;considerthenwhatyousee.Hesaid:Omyfather,dowhatyouare commanded;ifAllahplease,youwillfindmeofthepatientones),[5]andsowereyouwhenthe [1]Qur'an,3:153.

[2]Qur'an,9:2526. [3]Qur'an,33:15. [4]HereImamalHadi(a.s)talkedaboutthesleepingofImamAli(a.s)intheProphetsbedwhen QurayshdecidedtokilltheProphet(a.s)butImamAli(a.s)sacrificedhislifeforhim. [5]Qur'an,37:102. (129) Prophet(a.s)orderedyoutosleepinhisbedtosavehimbyyourselfandyouhurriedtorespond obedientlyandtoexposeyourselftokilling,andsoAllahthankedyourobedienceandshowed yourgooddeedbysaying,(Andamongmenishewhosellshimselftoseekthepleasureof Allah).[1] Iwitnessthatyoucontradicteddesires,alliedwithpiety,suppressedanger,pardonedpeople, becameangrywhenAllahwasdisobeyed,becamepleasedwhenAllahisobeyed,carriedoutwhat youwereentrustedwith,keptwhatyouwereconfided,achievedwhatyouwerechargedwith, andwaitedforwhatyouwerepromised,andIwitnessthatyoudidnotavoid(somepeople)out ofhumbleness,norrefrainedfromyourright(inthecaliphate)withgrief,norabstainedfrom confrontingtheextortersofyourrightoutofsubservience,noryoushowedsatisfactionunlikethe satisfactionofAllahoutofflattering,noryoubecameweakafterwhatyoufacedforthesakeof Allah,noryouweakenedorgaveupthedemandingofyourrightandlayinwait.Godforbid!You werenotso,butifyouwerewronged,youwerecontentwithyourLordandentrustedyouraffairs toHim. Youdidnotmindmisfortunes,anddidnotweakenatdistresses,anddidnotabstainfromfighting againstfalsenessItwasyouwhosaid:neitherdothemassesofpeoplearoundmeincreasemy glory,nordoestheirseparationfrommecausemelonelinessevenifallpeoplebetrayme AllahtheAlmightyrespondedtoHisprophetscallconcerningyou,[2]andthenHeorderedhimto announcethatheentrustedyouwiththeaffair(caliphate)ofhisnationasglorificationtoyou, declaringyourproof,andrefutingthefalsehoodandfabricatedexcuses.Whenhefeareda seditionfromthedissoluteandfeared [1]Qur'an,2:207. [2]InthispassageImamalHadi(a.s)talkedaboutthefamouseventofalGhadirwhenMuslims paidhomagetoImamAli(a.s)asthecaliphaftertheProphet(a.s)duetothedecreeofthe Prophet(a.s)himself.

(130) foryoufromthehypocrites,theLordoftheworldsrevealedtohim,(OMessenger,deliverwhat hasbeenrevealedtoyoufromyourLord,andifyoudoitnot,thenyouhavenotdeliveredHis message,andAllahwillprotectyoufromthepeople).[1]Heburdenedhimselfwithjourney, stoppedatthehotdesert,andmadehisspeech.Hecalledoutandmadeeveryonehear,and askedthem,HaveIinformed?Theysaid,ByAllah,yes!Hesaid,OAllah,bearwitness!Thenhe said,AmInotworthierofMuslimsthanthemselvestothem?Theysaid,Yes,youare.Then,he tookyourhandandsaid,WhoeverhisguardianIam,hereisAlitobehisguardian.OAllah, supportwhoeversupportshim,beenemytowhoevershowsenmitytowardshim,helpwhoever helpshim,anddisappointwhoeverdisappointshim!TheydidnotbelieveinwhatAllahhad revealedtoHisprophetconcerningyouexceptafew,andmostofthemdidnotaddsave perdition! ThenwasyourordealontheDayofSiffinwhenthecopiesoftheQur'anwereraisedtrickilyand cunningly.Suspicionappeared,thetruthwasknown,butsuppositionwasfollowed.Itwaslikethe ordealofAaronwhenMosesmadehimtheemiroverhispeoplebuttheyseparatedfromhimand lefthimalonewhileAaroncallingout,(Omypeople!youareonlytriedbyit,andsurelyyourLord istheBeneficentAllah,thereforefollowmeandobeymyorder.Theysaid:Wewillbynomeans ceasetokeeptoitsworshipuntilMusareturnstous).[2]Sowereyouwhenthecopiesofthe Qur'anwereraisedandyousaid:Opeople,youaretriedbyitanddeceived.Buttheydisobeyed andobjectedtoyouandcalledforthetwojudges.You,beforeAllah,exemptedyourselffrom theirdoingandmadeAllahthejudgeoverthem.Whenthetruthshone,andtheirabominable doingwasrefuted,theyconfessedtheirfaultanddeviationfromthetruth,andafterthatthey disagreed.Then,theyforcedyouto [1]Qur'an,5:67. [2]Qur'an,20:9091. (131) acceptthearbitrationwhichyoudeniedandprohibitedbuttheyliked.Theypermittedtheirguilt thattheycommitted.Youwereoninsightandguidanceandtheywereindeviationandblindness. TheystillinsistedonhypocrisyandwerestillinerroruntilAllahmadethemtastetheevilresults oftheirdoingandHekilledfromthembyyourswordwhoopposedyouandbecamewretched andlost,andgavelifebyyourargumenttowhoeverfollowedtheguidanceandwashappy.The blessingsofAllahbeonyoueverywhereandeverywhen.Neithercanapraisercoveryour description,norcanadispraiserencompassyourvirtues

Fromtheprophetsstories InsometraditionsImamalHadi(a.s.)toldhiscompanionssomestoriesoftheprophets. NoahandIblis ImamalHadi(a.s.)relatedadialoguebetweenProphetNoah(a.s.)andIblis.Hesaid,Oneday, IbliscametoNoahandsaidtohim,Youhavedonemeagreatfavor.TrustinmeandIshallnot betrayyou.Noahbecameangry.AllahrevealedtohimtoletIblisspeakout.NoahsaidtoIblis, Speakout!Iblissaid,IfwefindthesonofAdamstingy,envious,arrogant,orrash,we(the Devils)snatchhimasthesnatchingofaball.Ifallthesemoralsgatherinhim,wecallhima mutinousdevil.Noahsaid,WhatisthegreatfavorIhavedonetoyou?Iblissaid,Youinvoked AllahagainstthepeopleoftheearthandsentthemtoHell,andsoIwasfree.Withoutyour invokingagainstthem,Iwouldbebusywiththemforalongtime.[1] MosesandAllah ImamalHadi(a.s.)related,Mosessaid,OmyLord,whatistherewardofonewhoavoidstreason outofbeingshyofYou? [1]QisasalAnbiya(Thestoriesoftheprophets)byarRawandi. (132) AllahtheAlmightysaid,HeshallbesafeontheDayofResurrection. Mosessaid,WhatistherewardofonewholovesthepeopleofYourobedience? AllahtheAlmightysaid,IwillsavehisbodyfromMyFire. Mosessaid,Whatistherewardofonewhokillsabelieverintentionally? AllahtheAlmightysaid,IwillnotlookathimontheDayofResurrectionandIwillnotpardonhis sin. Mosessaid,MyLord,whatistherewardofonewhorefrainsfromharmingpeopleandhelps theminstead? AllahtheAlmightysaid,OntheDayofResurrection,Firewillsaytohim:Ihavenowayover you.[1]ImamalHadi(a.s.)toldsuchstoriestohiscompanionstobeexamplesforthemongood moralsandmanners.

AmaximfromJesusChrist ImamalHadi(a.s.)narratedtohiscompanions,Ifoneofyougives(charity)withhisrighthand, lethimconcealthatfromhislefthand,andifheprays,lethimconcealthat. AllahtheAlmightylovesthatwhenabelievergivescharityordoesgood,heistokeepitsecret andnottoannounceorspreaditamongpeoplelestheshalllosethereward,forhehastoseek therewardfromAllah. FromtheIslamicevents ImamalHadi(a.s.)talkedtohiscompanionsaboutsomeimportantIslamiceventsthathappened atthefirstIslamicage.OneofthemwasthekillingofthemartyrQanbar,ImamAlisservant,at thehandofthetyrantalHajjajbinYousufath [1]AlAmalibyasSaduq. (133) Thaqafi.[1]Hesaid, QanbarcameintoalHajjajbinYousufwhoshoutedathim,WhatservicedidyouoffertoAlibin AbuTalib? Qanbarsaid,Ihelpedhiminperformingablution. AlHajjajsaid,Whatdidhesaywhenhefinishedhisablution? Qanbarsaid,HerecitedthisQuranicverse:(Butwhentheyneglectedthatwithwhichtheyhad beenadmonished,Weopenedforthemthedoorsofallthings,untilwhentheyrejoicedinwhat theyweregivenWeseizedthemsuddenly;thenlo!theywereinutterdespair.Sotherootsofthe peoplewhowereunjustwerecutoff;andallpraiseisduetoAllah,theLordoftheworlds).[2] AlHajjajsaid,Ithinkhemeantus?! Qanbarsaid,Yes,hedid. AlHajjajsaidtoQanbar,WhatdoyoudoifIbeheadyou?

Qanbarsaid,ThenIshallbehappyandyoushallbewretched. Thetyrantorderedhismentobeheadthisgoodmanandhewaskilled.[3] ThevirtueoftheProphetandAli ImamalHadi(a.s.)praisedtheinnumerablefavorstheProphet(a.s.)andImamAli(a.s.)didthe nation.Hesaid,FromglorifyingAllahisthepreferringofthetwofathersofreligionMuhammad andAlitothefathersofkinship,andfrombeingindifferenttotheloftinessofAllahistopreferthe fathersofkinshiptothefathersofreligion;MuhammadandAli[4] [1]HewasonethemostoppressivewalisoftheUmayyads. [2]Qur'an,6:4445. [3]RijalalKashshi. [4]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.227. (134) Healsosaid,IfthetwofathersofreligionMuhammadandAliarenotglorifiedtoonemorethan hisfathersofkinship,oneshallhavenovaluenearAllah.[1] TheProphet(a.s.)andhisguardianImamAli(a.s.)havehadrightsonthenationmorethanthe rightsoffathers.BythemAllahhastakenpeopleoutofthelifeofignorance,meanness,and wretchednesstothelifeofIslamthatisfullofhonor,glory,anddignity. Thevirtueoftheulamaduringthetimeofoccultation ImamalHadi(a.s.)talkedaboutthevirtueoftheulamaduringthetimeoftheoccultationofhis grandsonImamalMahdi(a.s.).Hesaid,If,aftertheoccultationofImamalMahdi,therewillbe noulamawhowillinviteandguidetohim,defendhisreligionwithclearproofs,andsavethe weakfaithfulfromthetrapsofIblisandhisfollowersandfromthetrapsoftheenemiesofthe AhlulBayt(a.s.),nooneremainsunlesshewillapostatefromthereligionofAllah,butitisthey whowillholdtheheartsoftheweakoftheShiaasashipperwhenholdingtherudderofhisship. ThosearethebestofpeoplenearAllah. Thevirtueofpatience

ImamalHadi(a.s.)talkedaboutpatienceandthegreatrewardthepatientshallgetfromtheir Lord.AlHasanbinAlinarrated,IheardAbulHasansaying,OntheDayofResurrection,acaller willcallout:wherearethepatient?Somepeoplewillgetup.Then,acallerwillcallout:whereare thediscerning?Somepeoplewillgetup.Thepatientarethosewhoarepatientwiththe performingoftheobligations,andthediscerningarethosewhoarediscerninginrefrainingfrom sins.[2] [1]AlIhtijaj. [2]BiharalAnwar. (135) Pessimismtowardsdays IslamresistedallbadhabitsandtraditionsofthepreIslamicera.FromthosehabitsthatIslam resistedwasthepessimismatdayswhichthepreIslamicsocietybelievedin.Itneitherbrought goodnordiditsavefromevil,forallthingsweredeterminedbyAllahtheCreatoroftheuniverse andGiveroflife. AlHasanbinMasoud[1]said,Oneday,IwenttoAbulHasanAlibinMuhammad(a.s.)aftermy fingerwasscratched,andariderknockedagainstmyshoulder,andIwentintoacrowdthatsome ofmyclothesweretorn.Isaid:mayAllahsavemefromyourevilOday!Howillomenedyouare! AbulHasan(a.s.)saidtome,OHasan,yousaysothoughyoufrequentus!Youthrowyourguilton thatwhichisguiltless! Irecoveredmysenses,understoodmymistake,andsaid:IaskAllahtoforgiveme. AbulHasan(a.s.)said,OHasan,whatistheguiltofdaysthatyouarepessimisticatwhenyouare punishedforyourdeedsonthem? Isaid,IalwaysaskAllahforforgiveness.ItismyrepentanceOsonofthemessengerofAllah. Hesaid,ByAllah,itdoesnotbenefityou.Allahpunishesyouforblamingdayswhichhavenoguilt inwhatyoublamethemfor.OHasan,doyouknowthatitisAllahWhorewardsandpunishesfor deedswhethersoonerorlater? Isaid,Oyes,mymaster.

Hesaid,DonotgivedaysaroleinthejudgmentofAllah! Isaid,Oyes,mymaster.[2] ImamalHadi(a.s.)confirmedwhattheProphet(a.s.)had [1]HemightbealHasanbinSaeedalAhwazi. [2]TuhafalUqul,p.482483. (136) announcedinoneofhistraditionsthatitwasnotfromIslamthataMuslimbepessimistic,buthe musthaveastrongwillanddeterminationindoingeverythingexceptsins. Cleanness ImamalHadi(a.s.)invitedtocleannessandprettification.Hesaid,AllahisbeautifulandHeloves beautyandprettification,andHehatesmiseryandmiserableones.AllahtheAlmightylikes,when HegivesablessingtoHisslave,toseetheeffectsofthatblessingappearonhim.Hewasasked, Howisthat?Hesaid,Tocleanhisdress,makehissmellgood,orderhishouse,andsweepthe yard.Evenalamplitbeforesunsettakespovertyawayandincreaseslivelihood.[1] Rarityoflawfulincome SayyidbinTawusnarratedthatMuhammadbinHarunalJallabsaid,IsaidtomymasterAlibin MuhammadalHadi(a.s.):wenarratedfromyourfathersthatatimewouldcomewherethere wouldbenothingrarerthanafriendlybrotherorgainingalawfuldirham(wellgottenmoney). Hesaid,OMuhammad,afriendlybrotherisavailable,butyouareinatimewherethereis nothingrarerthanawellgottendirhamandaloyal,faithfulbrother.[2] Therarityofwellgottenmoneyresultsfromtheimpietyingainingandthegreedinesstoget moneyinanyway.Asforafriendlybrotherwhoseekshisownbenefits,heisavailable everywhereandeverywhen,butasforagodfearingbrotherwhokeepshisbrotherawayfrom committingsinandtakeshimtodogood,heisrareatalltimes. Ignoringthefactofdeath ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasasked,WhydotheseMuslimshatedeath?Hesaid,Becausetheyignore it,andtherefore,theyhateit.IftheyknewitandwerefromthedevoteesofAllah,theywould

[1]AlAmalibySheikhalMufid. [2]MaathiralKubara,vol.3p.227. (137) surelyloveitandknowthattheafterlifewouldbebetterthantheworldlylife.ThenImamalHadi (a.s.)turnedtohiscompanionsandsaid,Whydoachildandaninsanerefrainfromdrugthat recoverstheirbodiesandrelievesthemfrompain? Theysaid,Becausetheyignorethebenefitofdrug. Hesaid,IswearbyHimWhohadsentMuhammadwiththetruthasprophet,whoeverprepares himselftodeath,itwouldbebetterforhimthanthiscurativedrug.Iftheyknowwhatblissdeath getsto,theywillloveitandcallforitmorethanasane,determinedmanwhencallingfordrugto curehisdiseasesandgetsafety.[1] InanothertraditionitwasrelatedthatonedayImamalHadi(a.s.)visitedasickcompanionand sawhimcryfearingfromdeath.Hesaidtohim,OAbdullah(slaveofAllah),youfearfromdeath becauseyoudonotknowit.Ifyoubecomedirtyandfilthy,andyousufferfromthisdirtandfilth thatcauseyousoresandmange,andthenyouknowthatwashinginthebathroomwillrelieveall that,doyounotwanttogotothebathroomandremoveallthatfromyou,oryouhatetodothat andyouletfilth,sores,andmangeonyou? Thesickmansaid,Oyes,sonofthemessengerofAllah,mayAllahhaveblessingandpeaceon youandyourhousehold. ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Deathisthatbathroom.Itisthelastthingremainingforyoutowash yourguiltandpurifyyoufromyoursins.Ifyoucometoitandbeitsneighbor,youshallbefree fromeverydistress,grief,andpain,andshallgettoeveryhappinessanddelight.Thesickman wascalm.HesubmittedtodeathandpleasedwiththefateofAllah.[2] [1]MaanialAkhbarbyasSaduq. [2]Ibid. (138) Truerepentance

AhmadbinHilalaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)abouttruerepentanceandherepliedtohim,thatthe inwardandtheoutwardaretobethesameandbetter.[1] Themeaningofrajeem AbdulAdhimalHasaninarratedthatheheardAbulHasanAlibinMuhammadalHadi(a.s.)saying, ThemeaningofrajeemaccursedthatSatanisdescribedwithisthatheisstonedwithcurse, andrejectedfromeveryplaceofgood.Nofaithfulmentionshimunlesshecurseshim.Inthe eternalknowledgeofAllahthatwhenImamalMahdi(alQaim)(a.s.)willreappears,every believerathistimewillstoneSatanashehadbeenstonedwithcursebefore.[2] Mob ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,MobarethekillersoftheprophetsAllahwasnotpleasedwiththem whenHecomparedthemtothelivestockandsaid,(buttheyareworse).[3] Mobsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhohavenosocialorreligiousunderstanding.Itistheywhom tyrannicalpowerspushtokillprophetsandreformersthroughouthistory. Wordsoflight AcollectionofpreciouswordswasnarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.).Thesewordsarefromthe wonderfulintellectualtreasuresinIslam,inwhichImamalHadi(a.s.)hasdiscusseddifferent educational,moral,andpsychologicalissues.Herearesomeofhiswords: 1.Betterthangoodisitsdoer,betterthanfavorisitssayer,andmorepreferablethanknowledge isitsfollower. [1]MaanialAkhbarbyasSaduq. [2]MaanialAkhbarbyasSaduq. [3]Qur'an,7:179. (139) 2.Hesaidtooneofhisservants,Blamesoandso(friendly)andsaytohim:ifAllahwantsgood forsomeone,Hemadehimbepleasedwhenheisblamed. 3.He,whoasksformorethanhismerit,isworthierofdeprivation. 4.Therightnessofone,whoignoresdignity,ishislowness.

5.Patienceistopossessyourselfandcontrolyourangerwhenyouareabletoshowit. 6.People(runtheiraffairs)inthislifewithmoneyandintheafterlifewithdeeds. 7.Whoeverispleasedwithhimself,manyarethosewhoaredispleasedathim. 8.Fatesshowyouwhatyoudonotimagine. 9.Theevilestofmisfortuneisbadmorals. 10.Wealthisthelittlenessofwishingandthesatisfactionwithwhatsufficesyou,povertyis greedinessanddespair,andlownessisfollowingthelittleandlookingforwardtoinsignificants. 11.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasaskedaboutresolutionandhesaid,Itistoseeyouropportunityand hurrytoachieveitaspossibleasyoucan. 12.Theriderofareluctanthorseisacaptiveofhimself.He,whowalksincrookedways,isled byhisfancythatthrowshimintotheabyssofmisfortunes. 13.Anignorantoneisacaptiveofhistongue. 14.Disputingdestroysoldfriendship,anduntiesfirmknots.Theleastofitisthatitleadsto hatredwhichisthefirstcauseoftheruptureofrelations. 15.Blamingisthekeytohaughtiness,thoughitisbetterthanspite. 16.OneofImamalHadiscompanionsexaggeratedinpraising (140) theimamwhosaidtohim,Muchflatteryattacksdiscernment.Ifyouaretrustedbyyourbrother, turnfromflatterytogoodwill. 17.Misfortuneforthepatientisone,andfortheimpatientistwo. 18.Envyeradicatesgooddeeds,andpridebringsdetestation.

19.Selfconceitturnsoneawayfromseekingknowledgeandleadshimtoignorance. 20.Stinginessistheworstofmorals,andgreedinessisabadnature. 21.Associatingwiththewickedshowsthewickednessofonewhoassociateswiththem. 22.Thedenyingofblessingsisasignofungratefulnessandacauseforchanging(ofblessings). 23.Importunitytakespeacefulnessawayandleadstoregret. 24.Mockeryisthejokingofthefoolishandthecraftoftheignorant. 25.Undutifulness(toparents)lessensoffspringandleadstomeanness. 26.Sleeplessnessmakessleepmorepleasant,andhungermakesfoodmoredelicious. 27.Thinkofyourdeathbetweenyourfamilywherenophysicianshalldefendyouandnofriend shallbenefityou! 28.Thinkoftheregretsofwastingtobemoredetermined! 29.Aniggardandawisemandonotrest. 30.Thereisnocureforcorruptednatures. 31.He,whocannotprevent,cannotgive. 32.Worsethanevilisitsdoerandmorehorriblethanhorrorisanadventurerintoit. (141) 33.Bewareofenvyforitharmsyouandnotyourenemy. 34.Inatimewherejusticeismorethanoppression,itisunlawfultosuspectanyonebeforebeing certainofthatwhichissuspectedof,andinatimewhereoppressionismorethanjustice,one shouldnottrustinanyoneexceptafterbeingcertainofhim. 35.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtoalMutawakkil(theAbbasidcaliph),Donotexpectgoodwillfrom

onewhomyouhaveoffended,orloyaltyfromonewhomyouhavebetrayed,orsincerityfrom onewhomyouhavesuspected,becausetheheartsofotherstowardsyouarelikeyourheart towardsthem. 36.Retainblessingsbybeinggoodneighbortothem(byspendingthemintherightwayand helpingpeoplethroughcharities),expectmorebybeinggratefultoAllahforthem,andknowthat soulisverywillingtowhatitisgivenandveryunwillingtowhatitispreventedfrom,socarryiton asumpterthatdoesnotslow. 37.Ignoranceandniggardlinessaretheworstofmorals. 38.Goodappearanceisapparentbeautyandgoodmindishiddenbeauty. 39.ItisfrominadvertencetoAllahthatonekeepsondisobedienceandwishesforgivenessfrom Allah. 40.Ifpeoplewalkedinavastvalley,IwouldwalkinavalleyofamanwhoworshippedAllah alonesincerely. 41.Theangeratone,overwhomyouhaveauthority,ismeanness. 42.Agratefuloneishappierwithgratitudethanwiththeblessingthatrequiresgratitude, becauseblessingsareenjoymentandgratitudeisablessing. 43.Allahmadetheworldlylifeaplaceoftryingandtheafterlifeaplaceofreward.Hemadethe misfortunesoftheworldlylifeasameansfortherewardoftheafterlife,andtherewardofthe (142) afterlifeasacompensationforthemisfortunesoftheworldlylife. 44.Anunderstandingoppressorisabouttotakeattentionsawayfromhisoppressionthroughhis understanding,andafoolishjustmanisabouttoputoutthelightofhisjusticethroughhis foolishness. 45.Whoevershowsyouhissincereloveyouaretoshowhimyourobedience. 46.Donotfeelsafefromtheevilofonewhodespiseshimself.

