The Life of Imam Al Hasan Al Mujtaba

TheLifeofImamAlHasanAlMujtaba Author:BaqirShareefalQurashi Foreword Introduction Preface ChapterI:ThetwoLightsmeettogether ChapterII:TheNewbornChild ChapterIII:ClevernessandGenius ChapterIV:HonorandLaudation TheProphetsTraditions ChapterV:TheGreatTragedy ChapterVI:AttheTimeofthetwoCaliphs ArgumentsandDebates ChapterVI:AttheTimeofthetwoCaliphs TheConsultativeCommittee
ltativeCommittee ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman Uthmaniscriticized ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman
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UthmanbanishesAbuTharrtoAlRabatha ChapterVIII:TheIdeals HisDignityandVeneration ChapterIX:AttheTimeofImamAli ChapterX:InBasra IntheQuartersofBasra FabricationagainstImamalHasan ChapterXI:AtSiffin MediatorsaresenttoMuawiya ChapterXI:AtSiffinPart2 ImamalHasansSpeech ChapterXII:TheDemiseoftheTruth ChapterXIII:ThePledgeofAllegiance ChapterXIV:TheColdWar ChapterXV:DeclarationofWar ChapterXVI:InalMadain ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart1 TheunanimousAgreement ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart2 AscribingZiyadtohis(Muawiya)Father

ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart3 ThePolicyofAhlalBayt ChapterXVIII:TheStipulationsofthePeacemaking ChapterXIX:ImamalHusaynsAttitude ChapterXX:ImamalHasanmeetswithMuawiya ChapterXXI:TheCriticsofthePeacemaking ChapterXXII:ToYathrib(Medina) ChapterXXIII:ToDamascus ChapterXXIII:ToDamascusPart2 ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart1 TheFollowersofImamAli(a.s) ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart2 TerrorismandArresting ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart3 AlMughirasSummons ChapterXXV:HisWivesandChildren Epilog AishapermitsAbdurrahmantobeburied Appendix:ZiyarahofImamAlHasan

Foreword By:AyatollahKashifalGhita InthenameofAllah,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful TheProphetsgrandson,ImamAbuMuhammedalZakiy(alHasan),wasthefirstoftheeleven grandsonsfromamongtheprogenyofProphetMuhammed,themasteroftheProphets.He wasamongtheprogenyofAli,thelordofmankind.Hewasthefirstinwhomthetwolights mettogether;thelightofprophethoodandthelightofimamate.Hewasthejunctionofthe twolights,oneofthetwobrilliants,andtheconfluenceofthetwoseas.Hehasmadethetwo seastoflowfreely(sothat)theymeettogether.[1]Therecomeforthfromthempearls,both largeandsmall.[2]AliwastheseaofthelightoftheImamate;Fatimawastheseaofthelight oftheprophethoodanddignity.Therecamefromthemgreenpearlslikethe(green)shellsin theheavenandtheredporgyliketherednessofthegroundbecauseofblood.AlHasanwas thefirstoftheinfallibleImamsfromtheprogenyofthemasterofguardians(ImamAli).He showedthetruthanddestroyedfalsehood.Hepreventedbloodshedthroughhismaking peace(withMuawiya). Accordingtothemostfamousreport,alHasanwasborninMedina,onthenightofthe middleofthemonthofRamadan.Mywritingthesewordsfellonthisnight,thenightofthe light,whenthemembersoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)werehappyanddelighted.Weshouldbe happyinaccordancewiththeirhappinessandshowsadnessduetotheirs.Therefore,I announceanthems,hymns,andcongratulationstothemasterofbeings(Prophet Muhammed),Ali,andFatima,Allahsblessingsbeonthem.Icongratulatethemonthis blessedchild,concerningwhomandhisbrotherthecauseoftheexistenceandthemirrorof Allah,ProphetMuhammed,hassaid:Yourcamelisthebestcamel;andyouarethebest riders! ThroughthisessayIhavequicklywrittenwithmypen,IdonotattempttomentionAbu MuhammedalZakiysgreatnessofachievements,achievementsofgreatness,gloryof greatness,greatnessofglory,highgloriousdeeds,virtues,andgloriousdeedsofheaven.No, andthenno.Forthehawkofmyinformationandtheeagleofmypen,inspiteofmywide knowledgeandinformation,arenotabletoascendtothatthronemutinoustointellects,of [1]Quran,55,19. [2]Qur'an,55,22.
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whichthoughts,thoughexaltedandexcessive,nothingobtainexceptastonishmentand perplexity. Rather,Iwanttodealwithoneofthesidesofhislife,oneofthesignsofhismiraclesandthe miraclesofhissigns.ItisthesideofhismakingpeacewithMuawiya,thetyrant,sonofthe misguidedfatherandmother.Thatisbecausethissidehasbeencomplicatedandwornthe thickestgownofvagueness.Doubtshaveguideditbadly,allassumptionshavefailed,doubt hascomeintoforce,thepillarsoffaithhavedeclinedeventhoseofhissincerestcompanions, thoseofhisfathers,thoseofthemostloyalofhisfollowersandclients.Thiswaswhenrage andangermovedthathighmountain(agreatfigure)tomisbehave.Hehadtosayassalamu alayka,Oonewhohasmadethebelieversmighty;however,hesaidsomethingopposite. Vaguenessandconfusionhavecoveredthismatterwiththeworstgarmenteventothosewho believeinhisImamateandinfallibility.However,thesentimentandtheshockofthe misfortunehaveovercomeprudenceandreflection.Iftheycarefullyconsiderthematterand giveplacetoreason,theywillseeitasclearasthesun.Surelythewholerighteousnessand therighteousnessofallMuslimswereaccomplishedthroughwhathehaddone.Thatisnot becauseofworship,submission,andyieldingtotheaccomplishedfactgoodorevil. ThatisnotbecauseofthefaithininfallibilityandthattheinfallibleImamsdeedshouldagree withwisdom.No,ifwecarefullyconsidertheevent,itssides,conditions,circumstances, results,anditspremises,wewilldefinitelyandcertainlycometoknowthatwhathehaddone wasthe(religious)duty,andnothingotherthanitwasright.Yes,itwasthedetermination itselfandvictoryoverhisopponent. Itwastheattackitselfagainsthisenemyaccordingtothemilitarytechniquesandthetimely policy.Heperformedthedeedofsomeoneworldlywise,prudent,andexperienced.Thatwas whenhewarredagainsthisenemythroughpeaceandwonavictoryoverhimthroughmaking peacewithhim.Hecouldputouthisenemysfire,removedthecurtainfromhim,andshowed thepeoplehisdefectsandtricks.Itwasrightforhimtowaragainsthimthroughmaking peaceandnotthroughweapon,tokillhimthroughhisdeedsnotthroughfightingagainsthim andthrowingarrowsathim. Thisdeedisthemostperfectanddefiniteofallproofsinputtinganendtotheexcuses,and mostdecisiveinrepellingdoubtsandvagueerrors.Explainingandilluminatingallthese things,totheextentthattheycanbetouchbythehandandseenbytheeye,requiresan excellentexplanation,astrongheart,andawidespeech.Nothingofmysickbody,weaksight, manyworks,wornoutmind,littletime,andmybadconditionscanhelpmedothat.May Allahbekindtomeandallowmetoseizeanotheropportunity,thatImayfullyexplaininthis

