Plasmons

Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) Introduction and basic properties
- Overview - Light-matter interaction - SPP dispersion and properties
Standard textbook: - Heinz Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 111, Springer Berlin 1988 Overview articles on Plasmonics: - A. Zayats, I. Smolyaninov, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 5, S16 (2003) - A. Zayats, et. al., Physics Reports 408, 131-414 (2005) - W.L.Barnes et. al., Nature 424, 825 (2003)
Overview
Replace slow electronic devices with fast photonic ones Photonic crystals SPs is the way to concentrate and channel light using subwavelength structures
SPs structures at the interface between a metal and a dielectric material Transverse magnetic in character electric field normal to the surface Perpendicular direction evanescent field Momentum mismatch in the SP dispersion curve
Overview
surface plasmon polariton optics (SPP) Band-gap effects, SPP waveguiding along straight and bent line,
Gold stripes
Overview
enhanced optical transmission
Elementary excitations and polaritons
Elementary excitations: Phonons (lattice vibrations) Plasmons (collective electron oscillations) Excitions (bound state between an excited electron and a hole) Polaritons: Commonly called coupled state between an elementary excitation and a photon = light-matter interaction Plasmon polariton: coupled state between a plasmon and a photon. Phonon polariton: coupled state between a phonon and a photon.
Plasmons
A plasmon is the quantum of the collective excitation of free electrons in solids. Electron plasma effects are most pronounced in free-electron-like metals. The dielectric constant of such materials can be expressed as
p m ( ) = 1
< p m < 0 wavevector of light in the medium is imaginary no propagating electromagnetic modes > p m1 altered by intraband transitions in noble metals A combined excitation consisting of a surface plasmon and a photon is called a surface plasmon polariton (SSP). different nature, such as phononpolariton, excitonpolariton, etc.
Plasmons
free electrons in metal are treated as an electron liquid of high density
n 10 23 cm 3
longitudinal density fluctuations (plasma oscillations) at eigenfrequency p quanta of volume plasmons have energy
4ne 2 h p = h m0
, in the order 10eV
Volume plasmon polaritons

propagate through the volume for frequencies
> p
Surface plasmon polaritons

Maxells theory shows that EM surface waves can propagate also along a metallic surface with a broad spectrum of eigen frequencies from = 0 up to
= p
Particle (localized) plasmon polaritons
Plasmon resonance positions in vacuum

+ + + +
Bulk metal
=0
-
Metal surface
++ -- ++ -- ++ --
= 1
drude model
Metal sphere localized SPPs
+ -
+ -
= 2
drude model
Surface Plasmon Photonics

Optical technology using - propagating surface plasmon polaritons - localized plasmon polaritons Also called: Plasmonics Plasmon photonics Plasmon optics
Topics include: Localized resonances/ local field enhancement Propagation and guiding - nanoscopic particles - near-field tips - photonic devices - near-field probes - aperture probes - filters - perfect lens
Enhanced transmission
Negative index of refraction and metamaterials SERS/TERS Molecules and quantum dots
- surface/tip enhanced Raman scattering - enhanced fluoresence
Nanophotonics using plasmonic circuits

Nanoscale plasmon waveguides
Proposal by Takahara et. al. 1997
h
Metal nanowire Diameter <<
Proposal by Quinten et. al. 1998
h
Chain of metal nanoparticles Diameter and spacing << Atwater et.al., MRS Bulletin 30, No. 5 (2005) First experimental observation by Maier et. al. 2003
Subwavelength-scale plasmon waveguides
Krenn, Aussenegg, Physik Journal 1 (2002) Nr. 3
Some applications of plasmon resonant nanoparticles

SNOM probes Sensors Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
T. Kalkbrenner et.al., J. Microsc. 202, 72 (2001)
Nanoscopic waveguides for light
S.A. Maier et.al., Nature Materials 2, 229 (2003)
Light-matter interactions in solids

EM waves in matter Lorenz oscillator Isolators, Phonon polaritons Metals, Plasmon polaritons
Literature: - C.F.Bohren, D.R.Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles - K.Kopitzki, Einfhrung in die Festkrperphysik - C.Kittel, Einfhrung in die Festkrperphysik
EM-waves in matter (linear media) - definitions

Polarization Complex refractive index
P = 0 E with suszeptibility
N = n + i =
Complex dielectric function Electric displacement
= + i = 1 +
D = 0 E + P = 0 (1 + )E = 0E
Relationship between N and
= n2 + 2 = 2n
EM-waves in matter (linear media) - dispersion