47.Theworldisamarketinwhichsomepeoplegainandotherslose. 48.Thinkofyourdeathamongyourfamilywherenophysicianshallsaveyouandnolovershall benefityou.[1] [1]ThesesayingsarequotedfromadDurranNadhim,alIttihafBihubilAshraf,BiharalAnwar,al AmaliofSheikhatToosi,AayanashShia,NuzhatanNadhir,TuhafalUqul,alAmaliofSheikhal Mufid,MaanialAkhbarofSheikhasSaduq,MaathiralKubara. Hiscompanionsandthenarratorsofhistraditions ThevastcultureandknowledgeofImamalHadi(a.s.)inallsciencessuchastafsir(commentaryof theQuran),jurisprudence,Islamicarts,ethics,andotherfieldsmadehimtheendthatscholars andseekersofknowledgesetofftowards. ThecompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s.)representedthetruemissionofIslam.Theysavedthe missionofIslamfromlose.TheyassociatedwiththeinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)who weretheflowingspringoftheessenceofIslam.Theynarratedandrecordedtheir(theimams) traditionsintheirfourhundredrecords(usuls)thatwerecollectedlateroninthefourbooksto whichtheShiajurisprudentsreferredandarestillreferringtoinderivinglegalverdicts. ThesecompanionshaddonetheIslamicworldagreatfavorbywritingdowntheknowledgeand literatureoftheinfallibleimams(a.s.);otherwise,thatgreatheritagewouldbelostand consequentlythehumancultureandintellectwouldlosemuch. Thethingthatmakesoneprideonthejihadofthosenarratorsisthattheyassociatedwiththe infallibleimams(a.s.)andrecordedtheirtraditionsinatimethatwasmostcriticalandfullof offenseandoppression.TheUmayyadandAbbasidgovernmentswenttoo (144) farinoppressingtheAlawidsandtheirfollowersandinpreventingthepublicfromassociating withthem(theAlawids).Thosegovernments,withnomercyorleniency,chasedeveryonewho triedtospreadortalkaboutthevirtuesoftheAlawidsornarratetheirtraditionsandarrestedhim

tobekilledortoremaininthedarknessofprisonsforever.Therefore,narratorsrefrainedfrom mentioningthenamesoftheinfallibleimamsfromwhomtheynarratedtraditions.Theyreferred tothembysurnamesonetimeandbytitlesothertime.Theydidnotdeclaretheirrealnames. Anyhow,wementionherethecompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s.)andthenarratorsofhis traditionswithbriefaccountsonthembecausethis,aswethink,shallcompletethestudyonthe imamthatitdiscoverssomeimportantsidesofhispersonality. 1.IbrahimbinIsaaq SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidthathewas reliable.[1] 2.IbrahimbinAbuBakrarRazi AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 3.IbrahimbinIdris SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3]SodidalBarqi.[4] 4.IbrahimbinDawudalYaqubi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5]AlBarqisaidhewas fromImamalHadiandImamalJawadscompanions.[6]AlKashshimentionedhimasoneofthe [1]RijalatToosi,p.409. [2]RijalalBarqi. [3]RijalatToosi,p.409. [4]RijalalBarqi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]RijalalBarqi. (145) narratorswhonarratedfromImamAbulHasan(a.s.).[1] 5.IbrahimbinShayba SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]Once,hewrotealetter toImamalHadi(a.s.)complainingtohimagainstthedeviantsfromreligionwhodistortedthe Islamicintellect.Weshalldiscussthismatterwhenwetalkabouttheageoftheimamlateron. 6.IbrahimbinAbdahanNaysaburi

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiandImamalAskariscompanions.[3]Al KashshisaidthatImamalHasanalAskari(a.s.)sentalettertoIsaaqbinIsmailinwhichhe greetedIbrahimbinAbdahandappointedhimashisagenttoreceivethelegaldues.[4]Once, ImamalAskari(a.s.)deputedhimtoAbdullahbinHamdwayhalBayhaqiandsentaletterwith himsayinginit,IhavesentIbrahimbinAbdahsothatthe(other)districtsandthepeopleofyour districtpaymyduesonyoutohimandmadehimmytrustandagentbeforemyfollowersthere. LetthemfearAllahandpaytheduesandtheyhavenoexcuseinnotdoingthatordelayingit.May AllahnotdistressthemfordisobeyingHisguardiansandmayHehavemercyonthemandonyou throughmymercifulnesstothem,andAllahisAmplegiving,Generous.[5] 7.IbrahimbinUqbah SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[6]andsodidalBarqi.[7]He narratedtraditionsfromImamAbuJafaralJawad(a.s.)andImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.).Sahl binZiyadandothernarratorsnarratedfromhim.[8] [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]RijalalKashshi. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.1p.118. [6]RijalatToosi. [7]RijalalBarqi. [8]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.1p.121122. (146) 8.IbrahimbinMuhammadbinFarisanNaysaburi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiandImamalHasanalAskaris companions.[1] 9.IbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedha,ImamalJawad,andImamalHadis companions.AlKashshisaidhewastheagentofImamalHadi(a.s.).Heperformedthehajjforty times.[2]HewastheagentofImamalJawad(a.s.)whowrotetohim,Youraccounthasbeen received.MayAllahacceptfromyouandbepleasedwiththemandmakethemwithusinthislife andintheafterlife.Soandsodinarsandsoandsoclothesweresenttoyou.MayAllahbless themforyouandblesseverygiftHehasgiventoyou.IhavewrittentoanNadhrorderinghimto refrainfromtroublingandobjectingtoyouandinforminghimofyourpositiontome.AndIhave writtentoAyyuborderinghimofthesametoo.IhavewrittenabooktomyfollowersinHamadan

orderingthemtoobeyyouandfollowyourordersandthatIhavenoagent(there)exceptyou.[3] ThislettershowsthatIbrahimbinMuhammadwassotrustedandofahighpositionnearthe imam(a.s.). 10.IbrahimbinMahziyar SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadandImamalHadiscompanions.[4]An NajashisaidhehadwrittenabookcalledalBisharat.[5]AlKashshimentionedatraditionnarrated byMuhammadbinIbrahimbinMahziyarthathesaid,Whenmyfather(Ibrahim)wasaboutto die,hegavemesomemoneyandgavemeacertainsign.Nooneknewaboutthissignexcept AllahtheAlmighty.Hesaidtome,Whoevershowyouthissign,youhavetogivehimthismoney. IwenttoBaghdadand [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]RijalanNajashi. (147) stoppedataninn.Onthefollowingday,someonecameandknockedthedoor.Iaskedtheservant toseewhohewas.Theservantsaid,Anoldmanatthedoor.Isaid,Lethimcomein.Theold mancamein,tookaseatandsaid,IamalUmari.Givemethemoneythatiswithyouwhichisso andso.HeshowedmethesignandIgavehimthemoney.[1]ThistraditionshowsthatIbrahim wastheagentoftheimaminreceivingthelegalduesanddefinitelyhewasfairandreliablein ordertobetheimamsagent. 11.IbrahimadDahqan SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 12.AhmadbinIsaaqbinAbdullahalAsharialQummi HewasthedeputyofthepeopleofQum.HenarratedtraditionsfromImamAbuJafarthesecond (alJawad)andImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.).HewasfromtheclosecompanionsofImamAbu MuhammadalAskari(a.s.).HehadwrittensomebookssuchasIlalasSawm,MasailarRijalof ImamalHadi,andIlalasSalat.HewasoneofthosewhosawImamalMahdi(a.s.)andtherewere manytraditionsnarratedonpraisinghim. 13.AhmadbinIsaaqarRazi

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3]Henarratedtraditions fromImamalHadi(a.s.)andSahlbinZiyadnarratedfromhim.[4] 14.AhmadbinIsmailbinYaqtin AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 15.AhmadbinAbuAbdullahalBarqi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.48. [5]RijalalBarqi. (148) companions.[1]Henarratedaboutfortytraditions.[2] 16.AhmadbinalHasanbinIsaaqbinSad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 17.AhmadbinalHasanbinAlibinMuhammadbinFadhdhal Hewaseloquentandreliableintraditions.HisbrotherAlibinalHasanandotherKufimen narratedfromhim.[4]HehadwrittensomebookssuchasthebookofSalat(prayer)andthebook ofWudu.Hediedin260AH.[5] 18.AhmadbinHamzabinalYasaalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6]HenarratedfromImam alHadi(a.s.),AbbanbinUthman,alHusaynbinalMukhtar,ZakariyyabinAdam,Muhsinbin Ahmad,andMuhammadbinAli.AlHusaynbinSaeed,AbdullahbinJafar,AlibinMahziyarand othermennarratedfromhim.[7] 19.AhmadbinalKhadheeb SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[8]andsodidalBarqi. 20.AhmadbinZakariyyabinBabaalQummi AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[9] 21.AhmadbinalFadhl

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.32. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]RijalanNajashi. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2 [6]RijalatToosi. [7]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2 [8]RijalatToosi. [9]RijalalBarqi. (149) companions.[1] 22.AhmadbinMuhammadasSiyadialBasri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiandImamalHasanalAskaris companions.[2] 23.AhmadbinMuhammadbinEesaalAsharialQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedha,ImamalJawad,andImamalHadis companions.[3]HewasthechiefandnotableofthepeopleofQumandwastheheadwhomet therulers.HehadwrittensomebookssuchasatTawhid(monotheism),TheVirtueofthe Prophet,alMutah(temporarymarriage),anNawadir(rarities),anNasikhwelMansukh (abrogatingandabrogated),theVirtuesoftheArabs,andotherbooks.[4] 24.AhmadbinHilalasSabrtanialBaghdadi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions(orjustanarratorofhis traditions).Hewasaccusedofexaggeration.[5]Manytraditionsdispraisedhimandsaidthathe wasirreligious. 25.IsaaqbinIsmailbinNoubakht SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[6]andsodidalBarqi. 26.IsaaqbinMuhammadalBasri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasaccusedof exaggeration.[7]TheauthorofalKhulasahsaidhewasfromthecompanionsofImamalJawad

(a.s.)buthewasaccusedofexaggeration. [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. (150) 27.AyyubbinNoahbinDuraj 27.AyyubbinNoahbinDuraj Hewastrustworthyandreliable.AnNajashisaid,HewasanagentofAbulHasan(alHadi)and AbuMuhammad(alAskari)(peacebeuponthem).Hehadahighpositionnearthem.Hewas trustworthy,verypious,andadevotedworshipper.Hewasreliableinhistraditions.Hisfather NoahbinDurajwasajudgeinKufaandwasatruefaithful.JameelbinDurajwashisbrother.[1] SheikhatToosisaid,AyyubbinNoahwasreliable.HehadabookandtraditionsfromAbulHasan theThird(ImamalHadi).AlKashshisaid,Hewaspious.Heleftjustonehundredandfiftydinars afterhisdeath,thoughpeoplethoughthimwealthy.HenarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)and manynarratorsnarratedfromhim. 28.BishrbinBashsharanNaysaburi HewastheuncleofAbuAbdullahashShathani.HewasfromImamalHadiscompanionsas SheikhatToosimentionedinhisRijal.HenarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.),andSahlnarrated fromhim.[2] 29.JafarbinAhmad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[3]andsodidalBarqi.He narratedfromMuhammadbinAli,andAlibinIbrahimalQumminarratedfromhiminhis Tafsir.[4] 30.JafarbinIbrahimbinNoah

AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[5]andsodidSheikhatToosi. 31.JafarbinAbdullahbinalHusaynbinJamialQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.Hecommunicatedthrough letterswithImamal [1]RijalanNajashi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.3p.307. [3]RijalatToosi,p.411. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.4p.49. [5]RijalalBarqi. (151) Mahdi(a.s.).[1] 32.JafarbinMuhammadbinIsmailbinalKhattab SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[2]andsodidalBarqi. SheikhatToosisaidthatonce,ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotehimaletter.[3] 33.JafarbinMuhammadbinYounusalAhwalasSayrafi HenarratedfromImamAbuJafarthesecond(alJawad).Hehadwrittenabook.[4]Sheikhat ToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 34.HatimbinalFaraj SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6] 35.AlHasanbinJafar HewasknownasAbuTalibalFafani.HewasfromBaghdad.SheikhatToosimentionedhimas oneofImamalHadiscompanions,andalsohementionedhimasoneofImamalHasanal Askariscompanions.[7] 36.AlHasanbinalHasanalAlawi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[8] 37.AlHasanbinalHusaynalAlawi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[9] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.4p.307.

[3]AtTahthib. [4]RijalanNajashi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]RijalatToosi. (152) 38.AlHasanbinKharzath SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1]AnNajashisaid,He narratedtoomanytraditions.HehadwrittenabookcalledthenamesofthemessengerofAllah andabookcalledalMutahtemporarymarriage.Itwassaidthathewasexcessiveattheendof hislife.[2] 39.AbuAlialHasanbinRashid HewasareliablemanfromBaghdad.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis companions.[3]SheikhalMufidsaidhewasoneofthefamousjurisprudentsandchiefsfrom whompeopletooktheverdictsofhalalandharamandwhowereuncriticizedand unblameable.[4]ImamalHadi(a.s.)appointedhimashisagentandsenthimmanyletters.Here aresomeofthem: 1.AlKashshimentionedthatMuhammadbinEesaalYaqtinisaid,ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotea lettertoAlibinBilalin232AHsayinginit,IpraiseAllahandthankHimforhismightandmercy andprayHimtohaveblessingandmercyonMuhammadtheProphetandonhisprogeny.Ihave appointedAbuAliinthepositionofalHusaynbinAbdRabbihandentrustedhimwiththatforthe knowledgehehasthatnooneispreferredtohim.IknowyouarethechiefofyourdistrictandsoI wantedtohonoryoubywritingthisbookonthattoyou.Youhavetoobeyhimanddelivertohim alltheduesthatarewithyou.Youhavetoinformmymanumittedslavesandrecommendthemof that,forthiswillsupportandsufficehimandsaveuseffortsandpleaseus.Doingthis,youwill havetherewardofAllahandAllahgiveswhoeverHelikes.HeistheGiver,WhorewardswithHis mercyandyouareinthetrustofAllah.Ihavewrittenthisletterwithmyhandwriting [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalanNajashi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]ArRisalahalAdadiyyah.

(153) andIpraiseAllahtoomuch.[1] Thislettershowsthereliability,trustworthiness,andvirtueofalHasanbinRashidwhereImamal Hadi(a.s.)orderedhisfollowerstoobey,follow,andpaythelegalduestohim. 2.AlKashshimentionedthatAhmadbinMuhammadbinEesasaid,Icopiedthebookthatwas withibnRashidtothemawaliwholivedinBaghdad,Madain,andthevillagesaround.Thisisthe textoftheletter: IpraiseAllahforthehealthandsoundnessIamin,andprayHimtohaveblessing,allmercy,and kindnessonHisProphetandhisprogeny.IhaveappointedAbuAlibinRashidinplaceofAlibinal HusaynbinAbdRabbihwhowasmyagentbefore,andnowhe(AbuAlibinRashid)hasthe positionofhispredecessor.IhaveentrustedhimwithwhatIhadentrustedmypreviousagents withtoreceivemyrightsfromyou.Ihaveacceptedhimtoyouandpreferredhimtotheothersin that,andheiswellqualifiedforthisjob.MayAllahhavemercyonyou,paytheduestohimand tomeanddonotmakeanexcuseonyourselves.HurrytoobeyAllah,makeyourmonieslawful, spareyourbloods,helponeanotheringoodnessandpiety,andfearAllahthatyoumayfind mercy,andholdfastbythecovenantofAllahalltogetheranddonotdieunlessyouareMuslims. Obeyinghimisasobeyingme,anddisobeyinghimisasdisobeyingme.Keeptotherightpaththat AllahmayrewardyouandgiveyoumorefromHisfavor,forAllahisAmplegiving,Generous,and HeisGraciousandMercifultoHispeople.Mayweandyoubeinthetrustandpreservationof Allah.Ihavewrittenitwithmyhandwriting,andtoomuchpraisebetoAllah.[2] 3.ImamalHadi(a.s.)sentalettertoAyyubbinNoahsaying, OAyyub,IorderyoutostopdisputationbetweenyouandAbu [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalalKashshi. (154) Ali,andthateachofyoushouldkeeptowhathehasbeenentrustedwithandorderedtomanage theaffairsofhisdistrict.IfyoufollowallthatwhichIhaveorderedyouof,youwillnolongerneed torefertome.OAbuAli,IorderyouofthesameasIhaveorderedAyyub.Donotacceptanything

fromanyonefromthepeopleofBaghdadandtheothervillages.Orderanyonecomingtoyou fromotherthanyourdistricttocarrytheduestotheveryagentofhisowndistrict.OAbuAli,I orderyouasIhaveorderedAyyub.LeteachofyoudoasIhaveorderedhim![1] Definitely,AbuAlibinRashidhadarespectablepositionnearImamalHadi(a.s.),andcertainlyhe didnotobtainedthatpositionexceptthroughhispietyandreligiousness.WhenbinRashiddied, ImamalHadi(a.s.)prayedAllahtohavemercyonhim,toforgive,andbepleasedwithhim. 40.AlHasanbinDharif SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]AnNajashisaid,Al HasanbinDharifbinNasifwasareliablemanfromKufa.HeandhisfatherlivedinBaghdad.Itis saidthathehasabookonrarities.Manynarratorsnarratedfromhim.[3] 41.AlHasanbinAlibinUmarbinAlibinalHusaynbinAlibinAbuTalib HewascalledanNasirlilHaqq.HewasfromImamalHadiscompanions.[4]TheauthorofSharh alMasailanNasiriyyatsays,AbuMuhammadanNasiralHasanbinAliwasvirtuousforhisvast knowledgeandasceticism.Hisjurisprudencewasbrighterthanthebrightsun.Itwashewho spreadIslaminadDaylamandmadeitspeoplebeguidedbyhimafterdeviation.Hissplendid biographyismorethantobeaccounted,andmoreobviousthanto [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalanNajashi. [4]RijalatToosi. (155) behidden.[1] 42.AlHasanbinAlialWashsha SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]AnNajashisaid,Hewas thesonofthedaughterofElyasasSayrafialKhazzaz.AlHasannarratedfromhisgrandfather Elyasthathesaidwhenhewasabouttodie,Witnessonme,andthismomentisnotoflying,that IheardAbuAbdullah(asSadiq)(peacebeuponhim)saying:ByAllah,Firewillnottouchone,who lovesAllahandHismessengerandbelievesintheimams,afterhisdeath. AhmadbinMuhammadbinEesasaid,Once,IwenttoKufaseekingHadith.ImettherealHasan binAlialWashshaandaskedhimtoshowmethebooksofalAlabinRazinalQallaandAbban binUthmanalAhmar.HegavemethetwobooksandIaskedhimtopermitmetocopythem.He

saidtome,Oman,whyareyouinahurry?Goandcopythem.Isaid,Ifearaccidents.Hesaid, IfIknewthatthistraditionwouldberequestedsomuch,Iwouldwritemuchmore.Imetinthis mosque(themosqueofKufa)ninehundredsheikhsthateachofthemsaid:JafarbinMuhammad (ImamasSadiq)saidtomeThismanwasanotablescholarofthesect(theShia)andhadwritten somebookssuchastheRewardoftheHajj,alManasik,andabookofrarities.[3] 43.AlHasanbinAlibinAbuUthmanasSajjadah Hewasexcessive.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4]From hisexcessivenesswasthatNasrbinasSabahsaid,Oneday,alHasanbinAlibinAbuUthmanas Sajjadahsaidtome,WhatdoyousayaboutMuhammadbinAbuZaynabandMuhammadbin AbdullahbinAbdulMuttalib(theProphet)(peacebeuponhimanduponhisprogeny)?Whichof [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.5p.3031. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalanNajashi. [4]RijalatToosi. (156) themisbetter?Isaidtohim,Yousay!Hesaid,MuhammadbinAbuZaynab(isbetter).Doyou notseethatAllahtheAlmightyhasblamedMuhammadbinAbdullah(theProphet)(peacebe uponhimanduponhisprogeny)onsomeoccasionsintheQur'an,butHehasnotblamed MuhammadbinAbuZaynab?AllahhassaidtoMuhammadbinAbdullah,(AndifWehadnot madetheewhollyfirmthoumightestalmosthaveinclineduntothemalittle),[1]and(Ifthou ascribeapartnertoAllah,thyworkwillfailandthouindeedwiltbeamongthelosers),[2]andin otherverses,andHehasnotblamedMuhammadbinAbuZaynabforanythingofthat.AbuAmr said,OnasSajjadahbethecurseofAllah,ofcursors,oftheangels,andofpeoplealtogether.He wasfromtheAliyaiteswhocriticizedthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)andwhohadnosharein Islam.[3]Thistraditionshowsthebadbeliefsofthisman. 44.AlHasanbinMuhammadalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4]AlKashshisaid,Abu MuhammadalFadhlbinShathanmentionedinoneofhisbooks:Fromthefamousliarsisibn BabaalQummi.SadsaidthatalUbaydisaidtohim,Once,(Imam)alAskariwrotetomesaying:I amfreebeforeAllahfromalFihriandalHasanbinMuhammadbinBabaalQummi,andyoualso befreefromthem.Iwarnyouandallmyfollowersfromthem.Icursethem.ThecurseofAllahbe onthem.Theyextortthemoniesofpeopleinthenameofus.Theyaremischievousandharmful. MayAllahharmthemandplungethemintomischief.IbnBabapretendsthatIhavesenthimasa prophetandthatheisabab.[5]ThecurseofAllahbeonhim.Satanhasmockedathimand

deceivedhim.Allahcurseswhoeveracceptsthatfromhim.O [1]Qur'an,17:74. [2]Qur'an,39:65. [3]RijalalKashshi. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]InearlyShiismbabdenotestheseniorauthorizeddiscipleoftheimam. (157) Muhammad,ifyouareabletosplithisheadwitharock,youdo.Hehasharmedme.MayAllah harmhiminthislifeandintheafterlife.[1]IbnBabawasdeviantfromthetruthandfromreligion andheharmedtheimamwiththeheresiesheoriginated. 45.AlHasanbinMuhammadbinHayy SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]Heseemedtobea TwelverShia,buthewasunknown. 46.AlHasanbinMuhammadalMadaini HewasfromthecompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s.).[3] 47.AlHusaynbinAsadanNahdi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[4]andsodidalBarqi. 48.AlHusaynbinAsadalBasri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5]AlBarqisaidhewas fromthecompanionsofImamalJawad(a.s.)andsaidhewasreliableandtruthful.[6] 49.AlHusaynbinAshkib AnNajashisaid,AlHusaynbinAshkibwasareliable,preferablesheikhfromKhurasan.AbuAmr mentionedhiminhisbookarRijalasoneofthecompanionsofImamAbulHasanalMahdi (a.s.).AlAyyashinarratedmanytraditionsfromhimandconsideredhistraditionsastrueandsaid hewastrustworthy.[7]AlKashshisaid,Hewasatheologian,scholars,andauthorofsome books.[8] [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid.

[6]RijalalBarqi. [7]RijalanNajashi. [8]RijalalKashshi. (158) 50.AlHusaynbinUbaydillahalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasaccusedof excessiveness.[1]AlKashshisaid,HewasexiledfromQumatthetimewhenthose,whowere accusedofexcessiveness,wereexiled.[2] 51.AlHusaynbinMalikalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[3] 52.AlHusaynbinMuhammadalMadaini SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[4]andsodidalBarqi. 53.HafsalMarwazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 54.HamdanbinSulaymanbinUmayrahanNaysaburi HewasknownasatTajir.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis companions.[6]AnNajashisaid,HamdanbinSulaymanAbuSaeedanNayshaburiwasareliable manfromthenotablesofourcompanions.[7] 55.HamzabinSulaymanbinRasheed HewasfromBaghdad.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[8] 56.KhalilbinHashimalFarisi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]RijalanNajashi. [8]RijalatToosi.

(159) companions.[1] 57.KhayranbinIsaaqazZakani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 58.KhayranalKhadim SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable,[3] andsodidalBarqi.HehadahighpositionnearImamalJawad(a.s.).AlKashshimentionedsome ofhistraditionswithImamalJawad(a.s.). 59.DawudbinAbuZayd SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable, truthful,andreligious.HehadwrittensomebooksasmentionedbyalKashshiandibnan Nadim.[4] 60.DawudbinalQassimalJafari HewasfromBaghdadandsurnamedasAbuHashim.Hewasnotableandhadahighpositionnear theimams(a.s.).HemetImamarRedha,ImamalJawad,ImamalHadi,ImamalAskari,andImam alMahdi(peacebeuponthem).Henarratedtraditionsfromthemall.Hehadcomposedpoetry ontheimamsandwrittenabook.Hewaspreferredbyrulers.AlBarqimentionedhimasoneof ImamalJawad,alHadi,andImamalAskariscompanions.[5]AlKashshisaid,AbuAmrsaidthat Dawudhadarespectable,highpositionnearAbuJafar(alJawad),AbulHasan(alHadi),andAbu Muhammad(alAskari)(peacebeuponthem).[6] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.7p.92. [5]RijalalBarqi. [6]RijalalKashshi.

(160) 61.DawudbinSakhinahasSarimi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[1]andsodidalBarqi.An Najashisaid,HenarratedtraditionsfromImamarRedha(a.s.)andremainedaliveuntilthedays ofImamalHadi(a.s.)andhehadlettersonsomequestionswithhim.[2] 62.RajabinYahyabinSamanAbulHusaynalAqrabaiy HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalHadi(a.s.).HenarratedathesiscalledalMaqnaahonthe lawsoftheShariathatwasnarratedfromhimbyAbulMufadhdhalashShaybani.[3] 63.ArRayyanbinasSalt SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedhaandImamalHadiscompanionsandsaid hewasreliable.[4]AlKashshimentionedthatMamarbinKhalladsaid,ArRayyanbinasSalt, whenalFadhlbinSahlwantedtosendhimtooneofthedistrictsofKhurasan,saidtome,Iwant youtoaskpermissionformetocomeintoAbulHasan(peacebeonhim)togreetandfarewell him.Ilikehimtogivemefromhisclothesandsomedirhamsthathavebeencoinedwithhis name.WhenIwenttohim(toImamalHadi),heimmediatelysaidtome,OMamar,Whereis Rayyan?DoesheliketocometoussothatIgivehimfrommyclothesandfrommydirhams?I said,GlorybetoAllah!ByAllah,hejustaskedmetoaskyouforthat.Hesaid,OMamar,the faithfularesuccessful.Askhimtocome!Iaskedhimtocomeinandhedid.HegreetedImamal Hadi(a.s.),whogavehimoneofhisgarments.Whenhecameout,Ifoundthirtydirhamsinhis hand.[5]Thistraditionshowsthathewasfaithfulandtrustworthy. [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalanNajashi. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]RijalalKashshi. (161) 64.AsSariybinSalamahalIsfahani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhehadwrittena book.[1] 65.SulaymanbinHafswayh

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,andsodidalBarqi.[2] 66.SulaymanbinDawudalMarwazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 67.AsSindibinMuhammad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4] 68.AbuSaeedSahlbinZiyad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[5] AnNajashisaid,Hewasweakintraditionsandunreliable.AhmadbinMuhammadbinEesa accusedhimofexcessivenessandlying,andheexiledhimfromQumwherehelivedtoarRiy.He wrotetoImamAbuMuhammadalAskarithroughMuhammadbinAbdulHamidalAttar.Hehad writtenabookcalledatTawhid(monotheism)thatwasnarratedbyAbulHasanalAbbasbin AhmadbinalFadhlbinMuhammadalHashimyasSalihifromhisfatherfromAbuSaeedal Adami,andhealsohadabookonrarities.[6] IbnulGhadhairisaidabouthim,Hewasveryweakinnarrationsandofbadbeliefs.Ahmadbin MuhammadbinEesaalAshariexiledhimfromQum,announcedthathewasfreefromhim,and forbadepeoplefromlisteningtohimornarratingfromhim.He [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalatToosi,RijalalBarqi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]RijalanNajashi. (162) narratedmursal[1]traditionsanddependedonunknownnarrators.[2] 69.AbuNuasSahlbinYaqubbinIsaaq SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidthatheserved ImamalHadi(a.s.)inSurraManRaaandmanagedhisaffairs.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtohim, YouareAbuNuasofthetruth.[3] 70.ShahwayhbinAbdullah

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4]HenarratedfromImam alHadi(a.s.)andIsaaqbinMuhammadnarratedfromhimthetraditionoftheappointingofAl HasanalAskari(a.s.)astheimamafterhisfather.[5] 71.AbulKhayrSalihbinSalamaharRazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6] 72.SalihbinEesabinUmarbinBazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[7] 73.SalihbinMuhammadalHamadani Hewasreliable.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[8]andso didalBarqi.IbnShahrashubsaidthathewasfromthetrustworthycompanionsofImamalHadi (a.s.).[9] [1]Amursaltraditionisatraditionthatisnarratedwithacutseriesofnarrators. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.8p.340. [3]RijalatToosi,p.415. [4]Ibid. [5]UsulalKafi. [6]RijalatToosi. [7]Ibid. [8]RijalatToosi. [9]AlManaqib. (163) 74.AbdusalAttar HewasfromKufa.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1] 75.AbdurrahmanbinMuhammadbinTayfur SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 76.AbdurrahmanbinMuhammadbinMarufalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 77.AbdasSamadalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4] 78.SharifAbdulAdheemalHasani

