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Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity. Momentum = mass x velocity, p = mv
Principle of conservation of momentum: For a closed system, in any specified direction, the total momentum before an interaction (e.g. collision) is equal to the total momentum after the interaction. In all interactions or collisions, momentum and total energy are conserved. Kinetic energy is conserved in a perfectly elastic collision.
Kinetic energy is not conserved in an inelastic collision. In such a collision, kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy (e.g. heat or sound). Most collisions are inelastic.
Define an "inelastic" collision. Define a "perfectly elastic" collision. Which category do most collisions fall under? What is conserved in a perfectly elastic collision? What is conserved in all interactions? State the principle of conservation of momentum. Define momentum.
Momentum Questions
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is equal to the rate of change of its momentum. Net force = rate of change of momentum or F = p/t. The equation F = ma is a special case of Newtons Second Law of Motion when mass m remains constant. The impulse of a force is defined as the product of the force F acting on an object and the time t for which it acts. Impulse = force x time or Impulse = F x t. For a varying force, the impulse is equal to the area under the force against time graph. The impulse of a force is equal to the rate of change of momentum of a body. Impulse = change in momentum or Impulse = p
What is the impulse equal to for a constant force? What is the impulse equal to for a varying force? Define the "impulse" of a force. What makes Newton's 2nd Law a special case? What is the net force equal to? Equate this. State Newton's 3rd Law. State Newton's 2nd Law. State Newton's 1st Law.
State 5 other equations that can be used for circular motion, and define all terms used. State the equation for centripetal acceleration. State the equation for centripetal force. Define "centripetal force". Are all the forces balanced in a circular object? What is the angular displacement? Does an object moving at a steady speed automatically undergo a circular path? What units can angles be measured in? State the relationship between the units.
mass M is given by: g = - GM/r On or near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational field is uniform, so the value of g is approximately constant. Its value is equal to the acceleration of free fall. The orbital period of a satellite is the time taken for one orbit. The orbital period can be found by equating the gravitational force GMm/r2 to the centripetal force mv2/r. Keplers third law of planetary motion related the orbital period T to the orbital radius r: t a r . The orbital speed of a planet or satellite can be determined using the equation v2 = GM/r. Geostationary satellites have an orbital period of 24 hours and are used for telecommunications transmissions and for television broadcasting.
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Give some characteristics of geostationary satellites. How can the orbital speed of a satellite be determined? Derive an equation for Kepler's Third Law. Name the two terms related by Kepler's Third Law. How can the orbital period be found? Define the "orbital period" for a satellite. Derive another equation used for gravitational field strength, defining all terms used. Equate Newton's Law of Gravitation, defining all terms used. State Newton's Law of Gravitation. Define "gravitational field strength".
Define "resonance" and state at least 2 uses and 2 problems with it. What is the process called where resistive forces try to remove energy? Which two types of energy are interchanged? What is the maximum speed equal to? What is the equation for simple harmonic motion? Define "simple harmonic motion". How can displacement be represented as a function of time? How is the angular frequency related to the period and the frequency? Which type of motion do these systems undergo? Why will many systems oscillate freely?
Questions on Oscillations
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energy. The word equation for the specific heat capacity of a substance is specific heat capacity = energy supplied/mass x temperature change. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the energy required per unit mass of the substance to raise the temperature by 1K (or 1oC). The energy transferred in raising the temperature of a substance is given by E = mc. The specific latent heat of a substance is the energy required per kilogram of the substance to change its state without any change in temperature.
Define the "specific latent heat" of a substance. Define the "specific heat capacity" of a substance. State the equation used. State the substance characteristics at absolute zero. How are the Kelvin and Celsius scales related? What increases the internal energy of a substance? Define the "internal energy" of a system. What does the kinetic model allow us to do?
How is the kinetic energy related to temperature? Define any terms used. State the equation(s) of state for an ideal gas, defining any terms used. What does one mole of any substance contain? Define the mole. What equation is derived when these are combined? Define the pressure law. State the equation used in the pressure law. Define "Charles' Law". State the equation used for Charles' Law. Define "Boyle's Law". State the equation used for Boyle's Law.