respect,andremovethecurtainsfromthisvaguenessinorderthatthetruthmayappearand thelightsmayshine.However,thereisnoescapefromendingthiswordofminewiththe puretruth.Generallyspeaking,itwasincumbentonImamalHusayn(a.s)andhiscompanions torevoltagainstthetyrantofhistime(YazidbinMuawiya)duringthosecircumstances,to theextentthattheywerekilledandthemembersofImamalHusaynsfamily,whowerethe familyofAllahsApostle,weretakenasprisonersofwar.Thiswasincumbentonhim accordingtothetechniqueofpolicy,therulesofvictoryandprudenceregardlessofthedivine commandsandtheeternalwill.ItwasalsoincumbentonalHasan(a.s)duringhisconditions tomakepeacewiththetyrantofhistime(MuawiyabinAbiSufyan).Haditnotbeenforthe peacetreatyofalHasanandthemartyrdomofalHusayn,Islamwouldhavebeendestroyed forever. TheeffortsofProphetMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thegood,theblessing, theguidance,andthemercyhehadbroughttopeoplewouldhavebeenlost,becauseAbu Sufyan,hisbastard(son)Muawiya,andhiscorruptgrandsonYazidsparednoefforttoefface IslamandtomakethepeoplefollowtheirpreIslamicbeliefssuchasworshippingtheidolsal LaatandalUzza.Perhaps,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadreferredto thisimportantpointthroughthefamoustraditionwhichisasclearaslightincorrectness.He, (a.s),hassaid:AlHasanandalHusaynaretwoImamswhethertheyriseorsitdown. Perhaps,hemeantthatalHasanwasanImamthroughhissittingdown(makingpeace),and thatalHusaynwasanImamthroughhisrising. SomehistoriansandbiographershaverelatedthematterofalHasan(a.s)andhismaking peacewithMuawiya.Theyhavedealtwithitssurfacemeaninganditssimpleformwithout anyanalyzing,explaining,studyingthoroughly,checkingout,andwithouttakinginto considerationthecircumstancesoftheevent,itsconditions,principles,andobjectives.They havecondemneditbecausetheyhavenotreflectedonitandcarefullyconsideredit. However,asthetruthandfactarelight,Allahhaspreparedsomemeritoriouspeoplefrom amongthosewhohaveskillfulpens,excellentunderstanding,correctviewpoints,andfree thoughts.Sotheyhave,throughtheirbooks,removedthevaguenessandcomplicationfrom thelifeofImamalHasan,fromhisbehavior,andhispeacemaking(withMuawiya).Through theirbookstheyhaveunveiledsomeimaginationsofthecontemporarywritersandofthose beforethem. AmongthosewhowellandskillfullywrotethebiographyofImamalHasan(a.s)isthe knowledgeable,meritorious,highborn,writer,SheikhBaqiralQurashi,mayAllahsupporthim withtheessenceofcarefromHimandsuccess.Hesubmittedtomesomechaptersofthefirst volumeofhisbookTheLifeofImamalHasan,andIhavefoundinthemtheessenceof ambitionandtheambitionofsoul.Ihavefoundinthemalongingsoulthathasmadeagood