E = E0 e
i( kr t) i kr t)
wavevector k =
B = B0 e (
frequency = 2 f
Dispersion in transparent media without absorption:
k=
c k n
k and are real >0
Dispersion generally:
(k k) =
2
c
2
() and thus k = k + ik are complex numbers!
E = E0 ei (kr t ) = E0 ei (k r t )e k r
propagating wave exponential decay of amplitude
Harmonic oscillator (Lorentz) model

& + bx & + Kx = eE = eE0 eit m& x
0
+
x=
em i eE = E Ae 02 2 i m
p = ex = 0E P = Np = 0 E
02 = K m =b m 2 2 p = Ne / m 0 plasma frequency
2 p = 1+ = 1+ 2 0 2 i
One-oscillator (Lorentz) model
N = n + i =
2 ( n 1) + 2 R= (n + 1)2 + 2
from Bohren/Huffman
Weak and strong molecular vibrations

weak oscillator: > 1
2
eps' eps''
strong oscillator: < 0

1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 -0,2 -0,4
25
eps' eps''
25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10
1,6 1,2 0,8 0,4 0 -0,4 -0,8
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 860 880 900 920 940
860
880
900
920
940
wavenumber / cm -1
wavenumber / cm -1
caused by: molecular vibrations examples: PMMA, PS, proteins
crystal lattice vibrations SiC, Xonotlit, Calcite, Si3N4
Optical properties of polar crystals

note:
lattice has transversal T and longitudinal L oscillations but only transversal phonons can be excited by light A n = 0, =
=0
N = n + i =
B n = , = 0
(k k ) =
2
c2
A k =i

B A
B k=
2 ( n 1) + 2 R= (n + 1)2 + 2
E = E0 ei (kr t )
A: total reflection B: transmission and reflection
SiC - single oscillator model
>0
General dispersion for nonconductor

0 = 0
permanent dipoles e.g. water
resonances restoring forces
0 > 0
phonons molecular vibrations
Dispersion in polar crystals - phonon polaritons

Dispersion relation for = 0
2 2 L k 2 = 2 = 2 ( s ) 2 c c T 2
=0
between TO and LO there is no solution for real values and k
frequency gap:
E e it e kr
no propagation
reflection
strong coupling of mechanical and electromagnetic waves, polariton like photon like
Metals - Drude model

& + bx & + Kx = eE m& x A= 1
2 (0 2 ) 2 + ( ) 2
x=
(e/m )E
2 0 2 i
; = tan 1
2 0 2
p = ex P = Nex = Ne 2 K 2 2 ; 0 p = = m 0 m
2 p 0 E 2 0 2 i
( ) = 1 +
2 p 2 0 2 i
P ( ) = 0 ( ) E ( ) ( ) = 1 + ( ) D( ) = 0 ( ) E ( ) = 0 E ( ) + P ( )
Metals - drude model

- Intraband transitions - longitudinal plasma oscillations - 0 = 0 i.e. no restoring force - P = plasma frequency
2 p = 1+ 2 0 2 i
=0
k =i
k=
E = E0 ei (kr t )
n = 0, =
n = , = 0
0 = 0
= 1
2 p
2 i
total reflection transmission
2 p 1 2 = 1 2 + 2
2 p
>> = 1/ (1/ collision time)

collisions usually by electron-phonon scattering generally: > 0 leads to damping of transmitted wave n > 0, > 0
2 2 p p = ( 2 + 2 ) 3
Aluminium
T = 0
L = P
m (p)= 0 longitudinal field bulk plasma oscillation caused by Coulomb forces. if 0, m ()= 0 = p+i/2 plasmon is the quantum of plasma oscillation with energy p and lifetime =2/. plasmon is not an electron but a collection of electrons. The damping constant is related to the average collision time 1/ interactions with the lattice vibrations: electron-phonon scattering. non conductor = metals at high frequencies: intraband transitions acts mainly at low frequencies Drude model as well. at frequencies >> p metals are transparent: ultraviolet transparency.