HewasfromtheProphetsprogeny.Hewasknowledgeable,pious,andreligious.Herewetalkin briefabouthim. Hislineage HislineagebelongstoImamAbuMuhammadalHasanbinAlibinAbuTalib(a.s.),themasterof theinhabitantoftheParadiseandbelovedoftheProphet(a.s.).HewasthesonofAbdullahbin AlibinalHasanbinZaydbinalHasanbinAlibinAbuTalib(a.s.).[5]Definitely,therewasno lineageintheworldhigherormorehonorablethanthislineagewithwhichAllahhadhonoredthe ArabsandtheMuslims. Hisreliabilityandknowledge Hewasreliable,fair,veryreligious,virtuousjurisprudent.AbuTurabarRouyanisaid,IheardAbu HammadarRazisaying:Once,IwenttoAlibinMuhammad(alHadi)(a.s.)inSurraManRaaand askedaboutsomethingsofhalalandharamandhe [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalanNajashi. (164) answeredthemforme.WhenIsaidgoodbye,hesaidtome,OHammad,ifthereissomething dubioustoyouinthemattersofreligioninyourdistrict,askAbdulAdheemalHasaniaboutitand givehimmyregards.ThistraditionshowthatAbdulAdheemwasofgoodknowledgeand jurisprudence. HismeetingwithImamalHadi(a.s.) HehadthehonorofmeetingwithImamalHadi(a.s.)andshowinghimhisbeliefs.Hesaidto ImamalHadi(a.s.),OsonofthemessengerofAllah,Iwanttoshowyoumyreligion(beliefs).Ifit pleasesyou,Iwillfixonit. ImamalHadi(a.s.)smiledathimandsaid,OAbulQassim,speakout! AbdulAdheemsaid,Isay:thereisnothingwhateverlikeAllahtheAlmighty.Heisfreefromthe

twolimits;thelimitoftatil(makingAllahabareunity)andthelimitoftashbih(thecomparingof Allahtothecreatures).Heisneitheramass,norashape,norashow,norasubstance,butHeis theEmbodierofmasses,theShaperofshapes,theCreatorofshowsandsubstances,theLord,the Owner,theMaker,andtheFormerofallthings. Muhammad,Hisslaveandmessenger,isthelastofprophets.Thereisnoprophetafterhimuntil theDayofResurrection,andhisreligionisthelastofreligionsthatthereisnoreligionafterituntil theDayofResurrection.AndIsay:theimam,caliph,andguardianafterhim(aftertheProphet)is AmeerulMomininAlibinAbuTalib(a.s.),andthenalHasan,andthenalHusayn,andthenAlibin alHusayn,andthenMuhammadbinAli,andthenJafarbinMuhammad,andthenMusabin Jafar,andthenAlibinMusa,andthenMuhammadbinAli,andthenyoumymaster. ImamalHadi(a.s.)turnedtohimandsaid,AndaftermeismysonalHasan.Whatshallpeopledo withthesuccessor(ImamalMahdi)afterhim? (165) AbdulAdheemsaid,Howisthatmymaster? ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Becauseheshallnotbeseen,anditshallbenotpermissibletomention himbyhisname,untilhewillreappeartofilltheworldwithjusticeandfairnessafteritisfilled withinjusticeandoppression. AbdulAdheemsaid,Iacknowledgethatandsay:theirguardianistheguardianofAllah,their enemyistheenemyofAllah,obeyingthemistheobedienceofAllah,anddisobeyingthemisthe disobedienceofAllahandIsay:theProphetsascension(totheHeavens)istrue,thequestioning inthegraveistrue,theParadiseistrue,theHellistrue,theRightWay(sirat)[1]istrue,theScale istrue,theDayofResurrectionwillcomeundoubtedly,andAllahwillresurrectallthoseingraves. Isay:theobligationsaftertheguardianship(totheimamsoftheAhlulBayt)areprayer,fasting, zakat,hajj,jihad,enjoiningtheright,andforbiddingthewrong. ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,OAbulQassim,byAllahthisisthereligionofAllahwhichHehas determinedforHispeople.Keeptoit,mayAllahfixyouonthetruthinthislifeandinthe afterlife.[2] HisflighttoarRiy

WhentheAbbasidgovernmentexaggeratedinchasingandoppressingtheAlawids,Abdul AdheemfledtoarRiytobesafefromtheevilsoftheAbbasids.Helivedinthehouseofanotable manfromtheShia.Historianssaidthattherehedevotedhimselftoworship.Hefastedintheday andspentthenightworshippingandsupplicatinghisLordlikehisfatherswhospenttheirnight worshippingandsupplicating. [1]SiratisabridgethatdominatesHellontheDayofResurrection. [2]AmaliofSheikhasSaduq,andmentionedinbriefinWassailashShia,vol.1p.13. (166) DuringhisresidinginarRiyhewentindisguisetovisitthetombofoneofImamMusabinJafar alKadhimssons[1]whowas,aswethink,SayyidAhmadknownasShahJiragh.TheShia,who livedinarRiy,knewaboutthecomingofAbdulAdheemandsotheyvisitedhimsecretly[2]for fearofthegovernment. Hisdeath SayyidAbdulAdheemlivedinarRiyforsometimefearfullyandhisselfwasfullofsorrowand painforhiscousinswhometdifferentkindsofinjusticeandoppressionfromtheAbbasidswho boreenmityandgrudgeagainsttheAhlulBayt(a.s.).They(theAbbasids)deniedthemanddenied alltheirrightsandtheypouredonthemallkindsofmisfortunesanddistresses. SharifAbdulAdheembecameseriouslyillandsufferedseverepains,thebitterestofwhichwashis remotenessfromhisrelativesandcountry.Deathcameneartohimbuthistonguewasstill mentioningandpraisingAllah.Heleftthislifeinlonelinesswherenoonefromhisfamilywaswith him. WithhisdeathabrightpagefromthepagesoftheIslamicjihadwasfoldedandthatflame,which litthewayforpeopletowardstheirhonoranddignity,wasputout. ThepeopleofarRiyofallclasseshastenedtoescortthehonoredcorpseoftheAlawidmaster. Thefuneralswereheldsplendidlyandthesacredbodywascarriedtoitslastandeternalabode. Theybuilthimagreatshrinethatwasandisstillvisitedbyhundredsofvisitorseveryday. 79.AbuAmrUthmanbinSaeedalUmariasSamman Hewastrustworthyandpious.HeservedImamalHadi(a.s.)sincehewaselevenyearsold.[3]He hadahighpositionneartheimam(a.s.).AhmadbinIsaaqalQummisaid,Oneday,Iwentto [1]RijalanNajashi.

[2]Ibid. [3]RijalatToosi. (167) AbulHasanAlibinMuhammad(ImamalHadi)(blessingsbeonhim)andsaidtohim:Omy master,sometimesIamhereandsometimesIamnot.Icannotcometoyouateverytime. Whosesayingsdoweacceptandwhoseordersdowefollow? Hesaid,ThisisAbuAmrthetrustworthy,thefaithful.Whateverhesaystoyouisfrommeand whateverheinformsyouofisinbehalfofme. WhenAbulHasan(a.s.)died,IreferredtohissonAbuMuhammadalHasanalAskari(a.s.)and askedhimonedayasIhadaskedhisfatherbefore.Hesaidtome,ThisisAbuAmrthe trustworthy,thefaithful.Heisthetrustoftheformersandmytrustinlifeanddeath.Whatever hesaystoyouisfrommeandwhateverheinformsyouofisinbehalfofme.[1] Thistraditionshowsthathehadahighpositionandwastrustedbytheinfallibleimams(a.s.) besidesthatitshowshisvirtueandknowledgeandthathewasanauthorityoffatwasand religiousverdicts. 80.UrwabinYahyaadDahqan AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[2]sodidSheikhatToosibuthe saidthathewascursedandperfidious.[3]AlKashshimentionedthatMuhammadbinMusaal HamadanisaidthatUrwabinYahyaalBaghdadiknownasadDahqan,thecurseofAllahbeon him,fabricatedliesagainstAbulHasanAlibinMuhammadalHadi(a.s.)andAbuMuhammadbin AlialAskari(a.s.)afterhimandtooktheirmoniesforhimself.HefabricatedliesagainstAbu MuhammaduntilhecursedhimandorderedhisfollowerstocurseandprayAllahagainsthim.[4] [1]AlGhaybah. [2]RijalalBarqi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]RijalalKashshi. (168) 81.AlibinIbrahimalHamadani

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1]Henarratedfrom AbdullahbinHammadalAnsariandhissonMuhammadnarratedfromhim.[2] 82.AlibinIbrahimbinHashimalQummi[3] SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.Hewasoneofthe prominentpersonalitiesofknowledgeinhisageandhehadwrittenmanybooks. 83.AbulHasanAlibinAbuQurrah SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4] 84.AlibinBilalalBaghdadi HenarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)andhadwrittenabook.[5]AlKashshisaid,Ifoundabook withthehandwritingofJabrailbinAhmadthatMuhammadbinEesaalYaqtinisaid,Imamal Hadi(a.s.)wrotetoAlibinBilalin232Ah:InthenameofAllah,theBeneficent,theMerciful.I praiseAllahandthankHimforhismightandmercyandprayHimtohaveblessingandmercyon MuhammadtheProphetandonhisprogeny.IhaveappointedAbuAliinthepositionofalHusayn binAbdRabbihandentrustedhimwiththatfortheknowledgehehasthatnooneispreferredto him.IknowyouarethechiefofyourdistrictandsoIwantedtohonoryoubywritingthisbookon thattoyou.Youhavetoobeyhimanddelivertohimalltheduesthatarewithyouandyouhave toinformmymanumittedslavesandrecommendthemofthatforthiswillsupportandsuffice himandsaveuseffortsandpleaseus.Doingthis,youwillhavetherewardofAllahandAllahgives whoeverHelikes.HeistheGiver,WhorewardswithHismercyandyouareinthetrustofAllah.I havewrittenthis [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.222. [3]Ibid.p.203. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]RijalanNajashi. (169) letterwithmyhandwritingandIpraiseAllahtoomuch.[1] ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotethisbooktoAlibinBilalforhisreliabilityandfairnessandforhisgreat lovetotheAhlulBayt(a.s.). AlibinBilalnarratedfromMuhammadbinIsmailbinBazee,andMuhammadbinAhmadbin Yahyanarratedfromhimatraditiononthevirtueoftheziyaraofthebelieversandhowitis

done.[2] 85.AlibinJafaralHamadani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewashisagent andwasreliable.[3]AnNajashisaid,HehadsomequestionstoAbulHasanalAskari(a.s.).[4] SheikhatToosiconsideredhimasoneofthepraiseddeputies(ofImamalMahdi)andsaid,He wasagood,virtuousmanfromtheagentsofAbulHasan(ImamalHadi)andAbuMuhammad (ImamalAskari)(peacebeonthem).[5]AhmadbinAliarRazinarratedthatAlibinMukhalladal Ayadisaid,AbuJafaralUmarisaidtomethatonceAbuTahirbinBilalwenttoperformthehajj andhesawAlibinJafarspendtoomuchmoney.Whenhewentback,hewrotetoAbu Muhammad(ImamalAskari)(a.s.)aboutthatandAbuMuhammad(a.s.)repliedtohim:Wehave orderedtogivehimonehundredthousanddinarsandthenanotheronehundredthousanddinars butherefusedtotakethemsothatwewouldkeepthemforpeopleHewenttoAbulHasan(a.s.) andheorderedtogivehimthirtythousanddinars.[6] HewaspreferredbyImamalHadi(a.s.).Once,therewasadisputebetweenhimandFaris. IbrahimbinMuhammadwrotetotheimam(a.s.)tellinghimaboutthatandaskinghimtoshow him [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.301. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]RijalanNajashi. [5]AlGhaybah. [6]RijalalKashshi. (170) whichofthemheshouldfollow.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohimsaying,Itshouldnotbeasked aboutonelikethismanandheshouldneverbedoubted.ThepositionofAlibinJafarissogreat tous.MayAllahpleaseuswithhim.Heisfarabovetobecomparedwithothers.GotoAlibin Jafartosatisfyyourneeds,andfearFarisanddonotlethiminterfereinyouraffairs.Letyouand thosewhofollowyoufromthepeopleofyourcountrydothat.Ihavebeeninformedofwhathe (Faris)misrepresentedtopeople.Donotpayattentiontohiminshallah![1] Oneday,therewasadisputebetweenAlibinJafarandibnalQazwini.IbrahimbinMuhammad alHamadaniwrotealettertoImamalHadi(a.s.)tellinghimaboutthatandaskinghimtoshow himwhichofthemheshouldfollow.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohimsaying,

Itshouldnotbeaskedaboutonelikethisman,andthereisnodoubtinhim.Allahhasglorified thepositionofthepatient(AlibinJafar)wherealQazwiniiscomparedtohim!Gotohimto satisfyyourrequestsandquestionsandletthosewhofollowyougotohimtosatisfytheirneeds andanswertheirquestionsandtoavoidalQazwiniandnotlethiminterfereintheiraffairsforI havebeeninformedofwhathefabricatedamongpeople.Donotpayhimanyattention inshalah![2] InapreviouschapterwehavementionedtheprayerofImamalHadi(a.s.)forAlibinJafarwhen hewasinprisonandthattheprayerwasrespondedtoandAliwasfreedfromprison. 86.AlibinalHasan SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]RijalatToosi. (171) 87.AlibinalHasanbinFadhdhal SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1]AnNajashisaid,Hewas thebestjurisprudentofourcompanionsinKufaandoneofthenotablesthere.Hewas trustworthyandthemostawareofHadithamongthem.Ourcompanionslistenedtoandobeyed him.Manytraditionswereheardfromhim.Nofaultwasfoundinhimandhewasaccusedof nothing.Heseldomnarratedfromaweaknarrator.HewasFatahite[2]anddidnotnarratefrom hisfatheranytradition.WhenIwaseighteenyears,Idiscussedwithhimonhisbooks,butatthat timeIdidnotunderstandtraditionsanddidnotpermitmyselftonarratethembeforehim.He narratedfromhistwobrotherswhonarratedfromtheirfather. HehadwrittenmanybookssuchasthebookofWudu,HaydhandNafas;menstruationand puerperium,Salat;prayer,ZakatandKhums,Fasting,Manasik(ritualsof)alHajj, Divorce,Nikah;marriageandothers.[3] AlKashshisaid,AbuAmrsaid:IaskedAbuanNadhrMuhammadbinMasoudaboutallthose narratorsandhesaid,AsforAlibinalHasanbinAlibinFadhdhal,Ididnotseeamongthose whomIhadmetinIraqandKhurasanonemoreknowledgeableorbetterthanAlibinalHasan (whowas)inKufa.Therewasnobookabouttheimams(a.s.)unlesshehadacopyofit.Hewas thebestofmemorizers,buthewasaFatahitebelievinginAbdullahbinJafar(astheimam)and thenafterhimAbulHasanMusa(a.s.).Hewasreliable.[4]

[1]RijalatToosi. [2]AsectbelievingthatAbdullahalAftahthesonofImamJafarasSadiq(s)wastheimamafter hisfather. [3]RijalanNajashi. [4]RijalalKashshi. (172) 88.AlibinalHasanbinAbdRabbih SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[1]andsodidalBarqi.[2] 89.AlibinalHusaynalHamadani Hewasreliable.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[3]andso didalBarqi. 90.AlibinRameesalBaghdadi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandaddedthathewas weak.[4] 91.AlibinarRayyanbinasSaltalAsharialQummi Hewasreliable.HehadacopyofthetraditionsofImamAbulHasantheThird(a.s.)andabookof differenttraditions.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[5]and sodidalBarqi.[6] 92.AlibinZiyadasSaymari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[7]MuhammadbinYaqub narratedfromAlibinMuhammadthatAbuAqeelEesabinNasrsaid,AlibinZiyadasSaymari wrote(toImamalHadi)askinghimforashroudandherepliedtohim,Youshallneeditinthe yeareighty.Hesenthimtheshroudsomedaysbeforehisdeath.[8] 93.AlibinShira SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[9] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalBarqi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]RijalalBarqi.

[7]RijalatToosi. [8]Ibid. [9]Ibid. 94.AlibinAbdulGhaffar SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[1]andsodidalBarqi.[2] 95.AlibinAbdullah SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 96.AlibinAbdullahbinJafaralHimyari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4] 97.AlibinAbdullahazZubayri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 98.AlibinUbaydillah AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanion,[6]andsodidSheikhatToosi.[7] 99.AlibinAmralAttaralQazwini SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[8]andsodidalBarqi.He wasoneofthenarratorswhonarratedthetraditionoftheannouncingoftheimamateofImam AbuMuhammadalAskari(a.s.)byhisfatherafterhim.[9] 100.AlibinMuhammadbinZiyadasSaymari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[10]TheauthorofMu'jam RijalalHadithsawthatAlibinZiyadasSaymarimentionedbeforeandthisAlibin [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalBarqi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]RijalalBarqi. [7]RijalatToosi. [8]Ibid.

[9]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.114. [10]RijalatToosi. (174) MuhammadasSaymariwerebutthesamemanandnottwo.[1] 101.AlibinMuhammadbinashShujaanNaysaburi HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalHadi(a.s.).[2] 102.AlibinMuhammadbinShirahalQashani SheikhatToosisaidhewasweakfromIsfahanfromthechildrenofZiyadthemawlaofAbdullah binAbbasfromaalKhalidbinalAzhar.[3]AlBarqimentionedhimasAlibinMuhammadal QashaniandsaidhewasfromImamalHadiscompanions.AnNajashisaid,Hewasavirtuous jurisprudentoftoomanytraditions.AhmadbinMuhammadbinEesacriticizedhimandsaidhe heardfromhimdeniedbeliefs.HehadwrittensomebookssuchasPrayer,andalJamiwhich wasabigbookonjurisprudence. 103.AlibinMuhammadalMinqari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4]AnNajashisaidhewas reliablefromKufaandhadwrittenabookonrarities.[5] 104.AlibinMuhammadanNawfali SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[6]andsodidalBarqi.[7]He narratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)andAhmadbinMuhammadnarratedfromhim.[8] 105.AlibinMahziyaralAhwaziadDawraqi HewasfromtheprominentulamaandoneofthefamousdisciplesofImamalHadi(a.s.).Here, wetalkinbriefabouthim: [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.154. [2]Ibid.p.60. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]RijalanNajashi. [6]RijalatToosi. [7]RijalalBarqi. [8]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.193.

(175) Hisworship AlibinMahziyarwasunequaledinhispietyandobedience.Narratorssaidthatfromhis worshippingwasthatwhenthesunrose,heprostratedhimselftoAllahandhedidnotraisehis headfromprostrationuntilheprayedAllahforonethousandofhisbrothersasheprayedfor himself.Onhisforeheadtherewaslikethekneeofacamelbecauseofhismuchprostrationfor Allah.[1] ImamalJawadpraiseshim ImamalJawad(a.s.)praisedAlibinMahziyaronsomeoccasions.Once,hewrotehimaletter saying, OAli,Ihavetestedyouandtriedyouinloyalty,obedience,service,reverenceandperformance ofyourdutiesandifIsaythatIhavenotseenanyonelikeyou,Imightbetruthful.MayAllah rewardyouwiththeGardensofParadise.Neitheryourpositionnoryourservicesinthehotand coldandinthedayandnighthavebeenunknowntome.IprayAllah,whenHewillgatherthe creaturesontheDayofPunishment,tohaveenviablemercyonyou.HeistheHearerof prayer.[2] Hisworks Hehadwrittenagoodcollectionofbooksshowinghisabundantknowledge.Fromamongthese booksarethefollowing:Wudu,Prayer,Zakat,Fasting,Hajj,Divorce,Punishments,BloodMoney, atTafsir,TheVirtues,SettingSlavesFreeandManagement,Gains,Defects,Supplication,Courtesy andChivalry,alMazar(shrine),Refutingtheexcessive,Recommendations,Inheritances,Khums, Witnesses,theVirtuesoftheBelievers,Heroism,Reservation(Taqiyya),HuntingandSlaughtering, Asceticism,Drinks,VowsandOathsandPenances,Letters(huroof),alQaim(alMahdi),Good Tidings,Prophets,Rarities,theLettersofAlibinAsbat,andotherbooks.Mostofthesebooksare on [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.825. [2]RijalalKashshi. (176)

jurisprudentialsubjectswhichshowthathewasoneofthegreatjurisprudentsinIslam. Hisnarrations AlibinMahziyarnarratedabout437traditionsfromImamalJawad(a.s.),ImamalHadi(a.s.),and others.[1]HewasfromthepillarsoftheShiitecultureandwasnonesuchamongthescholarsand ulamaofhisage. 106.AlibinYahyaadDahqan SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasaccusedof excessiveness.[2] 107.EesabinAhmad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[3]andnarratedfromhim manytraditions,fromwhichwasthisone:AbulHasanAlibinMuhammadalAskari(alHadi)told mefromhisfatherfromhisfathersthat(Imam)Ali(a.s.)said,ThemessengerofAllah(blessing andpeacebeuponhim)said(toAli):lethim,wholikestomeetAllahsafeandpure,andthe supremehorrornottogrievehim,followyouandyoursonsalHasan,alHusayn,Alibinal Husayn,MuhammadbinAli,JafarbinMuhammad,MusabinJafar,AlibinMusa,Muhammad,Ali, alHasan,andthenalMahdiwhoisthelastofthem.[4] 108.FarisbinHatimalQazwini SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions(orjustanarratorofhis traditions)andaddedthathewascursed,excessive.[5]AlKashshimentionedthatNasrbinas Sabahsaid,ImamalHadi(a.s.)cursedalHasanbinMuhammadknownasibnBaba,Muhammad binNusayranNamiri,andFaris [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.194. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]AlGhaybah. [5]RijalatToosi. (177) binHatimalQazwini.[1] ManytraditionswererelatedtoImamalHadi(a.s.)oncursingthismanandwarningtheShiafrom

associatingwithhimbecausehewasasourceofdeviationanderror.Herearesomeofthose traditions: 1.UrwahwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)aboutFarisandhesaid,Denywhathesaysanddisgrace him.MayAllahexcludeanddisgracehim.Heisaliarinallthatheclaims.Butkeepyourselves awayfromarguingwithhimorconsultingwithhim.Donotgivehimwayforevil.MayAllahsave usfromhisburdenandtheburdenofhislike.[2] 2.IbrahimbinDawudalYaqubiwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.)abouthimandImamalHadi(a.s.) replied,Payhimnoattention,andwhenhecomestoyou,dishonorhim![3] Weshallmentionhisdeviantopinionswhenweshallstudytheageoftheimaminacoming chapter Anyhow,ImamalHadi(a.s.)orderedhisfollowerstokillthisdeviant,misguidingmanwhen saying,WhowillrelievemebykillinghimandIassureParadiseforhimbythewillofAllah?[4] 109.AlFat~hbinYazidalJirjani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[5]andsodidalBarqi.[6] AnNajashisaidthathewastheauthoroftheQuestionsormightbetheAnswersofthe QuestionsaswethinkthatImamalHadi(a.s.)wasaskedabout. [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalalKashshi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]RijalalBarqi. (178) 110.AlFadhlbinShathananNayshaburi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1]Hewasfromthegreat ulamaandthemostprominentmenoftheIslamicintellectinhistime.Hestudiedanddealtwith differentsciencesandartsandwrotebooksonthem.Hereweshallmention,inbrief,somepoints onhim: ImamalHasanpraiseshim

ImamalHasanalAskari(a.s.)praisedalFadhlbinShathan.Whenonce,oneofalFadhlsbooks wasshowntoImamalAskari(a.s.),hereadsomeofit,prayedAllahtohavemercyonalFadhl, andsaid,IenvythepeopleofKhurasanthebeingofalFadhlbinShathanamongthem.Once again,hereadanotherbookofalFadhl,prayedAllahthreetimestohavemercyonalFadhl,and saidaboutthebook,Itistruethatitshouldbeactedaccordingtoit.[2] Confutingtheopponents AlFadhltookuponhimselftodefendhisbeliefsandrefutethespuriositiesraisedagainsthiscult. Hesaid,Iamasuccessorofthosewhopassedaway.ImetMuhammadbinAbuUmayr,Safwan binYahyaandothersandtookknowledgefromthemsincefiftyyearsago.HishambinalHakam passedaway,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,andYounusbinAbdurrahmanwashissuccessor.He refutedthedissenters.ThenYounusbinAbdurrahmanpassedawayandleftnosuccessorsexcept asSakkakwhorefutedthedissentersuntilhelefttothebetterworld.Iamthesuccessorafter them,mayAllahhavemercyonthem.[3] Hewasthesuccessorofthosegreatscholarswhostruggledanddefendedtheirhighprinciples thattheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.)hadadopted. [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]RijalalKashshi. (179) Hisworks Thisgreatscholarwroteondifferentsciencessuchasjurisprudence,tafsir,theology,philosophy, linguistics,logic,andotherfieldsofknowledge.Thebookshehadwrittenweremorethanone hundredandeighty.[1]SomeofthemwerementionedbySheikhatToosi,[2]anNajashi,[3]ibn anNadim,[4]andothers. 111.AlFadhlbinKathiralBaghdadi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 112.AlFadhlbinalMubarak HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalHadi(a.s.)andMuhammadbinEesaalUbaydinarratedfrom him.[6] 113.AlQassimashSharanialYaqtini

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasaccusedof excessiveness.[7] 114.AlQassimasSayqal SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[8]andsodidalBarqi.He narratedfromImamarRedha(a.s.)andImamalJawad(a.s.),andMuhammadbinAbdullahal Wasitinarratedfromhim.[9] 115.KafuralKhadim SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[10]sodidibnDawudand [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]AlFihristbyatToosi. [3]RijalanNajashi. [4]AlFihristbyibnanNadim. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.339. [7]RijalatToosi. [8]Ibid. [9]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.13p.73. [10]RijalatToosi. (180) saidhewasreliable.[1] 116.MuhammadbinAbuTayfuralMutatabbib SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 117.MuhammadbinAhmadbinIbrahim SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 118.AbuAliMuhammadbinAhmadalMahmudi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[4]AlKashshisaid,Ifound inthebookofAbdullahashShathanithathehadwrittenwithhishandwriting:IheardalFadhl binHashimsaying,AlMahmudimentionedtomethathehadperformedthehajjmanytimes.I askedhimabouttheirnumberbuthedidnottellme.