progress.Ifheisatthebeginning,heisabouttoreachthegoal.Thebestproofofhisbookis hisbookitself.MayAllahrewardhimforhiseffortsandmakehimreachhiswishes. Throughhisspiritualfatherssupplication MuhammadalHasanAalKashifalGhita TheologicalCenterinHolyNajaf Onthe20thofRamadan,1373A.H. Introduction InthenameofAllah,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful ImamAbuMuhammadalHasan(a.s)hasabrillianthistoryfullofthemostwonderfulpagesof heroismandjihad.Hehasnoblemannersbeatingwithjusticeandpiety.Hislifeflowswith uniqueabilitiesandgoodtendencies.Noblemoraltraits,originalthoughts,anddeepthinking meettogetherinthatpersonality.ThebiographershaveunanimouslyagreedonthatalHasan wasthemostclementofthepeople,andtheablestoftheminrestrainingrage,showing patiencetowardharmfulanddetestedthings.Hewaskindtopeopleandalwayspardoned themandforgavetheirmistakes.Hewaslikehisgrandfather,theProphet(a.s),whoseethics andclemencyembracedallthepeople. Therewasasufficientwitnessindicatinghisgreatclemency.Thewitnesswasstatedby MarwanbinalHakam,whowashisbitteropponent.MarwanhurriedtocarryalHasans sacredbody,butalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs,foundthatstrangeandaskedhim:Why haveyoucarriedhiscorpsewhileyouhadgrievedhim? Ididthattoonewhoseclemencywasasmuchasmountains!repliedMarwan. AlHasanwasnotonlythemostclementofpeoplebutalsothemostprominentofthemin givingcorrectthoughts.ThatwasclearthroughhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.Heavoided openingadoortowar,forthecountrywasfullofparties,theheadsofthetribesandthe militarycommanderssoldMuawiyatheirconsciences.TheyjoinedMuawiyascampnot becausetheyhadfaithinhismatter;rather,theycravedafterhismoneyandrespondedto theirpsychologicaldesires,seekinginfluence,domination,andabundantwealth.Besides,al Hasansfighterswerewickedandrude.Theypreferredpeacetowar.Thereareotherfactors wewillindetailmentionwithinthebook.Accordingly,ImamalHasan(a.s)surrenderedtothe accomplishedfactandmadepeacewithMuawiya.Throughthathecouldprotectthepeople,

preventedtheirbloodshed,andsavedthemfromthebadresultswhosedangersnonehad knownexceptAllah. ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthatalHasanwasthemostgenerousofpeople,the greatestofthemingiving(gifts)toAllahsservants,thekindestofthemtothepoorandthe deprived.SohewasgiventhenicknameofthegenerousoneoftheAhlalBaytthoughthey weretheoriginsofgenerosityandgooddeeds.Groupsofthepoorandtheneedywentto him,andheshowedthemkindness,andsavedthemwithhismanygiftsfrombeggingand neediness. ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthatalHasan(a.s)wasthemostworshipfulofthe peopleofhistime,themostpiousofthem,andthegreatestoftheminpietyanddevotedness toAllah.HeperformedthehajjtotheSacredHouseofAllah(theKaaba)twentyfivetimes.He didallmediationsthroughwhichhesoughtnearnesstoAllah.Hefreedhimselffromthe amusementoftheworldandturnedawayfromitsvanities.Wewillindetailmentionthat whenwespeakabouthisidealsandtheaspectsofhisgreatpersonality. WefaceaprobleminthehistoryofImamAbuMuhammadalHasan.Theproblemisthat sometraditionshavebeenfabricatedandaddedtohisbrillianthistory.Thehistorianswho werehirelingsoftherulingauthorityhaveputthesetraditionsintotheIslamichistory.They haveascribedtohimsomethingfromwhichhewasfaraway.Theyhaveaccusedhimofbeing Uthmaniininclination,thathecondemnedhisfather(ImamAli)ontheDayofadDar,forhe didnotgiveanaidtoUthman,nordidhesavehimfromtherevolutionists.Theyhave reportedthathethoughtthathisfatherdidnotrespondtothedesiresofthepeoplewho cheeredhisnameandinsistedonnominatinghimfortheofficeofthecaliphate,butthe Commanderofthefaithful(ImamAli),asthehistorianssay,disobeyedthemandresponded tothesummonsoftherevolutionists. ThehistorianshavechargedaccusationstoImamalHasansbrilliantlife.Theyhavesaidthat hemarriedanddivorcedmanywomen.Theyhaveexaggeratedwhentheysaidthathein mostofhisdaysmarriedawomananddivorcedanother.Theywantedtodegradehisposition importance.Thehistorianshavewrittenthesereports.Themodernwritershavedependedon them.Dr.TahaHusaynisontheirtop.[1]Hehasinclinedtothesereportsandsentthemto readers.However,hehadtomakesureoftheirchainofauthorities,thatitmightbeclearto himthatthereporterswereaccusedoffabricationanddeviationfromAhlalBayt.Wehave refutedalargegroupoftheminourstudies,andshowedtheweaknessesinthemwhetherin thechainofauthoritiesorotherthanit. [1]InhisbookAliwaBanuh(AliandhisSons),Dr.TahaHusaynhasdependedonthe fabricatedreports.Wewillmentionandcriticizetheminthebook.