The Drude model needs to consider the effect of bound electrons lower lying shells Equation of motion has to include also the restoring force
+ bx + x = eE mx
Interband ( ) = 1 +
2 0 =
2 p 2 0 2 i
Free and bound electrons in metals
Bound electrons contribute like a Lorenz oscillator
bound
where
metal = drude + bound

2 p ,d = 1 2 i d
drude
drude
bound
2 p ,j = 2 2 j 0 i j
Metals - plasmon polaritons

Plasmon polariton dispersion ( = 0)
2 2 = p + c 2k 2
= ck
E e it e kr
no propagation
k
reflection
Dielectric function of metals and polar crystals

Metal collective free electron oscillations (plasmons) no restoring force Polar crystal strong lattice vibrations (phonons)
Reststrahlenband
plasma frequency (longitudinal oscillation)
transversal optical phonon frequency, TO
longitudinal optical phonon frequency, LO
Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) Introduction and basic properties

- Overview - Light-matter interaction - SPP dispersion and properties
Standard textbook: - Heinz Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 111, Springer Berlin 1988 Overview articles on Plasmonics: - A. Zayats, I. Smolyaninov, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 5, S16 (2003) - A. Zayats, et. al., Physics Reports 408, 131-414 (2005) - W.L.Barnes et. al., Nature 424, 825 (2003)
SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces

From Maxwells equations, combining the two curl eq. with Jext=ext=0
2D E = 0 2 t
E2
2D
c
2
=0
Assuming in general a harmonic time dependence
E ( r , t ) = E ( r ) e it k0 =
2 E - k02 E = 0
Helmholtz equation

In the defined geometry = (z) the propagating waves can be described as
E ( x, y , z ) = E ( z ) e i x
= kx
Propagation constant
inserted into the Helmholtz equation gives the wave equation
2 E ( z ) 2 2 E =0 + k ( ) 0 2 z
which is the starting point for any general guided EM modes TM or p modes Ex, Ez and Hy 0 Two set of solutions TE or s modes Hx, Hz and Ey 0

TM or p modes
H y ( z ) = A2 ei x e
ik2, z z
2()
Ex ( z ) = iA2
0 2
1
k 2 ei x e ei x e
k2, z z
Ez ( z ) = A1
k2, z z
0 2
k z
H y ( z ) = A1ei x e 1,z
1()
Ex ( z ) = iA1 Ez ( z ) = A2
01
1
k1ei x e 1,z ei x e 1,z

k z
k z
01
where Re[1]<0 and 1/|kz| defines the evanescent decay length to the interface wave confinement
Continuity of iEz
A1 = A2 k2, z k1, z =
= k0
2 1
1 2 1 + 2
Continuity of Ei,x
ki , z = k 0
Hi,y has to fulfill the wave eq.
2 2 2 k1, z + k0 1 = 0 2 2 2 k2, k + =0 z 0 2
i2 1 + 2
Dispersion relations Valid for both real and complex
TE or s modes
Continuity of Ey Hx
A1 ( k1, z + k2, z ) = 0
A1 = A2 = 0
SPP only exist for TM (p) polarization

The interface mode have to fulfill some conditions in order to exist
Im[ i ( )] < Re[ i ( )]

Propagating interface waves (The dispersion relation is valid)
real 1 2 (1 + 2 ) < 0 or 1 2 (1 + 2 ) > 0

complex damped propagation along the interface
Bound solution vertical components are imaginary
1 + 2 < 0
1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) + 2 ( ) <0
One of the dielectric functions must be negative and > than the other
Dispersion relation of SPPs

i ( k x x k z z t ) ESP = E0 e
m d k x2 = c m + d
2
photon in air
= ck x
d
2 = k zd c ( m + d )
2 2 d
p
SP = p
1 1+ d
surface plasmon polariton
2 zm
= c ( m + d )
2 m
m + d ck x m d
kx
Re( m ) < 0 and m > d real k x
kzd and k zm are imaginary