Hesaid,Ihavebeenendowedwithmuchgood(money),praisebetoAllah. Isaidtohim,Doyouperformthehajjforyourselforforothers[5]? Hesaid,AftertheobligatoryhajjofIslam,IperformthehajjforthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)and hisprogeny,andfortheguardiansofAllah,thebelievingmen,andbelievingwomenasfarasAllah haspermittedme. Isaidtohim,Whatdoyousayinyourhajj? Hesaid,Isay:OAllah,IbeganforYourmessengerMuhammad(blessingbeonhimandonhis progeny)andImademyrewardfromYouandhimforYourpureguardians(peacebeuponthem) anddonatedmyrewardfromthemforyourfaithfulslaveswhobelieveinYourBookandthe SunnaofYourProphet(blessingbe [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]Ibid. [5]Thattherewardofthehajjisintendedtobeforothers. (181) onhimandonhisprogeny[1] Thisshowshisgoodwillandbenevolence,andthattheeducationofthepureimams(a.s.)totheir companionshasproducedsuchperfectpersons. 119.AbulHasanMuhammadbinAhmadbinUbaydillahbinalMansur SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 120.MuhammadbinAhmadbinMutahhar SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3]HenarratedfromImam alHadi(a.s.),andAbdullahbinJafarnarratedfromhim.[4] 121.MuhammadbinAhmadbinMihran AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 122.MuhammadbinIsmailasSaymarialQummi

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6] 123.MuhammadbinJazzakalJammal Hewasreliable.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[7]Ibn ShahrashubsaidhewasfromthetrustworthycompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s.). 124.MuhammadbinalHasanbinShammunalBasri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[8]AnNajashisaid,Hewas aWaqifite[9]andthenwas [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.26. [5]RijalalBarqi. [6]RijalatToosi. [7]Ibid. [8]Ibid. [9]Thewaqifiteswereagroupofpeoplebelievingintheimamateofthe (182) excessive.HewasveryweakandofbadbeliefsHehadwrittenasSunanwelAadabwaMakarim alAkhlaq,andalMarifah.[1] AlKashshimentionedfromhimhissaying,IwrotetoAbuMuhammad(ImamalAskari) complainingofpovertyandthenIsaidtomyself:hasAbuAbdullah(ImamasSadiq)(a.s.)notsaid, Povertywithus(theAhlulBayt)isbetterthanwealthwithourenemy,andbeingkilledwithusis betterthanlivingwithourenemy.Thereplytomylettercamesaying,AllahtheAlmightytries ourfollowers,whentheirsinsincrease,bypoverty,andHemayforgivemany(ofsins),anditisas yourselfsaidtoyou:povertywithusisbetterthanwealthwithourenemy.Weareashelterfor whoeverresortstousandalightforwhoeverseekslight,andpreservationforwhoeverresortsto us.Whoeverlovesuswillbewithusinthehighestposition,andwhoeverdeviatesfromuswillbe inFire.AbuAbdullah(asSadiq)said,YouacknowledgethatyourenemywillbeinFireanddonot acknowledgethatyourguardianwillbeinParadise!Nothingpreventsyoufromthatbut weakness.[2] Hediedwhenhewasonehundredandtwentyyears.Itwassaidthathenarratedfromeighty

menofthecompanionsofImamAbuAbdullahasSadiq(a.s.).[3] 125.MuhammadbinalHasanbinAbualKhattabazZayyat HewasreliablemanfromKufa.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis companions.[4]AnNajashisaid,Hewasaloftymanfromourcompanions.Hewasrespectable, reliable,andnotable.Henarratedmanytraditionsanditwasdependedonhisnarrations.Hehad writtengoodbookssuchasatTawhid,alMarifahwelBada,arRaddalaAhlalQadar,al Imamah, firstsevenimamsfromImamAli(a.s.)toImamMusabinJafaralKhadhim(a.s.)anddidnot believeintherestfiveimams. [1]RijalanNajashi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]RijalanNajashi. [4]RijalatToosi. (183) alLuluah,WasayaalAimmah,Rarities.[1] 126.MuhammadbinHamzaalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 127.MuhammadbinalHus,aynalFihri SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandaddedthathewas cursed.[3] 128.MuhammadbinalHus,ayn SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasfrom Ahwaz.[4] 129.AbulAbbasMuhammadbinKhalidarRazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 130.MuhammadbinRajaalKhayyat SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[6]andsodidalBarqi. 131.MuhammadbinarRayyanbinasSalt SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[7]

AnNajashisaidtherewerequestionsbetweenhimandImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.).[8] 132.MuhammadbinSaeedbinKulthumalMarwazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasa theologian.[9]AlKashshimentionedfromNasrbinasSabahthatMuhammadbinSaeedal Marwazi [1]RijalanNajashi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalatToosi. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]RijalanNajashi. [9]RijalatToosi. (184) wasfromtheprominenttheologiansinNaysabur.[1] 133.MuhammadbinSulaymanalJallab SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 134.MuhammadbinS,ayfialKufi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 135.MuhammadbinAbdulJabbar SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable fromQum.[4] 136.MuhammadbinAbdurrahmanalHamadanianNawfali AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhehadletterswithAbul HasanalHadi(a.s.).[5]

137.MuhammadbinAbdullahbinMihranalKarkhi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasaccusedof excessivenessandweakness.[6]AnNajashisaid,Hewasexcessive,aliar,irreligious,and unreliableandwasfamousforthat.HehadsomebookslikealMamdohinwelMathmomin;the praisedandthedispraised,Maqtal(murderof)AbulKhattab,Manaqib(virtuesof)Abul Khattab,alMalahim;battlesorheroisms,atTabsirah;enlightenment,alQibab;domes, andanNawadir;raritieswhichwasthenearestofthemtothetruthwhereastheotherswere fulloffalsehood.[7] 138.MuhammadbinAbdullahanNawfalialHamadani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis [1]RijalalKashshi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalalBarqi. [6]RijalatToosi. [7]RijalanNajashi. (185) companions.[1] 139.MuhammadbinUbaydillahatTahi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 140.MuhammadbinAlibinEesaalAsharialQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] AnNajashisaid,MuhammadbinAliwasanotablemaninQumandtheemironitappointedby theking.Sowashisfather.HehadquestionswithAbuMuhammadalAskari(a.s.).[4] 141.MuhammadbinAlibinMahziyar SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[5] IbnTawussaidhewasfromthewellknowndeputiesandbabswhomtheTwelverShia,who believedintheimamateofalHasanbinAli,didnotdisagreeon.[6] 142.MuhammadbinEesabinUbaydalYaqtini

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasweak.[7] AlKashshimentionedthathehadwrittensomebookslikealImamah,alWadhihalMakshuf firRadalaAhlalWuquf,BudalIsnad,QurbalIsnad,alWasaya,alLulu,alMasailal Muharramah,adhDhiya,Dharaif,atTawqiat,atTajammulwelMuruah,alFaywel Khums,arRijal,azZakat,ThawabalAmal,andanNawadir.[8] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalanNajashi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.17p.34. [7]RijalatToosi. [8]RijalalKashshi. (186) 143.MuhammadbinalFarajarRakhji SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1]Therewerefirm communicationsandmanycorrespondencesbetweenhimandImamalHadi(a.s.).Herearesome ofthelettersthatwerebetweenthem: 1.AlKashshimentionedthatMuhammadbinalFarajsaid,IwrotetoAbulHasan(alHadi)(a.s.) askinghimaboutAbuAlibinRashid,EesabinJafarbinAasim,andibnBand,andherepliedtome saying,YouhavementionedbinRashid,mayAllahhavemercyonhim.Helivedhappyanddiedas amartyr.AndheprayedAllahforibnBandandbinAasim.[2] 2.AlKulaynimentionedthatAlibinMuhammadanNawfalisaid,MuhammadbinalFarajsaidto me,AbulHasan(alHadi)wrotetohim,OMuhammad,manageyouraffairsandbecareful!My affairsweremanagedandIwascarefulandIdidnotknowwhatforhewrotetomesountilan agentfromthegovernmentcame,tiedme,andcarriedmefromEgyptafterconfiscatingallwhatI possessed.Iwereinprisonforeightyearsandthenabookcametomefromhim(fromImamal Hadi)inprisonsaying,OMuhammad,donotresideintheWesternDistrict!Ireadthebookand saidtomyself:hewritestomeso,thoughIaminprison!Itiswonderful!!AfteralittletimeIwas setfree. ThenMuhammadbinalFarajwrotetohim(toImamalHadi)askingabouthispropertiesandhe

repliedthattheywouldbegivenbacktohim.WhenMuhammadwenttoalAskar,hewroteto himaboutgivinghispropertiesbacktohimbuthediedbeforethat.[3] ThislettershowsthattheImam(a.s.)trustedandassistedMuhammad.WhenMuhammad becameill,ImamalHadi(a.s.)senthimagarment.Heputthegarmentunderhisheadandwhen [1]RijalatToosi. [2]RijalalKashshi. [3]UsulalKafi. (187) hedied,hewasenshroudedwithit. 144.MuhammadbinalFadhl SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[1]andsodidalBarqi. 145.MuhammadbinalFadhlalBaghdadi HenarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.),andAbdullahbinJafaralHimyarinarratedfromhim.[2] 146.AbuAbdullahMuhammadbinalQassimbinHamzabinMusaalAlawi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 147.MuhammadbinMarwanalJallab SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable,[4] andsodidalBarqi. 148.MuhammadbinMarwanalKhattab SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 149.MuhammadbinMusabinFurat SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6] 150.MuhammadbinMusaarRabiy SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[7] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.17p.152. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid.

[5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. (188) 151.MuhammadbinYahyabinDaryab SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1] 152.MasqalahbinIsaaqalQummialAshari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2] 153.MuawiyabinHakeembinMuawiyabinAmmaralKufi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] AnNajashisaidabouthim,Hewasreliable,notablefromthecompanionsofImamarRedha (a.s.).AbuAbdullahalHusaynsaid,Iheardoursheikhssaying:MuawiyabinHakeemnarrated twentyfourtraditionsonusul,andhadwrittensomebookslikeDivorce,Menstruation, Obligations,Marriage,Penalties,BloodMonies,andabookofrarities.[4] 154.MansurbinalAbbasarRazi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5]AnNajashisaid,His statewasuncertain.Hehadabigbookonrarities.[6] 155.MusabinDawudalYaqubi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[7]HewasaTwelverShia butunknown. 156.MusabinUmarbinBazeethemawlaofalMansur Hewasreliable.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,[8]andsaid hehadabookonrarities.[9] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalanNajashi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]RijalanNajashi. [7]RijalatToosi.

[8]RijalatToosi. (189) 157.MusabinUmaralHadheen SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[1] 158.MusabinMurshidalWarraqanNayshaburi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]HewasaTwelverShia butunknown. 159.NasrbinMuzahimalQummi SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 160.AnNadhrbinMuhammadalHamadani SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions,andsaidhewasreliable.[4] Allama(alHilli)saidinalHawithathewasreliable. 161.YahyabinAbuBakrarRaziadhDharir SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 162.YahyabinMuhammad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6]Hewasunknown. 163.AbuYousufYaqubbinIsaaqadDawraqialAhwazi HewasknownasibnasSikkit.SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadis companions.[7]HewaspreferredbyImamalJawad(a.s.)andImamalHadi(a.s.).Theycared muchforhim.HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalJawad(a.s.)andhadsome [1]AlFihristbySheikhatToosi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Ibid. [4]AlFihristbyatToosi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]Ibid. [7]Ibid. [8]RijalatToosi.

(190) questionswithhim.[1] IbnasSikkitwasexpertinlinguistics,literature,Poetry,andgrammarofArabicandhadwritten manybookssuchasTahthibalAlfadhandIslahalMantiq. IbnKhillikanmentionedthatsomescholarsaid,Nobookonlinguisticshaseverpassedacrossthe bridgeofBaghdadlikethebookofIslahalMantiq.Thereisnodoubtthatitisfromtheuseful, interestingbooksincludingmanysidesoflanguage.Wedonotknowabooklikeitinthisconcern. Manyscholarswereinterestedinthebook.AlWaziralMaghribisummarizedit.AlKhatibat Tabrizieditedit.IbnKhillikanmentionedthatAbulAbbasalMubarridsaid,Ihavenotseenabook forthepeopleofBaghdadbetterthanthebookofibnasSikkitinlogic.Thalabsaid,Our companionshaveagreedonthatthereisnoone,afteribnalIrabi,moreawareinlinguisticsthan ibnasSikkit.[2]AlMutawakkil,theAbbasidcaliph,killedhimbecauseofhisloyaltytotheAhlul Bayt(a.s.).Weshalldetailthisinacomingchapter. 164.YaqubalBajali SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3]HewasaTwelverShia butunknown. 165.YaqubbinManqush SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiandImamalAskariscompanions.[4] 166.AbuYousufalKatibYaqubbinYazidbinHammadalAnnbariasSalami SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[5] HesaidinalFihristthathehadwrittensomebooksoneofwhichwasabookofrarities. [1]TanqihalMaqal,vol.3p.329. [2]AlKunawelAlqab,vol.1p.314. [3]RijalatToosi. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalatToosi. (191) AnNajashisaid,HewasoneoftheclerksofalMuntasir(theAbbasidcaliph).Henarratedfrom AbuJafarthesecond(a.s.)Hewasreliableandtruthful.HehadsomebookslikealBada,al

Masail,NawadiralHajj,andatTanalaYounus.[1] 167.AbuBakrbinAbuTayfuralFahmakialMutatabbib SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[2]Hewasfromthe narratorswhonarratedthetraditionoftheannouncingoftheimamateofImamalAskari(a.s.). Hesaid,AbulHasan(alHadi)wrotetomesaying,MysonAbuMuhammadisthemostloyalof aal[3]Muhammadandthefirmestinauthority.Heistheeldestofmysonsandheisthe successor.Tohimistheimamateanditsverdicts.Whateveryouaskedmeaboutyoucanaskhim aboutforhehasallwhatyouneed.[4] 168.AbulHusaynbinHilal SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5]AllamahalHilli[6]andal Majlisi[7]saidhewasreliable. 169.AbulHus,aynalHudhayni SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable.[8] [1]RijalanNajashi. [2]RijalatToosi. [3]Theprogenyorfamilyof. [4]UsulalKafi. [5]RijalatToosi. [6]AlKhulasah. [7]AlWajizah. [8]RijalatToosi. (192) 170.AbuTahir SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasthebrother ofMuhammadbinMuhammad.[1] 171.AbuTahirbinHamzabinalYasaalAshari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable fromQum.[2] 172.AbuTahirMuhammad SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3] 173.AbuAbdullahalMughazi

SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidhewas excessive.[4] 174.AbuAbdullahalMukari SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[5] 175.AbuMuhammadbinIbrahim SheikhatToosimentionedhimasoneofImamalHadiscompanions.[6] 176.AbuYahyaalJirjani HewasAhmadbinDawudbinSaeedalFazari.[7] 177.KulthumalKarkhiyya SheikhatToosimentionedherasoneofImamalHadiscompanionsandsaidthatAbdurrahman ashShaeeri,thefatherofAbdurrahmanbinDawudalBaghdadi,narratedfromher.[8] [1]RijalatToosi. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]Ibid. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. [7]TanqihalMaqal,vol.4p.39. [8]RijalatToosi. ImamalHadiinSamarra ImamAlialHadi(a.s.)livedmostofhislifeinSurraManRaa(Samarra).TheAbbasidgovernment imposedonhimhousearrest.Hewaslikeaprisoner.Thepolicemenandinvestigatorsofthe Abbasidssurroundedhishousewatchingallhismovementsandeveryoneassociatingwithhimor carryingmoneytohim.Hesufferedtheseverestpoliticalpressureduringthereignofal Mutawakkil,theAbbasidtyrant,whosavednoeffortinoppressingtheAlawids.Duringhisdark rule,theAlawidsfaceddifferentkindsofmisfortunesanddisasters.Weshalltalkaboutthatin detailsthroughthebook. Anyhow,wetalkinbriefabouttheimam(a.s.)whenhewasinYathrib(Medina)andthereasons

thatforcedhimtoleaveittoSurraManRaaandwhathappenedtohimwithalMutawakkil. InYathrib ImamalHadi(a.s.)livedinYathrib,hisbirthplaceandthecountryofhisfathers.Hespenthistime inspreadingknowledgeandmoralsandineducatingpeopletheIslamicprinciples.Hetookthe ProphetsMosqueasschoolforthat.Ulama,jurisprudents,andnarratorssurroundedhimtaking fromthespringsofhisknowledgethatheacquiredfromhisfatherswho (194) hadilluminatedthelifeofmanwiththelightofknowledgeandfaith.Ashewasafertilesourcefor theintellectual,scientificlifeinYathrib,hewastheonlysourcethatprovidedstudentswith moneyandmaterialmeansbesidesprovidingthepoorandneedywithwhattheyneeded.Imam alHadi(a.s.)didnotonlyhelporpaycharitytothepeopleofYathrib,buthiskindnessincludedall sidesoftheirlives.Hecomfortedtheminsorrowandinjoy.Hevisitedthesick,participatedin funerals,showedkindnesstotheyoungandold,andcaredforwidowsandorphans.Hesparedno goodandfavorunlesshedidtothem.Inreturn,theywereveryloyaltohim.Theysurroundedhim withtheirheartsandfeelingsandmadehimdwellinthedeepoftheirsouls. BetrayingtheImam Someirreligiouspersons,whoenviedpeopleofnoblebirth,boregrudgeagainstImamAbulHasan (a.s.).ThevirtuesandhighpositionImamalHadi(a.s.)hadamongpeopledispleasedthose persons.FromthebitterestenemiesofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasAbdullahbinMuhammadwhohad beenappointedbyalMutawakkilasthewalioverYathrib.Thismanoftenintendedtoharmand troubleImamalHadi(a.s.).HeinformedalMutawakkilagainsttheimam.Hetoldthecaliphthat thegatheringofthepublicaroundImamalHadi(a.s.)causedthestatedangers,andthatgreat moniescametohimfromthedifferentcountriesoftheIslamicnationthatweaponsmightbe boughtwiththosemoniestostandagainsttheAbbasidstate,andtherewasapossibilityofa revolttooverthrowtheAbbasidgovernment. HeaskedalMutawakkiltoarrestImamalHadi(a.s.)lesthewouldbepowerfulenoughthatthe governmentwouldnotbeabletoresisthim.AlMutawakkilwasupsetandworriedandhe informedhisviziersofthematter.

(195) Frustratingtheplot WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)knewabouttheplotofthisvillain,hefearedthatalMutawakkilmight facehimwithsevereproceduresforheknewthatalMutawakkilwasoneofthebitterestenemies totheAhlulBayt(a.s.).ImamalHadi(a.s.)wrotealettertoalMutawakkilcomplainingatthe grudgeandthebadtreatmentofhiswaliagainsthim(ImamalHadi)andinformedhimofthe falsenessofhistalebearing.ImamalHadi(a.s.)assuredalMutawakkilthathedidnotintendany harmagainsthimanddidneverthinkofrevoltingagainsthisrule. AlMutawakkilwascertainofthetruthfulnessofImamalHadi(a.s.)andhisinnocenceofallthat whichwasimputedtohim. TheletterofalMutawakkiltoImamalHadi AlMutawakkilsentalettertoImamalHadi(a.s.)replyingtohisletterandhedeposedhisofficial thevillainwaliofYathrib.HeinvitedtheimamtocometoSurraManRaatobeunderhouse arrestsothathewouldbeunderhiswatch.Hereisthetextoftheletter: AmeerulMo'minin(alMutawakkil)knowsyourposition,regardsyourkinship,considerswhat youandyourfamilyneedtomanageyouraffairs,fixyourgloryandtheirglory,andassuresafety foryouandforthem.Hejustwants,outofthat,thecontentmentofAllahandtocarryouthis dutytowardsyouandtowardsthem. Therefore,AmeerulMo'mininthoughttodeposeAbdullahbinMuhammadfromhispostinthe cityofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)forwhatyouhavementionedthatheignoredyourright, slightedyourhighposition,andascribedtoyouthatwhichAmeerulMo'mininiscertainyouare innocentofandhebelievesyourgoodwill.AmeerulMo'mininappointedMuhammadbinalFadhl andorderedhimtorespectandglorifyyou,andtofollowyourordersandopinions,tobecloseto AllahandtoAmeerulMo'mininthroughthat.AmeerulMo'mininlongstoyou,andlikes (196) tomeetandlookatyou.Wouldyoupleasehurrytovisitandresidewithhimasyoulike?Youare freetobringfromyourfamily,followers,andservantswhomyoulike.Youtravelwhenyouwant, comewhenyouwant,andmovehoweveryouwant.AndifyoulikethatYahyabinHarthamathe mawlaofAmeerulMo'mininandthesoldierswithhimtoaccompanyyouinyourtravel,anditis

uptoyou.Wehaveorderedhimtoobeyyou.AskAllahtochoosewhatisbestforyouuntilyou willcometoAmeerulMo'minin.Noneofhis(AmeerulMo'mininalMutawakkils)brothers,his children,family,andclosecompanionsismorepreferredtoyounearhim,orofcloserpositionto himthanyou,andheisnotkinder,moreloyal,ormorefaithfultowardsanyofthemthantowards you.Thepeace,mercy,andblessingsofAllahbeonyou.[1] TheworryofthepeopleofMedina AlMutawakkilorderedYahyabinHarthamatotraveltoYathribtobringImamalHadi(a.s.)to SurraManRaaandtoinvestigatetheaccusationclaimingthatImamalHadi(a.s.)hadintendedto resisttheruleandrevoltagainstthegovernment.AlMutawakkilgavetheletter,whichhehad writtentoImamalHadi(a.s.),toYahya. YahyatraveledtoYathrib.WhenthepeopleofYathribknewabouthistask,theyworriedand fearedtoomuchforImamalHadi(a.s.)fromtheviolenceofthetyrantagainsthim.Theyloved ImamalHadi(a.s.)somuch,forhekepttothemosqueoftheProphet(a.s.)feedingtheirulama withhisknowledge,givingcharitiestotheirpoor,andhehadnoanytendencytowardsthe worldlylife.[2]Yahyabegancalmingdownpeoplesworryandfearandsworetothemthathehad notbeenorderedtodotheimamanywrong.Theybelievedhimandcalmeddown. [1]AlIrshad,p.375376. [2]MiratazZaman,vol.9p.553. (197) SearchingtheImamshouse YahyaandhismensearchedthehouseofImamalHadi(a.s.)thoroughlybutdidnotfindanything savecopiesoftheHolyQur'anandbooksofdua.itappearedthatwhatwasimputedtotheimam (thathishousewasfullofweaponsandmoney)wasfalse.[1] SendingtheimamtoSurraManRaa ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasforcedtoleaveYathribtoSamarra.Hisfamilyaccompaniedhiminthe travel.Yahya,whoadmiredtheguidanceandpietyofImamalHadi(a.s.),himselfservedthe imamduringthetravel.ThecaravancoveredthedesertuntilitarrivedinBaghdad. AlYaqubisaidthatwhenImamalHadi(a.s.)arrivedinalYasiriyya,IsaaqbinIbrahimreceived himandsawhowpeoplewereeagertomeetandsitwiththeimam.SohewastakentoBaghdad inthenight.[2]YahyawenttovisitthegovernorofBaghdadIsaaqbinIbrahimadhDhahiriand

informedhimofthematter.Isaaqsaidtohim,Thisman(ImamalHadi)isthesonofthe messengerofAllah(a.s.)andyouknowthatalMutawakkilisdeviant.IfyouinformalMutawakkil ofawordagainsttheImam,hewillkillhim,andthentheProphet(a.s.)willbeyouropponenton theDayofResurrection. Yahyasaid,ByAllah,Ididnotknowfromhim(ImamalHadi)whatIdeny,anddidnotseefrom himexceptgood. TheyleftBaghdadtowardsSamarra.WhentheyarrivedinSamarra,YahyavisitedWaseefat Turkiwhowasfromtheprominentstatesmen.Heinformedhimofthearrivaloftheimam. WaseefwarnedhimfromsayingtoalMutawakkilanythingthatmightharmtheimam.Hesaidto him,OYahya,byAllah,if [1]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.113. [2]TareekhalYaqubi,vol.3p.209. (198) onehairfallsfromhim(ImamalHadi),noonewillberesponsibleforitexceptyou. YahyawasastonishedattheagreementofIsaaqandWaseefonrecommendinghimofkeeping theimamsafe.[1] InKhanasSaalik[2] AlMutawakkilorderedhismentoputImamalHadi(a.s.)upinKhanasSaaliktodishonorand degradehimbeforethepublic.SalihbinSaeedvisitedhiminthekhanandbecameuneasyfor seeinghiminthatplace.Hesaidtotheimam,MayIdieforyou!Theywantedtoputoutyour lightandtodegradeyou,sotheyputyouupinthisworstkhan(caravansary);KhanasSaalik. ImamalHadi(a.s.)lookedathimwithkindnessandsympathy.Hethankedhimforhisfeelings, comfortedhispainanduneasiness,andshowedhimfromthemiraclesthatAllahhadprovidedHis prophetsandguardianswith,[3]andsoSalihcalmeddownandbecamesatisfied. ThemeetingbetweentheImamandalMutawakkil YahyatoldalMutawakkilaboutthegoodconducts,asceticism,andpietyofImamalHadi(a.s.). HetoldhimthathesearchedhishousebutdidnotfindinitsavecopiesoftheQur'anandbooks ofduaandthathewasinnocentofallthatwhichwasimputedtohim.Thesewordsremovedthe rageandangerofalMutawakkilagainsttheimam.AlMutawakkilorderedhismentoallowImam

alHadi(a.s.)tocomeintohim.WhenImamalHadi(a.s.)camein,alMutawakkilwelcomedhim withmuchrespectandgavehim [1]MiratazZaman,vol.9p.553,TathkiratalKhawas,p.359,MurujathThahab,vol.4p.114. [2]Itwasacaravansaryofpaupers. [3]AlIrshad,p.376. (199) goodpresents.[1]HeobligedhimtoremaininSurraManRaatobeunderwatch.Whenal MutawakkilhousearrestedImamalHadi(a.s.),theimamboughtahousefromDalilbinYaqub anNasraniandlivedwithhisfamilyinit.Helivedinthishouseuntilhediedandwasburiedin it.[2] AlMutawakkilreferstotheImamsfatwas AlMutawakkilfounditinevitabletorefertoImamalHadi(a.s.)inthequestionshefaced.He preferredhisfatwastothefatwasofallthejurisprudentsofhisage.Herearesomeofthe questionsthatalMutawakkilreferredtoImamalHadi(a.s.)fortheiranswers: 1.AlMutawakkilhadaChristianclerkwhowaspreferablebyhim.Becausehelovedhimtoo muchhesurnamedhimasAbuNoah.Someotherclerksdeniedthatandsaidthatitwasnot permissibletosurnameanunbeliever.AlMutawakkilaskedthejurisprudentstogivehimafatwa onthatbuttheydidnotagreeononefatwa.Someofthemsaiditwaspermissibleandotherssaid itwasnot.HesentthequestiontoImamalHadi(a.s.)whowrotetohimwiththisanswer, (PerditionovertakebothhandsofAbuLahab,andhewillperish).[3]Thisanswerwasthemost wonderfulanswerinthefieldoffatwas.ImamalHadi(a.s.)quotedthisQuranicversethat declaredthepermissibilityofsurnamingtheunbelievers.AlMutawakkilfollowedthisfatwaof ImamalHadi(a.s.).[4] 2.Once,alMutawakkilbecameillandhevowedthatifAllahhealedhim,hewouldpaymany dinarsascharity.Whenherestoredtohealth,hegatheredthejurisprudentsandaskedthem abouttheamountofthemoneyheshouldpayascharitytofulfill [1]MiratazZaman,vol.9p.553. [2]TareekhBaghdad,vol.12p.57. [3]Qur'an,111:1. [4]BiharalAnwar,vol.4.