Themostimportantthingthenecessityofresearchrequiresisthatwemustcheckthereports inordertoknowtheirreportersandbesureofthem.Werelyonthenarrationsofthosewho reportcorrectly,arefreefromlying,andnotaccusedinrespectoftheirreligion.Wedepend ontheminbuildingtheIslamichistory.Wedonotdependonthosenarratorswhofollow rulers,writefortheirpurposes,strengthentheirpower,paynoattentiontoreligion,andtell lies.Therefore,itisincumbentonustorejecttheirreportsandnottodependonthem.Islam hasfranklyorderedustobesureofthereportsofthosewhoareaccusedinrespectoftheir religion. Allah,theMostHigh,says:Oyouwhobelieve!Ifanevildoercomestoyouwithareport, lookcarefullyintoit,lestyouharmapeopleinignorance,thenbesorryforwhatyouhave done.[1]Theverseisclearinthatweshouldlookcarefullyintothereportsoftheevildoers. Whichsinisgreaterthanfabricationandtellingliesintentionally?Generallyspeaking,the verseincludesthereportsonthefabricatedthingsofwhicharethereportsonhistorical eventsandotherthanthem. WefinditstrangethatsomewritersaresatisfiedwithandtheyacceptthereportsofAbu HurayraalDousi[2]andSamrabinJundub,aheadsman.Theyhavereliedonsuchreportsin buildingtheIslamicfaith,whilemanyofthemdonotagreewiththeauthorityofreasonand wisdom.InthemeantimetheyopposethepreceptsofIslamthatdoesnotbelieveinfables andimaginations. Everyresearcherisrequiredtolookcarefullyintothereportswhethertheyconcernthe religiousaffairsorotherthanthem.Itisincumbentonthemtorejectwhatthedevious personsandthehirelingsoftheauthoritieshavenarrated. TheprominentthingatthetimewhenImamalHasan(a.s)livedwasthatsomeparties spread,andtheirtrendsreacted.Forexample,theQurashiparty,whichhadbeenformed beforethedemiseoftheProphet(a.s),decidedtoturnawaytheofficeoftheIslamic caliphatefromthemembersoftheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem.Thatwasforseveral reasonssuchas:theyrusheduponauthorityandenviedthefamilyoftheProphet(a.s)forthe outstandingqualitiesandtalentsAllahhadgiventothem.Ithasbeennarratedthattheysaid: SurelytheProphethoodandthecaliphateshouldnotmeettogetherin [1]Quran,49,6. [2]InhisbookAbuHurayra,ImamSharafalDeenhasmentionedAbuHurayrasfables.Inhis bookSheikhalMudira,thegreatAllama,SheikhMahmudAbuRiyah,hasalsomentionAbu Hurayrasfabricationsandlies.

onehouse.IbnAbbasfalsifiedthisstatementwithhisstrongevidenceduringhis conversationwithUmarbinalKhattab.Afteralongspeech,Umarsaidtohim:OIbnAbbas, doyouknowwhathavepreventedyourpeoplefrom(electing)youafterMuhammad(a.s)? IbnAbbassaid:Ihatedtoanswerhim,soIsaidtohim:IfIdonotknow,thenthe Commanderofthefaithful(Umar)knows!Umarsaid:Theyhavehatedtogatherthe prophethoodandthe(office)ofthecaliphateforyoulestyoushouldwrongyourpeopleand rejoice.SoQurayshhavechosensomethingforthemselvesandtheyarerightandsuccessful. IbnAbbascouldnotfaceUmartofalsifyhisstatement,forhewasafraidofhissternnessand rudeness.Heaskedpermissionfromhimthathemightfranklytellhimaboutthereality, sayingtohim:Commanderofthefaithful,ifyouallowmetospeakandbenotangrywith me,Iwillspeak.Speak,OIbnAbbas,repliedUmar. OCommanderofthefaithful,asforyourstatement,Qurayshhavechosensomethingfor themselvesandtheyarerightandsuccessful,itisthatifQurayshhadchosenforthemselves atthetimewhenAllahchoseforthem,thenrightnesswouldhavebeenintheirhand,and nonewouldhaverejectedandenviedthem.Asforyourstatement,Theyhaverefusedtolet theProphethoodandthe(office)ofthecaliphatereachus,itisthatsurelyAllah,theGreat andAlmighty,hasdescribedsomepeoplewithhatredwhenhesays:Thatisbecausethey hatedwhatAllahrevealed,soHerenderedtheirdeedsnull.[1] IbnAbbashurtUmarwithhiswords.Umarsaidtohim:Howfar,IbnAbbas!Somethings (issued)fromyouhavecometome.Idonotwanttotellyouaboutthem,lestyourprestige shouldshakenearme. IbnAbbaswasafraidofUmarspunishment,soheansweredhimsoftly:Whatarethey,O Commanderofthefaithful?Iftheyaretrue,theymustnotremovemypositionfromyou.If theyareuntrue,Icanremovetheuntruethingsfrommyself.Umarcalmeddownandsaid:I haveheardthatyousaid:Theyhaveturnedthecaliphatefromusoutofenvy,aggression, andinjustice.IbnAbbasansweredhimthroughhisgreatwords:Commanderofthefaithful, asforyourstatement,outofinjustice,ithasbecomecleartothe[1]Quran,47,9. ignorantandtheclement(whotheunjustare).Asforyourstatement,outofenvy,itisthat Adamwasenvied;andwearehisenviedchildren.Umarbecameexcitedandheshoutedat IbnAbbas:Howfar!Howfar!ByAllah,OBanuHashim,yourheartshaverefusedallthings exceptenvythatisnotremoved! IbnAbbassaid:Slow,Commanderofthefaithful!Donotdescribewiththistheheartsofthe peoplefromwhomAllahhadkeptawaytheuncleannessandpurifiedwithathorough purifying![1]