surface plasmon polaritons are bound waves SPP excitations lie on the right of the light line Radiation into metal occurs if > p Between the bound and the radiative regime is imaginary no propagation for small k (<IR), is close to k0 and the light line for large k, sp = p / (1+2)1/2 ~ p / (2)1/2 in the limit Im[1()] = 0, and vg 0 the mode acquire an electrostatic character Surface Plasmon but real metals suffer also from intraband transitions damping and 1 is complex the quasibound regime is allowed at ~ sp better confinement of the SPP but small propagation length ( increased damping)
Volume vs. surface plasmon polariton
2 2 = p + c 2 k x2
= ck x
plasmon polariton photon in air
p
SP = p
1 1+ d
volume plasmon
with damping
d
surface plasmon polariton
surface plasmons non-propagating collective oscillations of electron plasma near the surface
m + d ck x m d
kx
SP dispersion - plasmon vs. phonon
p
1
surface plasmon polariton photon in air
= ck x
+1
photon in air
LO TO
1
surface phonon polariton
kx
Plasmon polaritons:
Light-electron coupling in metals semiconductors
kx
Phonon polaritons:
Light-phonon coupling in polar crystals SiC, SiO2 III-V, II-VI-semiconductors
SP propagation length
metal/air interface
+ ik x = kx = kx
m +1
d =1
m = 1
= 0.2
2
2 p
+ i
Drude model
E( x ) = E 0 e
ik x x
= E0e
x ik x x k x
propagating term exponential decay in x-direction propagation length intensity !
10 7.5 5 2.5 -2.5 -5 -7.5 -10
m
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
m
SP = p
2
1 Lx = 2k x
Example silver:
Lx (vac )
200 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 0.2 0.4
= 1
= 514.5 nm : Lx = 22 m = 1060 nm : Lx = 500 m
0.6
0.8
SPP field perpendicular to surface
dielectric
d ( )
E( z ) = E 0 e
Ez
Im k z z
Lz =
kx
metal
1 Im k z
z-decay length (skin depth):
z x
m ( )
Examples: silver: gold:
= 600 nm : Lz ,m = 390 nm and Lz ,m = 24 nm = 600 nm : Lz ,m = 280 nm and Lz ,m = 31 nm
SPPs have transversal and longitudinal el. fields

Ez
Hy
z x
++
Ex
--
The mag. field H is parallel to surface and perpendicular to propagation
SP
1
m
El. field E z = i
kx Ex kz
E zm d = i Ex m
At large kx, i.e. close to = - d, both components become equal
m E zd =i d Ex
At large
values,
the el. field in air/diel. has a strong transvers Ez component compared to the longitudinal component Ex In the metal Ez is small against Ex
E z = iE x
(air: +i, metal: -i)
Dispersion and excitation of SPP

SPP are 2D EM waves propagating at the interface conductor-dielectric (bound waves) > kd evanescent decay at both interfaces confinement SPP dispersion curve lies to the right of the light line excitation by 3D light beams is not possible phase-matching techniques are required
Excitation by charged particle impact

R. H. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. 106, 874 (1957) theoretical investigations of plasma losses in thin metallic films predicted an additional loss at p/(2)1/2 measured by C. J. Powell and J. B. Swan, Phys. Rev. 118, 640 (1960) Quasi-static electromagnetic surface modes
2 p m ( ) + d = 0 m ( ) = 1 2
sp =
p
1+ d

Bulk plasmon Surface plasmon
Progressive oxidation
Dispersion and excitation of SPPs

in a dielectric k of the photon is increased k of photon in dielectric can equal k of SPP photon in dielectric SPP can be excited by p-polarized light (SPP has longitudinal component) SPP dispersion
photon in air
kx
k of photon in air is always < k of SPP
Kretschmann configuration kx
z
thin metal film dielectric E
no excitation of SPP is possible
0
R
Excitation by ATR
Kretschmann configuration Otto configuration
d m 0
E
kx
z x
0
R E
m d 0
kx
z x
0
R
total reflection at prism/metal interface -> evanescent field in metal -> excites surface plasmon polariton at interface metal/dielectric medium metal thickness < skin depth
total reflection at prism/dielectric medium -> evanescent field excites surface plasmon at interface dielectric medium/metal usful for surfaces that should not be damaged or for surface phonon polaritons on thick crystals distance metal prism of about
ATR: Attenuated Total Reflection
Excitation by ATR
SPP excitation requires
kphoton,x = kSP,x kSP,x
d m 0
z x
kSP,x kphoton,x
kphoton,x
R
kphoton,x < kSP,x

no SPP excitation
kphoton,x = kSP,x
SPP excitation
Excitation by Kretschmann configuration

z x
d m 0
kx =
0 sin ( 0 )
= ck
photon in air
= c / k x 0 sin ( 0 )
photon in dielectric
k=
SPP dispersion
kx =
m +1
k=
c
0 kx
kx
0
0 kx
=c
m +1 c = m 0 sin ( 0 )
Resonance condition
Kretschmann configuration angle scan

illumination freq. 0= const.
R R
s-polarized -> no excitation of SPPs p-polarized
photon in air
0
kx