(200) hisvow,buttheydisagreedonthat.Then,heaskedImamalHadi(a.s.)aboutthat.ImamalHadi (a.s.)saidthatalMutawakkilhadtopayeightythreedinars.Thejurisprudentswereastonishedat thatandaskedalMutawakkil,Wherefromdidhegetthisanswer?AlMutawakkilwrotetoImam alHadi(a.s.)askinghimaboutthesourceofhisanswer,andImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Allahthe Almightysays,( Allahhasgivenyouvictoryinmanybattlefields).[1]Allourancestorsnarrated thatthebattlefieldswereeightythree.[2]Hesaidintheendoftheanswer,Whatevermoregood AmeerulMo'minindoesshallbemoreusefulandrewardabletohiminthislifeandinthe afterlife.[3] 3.Oneday,aChristianman,whohadcommittedadulterywithaMuslimwoman,wasbrought beforealMutawakkil.WhenalMutawakkilwantedtoexecutethelegalpenaltyontheChristian, heturnedMuslim.YahyabinAkthamsaid,Hisfaith(inIslam)cancelledhispolytheismandsin. Anotherjurisprudentsaid,Heissubjectedtothreepunishments(bythewhip).Other jurisprudentssaiddifferentthings.AlMutawakkilaskedhismentotakeafatwafromImamal Hadi(a.s.)aboutthismatter.ImamalHadi(a.s.)replied,Heshouldbewhippeduntilhedies. YahyaandtheotherjurisprudentsdeniedthisfatwaofImamalHadi(a.s.)andsaidthathetook thisfatwaneitherfromtheBooknorfromtheSunna.AlMutawakkilwrotetoImamalHadi(a.s.) saying,ThejurisprudentsofMuslimsdeniedthisfatwaandsaidthatneithertheBooknorthe Sunnahadsaidso.Wouldyoupleaseshowuswhyyouhaveimposedonhimthewhippinguntil hewoulddie? ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedbyquotingthisQuranicverse,(ButwhentheysawOurpunishment, theysaid:WebelieveinAllahaloneandwedenywhatweusedtoassociatewith [1]Qur'an,9:25. [2]TareekhalIslambyathThahabichap.Themenofthetwentysixthclass,TathkiratalKhawas, p.360. [3]AlMuntadham,vol.12p.2627. (201) Him.ButtheirbeliefwasnotgoingtoprofitthemwhentheyhadseenOurpunishment).[1]Al MutawakkiltookthefatwaofImamalHadi(a.s.)andorderedthemantobewhippeduntilhe died.[2] AlMutawakkilandpoets

Once,alMutawakkilaskedAlibinalJahm(thepoet)aboutthebestofpoetsandhementionedto himsomepoetsofthepreIslamicandtheIslamicages,butalMutawakkilpaidnoattentionand turnedtoImamalHadi(a.s.)askinghimaboutthebestofpoets.ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Al Humaniwherehesays: AgroupfromQurayshviedinglorywithus. Whenwedisputed, thecallofcellsjudgedtousagainstthemwithwhatweliked. Youfindussilentwhilethewitnessofourpreferencetothem isoforotundvoiceineverymosque. Ahmad,themessengerofAllahisourgrandfather, Andwearehissonslikeshiningstars. AlMutawakkilturnedtoImamalHadi(a.s.)andaskedhim,OAbulHasan,whatisthecallof cells? ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Itis:IwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,andwitnessthat MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah.[3]IsMuhammadmygrandfatheroryours? AlMutawakkilbecameangryandhesaidwithatremblingtone,Heisyourgrandfatherandwe donotdenythat.[4] [1]Qur'an,49:8485. [2]SharhShafiyatAbuFiras,vol.2p.167. [3]Thecallofcellsistheazaninthemosques. [4]AlManaqib. (202) ImamalHadi(a.s.)leftandleftsorrowerodingtheheartofthetyrantwhofoundnowayto answertheimam.

AlMutawakkilinvitesibnasSikkittotrytheimam AlMutawakkilaskedtheprominentscholarYaqubbinIsaaqknownasibnasSikkittoaskImam alHadi(a.s.)aboutacomplicated,ambiguousquestionthathe(theimam)mightnotfindan answerandthenalMutawakkilwouldhaveanexcusetodefameanddegradehim.IbnasSikkit preparedaquestiontotryImamalHadi(a.s.).AscientificconferencewasheldintheAbbasid Palacewhereprominentulama,jurisprudents,andtheologiansattended.Attheheadofthe conferencewasalMutawakkil.IbnasSikkitadvancedandaskedImamalHadi(a.s.),WhyAllah sentMoseswiththerodandwhitehand,sentJesuswiththehealingoftheblindandleprousand givinglifetothedead,andsentMuhammadwiththeQur'anandsword? ImamalHadi(a.s.)showedtheperceptbehindallthatbysaying,AllahsentMoseswiththerod andwhitehandinatimewherethepredominantthingamongpeoplewasmagic.Therefore, Mosescametothemwiththatanddefeatedtheirmagic,dazedthem,andprovedauthorityover them.AndAllahsentJesusChristwiththehealingoftheblindandleprousandthegivingoflifeto thedeadbythewillofAllahinatimewherethepredominantthingamongpeoplewasmedicine. Therefore,JesusChristcametothemwiththatanddefeatedanddazedthem.AndAllahsent MuhammadwiththeQur'anandswordinatimewherethepredominantthingsamongpeople wereswordandpoetry.Therefore,MuhammadcametothemwiththeQur'anandswordand dazedtheirpoetry,defeatedtheirsword,andprovedauthorityoverthem. AllahtheAlmightyhasassistedhisprophetswithclearsignsanddazingmiraclesthathuman beingswereunabletomakelikethem.Thosesignsandmiraclesfittedtheageswhenthe prophets (203) weredeputed.AllahhadgivenHismessengerMosestherodthatchangedintoahugeadder eatingtheropesandrodswhichthemagiciansofthePharaohchangedtosnakes.Themagicians ofthatage,whohadreachedthetopofmagic,couldnotinvalidatethemiracleofMosesordo evenalittlelikeit.Allahhadalsogivenhimthewhitehandthatwaslikethesuninitslightand brightness.Themagicianswereunabletodosomethinglikethismiraclewhichwastheevidence onthetruthfulnessofMoses. AllahhadgivenHismessengerJesusthesonofMarythemiracleofhealingtheblindandleprous

andgivinglifetothedeadinthetimewheremedicinehadreachedthetopofprogressand development;nevertheless,peoplecouldnotdoanythinglikethismiraclewhichdazedminds. AllahhadgivenJesusthismiracletobeasignonhistruthfulness. AllahhaddeputedMuhammadtobethelastofHisprophetsandassistedhimbytheQur'an whichfalsehoodwouldnotcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehinditandwhichwasthe suprememiracleinitseloquence,rhetoric,excellentstyle,andwonderfulexpressioninthetime whentheArabshadreachedthetopofeloquenceandrhetoric;butnevertheless,theywere unabletokeeppacewithitorcomposesomethinglikeitorlikealittleofit.Therefore,theQur'an wasthesignthatprovedtheprophethoodofProphetMuhammad(peacebeuponhimandupon hisprogeny. AllahtheAlmightyhadassistedtheProphet(a.s.)withthedefeatingswordthatwastheswordof AmeerulMo'mininAli(a.s.)whichharvestedtheheadsofpolytheistsandunbelievers.Thebrave ofArabswerecowardbeforethisswordandtheysaidthatfleeingfrombattleisshameexcept fromtheswordofAli.TheswordofAli(a.s.)waslikeathunderboltthatannihilatedthemassesof polytheists,separatedthepartiesofunbelievers,gavethevictorytoIslam,andmadeMuslims mighty. AfterthisanswerofImamalHadi(a.s.),ibnasSikkitsaidtohim,Whatistheargumentthen? (204) ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Reason!Byitone,whofabricatesliesagainstAllah,isknownand denied. Reasonisthejudgethatdistinguishesthetruthfulfromliars,anditsjudgmentisthefinaldecision. WhenibnasSikkitfailedtogoonwiththeimam,hesaid,WhatdoesibnasSikkithaveinarguing withhim(withtheimam)?He(ibnasSikkit)isbutamanofgrammar,poetry,andlinguistics! ThequestionsofYahyabinAktham YahyabinAkthamofferedsomequestions,whichhehadpreparedandwrittendownbefore,to ImamalHadi(a.s.)inordertotryhim.Herearethequestionswiththeiranswersnotliterally mentioned: 1.AllahsaysinHisBook,(OnewhohadtheknowledgeoftheBooksaid:Iwillbringittoyouinthe

twinklingofaneye).[1]TheaskerwasProphetSolomonandtheaskedonewasAsif.Was Solomon,whowasaprophet,inneedoftheknowledgeofAsif? Theanswer:ProphetSolomon(a.s.)wasnotunabletoknowwhatAsifknew,buthewantedto makehisnationofthejinnandmankindknowthattheauthorityafterhimwouldbeAsif.Itwas fromtheknowledgeofSolomon(a.s.)thathehadtaughttoAsiflesthisnationwoulddisagreeon hisimamateandguardianshipafterhim,andtoconfirmtheproofbeforepeople. 2.Allahsays,(Andheraisedhisparentsuponthethroneandtheyfelldowninprostrationbefore him).[2]HowdidYaqub(ProphetJacob)andhissonsprostratethemselvesbeforeYousuf (ProphetJoseph)whiletheywereprophets? Theanswer:theprostrationofYaqubbeforehissonYousufwasnotforYousuf,butallthatfrom Yaqubandhissonswas [1]Qur'an,27:40. [2]Qur'an,12:100. (205) obediencetoAllahtheAlmightyandasgreetingtoYousuf,astheprostrationoftheangelsbefore AdamwasnotforAdam.Yaqubandhissons,andYousufwiththem,prostratedthemselvesto thankAllahtheAlmightyfortheirreuniting.DoyounotseethathesaidwhenthankingAllahat thattime,(MyLord!Thouhastgivenmeofthekingdom)[1]? 3.Allahsays,(ButifyouareindoubtastowhatWehaverevealedtoyou,askthosewhoreadthe Book).[2]IftheaddresseewastheProphet(a.s.),thenhewasindoubt,butiftheaddresseewas otherthantheProphet(a.s.),thentowhomtheBookhadbeenrevealed? Theanswer:theaddresseewastheProphet(a.s.)andhewasnotindoubtaboutwhatAllahhad revealedbuttheignorantsaid:whydidAllahnotdeputedaprophetfromtheangels?WhydidHe notdifferentiatebetweenhim(theProphet)andtherestofpeopleineating,drinking,and walkinginmarkets?SoAllahrevealedtohisProphet,(AndWehavenotsentbeforeyouany messengersbuttheymostsurelyatefoodandwentaboutinthemarkets).[3]Hesaidtothe Prophet(a.s.):ask,inthepresenceoftheignorant,thosewhorecitetheBook:hasAllahsenta prophetbeforeyouthathedidnoteatfoodandwalkinthemarkets?OMuhammad,theyare examplesforyou.Allahsaid,(ifyouareindoubt)thoughtherewasnodoubtbutjustfor showingthetruthasHesaid,(Butwhoeverdisputeswithyouinthismatterafterwhathascome toyouofknowledge,thensay:Comeletuscalloursonsandyoursonsandourwomenandyour

womenandourselvesandyourselves,thenletusbeearnestinprayer,andprayforthecurseof Allahontheliars).[4]Ifhesaid:ComesothatwemakethecurseofAllahonyou,theywouldnot respond.AllahknewthatHisProphetwould [1]Qur'an,12:101. [2]Qur'an,10:94. [3]Qur'an,25:20. [4]Qur'an,3:61. (206) carryoutHismissionandknewthathewastruthfulandnotaliarbutHewantedtoconfirmthe situationwhensaying(ifyouareindoubt). 4.Allahsays,(Andifallthetreesintheearthwerepens,andthesea,withsevenmoreseasto helpit,(wereink),thewordsofAllahcouldnotbeexhausted).[1]Whataretheseseasandwhere arethey? Theanswer:Yes,itisso.Ifallthetreesoftheworldwerepensandtheseaswereinksupplied withothersevenseasuntiltheearthwouldexplodeintospringsasitexplodedintheflood,the wordsofAllahwouldnotcometoanend.Theseasare:AynalKibrit,AynalYemen,AynBarhut, AynTabariya,geyserofMasidancalledLisan,anAfricangesercalledSaylan,andAynBahuran. Andwe(theAhlulBayt)arethewordsthatourvirtuescannotbeperceivedorcounted. 5.Allahsays,(andthereinisallthatsoulsdesireandeyesfindsweet).[2]ThesoulofAdamdesired toeatfromthewheatandheate.Then,whywashepunished? Theanswer:intheParadisethereareallkindsoffoods,drinks,andentertainmentsthatsouls desireandeyesdelightinandAllahhaspermittedallthatforAdam.ButthetreethatAllahhas forbiddenAdamandhiswifefromeatingfromitsfruitwasthetreeofenvy.Allahaskedthem bothnottolookatthosewhomAllahhaspreferredtothemandatHiscreatureswiththeeyeof envy,butAdamforgotandcouldnothelphimselfbeforethattree. 6.HowisthewitnessofonewomanpermittedwhereasAllahsays,(andcalltowitnesstwojust menamongyou)[3]? Theanswer:thewomanwhosewitnessispermittedthoughaloneisamidwifebutwith satisfaction;otherwisenolessthantwo [1]Qur'an,31:27.

[2]Qur'an,43:71. [3]Qur'an,65:2. (207) womenwhostandinsteadofoneman.Ifthewomanwasalone,herwitnessisacceptedwithher takinganoath. 7.Ali(a.s.)judgedthatahermaphroditewastobelookedatitsorganofurinationtoseeifits urinationwaslikethatofman,thenahermaphroditewastobeconsideredasamanandifthe urinationwaslikethatofwomanthenthehermaphroditewastobeconsideredasawoman.Who canlookatthehermaphrodite?Forifthelookerwasaman,thehermaphroditemightbea woman,andifthelookerwasawoman,thehermaphroditemightbeamanwhichwouldbenot permissible.Andwhatabouttheinheritanceofahermaphrodite? Theanswer:ThecaseofahermaphroditeisasAlisaid.Ahermaphroditeinheritsduetoitsorgan ofurination.Somefairandjustmenholdmirrorsintheirhandsandahermaphroditestands nakedbehindthem.Themenlookinthemirrorsandjudgewhetherthehermaphroditeisaman orawoman. 8.Theownerofaherdofsheepsawtheshepherdcopulatewithaewe.Whentheshepherdsaw theowner,hereleasedtheewetogointhemiddleoftheherd.Howcanthatewebeknowntobe slaughtered?Isitpermissibletoeatitsmeatornot? Theanswer:iftheowner,whosawtheshepherdcommitthatsin,knewthatewe,heshould slaughterandburnit,andifnot,heshoulddividethesheepintotwodivisionsandcastlots betweenthetwodivisions.Ifthelotsfellononedivision,theotherdivisionshouldbeexcluded, andsoonuntiltwosheepwouldremain.Thelotswouldbecastbetweenthetwosheepandthe one,whichthelotsfellon,shouldbeslaughtered(andburned)andtherestofsheepwouldbe preserved.[1] 10.Why,intheFajr(dawn)Prayer,thesurasarerecitedloudlythoughitisfromtheprayersofday whereasitistheprayersofnightthatarerecitedloudly? [1]TuhafalUqul,alManaqib. (208)

Theanswer:asfortheFajrPrayer,itisrecitedloudlybecausetheProphet(a.s.)offereditinthe darknessof(theendof)night,andsoitisrecitedinthenight. 11.(Imam)AlisaidtoibnJarmuz,TellthekillerofthesonofSafiyyahthatheshallbeinthe Fire.[1]Whydidhe(ImamAli)notkillhim(ibnJarmuz)thoughhewastheimam? TheAnswer:AlisaidthatafterthesayingofthemessengerofAllah.AmeerulMo'minindidnotkill himinBasra(onthedayoftheCamel)becauseheknewthathewouldbekilledinthebattleof anNahrawan. 12.TellmewhyAlikilledthepeopleof(thebattleof)Siffinandorderedhismentokillthem whethertheywereattackingorfleeingandhefinishedoffthewounded,butonthedayofal Jamal(thecamel)hedidnotkillafleerorawoundedoneanddidnotorderhismentodothat. Rather,hesaid,Whoeverkeepstohishousewillbesafe.Whydidhedothat?Ifthefirstdecision wasright,sothesecondwouldbewrong. TheAnswer:Theimam(leader)ofthepeopleoftheCamelwaskilledandtheyhadnoleaderto referto.Theywentbacktotheirhomeswithoutfighting,deceiving,orspying.Theyweresatisfied (afterthedefeat)nottobefought.ButthepeopleofSiffinbelongedtoapreparedcompanywith aleadersupplyingthemwithspears,armors,andswords,caringforthem,givingthemgoodgifts, preparinggreatmoniesforthem,visitingtheirsick,curingtheirwounded,givingsumpterstotheir footers,helpingtheirneedy,andreturningthemtothefight.ThematterwiththepeopleofBasra (whofoughtinthebattleofalJamal)wastostopfightingthemwhentheylaiddowntheirarms, butthematterwiththepeopleofSiffinwastofollowaftertheirfleersandfinishofftheir wounded.WithoutAmeerulMo'mininandhisjudgments [1]ThesonofSafiyyahwasazZubayrbinalAwwamwhowaskilledbyibnJarmuzonthedayof alJamal. (209) towardsthepeopleofSiffinandthepeopleofalJamal,thejudgmenttowardsthedisobedientof monotheistswouldnotbeknown.Whoeverdeniedthatwouldbesubjectedtothesword. 13.Ifamanconfesses,againsthimself,thathehascommittedsodomy,shallhebepunishedor pardoned? Theanswer:ifamanconfessesagainsthimselfbyhimselfwithnoevidencediscoveredbyothers

againsthim,theimam,whohasbeenappointedbyAllah,hastherighttopunishinbehalfof Allah,andhealsohastherighttopardoninbehalfofAllah.Haveyounotheardthesayingof Allah,(ThisisOurfreegift,thereforegivefreelyorwithhold,withoutreckoning).[1]Allahbegan withthegivingfirstandthenthewithholding. Weansweredallwhatyouaskedusabout.Knowthat! YahyawasastonishedattheanswersofImamalHadi(a.s.)totheseambiguousquestionsandhe turnedtoalMutawakkilandadvisedhimsaying,Wedonotlikeyoutoaskthismanabout anythingaftermyquestionstohimInshowinghisknowledgetherewillbestrengtheningtoar Rafidha(theShia).[2] ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasoneofthegreatmenofknowledgeinIslam.Hewastheheirofthe knowledgeandsciencesofhisfatherswhoweretheleadersoftheintellectuallifeinIslam. ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtotheambiguousquestionsofibnasSikkitimmediatelyandassoonas helookedatthem.Thisshowedthegreatscientificabilitywhichwasoneoftheeminentaspects ofthegreatpersonalityoftheimam(a.s.). [1]Qur'an,38:39. [2]AlManaqibbyibnShahrashub,vol.4p.403406,TuhafalUqul,p.477481. (210) HisvisitingtothetombofAmeerulMo'minin InthefirstyearwhenImamalHadi(a.s.)cametoSurraManRaa,hevisitedthetombofhis grandfatherAmeerulMo'mininAli(a.s.).HisvisitfellonthedayofEidalGhadir.Twoziyarastohis grandfatherAmeerulMo'mininweretransmittedfromhim.Herearethey: 1.Peacebeonyou,theguardianofAllah.Iwitnessthatyouarethefirstwhowerewrongedand yourrightwasextorted,butyouwerepatientandyouexpecteduntilcertaintycametoyou.I witnessthatyoumetAllahandyouwereamartyr.MayAllahtortureyourkillerswithallkindsof tormentandrepeatpunishmentforthem.Icametoyouacknowledgingyourright,knowingyour position,andopposingyourenemiesandopposingwhoeverwrongedyou.IshallmeetmyLord onthatinshallahOguardianofAllah,Ihavemanyfaults;pleaseintercedeformewithyourLord, OmymasterforyouhaveahighpositionnearAllah,greatrank,andintercession.Allahhassaid, (theydonotintercedeexceptforhimwhomHeapproves).[1][2]

2.ThereisanotherziyarathatwasnarratedfromImamalHadi(a.s.)tohisgrandfatherAmeerul Mo'mininAli(a.s.).Itisoneofthemostwonderfulziyarasoftheinfallibleimams(a.s.)initshigh meaningsandinmentioningsomeeventsthattookplaceintheFirstIslamicAge.Herewe mentionalittlepartofthisziyara: IwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllahtheOnlywithnopartner,asHehaswitnessedforHimself, andtheangels,andpeopleofunderstandingfromHiscreationhavewitnessed.Thereisnogod butHe,theMighty,theWise.AndIwitnessthatMuhammadisHisslaveandpleasedmessenger whomHesentwithguidanceandthereligionoftruth,thatHemightcauseittoprevailoverall religions,thoughthepolytheistsmaybeaverse. [1]Qur'an,12:28. [2]KamilazZiyarat,MazaralBihar. (211) OAllah,makethebestandmostperfectofYourblessings,themostgrowingandprevailingof Yourfavors,andthepurestofYourcomplimentsbeonourmasterMuhammadYourslave, messenger,confidant,guardian,pleased,bestfriend,thechoiceofYourcreation,Yourpure, trustee,thewitnesstoYou,theguidetoYou,therevealerofYourmission,theloyaltoYou,the strugglerinYourway,thedefenderofYourreligion,thedeclarerofYourproofs,theguidedto Yourobedience,theguidertoYourpleasedness,thecontainerofYourrevelation,thekeeperof Yourcovenant,theachieverofYourcharge,theassistedwiththeilluminatinglight,thedirected bythepleasederrand,theinfallibleagainsteveryerrorandslip,theexaltedaboveeveryerror, thesentwiththebestofreligionsandbeliefs OAllah,blessYourguardian,theguardofYourreligion,theexecutorofjusticeafterYourProphet, AlibinAbuTalibthecommanderofthebelievers,theimamofthepious,themasterof guardiansthesuccessorofYourProphetoverthewholepeople,hisguardianinlifeandreligion, thegreattruthful,thedistinguisherbetweenthehalalandtheharam,thesupporterofIslam,the destroyerofidles,theassistantanddefenderofreligion,theprotectorandsatisfierofthe Prophet OAllah,showustherightpathsothatwefollowit,andthewayofguidancesothatwewalkinit, andchangeourfaultsintoright,andmakenotourheartstodeviateafterYouhaveguidedus aright,andgrantusfromYoumercyOYouWhoarecalledoutofYourgenerosityalWahhab(the Giver),andgrantusgoodinthisworldandgoodinthehereafter,andsaveusfromthe chastisementoftheFireifwedeserveit,OYoutheMostMercifuloftheMerciful![1] [1]MazaralBihar.