ThisconversationhasdisclosedthemaliceandhatredtheQurayshhadharboredagainstAhl alBayt,sotheyturnedtheofficeofthecaliphatefromthem.Umarthoughtthattheywere successfulinthat.However,theywerereallynotsuccessfulinthat,nordidtheyhittheright viewpointandreason,fortheirchoosingresultedinthattheUmayyadswonthegovernment whiletheyweretheenemiesofIslam,andtheterriblemassacreofKerbelawasoneofthe resultsoftheirenmitytowardIslam.Thatwaswhentheycommandedtheirmilitary commanderstodestroyanduprootAhlalBaytandtheprogenyofMuhammad(a.s). Accordingly,thosemilitarycommandersannihilatedthatpurechoicefromamongthefamily ofMuhammad(a.s).TheycutofftheirlimbsonthehillsofKerbelaandtooktheProphets womenfolkasprisonersofwar(toSyria).Whenthecaptivesfromamongthefamilyofthe Prophet(a.s)arrivedinYethrib(Medina),AmrbinSaeed,YazidsgovernoroverMedina, happilyturnedtotheHolyShrineofAllahsApostle(a.s)andaddressedhim(theProphet).He saidtohim:OAllahsApostle,adayfortheDayofBadr![2]Thenhewentuponthepulpitof theProphetandaddressedtheMuslims,saying:Opeople,itisablowforablowandashock forashock!Howmanyasermonafterasermon;strongwisdombutwarningsdonotavail! Beforehim,Yazidhadsaid: IdonotbelongtoKhandafifIdonot SeekrevengeonAhmedschildren. ThiswasthechoiceofQurayshinwhomtheyhadbeensuccessful,astheysay.Theywronged theProphetspurefamily,whoareequaltotheQuran,whomtheMuslimsshouldtakecare ofandshouldhonor.However,toAllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn! [1]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.24.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.3,p.107. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.361. WehaveponderedontheeventsthattookplaceduringthetimeofImamAbuMuhammad alHasan(a.s).History,aswehavealreadymentioned,hasmixedsubjectstotheextentthatit isdifficultforahistoriantoconcludethetruth.However,wehaveconcludedfromthose eventsmanysubjectsconcerningthelifeofImamalHasan(a.s)andthetimewhenhelived. Thisbookhadbeenpublishedtwelveyearsago.Itwasoutofprintandnotavailablein market.HisEminence,greatAllama,SayyidMuhammadBaqiralNaqawi,mayAllahprotect him,translatedthebookintoUrdu.ThebookwasprintedinIndiabytheKejjhawbeharpress. Manyofthosewhomsuchresearchesconcernedwantedthebooktobereprintedafterithad beenoutofprint.However,Ipostponedthattoanothertime,forIhopedthatIhadtoreview

it.Ithoughtthatsomeofitschapterswereinneedofmoreexplanationsanddetails.My brotherSheikhHadialQurashididmeafavor.Hewilledtoreviewandrunoverthebook,soI foundnoescapefromrespondingtohim.Ireviewedthefirstvolumeofitandaddedmany chapters.Readersmayfindthatthiseditionisdifferentfromthepreviousoneduetothenew additions,elegantprint,wonderfulordering,andexactproductionforwhichtheAdabPressis famous. BeforeIendthisintroduction,IhavetothankHajjMuhammadRashadAjinaforhisdenoting moneytoreprintthebook.IaskAllahtogranthimsuccessinachievinghiseffortsandto rewardhimforthat.SurelyHeundertakessuccess! BaqirShaerifalQurashi HolyNajaf DhulQidah28th,1384
Preface By:KashifalGhita TheHashemitesandtheUmayyads, AlHasanandMuawiya Enmitiesandgrudgesbetweenindividuals,tribes,andfolksareinstinctsinsidemansincethe beginningofhiscreationandexistenceontheearth,sincethetimeofAbelandCain,andthey continuedinallgenerationsuntilthisone.Thecauseandmotivesofenmitymostoftimescome outofselfishness,theloveofpowerandauthority,seizingwealth,aposition,orrule Andtheworstofenmitiesisthatwhichleadstorevenge.But,theworstenmityineffectand extentandthatwhichcannotbechangedorremovedistheenmityofthespontaneous oppositionandtheessentialdifference,liketheenmityofdarknesstolight,virtuetovice, uglinesstobeauty,eviltogood,andthelike.Thisenmityanddifferenceareimpossibleto disappearexceptbythedisappearanceofoneoftheoppositesandthiscannotbe.These oppositesneitheragreewitheachothernorcaneachofthemdisappear.Badentitiesintheir

essenceoppositethegoodones,andeachoftheseoppositestriesthebesttoremovetheother fromexistencelikelightanddarknesswhichcannotexisttogetherinoneplaceatall.Eachof them,initsnatures,opposesandantagonizestheothersuchasvirtueandviceinman,andsoon. TheenmityoftheUmayyadstowardstheHashemiteswasfromthiskind.Itwasimpossibleto disappearbecauseitwasliketheenmityofdarknesstolight,eviltogood,andmalicetokindness. Eachoftheseoppositescanbeknownbyitsfruitsandeffects.Ithasbeensaid,Fromtheirfruits youcanknowthem.Atreeisknownduetoitsgoodorbadfruit,andmansgoodorevilisknown duetohisdeedsandcharacteristics. AbdManafbegotHashimandAbdShams.Theenmitybetweenthesetwobrothersbegansince thefirstoftheirgrowthfornothingexceptthedifferencebetweentheirtwoessences.Then,this enmitygrewwiderbetweenthetwotribesbecauseofheredity.Eachoneofthesetribeshadan oppositefromtheothertribeinlineage;HashimandAbdshams,AbdulMutallibandUmayya,Abu TalibandHarb,Muhammad(a.s)andAbuSufyan.Sincethefirstmomentwhenthefirstrayof IslamshoneandtheProphet(a.s)announcedmonotheism,thefeudofpolytheismandidolatry revoltedtoeffacethelightsofmonotheism.Thetrinityofidolatryandtyranny;AbuJahl,Abu Lahab,andAbuSufyanheldtheirpicksandbegantearingdownwhatthesaviorofhumanitybuilt. ThethirdofthetrinityandtheleaderoftheUmayyadparty,AbuSufyan,wasthebitterestofthe allinhisenmityandfightingagainstIslam.Theyfollowedeverymeansandtricktostranglethe voiceofIslamandputoutitslight.Theysparednoeffortatalltoresistthatmissionuntilagroup ofthebelieversinthismissionwereforcedtoemigratetoAbyssinia,whiletheProphet(a.s)and hisothercompanionssufferedallkindsofpersecutionandpainsformorethantenyearsuntilhe wasforcedtoleavehisandhisfathershomelandandemigratetoYathrib. Andthere,too,AbuSufyanchasedhimeveninhisemigration.Therewasnobannerofwarraised againstIslam,unlesstheUmayyadsandtheirleaderAbuSufyanraiseditandflamedits(war) fires.Theylurkedtoputoutthelightofthismission,andprovokedthefeudsofthetribesagainst ituntilAllahgrantedHisprophetthegreatvictoryandmadehimsubjectthetyrantsofQuraysh andmakethemslavesaccordingtotherulesofwar.However,theProphet(a.s)pardonedandset themfreesayingtothem,Go!Youarefree.Hewassatisfiedwiththeirapparentbeliefandthe sayingoftheshahadabytheirtongueswhereastheirheartswerefullofdisbeliefandgrudge againstIslam.TheystilllurkedtoeffaceIslamandpluckoutitsroots.Theydidnotbecome Muslimsbuttheysubmittedunwillingly,andwhentheyfoundsupportersagainstIslam,theyleapt on.NothingofAbuSufyanandtheUmayydsinnerschangedatallaftertheirbeingMuslims,but thewayoffightandstrugglechanged.AbuSufyanandMuawiyaenteredIslamjusttodoaway withandplotagainstit,foraninternalenemyismoreabletoplotandactthananexternalone. Thisenmitywasspontaneousandeternal;andwhatisspontaneousandeternalcannotbe removed.Itwasnotacompetitionforwealthorauthority,butitwastheenmityofprinciplesand