64 nm thick Au film
810nm p-polarized, ~0.207 1160nm p-polarized, ~0.099 632nm p-polarized, ~0.98
HeNe SPP excitation at Au-air interface (ATR)
0.9
Reflectivity [arb.]
0.6
41.92
0.3
42.57 43.92
36 40 44 48
Incident angle [degrees]
64 nm thick Au film
1.0 0.9 0.8
633nm p-polarized, data 633nm p-polarized, theory
Reflectivity [arb.]
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 36 38 40 42
43.92
44 46 48
Incident angle [degrees]
Methods of SPP excitation

nprism > nL !!

Excitation by grating coupling
k//
k kg
k// = k sin 2 kg = = g a
= k sin + g
E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J.C. Weeber, A. Dereux, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4936 (2003)

Periodicity a = 760 nm & p-pol beam Periodicity a = 760 nm & s-pol beam
Periodicity a = 700 nm & p-pol beam

Excitation by highly focused optical beams
SPP = arcsin nk > c
A. Bouhelier and G. P. Wiederrecht, Opt. Lett. 30, 884 (2005)

Near-field excitation
Small aperture wavevector components k0 < < k phase matched excitation
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeld, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, D. W. Pohl Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889 (1996)
Localized Surface Plasmon

Overview
True color image of a sample containing gold and silver nanospheres as well as gold nanorods photographed with a dark field microscope. Each dot corresponds to light scattered by an individual nanoparticle at the plasmon resonance. The resonance wavelength varies from blue (silver nanospheres) via green and yellow (gold nanospheres) to orange and red (nanorods).

Overview
Illuminated from inside
Illuminated from outside
Lycurgus cup

Overview

SPP are 2D, dispersive EM waves propagating at the interface conductor-dielectric SP are non-propagating collective oscillations of electron plasma near the surface LSP are non-propagating excitations of the conduction electrons of a metallic nanostructure coupled to an EM field.

The curved surface of the nanostructure act as a restoring force immobile positively charged core ion The curved surface of the nanostructure allows the excitation of the LSP by 3D light The resonance falls into the visible region for Au and Ag nanoparticles
Particle in an electrostatic field nanoparticle acts as an electric dipole
Mie Theory rigorous electrodynamic approach
Drude Free Electron Model
2r r me 2 + me = eE0 e iwt t t
vF = l
F Fermi velocity (about 1.4 nm/fs in the case of Au and Ag)

l is the electron mean free path (lAu=42 nm and lAg=52 nm at 273K )
2 2 p p ( ) = 1 2 = 1 2 +i 2 + i + ( 2 + 2 )
2 p
it is not possible to ignore the contribution to the dielectric function of the interband transitions

Sub-wavelength metal particles
E0
a d
electrostatic approach Laplace equation for the electric potential + boundary conditions
P z ()
2 = 0 E = -
3 d in = E0 r cos + 2 d out
d 3 cos = E0 r cos + E0 a r2 + 2 d
Oscillating dipole field
Applied field

3 d Ein = E0 + 2 d Eout 3n(n p) p 1 = E0 + 4 0 d r 3
E = -
out = E0 r cos +
3
p r 4 0 d r 3
d p = 4 0 d a E0 + 2 d
p = 0 d E 0
( ) d = 4 a ( ) + 2 d
3
Complex polarizability of a sub-wavelength diameter in the electrostatic approximation

( ) + 2 d 0
Re [ ( ) ] = 2 d
Complex polarizability enhancement
if Im [ ( ) ] is small
Frhlic condition

Corresponding absorption & scattering cross sections calculated via the Pointing vector from the full EM field associated with an oscillating dipole
sca abs
k 8 4 6 ( ) d 2 = k a = 6 3 ( ) + 2 d
4 3
ext = sca + abs

I 0 ( ) ext ( ) I ext ( ) = S
( ) d = k Im ( ) = 4 ka Im + ( ) 2 d

Corresponding absorption & scattering cross sections calculated via Mie Theory in the case of large particles where the electrostatic approx. brakes down and the retardation effects are to be considered
sca ext
2 = 2 k 2 = 2 k
( 2n + 1) ( a
n =1 n =1
2 n
+ bn
n
( 2n + 1) Re ( a
+ bn )
abs = ext sca