(212) InvokingtheshrineofImamHusayn ImamalHadi(a.s.)becameillandhesawthatthebestcureforhimwastoinvokethetombofthe masteroftheyouthofParadiseandoneofthetwograndsonsofmercy(theProphet);Imam Husayn(a.s.)whomnooneresortedtohistombunlessAllahrelievedhimfromthepainsand misfortunesofthisworld. AbuHashimalJafarinarratedtheresortingofImamalHadi(a.s.)inmanynarrations.Herewe mentionthem: 1.AbuHashimalJafarisaid,MuhammadbinAbuHamzaandIvisitedAbulHasan(alHadi)when hewasill.Hesaidtous,SendsomementoalHair(Kerbala;whereImamalHusayn(a.s.)was buried)atmyexpense!Whenwelefthim,MuhammadbinHamzasaidtome,Doeshesendusto alHairwhilehehimselfhasthesamepositionoftheone(ImamHusayn)whoisinaHair?! ImamalHadi(a.s.)hadthesamepositionhisgrandfatherImamHusayn(a.s.)had.Hewasan infallibleimamlikehimthatAllahhadkeptawaytheuncleannessfromhimandpurifiedhima thoroughpurifying.AbuHashimwasaffectedbythesayingofMuhammadbinHamzaandsohe wenttoImamalHadi(a.s.)andtoldhimthat.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtohim,Itisnotso.Allah hassomeplacesthatHelikestobeworshippedin,andalHairofalHusaynisoneofthose places.[1] 2.AbuHashimSaid,IvisitedAbulHasanAlibinMuhammadwhenhewasill.Hesaidtome,O AbuHashim,sendamanfromourmawalitoalHairtoprayAllahforme! WhenAbuHashimleft,hemetAlibinBilalinthestreet.Hetoldhimabouttheimamandasked himtotraveltoKerbalatoprayfortheimam.Aliwasastonishedandhesaid,Ihearandobey! ButIsay:heisbetterthanalHair.[2]Hehasthesamepositionofthat [1]KamilazZiyarat,p.273,MazaralBihar,p.141. [2]HemeanttheholyplacewhereImamalHusayn(a.s)wasburied. (213)

one(ImamalHusayn)inalHair,andhisprayingforhimselfisbetterthanmyprayingforhim. AbuHashimwentandtoldImamalHadi(a.s.)whatAlibinBilalsaid.ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,The messengerofAllah(a.s.)wasbetterthantheHouse(theKaaba)andthe(black)Rock,buthe circumambulatedtheHouseandkissedtheRock.AllahtheAlmightyhasplacesthatHelikestobe worshippedin,andHerespondstowhoeverpraysHimthere.AlHairisoneofthoseplaces[1] InanothertraditionImamalHadi(a.s.)said,AllahtheAlmightyhasassignedfromHisearthsome placescalledalMarhumat(mercified).HelikestobeinvokedinthemandHeresponds.[2] 3.AbuHashimsaid,AbulHasan(a.s.),whenhewasill,sentformeandforMuhammadbin Hamza,whoprecededmetohim.HetoldmethatImamalHadi(a.s.)stillsaid,Send(someone) toalHair!IsaidtoMuhammad,DidyounotsaytohimthatIwouldgotoalHair?Isaidtothe imam,MayIdieforyou,IgotoalHair.Hesaid,Thinkofthat!Thenhesaid,Muhammadhas nosecretfromZaydbinAli(hedoesnotbelieveinthedoctrineofZayd)andIdonotwanthimto hearthat. ImentionedthattoAlibinBilalandhesaid,WhatshallhedowithalHairwhereashehimselfis alHair?IwenttoalAskar(Samarra)andvisitedhim(ImamalHadi).WhenIwantedtoleave,he askedmetositdown.WhenIsawhimfeelateasewithme,IrememberedthesayingofAlibin Bilalandmentionedittohim.Hesaidtome,YoumightsaytohimthatthemessengerofAllah (a.s.)circumambulatedtheHouseandkissedtheRock,andthesanctityoftheProphet(a.s.)and thebelieversisgreaterthanthesanctityoftheHouse.Allahorderedhim(theProphet)tostopat ArafawhichisbutaplacethatAllahlikestobementionedin. [1]KamilazZiyarat,p.274,MazaralBiharp.141. [2]WassailashShia,vol.3p.570. (214) SoIliketobeprayedformewhereAllahlikestobecalledon.AndalHairisoneofthose places.[1] ImamalHusayn(a.s.)isdearandbelovedtoAllah.HedefendedthereligionofAllahbyhislife andbloodandofferedhischildren,family,andcompanionsaspuresacrificesforthesakeofAllah. Hefacedmisfortunesanddisastersthatnoreformerintheearthhadeverfaced. AllahhadendowedImamHusayn(a.s.)withcharismatathatHehadnotendowedanyoneofHis guardianswithexcepthisgrandfather(theProphet)andfather(ImamAli).InthisworldAllahhas

givenhimdignityandhonorthatnomanhaseverbeengiven.Allahhasmadehisholyshrineasa resortfortheyearning,andashelterforthedistressed,andhonoredtheshrinebyrespondingto theprayerunderitsdome,andintheafterworldheshallbeanobeyedintercessorandAllahwill endowedhimwithdignityandhonorthatnoeyehaseverseenandnoearhaseverheardlikeit. BreakingintotheImamshouse SomevillainswenttoalMutawakkilandinformedhimagainstImamalHadi(a.s.)claimingthathe hadbooks,arms,andmoniesandthathemightrevoltagainstthegovernmentofalMutawakkil, whobecameworriedandterrifiedwhenhearingthat.AlMutawakkilorderedsomeofhisTurk policementoattackthehouseofImamalHadi(a.s.)inthenightandarresthim.Theyattacked ImamalHadi(a.s.)unexpectedlyandfoundhiminasimplehousewearingagarmentofwooland therewasnothingbetweenhimandthegroundsaveacarpetofsandandpebbleswhilefacing theqiblaandrecitingthissayingofAllah,(Nay!dothosewhohavewroughtevildeedsthinkthat Wewillmakethemlikethosewhobelieveanddogoodthattheirlifeand [1]KamilazZiyarat,Furu(branchesof)alKafi,vol.4p.567. (215) theirdeathshallbeequal?Baditisthattheyjudge).[1]TheytookhimtoalMutawakkilwhilehe wasinthatstate[2]thatrepresentedtheasceticismofprophetsandspiritualityofapostles.Al Mutawakkilwasdrunkatthetableofwine.WhenhesawImamalHadi(a.s.),heofferedhima glassofwine,butImamalHadi(a.s.)shoutedathim,ByAllah,ithasnevermixedwithmyblood andfleshatall. AlMutawakkilaskedtheimam,Recitemesomepoetry! ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Iseldomrecitepoetry. AlMutawakkilinsistedonhimsaying,Youmustrecitemesomepoetry! ImamalHadi(a.s.)foundhimselfobligedtorecitesomepoetry,andsoherecitedthefollowing versesthatchangedtheecstasyofalMutawakkilintosorrowandweeping,

Theywereonthetopsofmountains, guardedbystrong,bravemen,butthosetopssufficedthemnot. Afterglory,theyweretakendownfromtheirpositions, andputintoholes.Howbadabodetheydweltin! Acriercalledthemafterbeenburied: Wherearethethrones,crowns,andtreasures? Wherearethefacesthatwereateaseandluxury, thatcurtainsandscreenswereputbeforethem? Thegraveshowedthosefaceswherewormswerefightingonthem. Howlongtheyateanddrank! Butafterthatlongeating,theywereeaten! [1]Qur'an,45:21. [2]RawdhatalAyan,manuscript. (216) AlMutawakkilwasshakenandintoxicationflewfromhishead.Hebeganterriblycrying.The attendantsinthemeetingfearedforImamalHadi(a.s.)thatalMutawakkilmightassaulthimand theythoughtthatalMutawakkilwouldrevengeonhim. AlMutawakkilorderedhismentotaketheglassesofwineawayfromthemeeting.Heturnedto thepureImam(a.s.)andsaidtohimreverently,OAbulHasan,areyouindebt? ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Yes,fourthousanddinars. AlMutawakkilorderedfourthousanddinarstobegiventoImamalHadi(a.s.)andreturnedhim backtohishousewithrespectandhonor.ThiseventshowedthejihadofImamalHadi(a.s.)and hisfixedsituationtowardsthattyrant.Hedidnotcareforhisruleandpower.Hepreachedhim

andwarnedhimfromthepunishmentofAllahandsaidtohim(throughpoetry)thathewoulddie andneitherhisarmiesnorhisauthoritywouldsavehimfromdeath,andthathisdelicatebody wouldbefoodforwormsinthegrave.CertainlyalMutawakkilhadneverheardsuchpreaches before.Instead,hefilledhisearswiththevoicesofsongstersandsongstresses.Andfinallydeath cametohimwhilehewasbetweenmusiciansandcupsofwine,andthementionofAllahdidnot cometohismindthroughouthislife. AlBat~hawiinformsagainsttheImam HistorianssaidthatonedayalMutawakkilwasafflictedwithabscessesandhewasabouttodie fromthat.AlFat~hbinKhaqancounseledhimtosendamessengertoImamalHadi(a.s.)totell himabouthiscasethathemighthavesomeremedy.AlMutawakkilsentamessengertoImamal Hadi(a.s.),whoprescribedaremedyforhim.AfterusingtheremedyalMutawakkilwasrestored tohealth.Whenhismotherwasinformedthatherecovered,shesentImamalHadi(a.s.)apouch oftenthousanddinarsandshesealeditwithherseal.MuhammadbinalQassimalBat~hawi wenttoalMutawakkilandtoldhimthatmoneyandarmswerecarriedtotheimam.Al (217) MutawakkilwasterrifiedandorderedSaeedthecustodiantobreakintothehouseofImamal Hadi(a.s.)inthenightandfetchallweaponsandmonieshemightfindthere.Saeedwenttothe houseofImamalHadi(a.s.).Heputaladderandwentuptotheroof.ItgottoodarkandSaeed didnotknowhowtogettotheyardofthehouse.Whilehewasconfused,heheardImamalHadi (a.s.)sayingtohim,OSaeed,stayasyouareuntilwebringyouacandle!Hewasgivenacandle andthenhecamedowntotheyard.HefoundImamalHadi(a.s.)wearingawoolgarmentanda woolcap,andsawaprayercarpetonamat.Hesearchedthehousebutfoundnothingexcept thatpouchandtenthousanddinars.Heliftedtheprayercarpetoftheimamandfoundasword. HetookallthattoalMutawakkil.WhenalMutawakkilsawthesealofhismotheronthepouch, hesentforherandaskedheraboutmatter.Shesaidtohimthatshehadvowedtogiveagiftto ImamalHadi(a.s.)whenalMutawakkilwouldrecoverfromhisillness,andsaidthatwhenal Mutawakkilrecovered,shecarriedouthervow.AlMutawakkilfeltshyandaddedanotherpouch ofmoneytothatpouchofhismotherandorderedSaeedtotakethemtotheimam.Hetook themtotheimamandapologizedtohim.ImamalHadi(a.s.)repliedtohimbyrecitingthis Quranicverse,(Thosewhodowrongwillcometoknowbywhata(great)reversetheywillbe overturned).[1] Theblockadeagainsttheimam

AlMutawakkilimposedaseriouseconomicalblockadeonImamalHadi(a.s.)andimposedsevere penaltiesonwhoeversentlegalduesorgiftstohim.DuringthereignofalMutawakkilImamal Hadi(a.s.)wasinserioushardshipanddifficulties.Thebelieversrefrainedfromgivinghimthe legalduesastheyrefrainedfromvisitingandhavingthehonorofservinghimforfearofthe oppressivegovernment. [1]Qur'an,26:227. (218) Imprisoningtheimam ThetyrantorderedtoarrestImamalHadi(a.s.)andputhiminprison.Aftersomedaysinprison, SaqrbinAbuDulafcametovisithim.Thechamberlain,whoknewhimandknewthathewasa Shia,receivedandaskedhim,Whatdoyouwantandwhatforyouhavecome? Hesaid,Ihavecomeforgood. Thechamberlainsaid,Youmighthavecometoaskaboutyourmaster! Hesaid,MymasterisAmeerulMo'minin(hemeantalMutawakkil). Thechamberlainsmiledandsaid,Besilent!Yourmasteristhetruth(hemeantImamalHadi).Do notfearme!Iamonyourbelief. Saqrsaid,PraisebetoAllah! Thechamberlainsaid,Doyouwanttoseehim? Saqrsaid,Yes,Ido. Thechamberlainsaid,Sitdownhereuntilthemailmancomesout. Whenthemailmanwentout,thechamberlainsaidtohisattendant,TakeSaqrtotheroomwhere theAlawidisimprisonedandleavethemalone!WhenSaqrwentintothecell,hesawImamal Hadi(a.s.)sitonamatandbeforehimtherewasaduggrave.AlMutawakkilhadorderedthis gravetobeduginordertofrightentheimam.ImamalHadi(a.s.)saidtoSaqrkindlyandfriendly, OSaqr,whatmadeyoucome?

Saqrsaid,Icametoknowyournews.Saqrbegancryingfeelingpityandfearfortheimam.The imamsaidtohim,OSaqr,donotworry.Theycannotharmus. SaqrcalmeddownandthankedAllahforthat.Thenheaskedtheimamaboutsomereligious questionsandtheimamansweredhis (219) questions.Thenhesaidfarewelltotheimamandleft.[1]Itwasnolongafterthatwhentheimam wassetfree. Avainattempttoassassinatetheimam AlMutawakkilwasunabletobearImamalHadi(a.s.)anymore.Itbotheredhimthatpeople talkedaboutthevirtues,vastknowledge,piety,andasceticismofImamalHadi(a.s.)andthatthe Shiabelievedinhisimamateandbelievedthathewasworthierofthecaliphatethanhim(al Mutawakkil).Therefore,hetriedtoassassinatetheimamandgetridofhimbuthoweverhefailed toachievehisaim. AlFadhlbinAhmadalKatib(theclerk)narratedthathisfather,whowastheclerkofalMutazz, said,WewerewithalMutazzwhenonedaywewenttoalMutawakkilwhowassittingonhis thronebutveryangrylookingaskanceathisvizieralFat~hbinKhaqanandshouting,Thisis whomyousaidaboutwhatyousaid! AlFat~htriedtocalmhimdown.Hesaidtohim,OAmeerulMo'minin,[2]itwasfabricated againsthim. AlMutawakkilpaidhimnoattentionandsaid,ByAllah,Iwillkillthiswhofabricatesanddefame myrule.HebroughtfourmenfromtheKhazar,whounderstoodnothing,gavethemarmsand orderedthemtokillImamalHadi(a.s.)whenhewouldcometohim.Hesaidangrily,ByAllah,I willburnhisbodyinfireafterkillinghim. ImamalHadi(a.s.)camesurroundedbytheguardsofthepalacewhoglorifiedhimbysaying loudlylailahaillallah;thereisnogodbutAllahandAllahuakbar;Allahisgreat.Theysaid, ThisisthesonofarRedha. [1]BiharalAnwar. [2]ItreferstoalMutawakkil.

(220) WhenalMutawakkilcaughtsightofhim,hewasaffectedbyhissolemnityandAllahcastterror intohisheart.Hejumpedfromhisthrone,receivedtheimamwarmly,kissedhimontheforehead, andsaidtohimreverently,Omymaster,sonofthemessengerofAllah,thebestofwhomAllah hascreated,mycousin,mylordAbulHasan ImamalHadi(a.s.)advisedandwarnedhimofthepunishmentofAllah. AlMutawakkilaskedhim,Mymaster,whydidyoucomeatsuchatime? ImamalHadi(a.s.)said,Yourmessengercametomesaying;alMutawakkilsendsforyou. AlMutawakkilsaid,Thesonoflied.Mymaster,gobacktowhereyouhavecomefrom!Al Mutawakkilturnedtowardshisviziersandsonsandsaid,Fat~h,Abdullah,Mutazz,escortyour master! ImamalHadi(a.s.)leftsurroundedbyahaloofreverenceandglorificationandtheKhazars refrainedfromkillinghimwhentheysawhissolemnity,thehonoringoftheguards,andthe glorificationofalMutawakkiltowardshim.[1]AndthustheattemptofalMutawakkilfailed. AlMutawakkildespisestheimam EnvyfilledtheheartofalMutawakkilwhofollowedallwaystodegradeImamalHadi(a.s.)and belittlehispositionthatwasexaltedamongthepublic.Hewantedtobelittletheimambymaking himgoonfootbeforehimsothatpeoplemightdisregardhim,buthisviziercounseledhimtogive upbecausethatwouldmakethepublicblameandcriticizehim.AlMutawakkilpaidnoattention tohisvizierwhocounseledhimagainthathecouldordertheofficialsandnotablesincludingthe imamtogoonfoot [1]AlKharayijbyarRawandi. (221) sothatnoonewouldthinkthattheimamalonewasintended.AlMutawakkilrespondedtohis vizierandorderedpeopletogoonfootbeforehimandtheydid.Itwasaveryhotsummerday. ImamalHadi(a.s.)oozedsweat.ZuraqathechamberlainofalMutawakkilsawtheimaminthat state.Hecametohim,seatedhiminavestibulethere,tookoutahandkerchiefandbeganwiping

thesweatoftheimam.Hesaidtotheimamtryingtocomforthispains, Yourcousin(alMutawakkil)didnotintendyouparticularly. ImamalHadi(a.s.)lookedathimandsaid,Stopthat!AndthenherecitedthisQuranicverse, (Enjoyyourselvesinyourabodeforthreedays,thatisapromisenottobebelied).[1] Zuraqasaid,IhadateacherwhowasaShia.Ioftenjokedwithhim.WhenIwenthome,Isentfor him.Whenhecametome,ItoldhimaboutwhatIheardfromtheimam(a.s.).Hechangedcolor andsaidtome,Becarefulandstoreallwhatyouhave!AlMutawakkilshalldieorbekilledafter threedays.HeunderstoodthatfromtheQuranicversethatImamalHadi(a.s.)recited.Iwas affectedbyhisspeechandaskedhimtoleave.ThenIthoughtwithmyselfandsaidthatitwould notharmmetotakeprecautions.Ifsomethinglikethathappened,Iwouldhavetakenmy precaution,andifnot,Iwouldlosenothing.IwenttothehouseofalMutawakkilandtookallmy money.Idepositedthemwithoneofmyacquaintances.AfterthreedaysalMutawakkildied.This signwasthecauseofmyguidanceandbelievinginimamate.[2] [1]Qur'an,11:65. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.134,alKharayij. TheimamsprayeragainstalMutawakkil ImamAbulHasanalHadi(a.s.)resortedtoAllahandprayedHimwiththisholydua(knownasthe duaofthewrongedagainsttheunjust)whichwasoneofthetreasuresoftheAhlulBayt(a.s.); OAllah,Iandsoandso(hemeantalMutawakkil)aretwoslavesfromYourslaves.Ourforelocks (heads)areinYourhand.Youknowourresidenceanddepository,andknowourresortand abode,andourinwardsandoutwards,andknowourintentions,andencompassourconsciences. YourknowingofwhatweshowisasYourknowingofwhatweconceal,andYourknowingofwhat wehideisasYourknowingofwhatweannounce.NothingofourconcernsishiddenfromYou, andnostateofoursiskeptsecretbeforeYou.WehavenoshelterprotectingusfromYou,andno refugekeepingusawayfromYou.NoescaperfromuscanescapefromYou,andnooppressorcan protecthimselfbyhispowerfromYou,norhissoldierscandefendhimagainstYou.Nodefeater candefeatYoubyhismight,andnomightyonecanstandagainstYoubyhisabundance.You overcomehimwhereverhegoes,andsubjecthimtowhereverheresorts.Thewrongedcometo Yourdoor,andtheoppressedfromusrelyonYouandturntoYou.Theyaskyouforhelpwhen helpersfailthem,andcryforYoursupportwhensupportersturnbackstothem.Theyresortto

Youwhensheltersdisappointthem,andknockYourdoorwhendoorsareclosedbeforethem,and gettoYouwheninadvertentkingshidefromthem.Youareawareofthembeforetheycomplain toYou,andknowwhatbenefitsthembeforetheyaskYouforit.PraisebetoYou,theHearing,the Seeing,theKind,themighty. OAllah,ithasbeeninYoureternalknowledge,clearjudgment,runningfate,irrefutabledecision, andinevitablewillinallYourcreations;thehappyoneofthemandthewretched,thegoodone andthebad,thatifYouhavegiventosoandso(hemeantalMutawakkil)apowerovermeand hewrongedmebyit,oppressedme,overcamemebythepowerYouhavegiventohim,and (223) becamehaughtytowardsmebythepositionYouhavemadetohim,andYourgiftstohim seducedhim,Yourpatiencewithhimmadehimbetyrannical,andsohedidmeadistressthatI couldnotbear,andintendedmewithevilthatIfailedtotolerate.Icouldnotdefendmyself againsthimformyweakness,andcouldnottakemyrightfromhimformyhumbleness.SoIleft himtoYouandreliedonYouconcerninghim.IthreatenedhimwithYourpunishment,warned himofYourdomination,andfrightenedhimofYourrevenge,buthethoughtthatYourpatience withhimwasoutofweakness,andYourgivinghimtimewasoutinability.Nothingpreventedhim andsohewentfarinhisoppression,andexaggeratedinhisenmity,andexceededinhistyranny daringbeforeYoumyLord,andexposinghimselftoYourwrathwhichYoudonotrepelfromthe unjust,andignoringYourpunishmentwhichYoudonotwithholdfromtheoppressive.OmyLord, hereIamdisabledbeforehim,subjectedunderhisrule,subjugatedbyhisreins,defeated, oppressed,distressed,afraid,terrified,suppressed.Ilostmypatience,andremainedhelpless. DoorswereclosedbeforemeexceptYours,anddirectionswereblockedbeforemeexceptYours. Myaffairswereconfusedtoresisthishardshipstome.Mythoughtsfailedtoremovehis oppression.WhoeverofYourpeopleIaskedforhelpdisappointedme,andwhoeverofYour creationIreliedonbetrayedme.IcounseledwithmyadviceandittoldmetoresorttoYou,and inquiredmyguideanditdidnotguidemesavetoYou,soIturnedtoYoumyLordhumbly, servilely,submissively,knowingthattherewasnodeliveranceexceptnearYou,andnorescue exceptbyYou.CarryoutYourpromiseofsupportingmeandrespondingtomysupplicationfor YouhavesaidandYoursayingisthetruththatisnotannulledorchanged,(andhewhoretaliates withthelikeofthatwithwhichhehasbeenafflictedandhehasbeenoppressed,Allahwillmost certainlyaidhim),[1]and,glorybetoYouandsanctifiedareYournames,Yousaid,(call [1]Qur'an,22:60.

(224) uponMe,Iwillansweryou),[1]andsoIdoasYouhaveorderedmenotasafavorfrommeon You;howisthatwhileitisYouWhohaveguidedmetothat?MyLord,blessMuhammadandthe progenyofMuhammadandrespondtomeasYouhavepromisedme,OYouWhodonotfailthe promise. MyLord,IdoknowthatYouhaveadayonwhichyouavengeontheunjustforthewronged,andI amcertainthatYouhaveatimeatwhichYoutakefromtheoppressortotheoppressedbecause noneofresisterscanresistYou,andnoneofopponentscanrunoffYourhold,andYoufearnone thatmayescapeYou,butmyfearandintolerancefailmebeforeYourpatience,andthe expectanceofYourinsight.Yourpoweroverme,myLord,isoverallpowers,andYourauthority defeatsallauthorities.ThereturnofeveryoneistoYouevenifYougivehimtime,andthecoming backofeveryoppressoristoYouevenifYourespitehim.Yourpatiencewithsoandso(hemeant alMutawakkil)andYourrespitinghimharmedme,anddespairwasabouttoovercomemeexcept forthetrustIhadinYouandthecertaintyinYourpromise.IfitisinYourfateandeternalpower thathewillrepentofoppressingmeorrefrainfromharmingmeorchangefromwhathehas committedagainstmeOAllah,blessMuhammadandtheprogenyofMuhammadandputthatin hisheartatthisverymomentbeforeremovingYourblessingsthatYouhaveendowedme withandifitisinYourknowledgeotherthanthisthathewillkeeponoppressingme,thenIask YouOtheHelperofthewrongedandoppressedtorespondtomycall.BlessMuhammadandthe progenyofMuhammadandsnatchhim(alMutawakkil)fromhisshelterwiththesnatchofthe Mighty,thePowerful,andsurprisehiminhisinadvertencewiththesurpriseoftheOvercoming King!Deprivehimofhiseaseandauthority!Scatterhisgathersandassistantsfromaroundhim! Tearhiskingdomthoroughly,andseparatehissupporterswitheveryseparation!Divesthimof Yourblessingwhichhedoesnotthank,andtakethe [1]Qur'an,40:60. (225) dressofYourgloryoffhimwhichhedoesnotrewardwithgoodness!CrushhimOYoutheCrusher oftyrants,andperishhimOYouWhohadperishedtheancientnations!TrouncehimOYouthe Trounceroftheunjustnations,anddisappointhimOYoutheDisappointerofthetransgressive parties!Overwhelmhisold,destroyhiskingdom,omithistrace,removehismention,putouthis fire,darkenhisday,coverhissun,destroyhislife,increasehisdistress,degradehim,suppress him,hastenhisdeath,donotletaranktohimunlessYoudisgraceit,andnopillarunlessYoutear itdown,andnounityunlessYouseparateit,andnohighnessunlessYoudemeanit!andshowus hissupporters,soldiers,beloveds,andrelativesscatteredeverywhere,andseparatedaftertheir

unity,andmaskedaftertheirpoweroverthenation!Relievethefearfulandeagerheartswiththe disappearanceofhisruleanddelighttheconfusednationandthelostpeople!Removebyhis disappearancetheannulledlaws,ignoredverdicts,forgottenheritage,distortedtraditions, desertedschools,avertedmihrabs,anddestroyedmosques!Afflicthimwithanightthathasno like,andanhourthatthereisnoremedyfrom,andadisasterthatthereisrelieffrom!Exposehis honor,anddisturbhisease!ShowhimYourgreatassault,utmostrevenge,Yourpowerthatis overallpowers,andYoursovereigntythatismightierthanhissovereignty!Defeathimformeby Yourstrongpower,aborthiscunningbyYourcunning,routhiswillbyYourwill,sickenhisbody, orphanhischildren,decreasehislife,disappointhishope,removehiskingdom,increasehis misfortunes,makehimbusywithhisbody,donotrelievehimfromhissorrow,takehiminto deviation,makehisendintovain,makehisblessingdisappear,andhisgoodlucktolowness,and hissovereigntytodeclination,andhisendtothemiserableend!Makehimdiewithhisragewhen Youwanttomakehimdie,andlethimlivewithhissorrowifYouwanttolethimlive!Keepme safefromhisevil,slandering,backbiting,domination,andenmity!Lookathimwithaglancethat destroyshim,forYouarestrongerinmightandstrongerininflictingpunishment!Andpraisebeto AllahtheLordofthe (226) worlds. ThisduaisfromthetreasuresoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)whichtheyresortedtowheneveran oppressorpouredhisspiteonthem,andAllahrespondedtothemandbroughtdownHiswrathon theirenemies. ThisduashowstheextentofthedistressesanddisastersImamalHadi(a.s)sufferedduringthe reignofalMutawakkiltheAbbasidtyrantwhosavednoeffortinoppressingtheAlawidsandtheir followers. ThedeathofalMutawakkil AllahrespondedtotheprayerofImamalHadi(a.s.)andrevengedonhisenemyseverely.After thisprayeralMutawakkillivednomorethanthreedays. AplotwasarrangedtoassassinatealMutawakkilandtodoawaywithhim.Thetermsoftheplot weremadeperfectandkeptverysecretandfinallyitsucceededandtheplotterslostnooneof them.TheplotterswerealMuntasir,WaseefatTurki(theTurk),andBughaatTurki. AlMuntasir

AlMuntasir(sonofalMutawakkil)hadspiteandmalicetowardshisfatherandthereason,aswe think,belongedtotwopoints; Thefirst,alMutawakkildespisedhissonalMuntasirandexaggeratedinthatuntilheswelledhis nose.AlMuntasirwasfullofspiteagainsthisfather.Adaybeforehisdeath,alMutawakkil broughtalMuntasirtohismeetingandabusedhimonetimeandmadehimdrinkoverhis capacityanother.HesaidtohisvizieralFat~hbinKhaqan,IshallbefreefromAllahandfrommy kinshiptothemessengerofAllahifyoudonotslaphim(alMuntasir).AlFat~hgotupand slappedalMuntasirtwice.AlMutawakkilsaidtotheattendantsofhismeeting,Witnessonme youallthatIhavedeposedalMuntasir(fromthepositionofheirapparent).Hesaidtoal Muntasir,IhavenamedyoualMuntasirandpeople (227) namedyoualMuntadhirforyourfoolishness,andnowyouarealMustajil(reckless). AlMuntasirsaidtohisfather,Ifyouorderedtobeheadme,itwouldbebetterformethanwhat youdidtome.Thenheleftwhilebeingfullofspiteagainsthisfatherandthinkingofrevenge. Afterthathecarriedouttheplotofassassination. Thesecond,alMutawakkilwasfullofspiteandhatredtowardsImamAli(a.s.)whereasal Muntasirwascontrarytohim.HehadagreatlovetoImamAli(a.s.)andhisprogenyofthe Alawidsandthiswasthereason,ashistorianssaid,behindthekillingofhisfather. Thesethreepersonswerethemostimportantmembersinthisplot.Theyheldsecretmeetings anddiscussedthebestwaystocarryouttheirplan.Theyagreedonthefollowingpoints: 1.Tocarryouttheplotunderthedarknessofnight 2.ClosingthegatesofthepalaceexceptthegatethatledtotheTigrisforfearofthatsupplies mightcometoalMutawakkilfromtheguardsofthepalaceorfromaunitofthearmy 3.KillingtheprimeministeralFat~hbinKhaqan 4.RumoringamongthepublicthatalFat~hledafailedmilitarycoupandkilledthecaliphal MutawakkilbutalMuntasirsuppressedthecoupandkilledalFat~hasrevengeforthekillingof hisfather.Theseweresomestepsoftheplanthattheleadersofthecoup(theplotters)agreed on.