naturaloppositionanddissention.Itwastheenmityofdarknesstolight,deviationtoguidance, falsenesstothetruth,andinjusticetojustice.Therefore,theUmayyadsremainedontheirinner disbeliefanddeceitthoughtheywereconsideredasMuslimsandtheyreceivedtheblessingsof Islam,butIslamhadnevertouchedevenonehairoftheirsnorhaditwettedafeatherfromtheir wings.Theywerelikeaduckthatspendsallitslifeinwaterbutwaterdoesnotwetitsfeathersas itissaid.Yes!TheyacknowledgedIslamjustosparetheirbloodsandtowaitforasuitable opportunityinordertoteardownthepillarsandbasesofIslam.Anditwasso.Whenthemenof powerhandedthecaliphateovertothefirstoneofthem(Uthaman),theyflewupwithjoyand declaredsomeofwhattheirheartshid.AbuSufyangatheredtheUmayyadsandsaid,Obani Umayyah,snatchit(thecaliphate)likesnatchingaball.BythatwhichAbuSufyanswearsby,there isneitherParadisenorFire. Then,theytookthereinoftheUmayyadcaliph(Uthman)withtheirhandsandbeganleadinghim (likeasubmissivecamel)towherevertheywished.TheyseizedthewealthofMuslimsfor themselves,andtookpeopleastheirslaves.Muslimsinalllandsrevoltedagainsthim(Uthman) andthem(theUmayyads),untiltheyblockadedhiminhishouseandforcedhimtodepose himselffromthecaliphateandmakeit(thecaliphate)bedecidedinconsultationamongMuslims. Inthebeginning,hehesitatedandrefused,butwhentherebelsfirmedtheblockadeand preventedhimfromevenwaterandfood,hesubmittedandgaveup, andhetriedtoputoutthefireoftheseditionbydeposinghimselfasaresponsetotherevolters. Then,theUmayyads,whoseleadershipinMedinawasinthehandofMarwanandinShamwasin thehandofMuawiya,feltthatiftheirfriend(Uthman)deposedhimself,theropewouldslipfrom theirhandsMuslimshadcommittedamistakeandtheywouldnevercometolikeitagainfor whatvirtueornobilitytheUmayyadshadorforwhatjihadtheyhadinIslamsothatoneofthem mightassumethecaliphateofMuslims?!TheyweretheenemiesandopponentsofIslaminallits situationsandoneverydayfromitsdays.Marwanandhispartyunderstoodthatwell,andsothey colludedwiththeirleaderinSham(Muawiya)tokilltheirfriend(Uthaman)beforehewould deposehimselfandbeforetheropeoftrickwouldslipfromtheirhands.Yes,theywouldkillhim andtakehismurderasanexcusetoaccusesomegroupofMuslimsofhisblood,andthenthey wouldpretendbeforeallMuslimsthathewaskilledunjustlyandtheymustrevengehimonthe killers,andthusthiswouldbethebestmeanstotakebackthecaliphateforthemselves.Without themurderofUthmanandtheshirtofUthmanthecaliphatewouldnotcometoMuawiya, Marwan,andtheoffspringofMarwan.Itwouldbeimpossibleforthemtodreamofitwhetherin sleeporwakefulness.However,itcametotheirfirstfriend(Uthman)withnocost.Itwasgivento himbytheonewhowasbeforehim(Umar)whowantedtoturnitawayfromtheHashemitesto theirbitterestenemies;theUmayyads.Therefore,he(Umar)twistedtheropeoftheShura (consultation)wherehewascertainthatthecaliphatewouldcometoUthman.Hewasnot satisfiedwiththatuntilheinspiredambitionintotheevilsoulofMuawiyawhoandhisfather