Damping mechanism
In a quasi-particle picture, damping is described as population decay radiative (by emission of a photon), or nonradiative Drude-Sommerfeld model plasmon is a superposition of many independent electron oscillations Nonradiative damping due to a dephasing of the oscillation of individual electrons (scattering events with phonons, lattice ions, other conduction or core electrons, the metal surface, impurities, etc.)
2 = T2 1 1 1 + * 2T1 T2
Pure dephasing time (elastic collisions)
Pauli-exclusion principle, the electrons can only be excited = into empty states in the conduction band inter- and T2 intraband excitations by electron from either the d-band or the conduction band Decay time (radiative & non energy loss processes)
T2* T1 T2 = 2T1 5 fs T2 10 fs

Damping mechanism for very small nanoparticles (< 10nm)
= bulk
vF +A R
Experimental methods
Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM)
Dark Field Microscopy in reflection
Dark Field Microscopy in transmission

Detection and Spectroscopy of Gold Nanoparticles Using Supercontinuum White Light Confocal Microscopy
K. Lindfors, T. Kalkbrenner, P. Stoller, V. Sandoghdar, PRL 93, 037401-1 (2004)
Er = rEi e
Es = sEi = s ei Ei
D3 ( ) d s ( ) = ( ) = d 2 ( ) + 2 d
I m = Er + Es = Ei
2 2
{r
+ s 2r s sin
2
I m ( ) I r ( ) 2 2 ( ) = = 2 ( ) 2 ( ) sin I r ( ) r r

(a) 60 12 nm (b) 31 6 nm (c) 20 4 nm (d) 10.3 1.0 nm (e) 5.4 0.8 nm
20nm Au particles
6,6x10
5
6,4x10
6,2x10
240 nm
cps
6,0x10
250 nm
5,8x10
5,6x10
5,4x10
Position (m)

Plasmons

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Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) Introduction and basic properties

- Overview - Light-matter interaction - SPP dispersion and properties

Elementary excitations and polaritons

, in the order 10eV

Volume plasmon polaritons

Surface plasmon polaritons

Particle (localized) plasmon polaritons

Plasmon resonance positions in vacuum

Metal sphere localized SPPs

Surface Plasmon Photonics

- surface/tip enhanced Raman scattering - enhanced fluoresence

Nanophotonics using plasmonic circuits

Proposal by Quinten et. al. 1998

Subwavelength-scale plasmon waveguides

Krenn, Aussenegg, Physik Journal 1 (2002) Nr. 3

Some applications of plasmon resonant nanoparticles

Nanoscopic waveguides for light

S.A. Maier et.al., Nature Materials 2, 229 (2003)

Light-matter interactions in solids

EM-waves in matter (linear media) - definitions

Complex dielectric function Electric displacement

EM-waves in matter (linear media) - dispersion

Dispersion in transparent media without absorption:

k and are real >0

() and thus k = k + ik are complex numbers!

Harmonic oscillator (Lorentz) model

One-oscillator (Lorentz) model

Weak and strong molecular vibrations

strong oscillator: < 0

1,6 1,2 0,8 0,4 0 -0,4 -0,8

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 860 880 900 920 940

caused by: molecular vibrations examples: PMMA, PS, proteins

crystal lattice vibrations SiC, Xonotlit, Calcite, Si3N4

Optical properties of polar crystals

A: total reflection B: transmission and reflection

SiC - single oscillator model

General dispersion for nonconductor

resonances restoring forces

Dispersion in polar crystals - phonon polaritons

Metals - Drude model

Metals - drude model

>> = 1/ (1/ collision time)

Metals - Drude model

Metals - Drude model

Free and bound electrons in metals

Bound electrons contribute like a Lorenz oscillator

metal = drude + bound

Metals - plasmon polaritons

Dielectric function of metals and polar crystals

plasma frequency (longitudinal oscillation)

transversal optical phonon frequency, TO

longitudinal optical phonon frequency, LO

Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) Introduction and basic properties

SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces

Assuming in general a harmonic time dependence

SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces

inserted into the Helmholtz equation gives the wave equation

SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces

k1ei x e 1,z ei x e 1,z

SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces

Hi,y has to fulfill the wave eq.

Dispersion relations Valid for both real and complex

SPP only exist for TM (p) polarization

SPP at metal/dielectric interfaces