Executingtheplot TheTurks,holdingunsheathedswordsandheadedbyBaghiratTurki,attackedalMutawakkilon thenightofWednesdaythefourthofShawwal[1]in247AH.[2]AlMutawakkilwasdrunk.AlFat~h binKhaqanbecameastonishedandcriedout,Woounto [1]ThetenthmonthoftheMuslimlunaryear. [2]TareekhibnKathir,vol.10p.349,RawdhatalAyan,p.108. (228) you!HeisAmeerulMo'minin!Theypaidhimnoattention.HethrewhimselfonalMutawakkilto bethescapegoatbuthesavedneitherhismasternorhimself.TheTurkstorethembothtopieces thatthefleshofeachofthemcouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheothers.Theywereburied together.ThusthedaysofalMutawakkil,whowasthebitterestenemytotheAhlulBayt(a.s.), cametoanend. TheTurksleftthepalaceandwenttoalMuntasirwhowaswaitingforthem.Theysalutedhim withthetitleofthecaliphate.AlMuntasirrumoredamongpeoplethatalFat~hbinKhaqankilled hisfatherandherevengedandkilledhim.ThenhetookallegianceforhimselffromtheAbbasid familyandallunitsofthearmy. TheAlawidsandtheirfollowerstheShiareceivedthenewsofalMutawakkilsdeathwithdelight andjoy,becausethetyrant,whoturnedtheirlivestounbearabledistresses,perished.Hewas killedbetweenthecupsofwineandmusicals.Hisbodydidnotsufferillnessesorpainsexcepta littlewhentheswordsharvestedhislife.Anyhow,thatterriblenightmaredisappearedfromthe lifeoftheAlawidsandtheirfollowers.ImamalHadi(a.s.)wasdelightedbecauseAllahresponded tohisprayerandperishedthebitterestofhisenemiesandopponents. TheruleofalMuntasir AlMuntasirassumedtheruleafterthecoupagainstthegovernmentofhisfather.Allclassesof peoplefeltdelightandjoybecausetheoppressionandtyrannyofalMutawakkildisappeared. (229) WiththeAlawids

AlMuntasirfollowedarightly,fairpolicytowardstheAlawidsandtheShia.Fromthegood achievementshedidtotheAlawidswerethathereturnedFadak[1]totheAlawids,cancelledthe interdictontheentailsoftheAlawidsandgavethembacktothem,deposedthewaliofYathrib SalihbinAli,whotreatedtheAlawidsbadly,andappointedAlibinalHasaninsteadofhimand orderedhimtotreattheAlawidskindlyanddothemgood.[2] PoetspraisedalMuntasirintheirpoemstoomuchforthemanyfavorshedidtotheAlawids.He repairedwhathisfatherandgrandfathersspoiledtowardstheAlawidswhoweretheirkin.He comfortedandtreatedthemverykindlyaftertheysuffereddistresses,hardships,anddeprivation fromthepreviousgovernments. ThepermissionofvisitingthetombofImamAli AlMutawakkilhadofficiallyforbiddenthevisittothetombofAmeerulMo'mininAli(a.s.),but whenalMuntasirbecamethecaliph,hepermittedpeopletovisitthetomb. AnnullingtheinterdictofvisitingthetombofImamHusayn AlMuntasirpermittedMuslimstovisitthetombofImamalHusayn(a.s.)afteralMutawakkilhad forbiddenthatanddecreedseverepenaltiesagainstwhoevervisitedthatholytomb. ThesefavorsofalMuntasirwereandwillbementionedthroughouthistorywithhighpraiseand gratefulness.Heprovedhisnobility,honesty,andhighpersonalityandprovedthathedidnotslip intheabysswhichhisfatheralMutawakkilhadslippedinandbroughthimselfdisgraceinthislife andeternalpunishmentintheafterlife. [1]Fadakwasaveryvast,fertilevillagethattheProphet(s)haddonatedtohisdaughterFatima (s).Itwasrichofdatepalmsandotherfruitfultrees. [2]TareekhibnalAthir,vol.5p.311. (230) Hisdeath Thisnobleman,whorefreshedtheheartsoftheAlawids,didnotlivelong.Deathcameoverhim inthebeginningofhisrule.Mostofhistorianssaidhedidnotdieanaturaldeathbuthewas poisoned.TheTurksassassinatedhimfearingthathemightkillthemanddoawaywiththeir influenceanddominationovertheIslamicnation.

TheTurksbribedhisphysicianibnTayfurbygivinghimthirtythousanddinarstoassassinatehim. AlMuntasirwasillandthephysicianadvisedtobleedhim.Hebledhimwithapoisonedbladeand hediedsoon.[1]HediedonSaturday,thefourthofRabeeathThani,[2]248AHandwasburiedin alJawsaq.[3]Byhisdeathpeoplelostmuch.Itwashewhodestroyedhisfathersthronewhich wasbasedonoppressionandtyranny. Anyhow,thebooksofhistoryathanddidnotmentionanymeetingoreventthattookplace betweenImamalHadi(a.s.)andalMuntasir.ThecertainthingisthatImamalHadi(a.s.)was delightedforalMuntasirsprocedurestowardstheAlawidsthatreturnedtothemsafetyand settlementwhichtheymissedduringthereignofalMutawakkil. ThereignofalMustaeen AfterthedeathofalMuntasiralMustaeenassumedtheruleonSunday,thefifthofRabeeath Thaniintheyear248AH.HewasasatoolrunbytheTurks.Hehadnopoliticalinfluenceoverthe bodyofhisgovernment.Oneofthepoetssaidonthat, AcaliphinacagebetweenWaseefandBugha, herepeatedwhattheybothsaidtohimasaparrotdoes.[4] [1]TareekhalKhulafabyasSayooti,p.357. [2]ItisthefourthmonthintheIslamiclunarcalendar. [3]AlAnbafeeTareekhalKhulafa. [4]AlAnbafeeTareekhalKhulafa. (231) Thecaliphwaslikeaparrotinacagerepeatingunconsciouslyandunwittinglywhathisvizierssaid tohim.TherulewasrunbyWaseef,Bugha,andotherTurks.NeitheralMustaeennorhisfamily hadinfluenceorauthority. Hiswastingandlavishness AlMustaeenwastedandspentmoneylavishly.Hespentallwhatthepreviouscaliphshadspared intheirtreasuriesofmonies,jewels,furniture,weapons,warequipments,andotherthings. BughaatTurkideniedthatandsaidtohim,OAmeerulMo'minin,thesetreasuriesarethecapital ofMuslims.ThecaliphsbeforeyouhavegatheredforadaywhenIslamandMuslimsmayfacean unexpectedmisfortuneordisaster.Butthecaliphpaidnoattentionandwentonwastingthe

moniesofthestate. Anexampleonhiswastingwasthathehadagalleryinwhichhehadputpreciousjewelries,and splendidtoolsandutensilsbesidesgoldsculpturesofanimals,beasts,birdsandhumans.These sculptureswereinlaidwithmostpreciousstones.Heorderedtomadevesselsofgoldtobefilled withmuskandambergris.Villagesofgoldweremadeforhiminwhichheputstatuesofcows, buffaloes,sheep,dogs,plants,andfruits.Andallthatweremadeofgold. ThisisanexampleontheabsurditiesoftheAbbasidgovernmentswhichovercamethewealthof Muslimsandspentitontheirlustsandwishes. ThedepositionofalMustaeen TheTurkssnubbedalMustaeenandfearedhim.Oneday,hesetouttowardsBaghdad.TheTurks sentforhimaskinghimtoreturntoSamarra.HerefusedandwentontoBaghdad.Theydeposed himandtookalMutazzoutofprisonandpaidhimhomageasthecaliph.Theypreparedagreat armytooccupyBaghdad.Thetwoarmiesmetandbothsidessufferedgreatlossesbutthewar continued.Atlast,theyagreedonthatalMustaeenshouldannouncethedepositionofhimself andgivethecaliphate (232) toalMutazzonsomeconditionsthattheyagreedon. AlMustaeengavethecaliphatetoalMutazzwhodidnotobservetheconditionsrequiredfrom himandheputalMustaeenintheprisonofWasit.Heremainedforninemonthsinthatprison. TheTurksfeltfearofalMustaeenalthoughhewasinprison.Theytookhimoutofprisonand broughthimtoSamarra.AlMutazzaskedhischamberlainSaeedtokillhimandhedid.[1]The authorofalFakhrisaidhewasweakinmind,reason,andadministration,andthatmanyseditions happenedduringhisreignandhisstatewasfulloftroublesandconfusion.[2]Weshalltalkabout theruleofalMutazzinacomingchapterbecauseImamalHadi(a.s.)wasmartyredinthat period. [1]TareekhalKhulafa,p.358359. [2]AlFakhri,p.222.

TheageoftheImam ItmaybeveryusefulornecessarytostudytheageofImamalHadi(a.s.)andshedlightsonthe political,social,religious,cultural,andothersidesofthatage.Studyinganageisoneofthe methodicalresearchesthatistoonecessaryinthemodernstudiesbecauseituncoversimportant sidesoftheexternalinfluencesonmanandshowshisintellectualandallpsychologicaltendencies thatarisefromhisageandenvironmentsaspsychologistssays. Politicallife ThepoliticallifeinthetimeofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasverybad.Therewasnosecurityinall countriesoftheIslamicworld.AnarchywaseverywherebecausetheAbbasidgovernmentlostits authorityandinfluenceandnolongerhaditsterriblepowerithadduringthereignsofalMansur, arRasid,andalMamun.Thereasonsbehindthatwere: TheprevailingoftheTurksontherule TheTurkscontrolledthereinsofpowerandprevailedonallthebodiesofthestatetoadegree thattheAbbasidcaliphhadnoauthorityorinfluence.Thedecisionswereinthehandsofthe Turks.Theyappointedanddeposedwhoevertheylikedofcaliphs,viziers,andofficials.Oneof poetsdescribedthestateofal (234) Mustaeenbysaying, AcaliphinacagebetweenWaseefandBugha, herepeatedwhattheybothsaidtohimasaparrotdoes. TheAbbasidcaliphsinthatperiodwerelikeparrots.Theyhadnothingfromthecaliphate.The Turksdideverythingwhereasthecaliphwasinnameonlywithnowilloroption. Thecaliphatedeclinedandlostitssolemnityandsuperiority,andthecaliphshadnosignificance. ItwasmentionedthatwhenalMutazzassumedthecaliphate,someofhiscompanionssentfora

divinerandaskedhimhowlongthecaliphwouldsitonthethroneandhowlonghewouldlive.A humorousmanfromamongtheattendantssaid,Iknowthat.Theyaskedhimtotellthemandhe said,ThematterisinthehandsoftheTurks.Theydecidehowlongherulesandhowlonghe lives.Theallburstintolaughter.[1] AlMutasim,theAbbasidcaliph,appointedAshnastheTurkasthewaliandgavehimtherightto appointwalis.ItwasprayedforAshnasontheminbars[2]whereasprayingwaslimitedtothe caliphsbefore. Duringhisreign,alWathiqappointedAshnasasthewalionBaghdadandexpandedhisauthority untiloverMorocco.Hegavehimtherighttoruntheaffairsofallthosecountriesandtoappoint whoeverhelikedwithoutreferringtothecaliph.ThecaliphentrustedAshnaswithalltheaffairs ofthestateanddressedhimwithtwosashesofjewels.[3] IgnoranceoftheTurks TheTurkshadnoanyexpertnessintheaffairsofruleandadministrationorinthepoliticaland economicalaffairs.Theywerelikenomadsinalltheirbehaviors. [1]AlFakhri,p.181. [2]AnNujumazZahirah,vol.2p.229. [3]TareekhalYaqubi,vol.3p.205. (235) AlJahidhsaidaboutthem,TheTurksarepeopleoftents,inhabitantsofdeserts,andownersof cattle.TheyarethenomadsofthenonArabs.Crafts,trade,medicine,agriculture,engineering, building,diggingrivers,andyieldingdidnotattracttheirattention.Theirinterestwasininvasions, raids,hunting,riding,fightingagainstheroes,searchingforbooties,andsubjugatingcountries. Theirdeterminationtowardsallthatwaswellknownandallmeaningsandmeansweresubjected tothat.Theymasteredthesemattersandwereskilledinthem.Itisthesethingsthataretheir crafts,trades,pleasure,pride,discourse,andnightchat. Theaffairsofthestatewereinthehandsoftheserudeswhoknewnothingaboutcivilizationor development.Therefore,thenationfaceddangerouscrises,terribleproblems,andtoomany misfortunesandbloodyevents. Corruptionoftherule FromthedirectresultsofthedominationoftheTurksovertherulewasthecorruptionoftherule

andinadvertency.Bribewaswidespreadamongtheofficialsofthestate.Theviziers,walis,and clerksembezzledthemoniesoflandtaxesandothertaxesandtheyieldsthatcametothestate fromdifferentcountries. In229AH,alWathiq,theAbbasidcaliph,confiscatedfromtheclerksofthedivansabouttwo milliondinars,[1]andalMutawakkilconfiscatedibnazZayyatsmoneywhichhehadembezzled andthewealthofhisclerkUmarbinalFarajarRakhji.ItwassaidthatalMutawakkiltookfrom himaboutonehundredandtwentythousanddinarsandfromhisbrotheraboutonehundredand fiftythousanddinars.[2]HealsotookfromthechiefofjudgesYahyabinAkthamseventyfive thousanddinars.[3] [1]TareekhatTabari,vol.9p.125. [2]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.19. [3]TareekhatTabari,vol.9p.197. (236) ShawqiDhayfcommentsonthisbysaying,Thismeansthattheviziers,clerks,andwalis embezzledthewealthofthestateandnation.Onethinksthattherewasnoseniorofficialinthe stateunlesshecommittedabominablecrime.Thewalisbribedthevizierinordertostayintheir posts.Sometimesbribewasabouttwohundredthousanddinarsbesidesgemsandothergifts.[1] Eventhemuhtasibs[2]tookbribesandembezzledmoneythroughtheirwatchingtradersand merchantsandthemovementofbuyingandsellinginthemarkets.ItwasnarratedthatAhmad binatTayyibbinMarwanarRakhsi,thephilosopher,breachedthetrustwhenhewasthechiefof themuhtasibsinBaghdad.Hetook,bythisway,aboutonehundredandfiftydinarsbesidesother giftsandpresents.[3]Wedonotexaggerateifwesaythatmostofficialsofthestatewereinvolved inthatembezzlementandbribes.[4] Thespreadofbribeinthismannerwasaclearevidenceonthecorruptionoftheseniorofficialsin theAbbasidgovernmentandthatmostoftheofficialsembezzledthewealthofMuslimsunjustly. ThewalisoftheIslamicdistricts ThewalisovertheIslamiccountriesoftenboughttheirjobsandpostsfromtheviziers.Thevizier alKhaqanisoldthepostofthewalioverKufatonineteenwalisinonedayandtookfromeachof thembribe. Mostwaliswenttoofarinwrongingpeopleandextortingtheirmoneyunjustlywhichmademost peoplecomplainoftheirinjusticeandoppression.AtthedaysofalWathiq,hisvizierMuhammad

binAbdulMelikcomposedapoemandascribedittooneofthesoldiersandgaveittothecaliph. Hementionedaflow [1]AlFakhri,p.178. [2]Amuhtasibwastheofficialwhocontrolledprices,weights,andmeasuresinthemarket. [3]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.170. [4]AlAsralAbbasiathThani(thesecondAbbasidage),p.120121. (237) ofgrievancesanddistressesthatthewalispouredoverthenation.Inhispoemheexpressedthe misfortunesofthenationandtheendlesssufferingspeoplereceivedduringthedaysofthose waliswhomalWathiqsetupontheIslamicdistrictsandentrustedwithalltheaffairsofMuslims. Theywereexcessiveinoppression.Theyembezzledthetreasuryandthrewtheinnocentintodark prisonsandcellsoftorture. ThehatredtowardstheAbbasidrule MuslimsofalltrendsandtendencieshatedtheAbbasidruleandwishedittodisappearamoment afteranotherbecauseofthebad,deviouspoliciesoftheAbbasidrulerswhichweredifferentfrom thelawsoftheIslamicShariainmostcases,wherethewickedbecamemastersandthefreewere subdued.ThecorruptionoftheAbbasidgovernmentsbroughtMuslimsdisastersandmisfortunes andthrewthemintogreatdangers.TheAbbasidrulersandtheirofficialsextortedthewealthof thenationandkilledthegreatandreformers.TheykilledmanypeoplelikethegreatmartyrZayd thesonofImamAlibinalHusaynwhoweremartyredinthewayofjusticeduringthereignofthe Umayyads.TheykilledabiggroupoftheAlawidslikeYahyabinAmrbinalHusaynandotherswho resistedinjusticeandoppression.Anyhow,MuslimshatedtheAbbasidgovernmentsand disapprovedtheiroppressionanddespotismagainstpeople. OppressingtheAlawids FromtheworstfacesoftheclumsypoliticstheAbbasidfollowedwastheoppressionagainstthe AlawidswhoweretheheraldsofthesocialjusticeinIslam.TheAlawidsweretriedveryseverely andtheysuffereddistressesthatnoonehadeversufferedintheworldofIslamandespecially duringthereignofalMutawakkilwhosparednoeffortinoppressingandpunishingthem.He pouredonthemaflowofmisfortunesanddistresses.HistorianssaidthathisvizierUbaydillahbin YahyabinKhaqanencouraged

(238) himtooppressthem.[1] Economicalblockade AlMutawakkilimposedaneconomicalblockadeontheAlawidsandofficiallyforbadepeoplefrom helpingordoinganygoodtothem.Wheneverhewasinformedthatsomeonedidthemgood evenabithesubjectedhimtoseverepunishments.[2]Therefore,peoplerefrainedfromhelping themwithanykindofhelporgivingthemanyofthelegalduesforfearoftherevengeand punishmentofthetyrant. TheeconomicalblockadeharmedtheAlawidsandexhaustedthemtoadegreethatonedresswas usedbysomewomenofthem.Oneofthemworeitandofferedtheprayerandthenanotherone andsoon.Theyalwayspatchedit.Theysatattheirspindleseminakedwithunveiledheads,[3] whereasthetyrantalMutawakkilspentonhisrednightsmillionsofdinarsandgifted,without measure,thousandstosingers,drinkingcompanions,andeffeminates,butpreventedtheprogeny ofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)fromreceivingtheirrightsandlegalduesuntilhemadethempoor andwretched. Oneday,alFat~hbinKhaqantheviziergavealMutawakkilaverybeautifulmaidasapresent.She cametohimcarryingagoldcupandavatofcrystalfullofwine.Hespenthisnightswithsingers, femaledancers,andwinewhereastheprogenyoftheProphet(a.s.)sufferedpoverty,hunger,and allkindsofdistresses. TheAbbasidwomenandthesingersanddancersaroundthemstruttedinsilkandbrocadewhile thedaughtersofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.)hadnoclothestocoverthemselveswith.Those darkdayspassedandalMutawakkilrecordedinhishistoryblack [1]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.597. [2]Ibid.,p.599. [3]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.599. (239) pagesfullofsinsandcrimesagainsttheprogenyoftheProphet(a.s.). GiftingmoniestodisparagetheAlawids

AlMutawakkilgiftedgreatmoniestomercenarypoetswhocriticizedtheAhlulBayt(a.s.)intheir poetry.HegaveabundantmoneyandgoldtoMarwanbinAbualJanubandappointedhimaswali onYemenandBahrainjustforhishatredandcriticisminhispoemsagainsttheAlawids.Sodidhe withotherinsipidpoetswhosoldtheirconsciencesanddistortedthetruthjustforsometransient pleasuresofthisworld. JailingtheAlawids FromthehardandseveredistressestheAlawidssufferedduringthereignofalMutawakkilwas imprisonment.AlMutawakkilarrestedandthrewmanyofthemintodarkprisonsfornoguiltbut justbecausetheycalledfortherightsofthenationandtheyadopteditsaimsandwishes.From amongtheprominentAlawids,whowereimprisonedbyalMutawakkilatthattime,was MuhammadbinSalihthegreatgrandsonofImamalHasan(a.s.),[1]andMuhammadbin MuhammadbinJafaralHusayniwhowasarrestedbyAbdullahbinTahir,whowasoneofal Mutawakkilsgovernors,andimprisonedinNaysabour.Heremainedinprisonuntilhedied.[2] SomeotherAlawidsranawayandliveddisguisedlyinfartownsandvillagesforfearofthe AbbasidgovernmentlikeAhmadbinEesabinZaydbinAlibinalHusayn,whodiedinloneliness,[3] andAbdullahbinMusabinalHasanwhowasfromtheeminentAlawidsandwellknownheroes. HehidhimselfforfearoftheAbbasids,[4]besidesmanyothersasmentionedbyAbulFarajal Isfahaniandotherhistorians. [1]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.600. [2]Ibid.,p.615. [3]Ibid.,p.619627. [4]Ibid.,p.628. (240) TherevoltofMartyrYahya YahyabinUmarbinalHusaynbinZaydrevoltedagainsttheAbbasidgovernmentcallingforthe rightsoftheoppressedandpersecutedpeopleandinvitingtoestablishtheruleofAllahinthe earth.Hewasabraveknightfarawayfromtherecklessnessoftheyouth.Hewasnotaccusedof anydefect.[1]Peoplelovedhimandwereloyaltohimbecausehebeganhisrisingbyrefraining fromsheddingbloodortakinganythingfrompeoplesproperties.Hetreatedtheallwithjustice andfairness. ThecauseofhisrevoltwasforanisolationandmisfortuneheandotherssufferedfromtheTurks

duringthereignofalMutawakkil.[2]GroupsfromthepeopleofKufafollowedhimandhe revoltedwiththemduringthereignofalMustaeen.ThecaliphassignedMuhammadbinTahirto fightYahya.Hemarchedtowardshimwithabigarmy.AfterviolentfightingYahyawasmartyred andapagefromthebrightpagesofjihadinIslamwasfolded. AfterthemartyrdomofYahya,MuhammadbinTahirsatinapublicmeetingtoreceive congratulationsforkillingtheprogenyofthemessengerofAllah(a.s.).Villainsandflatterers showedhimjoysanddelightandcongratulatedhimforthevictoryofkillingthegrandsonofthe messengerofAllah. AbuHashimalJafariwenttoMuhammadbinTahirandsaidtohim,Oemir,youaredelightedfor killingaman,whoifthemessengerofAllahwasalivehewouldbeconsoledforhisdeath. MuhammadbinTahirbecamesilentandterriblesilenceprevailedoverthemeeting. ThecaptivesfromYahyascompanionsweretakentoBaghdadafterreceivingtoosevereharms andtorture.Historianssaysthattheyweredrawnbarefootandwhoeverofthemwaslatewould be [1]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.639. [2]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.93. (241) killeduntilthebookofalMustaeenarrivedorderingthemtobesetfreeandtheywereset free.[1] PeoplebecamesadforthedeathofYahyaandweptforhimtoomuch.Noonewaselegizedmore thanhim.ManywellknownpoetselegizedhimandcriticizedtheAbbasids. Anyhow,thekillingofYahyawasoneofthegreat,shockingeventsinthatage,forbykillinghim thesanctityoftheProphet(a.s.)wasviolatedwhereasAllah,intheHolyQur'an,hadmadethe lovefortheProphetsprogenyastherewardfortheProphetseffortsincarryingoutthemission ofAllah. DestroyingthetombofImamHusayn