werethebitterestenemiesofIslam.Everyyear,Umarpunishedhisgovernors,confiscatedtheir properties,andtreatedthemseverelyexceptMuawiya NewsoftencametohimthatMuawiyaspentlavishlythewealthofMuslimsandputonsilkand tooexpensiveclothes,butheoverlookedandratherhejustifiedhisdeedssaying,Heisthe KhosrauoftheArabs,thoughMuawiyawastoomeanandpoorbefore.Hewaslowbefore people.Once,anotablemanfromtheArabscametotheProphet(a.s),andwhenhewantedto leave,theProphet(a.s)orderedMuawiyatoescorthimuntiltheoutskirtsofMedina.Itwastoo hot.Muawiyawasbarefootedandthegroundwasboilingwithitssands.Muawiyasaidtothe nobleman,Letmeridebehindyou! Themansaid,Youdonotfittoridebehindnotablesandkings. Muawiyasaid,Wouldyougivemeyourshoestoguardagainsttheheatofthesun? Themansaid,Youaremeanerthantowearmyshoes. Muawiyasaid,Myfeetarebeingburnt.WhatshallIdo? Themansaid,Walkintheshadowofmycamel!Youarenotfitformorethanthis.[1] WoeuntoyouOtime!ThislowonehadbecomeorhadbeenmadetheKhosrauoftheArabs! Yes!ItwasMuawiyaandMarwanwhohadmanagedthetrickofkillingUthmanandpavedthe wayfortherevolterstokillhim.ThecaseofthearmythatMuawiyahadsentfromShamto MedinaandorderedthemnottoenterMedinaexceptafterthekillingofUthmanisaclearproof onthat. Yes!OneoftheProphetswivesaswellhelpedonkillingUthman.Sheoftencriedoutinthe meetings:KillNathal!MayAllahkillNathal![2]WhentheyobeyedherandkilledUthman,she roseorwasmadetorisetorevengehim.Andasaresultofthat,thebattleofalJamaltookplace wheretwentythousandMuslimswerekilled,anditwasthekeytootherwarsbetweenthe Muslimsthemselves.Somepoetofthatagerecitedaddressingher: Youarethedisasterandyouarethemisfortune, andyouarethecloudsandyouaretherain. Youhaveorderedtokilltheimam(Uthman), andsaidtousthathehaddisbelieved. Anotherpoetsaid: Shecamewiththetwoscoundrels, drivingtoBasraherarmies. Asifshe,inherdeed,wasacat Eating,becauseofhunger,itschildren.

[1]UsdalGhabah,vol.5p.81. [2]ShereferredtoUthmanwiththissurname. Thesepoints,whichthepenhasoozedwithhereandwhicharefromtheminutesecretsof history,havecomespontaneouslyandnotintentionally.ItistosaythatwhenAbuSufyanand MuawiyawereastonishedbyIslamandforcedtoenterintoit,theydidapparentlyjusttospare theirlives;theyhidinsidethemselvesintriguesandtheyremainedlurking,andwheneveran opportunitycame,theirinnersweredisclosedthroughtheirsayingsanddeeds. Muawiyawaswilierthanhisfatherwhobecameoldanddotardathislastdays.Mo'awiya,during thetwentyyearsofhisemirateinSham,showedIslamapparentlywithoutclashingwithanyofits ritualsorbases.Hedidnotopenlydrink,listentosinging,killaninnocentone,playwithcats,or playwiththepipeandthelute.Heputonsilkgarmentsandgoldpalliumassoandsosaidthat therewasnoblameonhimforhewasKhosrowoftheArabs.Muawiyadidnotkeeptherituals ofIslamexceptforsomethinginsidehim,andthatwasthecalmnessbeforethestorm,andthe slowlywalkingtogetthegame. Heremainedontheapparentfaiththatwascoveredwithhiddendisbeliefthroughouttheperiod ofhisoppositionandfightagainstImamAli(a.s)duringthebattleofSiffeen,butwhenImamAli (a.s)wasmartyred,hebecamedelightedandjoyful,andtheopportunitymadehimabletoplay ontheropeandarrangetricks.However,whenImamalHasan(a.s)waspaidhomageasthe caliph,andtheheroesfromhisfatherscompanions,hisShiaandfollowersadheredtohim,and wealthandweaponscametohimfromeverywhere,he(Mo'awiya)foundhimselfinanabyss narroweranddeeperthanthefirstone. ImamalHasan(a.s)wastheProphetsgrandsonandthemostbelovedonetohim.Hewas belovedbyallpeopleforhisgoodheart,benevolence,andkindness.Hehadneverharmed anyoneatallthroughouthisholylife.Hewasfullofgoodnessandblessing.Hewasnotaccusedof participatinginthekillingofUthman.Infact,itmightbesaidthathewasamongthedefendersof Uthman.Then,howwasMo'awiyatobecomparedwithhim,andhowwouldpeopleturnaway fromthesonofFatimathedaughterofthemessengerofAllah(a.s)andresorttothesonofHind thelivereater?!ThethinkingoftheseirrefutablepointsworriedMo'awiyaanddeprivedhimof sleep.Buthowquicklyhearrivedthroughhiswileandcunningatdissolvingtheirknots!He resortedtotwostrongfactors;thefirstwasthewealththattwistedmensnecksandmadethe heroessalivaflowdown.HesenttothegreatestleaderinthearmyofImamalHasan(a.s),who hadpromisedtodieforhim(ImamalHasan)andwasthenearestinkinshiptohim,morethan fiftythousand(dinars).HewasUbaydillahbinAbbas,ImamalHasanscousinwhomtheImamhad appointedastheemirevenoverQaysbinSadbinUbadathegreatchiefandthebraveherowho haddevotedhimselftoImamHasanandtohisfather.Yes,Mo'awiyasenthimsuchanamount andpromisedhimofthesamewhenhewouldjoinhim.UbaydillahsneakedawaytoMo'awiya