AlMutawakkildestroyedthetombofImamalHusayn(a.s.)andthiswasoneofmanyother terriblemisfortunesMuslimswereafflictedwithatthattime.AlMutawakkilwasfullofrage wheneverheheardorsawcrowdsofpeoplevisittheshrineofImamalHusayn(a.s.)themaster oftheyouthofParadise,whereasthegravesofhis(alMutawakkils)fathersandtheircousinsthe Umayyadsturnedintodunghillsindark,drearyplaceswhichwereresortsforbeasts.Those graves,withtheirmiseryandgloominess,toldtheoppressionandviolenceoftheirinhabitants againstMuslims. ThedirectreasonthatmadealMutawakkildestroytheholyshrinewasthatsomesongstresssent himhermaidsbeforeheassumedtheruletosingforhimwhenhedrank,andwhenhebecame thecaliph,hesentforhertosendhimasongstressbutshewasnotthere.Itwassaidtohimthat shehadgonetovisittheholytombofImamalHusayn(a.s.).Shewasinformedofthatwhileshe wasinKerbala.ShehurriedbacktoBaghdadandsentalMutawakkiloneofhermaids.Heasked themaidwheretheywereandshesaid,Myladywenttoperformthehajj(pilgrimage)andtook uswithher.ItwasthemonthofShaban.AlMutawakkil [1]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.p.644. (242) wasastonishedandsaidtoher,WheredidyouperformthehajjinShaban?Shesaid,Tothe tombofalHusayn. Thetyrantwasalarmedandangrywhenheheardthatthepilgrimagewastotheholytombof ImamalHusayn(a.s.).Hearrestedtheladyofthemaidandconfiscatedallherwealth,and orderedhisofficialstodestroythetomb.Theyrefusedinsistentlytodestroythetombofthe grandsonoftheirProphet.Then,alMutawakkilaskedsomeJews,headedbyadDayzaj,todestroy thetomb.Theyrespondedtohimanddestroyedtheholytombin237AH,[1]anddestroyedall buildingsaroundthetomb.Theyplowedthelandaroundthetombandmadewaterflowoverthe land[2]butwaterturnedaroundthetombwithoutreachingtoit;therefore,itwascalledalHair. Apleasantsmellwasemittedfromthetombthatpeoplehadneversmeltlikeit.[3] AnomadfrombaniAsadgotthehonorofvisitingtheholytombafterithadbeendestroyed.He begansmellingtheearthsothatitmightguidehimtotheholytomb.Whenhetookahandfulof earth,smeltit,andfounditemittingaverypleasantsmell.HecriedandaddressedImamal Husayn(a.s.)saying,Maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!Howfineyouare!Howfineyour tombis,andhowfineyourearthis!Thenherecitedthefollowingverse,

Theywantedtohidehistombfromhiscompanion, butthefinesmellofthetombsearthguidedtothetomb.[4] AlMutawakkilwantedtoremovethetombofImamHusayn(a.s.),themasteroftheyouthof Paradise,andtoremoveanytraceleadingtoitbutallhiseffortswereinvain.Theholyshrineof ImamHusayn(a.s.)remainedhighthroughouthistory.Itwasandisstilltheholiestplacethatall humanbeingsofdifferenttrends [1]AkhbaradDuwal,p.359. [2]MaqatilatTalibiyin,p.598. [3]Ibid. [4]SharhShafiyyatAbuFiras,vol.2p.144. (243) andbeliefssanctifiedandstillsanctify.Millionsofpeoplevisitthisholyshrineeveryyear. ProfessorAbbasMahmudalAqqadsays,ItistodayasanctuarythatMuslims,agreeingor disagreeing,circumambulate,anditdeservedtobecircumambulatedbyeveryman.Itisan eternalsymbolofthatwhichthisalivehumangivesamongallcreatures.Thedomeoftheheaven hasnevershadedaplaceofamartyratallmorehonorablethanthosedomeswiththemeaningof martyrdomandthememorandumofmartyrs[1] ForbiddingMuslimsfromvisitingalHusayn AlMutawakkilforbadeMuslimsofficiallyfromvisitingtheholyshrineofImamHusayn(a.s.).He establishedmilitarycheckpointsanddistributedspieseverywheretowatchandchasethevisitors andpunishthemseverelywithkilling,crucifying,cuttingthehands,andotherkindsof punishment.Inspiteofallthoseseverepunishments,Muslimsdidnotrefrainfromvisitingthe grandsonoftheirholyProphet(a.s.).Theycrowdedaroundtheholyshrine.WhenalMutawakkil knewaboutthat,hesentoneofhisleaderswithanarmytopreventpeoplefromvisitingthe shrine.Peopleresistedandsaidtotheleader,Ifyoukillusall,wewillnotrefrainfromvisitinghim (ImamHusayn).HewrotetoalMutawakkilaboutthesituationandalMutawakkilorderedhimto giveup. In247AHalMutawakkilwasinformedthatpeopleingreatmassescametovisittheholyshrine. HesentthemabigarmyandorderedthecallertocalloutthatalMutawakkilwouldbefreefrom

whoevervisitedalHusayn.[2]Hekilled,imprisoned,andimposedbigtaxesonpeoplebuthe failedtostopthemfromvisitingtheholyshrineofImamalHusayn(a.s.).Peopleofferedtheir livesandwealthgenerouslyforthesakeofvisitingImamalHusayn(a.s.). [1]AbuashShuhada,byAbbasMahmudalAqqad. [2]SharhShafiyyatAbuFiras,p.144. (244) ComplaintofMuslims MuslimscomplainedofalMutawakkilandabusedhimintheirsocietiesandmeetings.Theywrote thecursingagainsthimonmosquesandwalls,inthestreetsofBaghdadandothertowns.The followingverses,whichwerecomposedbyapoetwhoconcealedhisnameforfearofthe governmentthoughitwasascribedtoibnasSikkitoralBastami,[1]werememorizedbypeople andspreadamongallclassesofsociety: ByAllah,iftheUmayyadshadkilledtheson[2]oftheProphetunjustly, hiscousins[3]didthesame;hereishistombdestroyed! Theyfeltsorrythattheydidnotparticipateinkillinghim, Sotheychasedhiminthegrave.[4] TheAbbasidsexceededwhattheUmayyadsdidinoppressinganddistressingtheAlawids.Infact, inspiteofallseverityandmalicetheUmayyadtreatedtheAlawidswith,theywerebetterand noblermuchmorethanmostoftheAbbasidkings.SomeUmayyadrulershadhadvirtuesthatthe founderoftheAbbasidstatealMansuradDawaniqihadnotanyasImamasSadiq(a.s.)said. Economicallife TheeconomicallifeintheageofImamalHadi(a.s.)wasabsolutelyconfused.Therewasno scientific,economicalsystemthatthestatedependedon.Thestatesankundereconomical confusionthatwasgovernedbyneithertheIslamiceconomicalsystemnorothers.Thecaliph,the Turks,theviziers,andthe [1]FawatalWafiyyat,vol.1p.203. [2]ImamHusayn(a.s). [3]TheAbbasidswhowerethecousinsoftheProphet(a.s)andofImamHusayn(a.s).

[4]AkhbaradDuwal,p.159,TareekhalKhulafa,p.347. (245) officialsrobbedtheeconomyofthenationandextorteditswealth,andthenaccumulatedgreat capitalsintheirprivatetreasuriesatthetimewhenpovertyandwretchednesswerewidespread everywhereinthenation.Themajorityofpeoplemoanedunderthepressureofpoverty.They couldnothavetheslightestnecessitiesoflivingwhereasalMutawakkilandotherAbbasidcaliphs, whowerecontemporarywithImamalHadi(a.s.),excessivelywastedthewealthofMuslims. ThewasteofalMutawakkil AlMutawakkilspentthewealthofMuslimsonhislustsandpleasuresoverthelimit.Thetreasury wasashisownpropertyandhespentfromitasheliked.AlMasoudisays,Expendituresdidnot reachatanytimewhatitreachedatthetimeofalMutawakkil.[1]Thewealthwasspenton singers,themaidsofthepalacewhowereaboutfourthousands,clowns,andthepoetswho disparagedtheAhlulBayt(a.s.)andthisclassweregivengreatamounts.ThewealthofMuslims wasspentexcessivelyinthiswaywhileitwassupposedtobespentonMuslimstobettertheir livesandconditions. Whenoneofhissonswascircumcised,alMutawakkilheldafestivalandspentuncountable money.AlImranireportedthateventbysaying,AtableclothwasspreadatthebankoftheTigris andpeopleofallclasseshadfood.Thencupsofwinewereservedandpeopledrank.Al Mutawakkilorderedwoolsacksfullofdinarsanddirhamsmixedtogethertobebrought.Heapsof moneyweremadebeforepeople.Acallercalledoutthatwhoeverdrankacupofdrinkcouldtake threehandfulsofthatmoney.Everyonetookthreehandfulsanditwassoonuntilthesunset.Al Mutawakkilalsoordereddinarsanddirhamstobepouredinthemiddleofthemeeting.The moneywaspouredandwassomuchthatitpreventedpeoplefromseeingeachother.Acaller calledoutthatAmeerulMo'minin(alMutawakkil)allowedtheattendantstoloot [1]MurujathThahab,vol.4p.159. (246) fromthosemonies.Peoplethrewthemselvesonthoseheapsofmoneyandcarriedthemoff. Whennightcame,candlesofambergriswerelit.Someofthosecandleswerelikedatepalmtrees whichweresetupatthebankoftheTigriswhereoneattheotherbankcouldreadabookwith

thelightofthosecandles.[1] Celebratingthehomagetohissons AlMutawakkilspentgreatmoniesonthecelebrationheheldontheoccasionoftakinghomageto hissonsMuhammadalMuntasir,azZubayralMutazz,andIbrahimalMuayyadonMonday,the firstofMuharramin236AH.Heinvitedallclassesofpeopleandspentastonishingamountsinthat celebration.Atableclothofaboutfourfarsakhs[2]wasspreadinthegardenwhichhehad establishedinSamarraandbuilthispalaceknownasalJafariin.Thepalacewassevenfarsakhs longandonefarsakhwide.Itwasfilledwithpeople.Statuesofambergris,camphor,andvesselsof muskwereputbeforepeople.Whoeverdrankacupofdrink,tooksomemusk,smeltit,andputit intohispocketorgaveittohisservant.Thevesselswererefilledcontinuously.Itwassosincethe sunriseuntilthesunset.AlMutawakkilsatonathroneofgoldstuddedwithjewelsandtheheirs apparentwerestandingbeforehimwearingcrownsstuddedwithjewels.Peopleofdifferent classesweresittingorstanding.Thesunraysreflectedongoldvesselsspreadinthemeeting,gold belts,andgildedswordsandshields. Theseabundantmonies,whichwerespentonsuchcelebrationsandfestivals,werethewealthof Muslimsthatmust,accordingtoIslam,bespenttoimprovetheconditionsofMuslims,growtheir powers,andincreasetheirincomes,butunfortunatelynothingofthathappenedunderthe shadowofthosecorruptedregimes. [1]AlAnbafeeTareekhalKhulafa. [2]Farsang:aunitofdistanceequalto6km. (247) Bondmaids ThepalacesoftheAbbasidswerecrowdedofbondmaidswhowerebroughtfromdifferent countriesoftheworld.AlMutawakkilhadaboutfourthousandbondmaidsandhesleptwithallof them.[1] Ofcourse,millionsofdinarsfromthetreasuryofMuslimswerespentonthesebondmaids,and becauseofthesebadbehaviorsthegeneraleconomyofthenationwasparalysed. Palaces AlMutawakkilandotherAbbasidcaliphsbuilthugeandunequaledpalaceswherenoonehad

everseenlikethem.OneofalMutawakkilspalaceswasbuiltonaship.Millionsofdinarswere spentonthosepalaces. AshShabastisaidthatthepalacescostalMutawakkiltwohundredandseventyfourmillion dirhamsandfivehundredandthirteenmillionandtwentyfivethousanddinars. 1.AlJafari ItwasthemostimportantpalaceofalMutawakkil.Thebuildingofthispalacecosthimabouttwo milliondinars.[4]Whenthepalacewascompleted,alMutawakkilsentforclownsandjesters,and whentheyperformedsomecomicscenes,hegavethemtwomilliondirhams.[5]Buttime attackedalJafariandturneditintoruinsthatevenbeastsrejecteditbecauseittoldthe oppressionandcrueltyofalMutawakkil. [1]SiyerAlamanNubala,vol.8p.153,TareekhalKhulafa,p.349,AkhbaradDuwal,p.116. [2]AdDiyarat,p.102. [3]NihayatalArab,vol.1p.406. [4]MujamalBuldan,vol.2p.143. [5]TareekhatTabari,vol.9p.212. (248) 2.AlBurj Itwasaverybeautifulpalace.Hespentonthebuildingofthispalaceaboutonemillionandseven hundredthousanddinars.[1]AshShabastidescribeditbysaying,AlBurjwasthemostbeautiful buildingofalMutawakkil.Hemadeinitbigstatutesofgoldandsilverandawidepoolwithplates ofgoldandsilver.Besidethepooltherewasatreeofgoldwithbirdsthatwhistled.Itwasadorned withjewels.HecalledtheplaceTubaasthenameoftheParadise.Abigthroneofgold,withtwo biglionsandadrawerhavingpicturesofbeastsandeagles,wasmadeforhimtherewithother thingsasthethroneofProphetSolomon(a.s.)hadbeendescribed.Thewallswerecoveredfrom insideandoutsidewithmosaicandgildedmarble.[2] 3.AlMaleeh Itwasawonderfulpalace.Hespentonitfivemilliondirhams.[3] 4.AshShabandaz Itwasoneofhiswonderfulpalacesthatcosttenmilliondirhams.[4] 5.AlMukhtar Itwasaverywonderfulpalacethatcostfivemilliondirhams.[5]Ithadwonderfulpictures,oneof

whichwasapictureofachurchwithmonks.[6]Thisshowedthathewasinfluencedby Christianity. 6.AlGharw Itwasaverybeautifulpalacethatcostonemilliondirhams.[7] 7.Barkwar ItwasthemostbeautifulandmostwonderfulofalMutawakkilspalaces.Hespentonittwenty milliondirhams.[8]Itwasinthis [1]TareekhalYaqubi,vol.3p.222,adDiyarat,p.103. [2]AdDiyarat,p.103. [3]MujamalBuldan,vol.3p.175. [4]Ibid.,p.319. [5]MujamalBuldan. [6]Ibid.,vol.5p.70. [7]Ibid.,vol.4p.192. [8]Ibid.,vol.2p.328. (249) palacethatalMutawakkilhadheldhisexcessivebanquetontheoccasionofcircumcisinghisson alMutazzaswehavementionedbefore. 8.AlHayr Itwasabeautifulpalacethatcostfourmilliondirhams.[1] AlMutawakkilandotherAbbasidcaliphsadornedtheirpalaceswithwonderfulpoolssurrounded bywonderfulpicturesandstatutes.Theyadornedsomepoolswithplatesofgoldandsilverand furniturestudwithjewelsandgems.[2] ThosepoolswereaplaceofamusementfortheAbbasidcaliphsandtheirmockatpeople.One day,alMutawakkilorderedIbadahtheeffeminatetobethrownintooneofthosepoolsinthe winterwhileitwasverycold.IbadahwasabouttodieandthenalMutawakkilorderedhimtobe takenoutofwaterandtobegivennewclothestoputon.Heapproachedandaskedhim,How areyounow? Ibadahsaid,Ihavejustcomefromtheafterlife?

AlMutawakkillaughedandaskedhim,HowwasmybrotheralWathiqthere? Ibadahsaid,IdidnotvisittheHell. AlMutawakkillaughedandgiftedhim.[3] HeshotibnalAbrahthefoolishpoetbythemangonelandwhenhewenthighintheair,al Mutawakkilsaid,Cleartheway!Themangoneliscomingtoyou.Thepoetfellintothepool.Nets werethrownoverhimandhewascaughtlikefish.[4] ItwasrequiredfromalMutawakkiltospendhistimeandeffortstoservetheIslamicnationand workforitsdevelopmentinthe [1]MujamalBuldan. [2]NihayatalArab,vol.1p.406. [3]AlIqdalFareed,vol.6p.430. [4]FawatalWafiyyatbyalKutubi,vol.2p.356. (250) economical,cultural,social,andotherfields,buthedidnothingofthat.Instead,hespenthistime andthewealthofMuslimsonvanities,amusements,andlusts.Hispalaceswereplacesfor singing,drinking,andothervices. Giftstothepoets AlMutawakkilandotherAbbasidcaliphsgiftedgreatmoniestomercenarypoetswhoformedthe mostimportantpartofthemediaatthattime.Thepoets,whocriticizedtheAlawidsintheir poems,gottoomuchmoneybecausetheyfixedthepositionoftheAbbasidsandmadepeople thinkthattheywereclosertotheProphet(a.s.)andworthierofhispositionthantheAlawids. Once,IbrahimbinalMudbirrecitedapoempraisingalMutawakkilwhowaspleasedwithitand gavethepoetfiftythousanddirhamsandaskedhisvizierUbaydillahbinYahyatofindhimagood job. HegaveAbulShiblalBarjamithirtythousanddirhamsafterrecitinghimapoemofthirty verses,[1]andgaveasSawlionehundredthousanddirhams,andsodidhisson.[2]WhenMarwan binAbulJanubpraisedhiminapoem,hegavehimtwohundredthousanddirhamsandnew clothes.Foranotherpoemhegavehimonehundredandtwentythousanddirhams,fifty garments,amule,ahorse,andadonkey.[3]ThepoetpraisedalMutawakkilonanotheroccasion

andgotfromhimonehundredandtwentythousanddirhamsandsomeclothes,[4]andfifty thousanddirhamsonanotheroccasion.[5] AsforAlibinalJahmthepoet,alMutawakkilmadehimsowealthybecausehededicatedhis poetrytopraisethecaliphparticularly.TheexcessivegiftsofalMutawakkilwerenotlimited [1]AlAghanibyAbulFarajalIsfahani,vol.14p.193. [2]Ibid.,vol.10p.64. [3]Alaghani. [4]TareekhalKhulafa,p.349. [5]AlAghani (251) topoetsonly,buttheyincludedsingers,clowns,anddrinkingcompanions.AlMasoudisays,No oneinhis(alMutawakkils)statewasexpertinseriousorlovepoetryunlesshegotagoodshare ofmoney.[1] Thewealthofthenationanditseconomicalabilitiesweredispelledonvanities,amusements,and pleasures.Nothingwasspentonthepublicwelfare.ShawqiDhayfsays, Inthiswaymillionsofdinarsanddirhamswerespent,withoutconsiderationorcontrol,onthe partiesofthepalace;thosepartieswhichsuppliedthestoriesofAthousandandonenightswith allwhatmightcometoonesimaginationofluxuryandlavishspending.Thatwealth,whichwas supposedtobespentonpreparingarmiestoresisttheTurksandtheByzantines,waswasted foolishlywhilepeoplestroveandworkedhard,butsufferedpovertyandwretchedness.Atthe sametime,alMutawakkilandotherthanalMutawakkilplayedwiththepeopleswealth.Millions aftermillionswerespentonbuildinghighpalaceswhichwereplacesforsinging,dancing,and drinking,andheapsofgoldandsilverwerescatteredhereandthere.Itwasnarratedthatoneday alMutawakkilwasdrunkeninhispalacecalledalBarkwar.Hesaidtohisdrinkingcompanions whereitwasnottheseasonofflowers,Whatdoyouthinkifweholdafestivalofflowers?They saidtohim,Thesedaysarenotofflowers.HesentforUbaydillahbinYahya,whowasoneofhis viziers,andaskedhimtocoinfivemilliondirhamseachoftwoweightsofsilver.Whenthe dirhamswerecoined,heorderedhisviziertodyesomeofthedirhamsred,someyellow,some black,andtoleavesomeastheywere.Thevizierdidashewasordered.ThenalMutawakkil orderedhissevenhundredservantsandretinuetoprepareanewgarmentandcapdifferentin colorfromeachotherandtheydid.AlMutawakkilwaiteduntilawindydaycameandheordered alargetentoffortydoorstobeerected.He [1]TareekhalKhulafa,p.349.

(252) cameintothetentsurroundedbyhisdrinkingcompanionsandhisservantswearingtheirnew dresses.Heorderedthedirhamstobescatteredagroupafteranotherlikeflowers.Theywere scatteredsuccessivelyandthewindcarriedthemfortheywerelight.Theyflewintheairlike flowersdid.[1] Itwasaresultofidleness,andexcessiveluxury.Thecaliphsenjoyedlifetotheextentof foolishnessandmania,whereasclassesofpeoplebehindthemlivedinstraitsandpressing poverty.[2] TotheParadise ImamalHadi(a.s.)sufferedpressingmisfortunesanddistressesfromtheAbbasidtyrants.They sparednoeffortinoppressingandharminghim.AlMutawakkilwasthemostspitefultowards ImamalHadi(a.s.)fromamongalltheAbbasidcaliphs.Heoppressedhimtoomuch.Hemoved theimamfromYathribtoSamarraandimposedonhimhousearrest,andsurroundedhishouse withpolicemenwhowatchedevenhisbreaths.AlMutawakkilpreventedulama,jurisprudents, andnarratorsfrommeetinghim,takingfromhisknowledgeandnarratinghisfatwasand opinions.Doingthis,alMutawakkilcommittedaterriblecrimeagainstknowledge.Heimposed economicalblockadeagainsttheimamandpreventedpeoplefromtakingthelegaldues,which camefromthedifferentIslamiccountries,tohim.Helefttheimaminapressingneediness.He orderedhismentosearchthehouseoftheimamfromtimetotimethattheymightfindarmsor booksobjectingtotheAbbasidrulesothatalMutawakkilmightfindanexcusetokilltheimam butnothingwasfound.Sometimes,heorderedhismentobringhimtheimaminwhateverstate hewas.Once,theimamwasbroughtwhilealMutawakkilwasdrunkandbeforehimtherewere vesselsandcupsofwineandhewassurroundedbygroupsofmaleandfemalesingers,butthe imamwassharpwithhimandbeganadvisinghim,remindinghimofthe (262)

afterlife,andscoldinghimforthecorruptionhewasin.WhenalMutawakkilsawtheimaminsist onkeepingawayfromhim,refusetoassociatewithhim,anddevotehimselftoAllah,heordered hismentoarrestandputhimintoprison. NarratorssaidthatsomemanheardImamalHadi(a.s.)sayingfrominsidetheprison,Iammore exaltednearAllahthantheshecamelof(Prophet)Salih.ThenherecitedthisQuranicverse, (Enjoyyourselvesinyourabodeforthreedays,thatisapromisenottobebelied).[1]Afterthree days,thetyrantwaskilledbyhissonalMuntasir.[2] AfterthedeathofalMutawakkil,thedistressofImamalHadi(a.s.)didnotend.TheAbbasid governmentkeptonwatchinghimandplottingdayandnighttodoawaywithhim.TheAbbasids boremalicetowardshimbecausehewashighlyregardedandsanctifiedbyallthenation,whereas theAbbasidsgotnorespectorregardlikethat.Besidesthattherewasabigpartofthenation believingintheimamateofImamalHadi(a.s.)andbelievingthathewasworthieroftheIslamic caliphatethantheAbbasidswhoindulgedinpleasuresandlustsandgovernedthenation,likethe Umayyads,withviolence,oppression,andhaughtiness. Theassassination ImamalHadi(a.s.)becameaheavyburdenonalMutamidtheAbbasidcaliphafterhesaw peopletalkaboutthevirtues,knowledge,asceticism,andpietyoftheimamandpreferhimtoall otherMuslimulama.Hebecameangry,envious,andspitefulagainsttheImamHisillwillledhim tocommittheworstcrimeinIslam.Heinsertedfatalpoisontotheimam,who,afterhavingthe poison,kepttobed.Thepoisonreactedinallhisbodyandhesufferedintolerablepains.TheShia andthenotablesofthestatevisitedhim,andtheallwerecoveredwithdeepsorrow. [1]Qur'an,11:65. [2]AlamalWara,p.363. (263) Thenextimam ImamalHadi(a.s.)appointedhissonAbuMuhammadalHasan(alAskari)astheimamafterhim andsethimasthegeneralauthorityfortheShiaafterhisdeath.Heinsinuatedtohisclose companionsabouttheimamateofhissonAbuMuhammad(a.s.)before.ImamalHadi(a.s.) entrustedhissonimamalHasanalAskari(a.s.)withtheproceduresoffunerals,prayer,andburial afterhisdeath,andrecommendedhimofotherrecommendationsconcerninghisaffairs. ToParadise

ThepoisonreactedinsidethebodyofImamalHadi(a.s.).Violentpainsattackedhimanddeath approachedhimquickly.Whenhefelttheinevitabledeath,heturnedtowardstheqiblaand beganrecitingsomesurasoftheQur'an.HebreathedhislastwhilethementionofAllahwasstill onhislips.Hisgreat,puresoulascendedtoitsCreatorsurroundedbytheangels.Theearthly worldturneddarkwhiletheHeavensshonebrighttoreceivehiscoming.Peoplelostmuchgood byhisdeathbecauseitwastheleader,guide,anddefenderoftherightsoftheweakandthe oppressedthatdied. ImamAbuMuhammadalHasanalAskari(a.s.)washedthepurebodyofhisfather,enshroudedit, andofferedtheprayerofthedeadonitwhilehisheartwasfullofpain,sorrow,andregret. Processionsofescort Samarrawasshockedbythegreatdisaster.Peopleofallclasseshurriedtogetthehonorof escortingthepurebodyofthegreatimamwhowastheremainderofprophethoodandimamate. Stateofficesandshopswereclosed.Viziers,ulama,judges,prominentleadersofthearmy,and theeminentmembersoftheAbbasidfamilywalkedbeforethebierfeelingthebigdisaster,and mentioningthevirtuesandfavorsoftheimam,andexpressingthegreatlossthatafflictedthe Islamicnation.Splendidfunerals (264) wereheldthatSamarrahadneverseenlikebefore. Inthelastabode Thepurecorpsewascarriedunderahalooftakbirandglorificationtothelastabodeoftheimam (a.s.)thatwashishousewhichhehadassignedtobeagraveyardforhimandhisfamily.Imamal HasanalAskari(a.s.)putthepurecorpseofhisfatherintothetomb,whilehistearswereflowing overhischeeks.Heburiedhisfatherandburiedwithhimthevaluesofknowledge,patience, piety,andprobity. Aftertheburial,themassesofpeoplecametoImamalHasanalAskari(a.s.)andcomfortedhim, whilehewasstandingwithhisfamilytothankthecomforters. Thedateofhisdeath

ImamalHadi(a.s.)diedonMonday,thetwentyfifthofJumadialAkhirah[1]in254AHwhenhe wasfortyyearsold.[2]Otherthanthisdateisalsomentionedinsomesourcebooks. [1]ThesixthmonthintheIslamiccalendar. [2]NooralAbsar,p.150,KashfalGhummah,vol.3p.174.

The Life of Imam Ali Bin Muhammad Al Hadi

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The Life of Imam Ali Bin Muhammad Al Hadi

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NoahbinDuraj 60.DawudbinalQassimalJafari 94.AlibinAbdulGhaffar 133.MuhammadbinSulaymanalJallab ImamalHadiinSamarra

ImamalHadi(a.s.)diedonMonday,thetwentyfifthofJumadialAkhirah[1]in254AHwhenhe wasfortyyearsold.[2]Otherthanthisdateisalsomentionedinsomesourcebooks. [1]ThesixthmonthintheIslamiccalendar. [2]NooralAbsar,p.150,KashfalGhummah,vol.3p.174.

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