underthewingofdarkness,andwhenmorningcame,peoplefoundnoemiroverthem,andso Qaysledtheminofferingtheprayer,andmadeeasytothemthatcalamitywhichdestroyedthe determinationofthearmyandpreparedthemfordefeatbeforethefighting.MayAllahassist yourheartOAbuMuhammad(alHasan)!Howdidyoutoleratethosecalamitiesthatcametoyou oneafteranotherlikedarknessofnight! Mo'awiyafollowedthisplanwitheveryprominentpersonalityandherofromtheShia,andhe succeededinattractingthemtohim.Noonedefiedagainsthiswilesandplotsexceptafewmen whowerenotmorethanten,suchasQaysbinSad,HijrbinAdiy,andthelikewhoresisted oppressionanddeviationwiththeirfirmfaithandwhohadnodoubtinasmuchasatwinkleofan eyethatMo'awiya,hisfather,andhischildrenwereunbelievers.QayshadswornbyAllahthathe wouldnotmeetwithMo'awiyaexceptthatthespearandtheswordwouldbebetweenthem. ThiswasthefirststepthatMo'awiyafollowedtodefeatImamalHasan(a.s)andextortthe caliphatefromhim. Thesecondwasthetrickwhoseeffectwasgreaterthanthefirstandthatmostofpeoplelikedand thepublicopinionwasdriftedto.ItwasMo'awiyasinvitationforpeacewithImamalHasan (a.s).[1]TheinvitationformakingpeacewastheworstthingthatcompletelyharmedImamal Hasan(a.s),andtheworsttrickbywhichMo'awiyawonthesituationandthecaliphatethen.By moneyMo'awiyaattractedthebestofthemenandtheupperclass,butasforthepublic,theygot nothingbuttheyhatedthewarsthattookthelivesofthebestofthemandruinedtheirlands.In lessthanfiveyearstherewerethreefiercewars;alJamal,Siffeen,andanNahrawan. Therefore,theinvitationtowarwasheavyandodious,whereastheinvitationtopeaceandrest wasadmiredanddelicious.Hence,thesituationofImamalHasan(a.s)becametoocritical.He considereditverydeeplyponderingontheconsequencesthatwouldcomeafter.Heputrefusal andacceptanceinthescalestoseewhichofthemwouldoutweigh.Hefoundthatifherefused thepeaceandheinsisted[1]ItwaslikethetrickofraisingthecopiesoftheQuraninthebattleof Siffeen(betweenImamAli(a.s.)andMo'awiya)whichtheIraqiarmyadmiredandthenlostthe victorythatwasathand. onthewar,therewouldbejusttwoprobabilities;eitherhewouldbethevictoriousandMo'awiya bedefeated,thoughthiswassomehowimpossibleduetotheconditionsandcircumstances surroundingImamalHasan(a.s)then,andthiswouldmakepeopleinclinetotheUmayyadswho wouldappearaswrongedandoppressedsayingthat:yesterday,theykilledUthmanthechoiceof theUmayyadsandAmeerulMo'minin(astheysaid),andtodaytheykilledMo'awiyathechoiceof theUmayyadsandtheuncleofthebelievers,andsoasecondshirtwouldbepreparedforthe UmayyadstoraisebesidetheshirtofUthman,andpeoplewererabblecawingwitheverycawer withoutthinkingandreasoning.Inthiscase,whatwouldbethesituationofImamalHasan?

Butasforifhewasthedefeatedone,thenthefirstwordthatwouldbesaidwasthatalHasan hadthrownhimselfintoperishment,forMo'awiyahadinvitedhimtopeacethatwouldsparethe bloodsbutherefusedandwronged.Then,whatMo'awiyaandAbuSufyanwantedinplotting againstIslamandtakingpeoplebacktotheirfirstageofignoranceandidolatrywouldberealized forthem.Besides,thatMo'awiyawouldnotletaliveanyonefromtheAhlulBayt(a.s). Infact,thethoughtofImamalHasan(a.s)inacceptingthepeacewasmoreaccuratethanthisand that.HewantedtodoawaywithMo'awiya,throughthepeace,andrevealwhatwasconcealedin hisinnersbeforethinkingofvictoryordefeat,andwithoutthrowingpeopleinawarandforcing themtodowhattheyhatedofthebloodshed. WehavementionedthatMo'awiyatheapparentlyMuslimandthetrulyenemyofIslamdeceived people,becausetherewasacompetitortohim,withaverythinmembraneunderwhichhe committedmajorsinsandvicesandtriedthebesttopluckouttherootsofIslamandputoutits light.HeconcealedallthatforfearoftheloveofpeopletoImamalHasan(a.s)andhisfather (ImamAli)before.ImamalHasan(a.s)wantedtoclearthefieldtoMo'awiya,handthematter (rule)overtohim,andremovetheenmitysothathe(Mo'awiya)wouldshowwhathehadhidden, revealhisdisbelief,andremovefromhisfacethatmembrane,andthenpeoplewouldknowhis realityandhiddensecrets.Andreallyitwasso.Onthedayofthepeacemaking,Mo'awiya ascendedtheminbarbeforegreatmassesofMuslimsandsaid,Ihavefoughtyouneithertofast nortoofferprayer,butIhavefoughtyoutobetheemiroveryou.Ihaveundertakensome stipulationsforalHasanbutallofthemareundermyfoot. Seehowimpudent,shameless,andboldfacedhewas!ByAllah,iftheacceptingofthepeace(by ImamalHasan)hadnoresultexceptthesewordsofMo'awiya,itwasasufficientproofto disgracehimandmakepeopleknowhisdisbelief.However,hekeptonthatplotofdisbelief,clear sin,resistingIslam,andtryingtoteardownitsbasicsopenly. WithoutalHasanspeaceMo'awiyawouldnotascribe(illegitimate)ZiyadtoAbuSufyan (Mo'awiyasfather)whowashisillegalchild,andsohebrushedasidetheProphetstradition: Thechildistothebed(tobeascribedtothewomanshusbandonwhosebedadulteryis committed)andtheadulteressistobestoned.However,Mo'awiyastonedtheProphets traditionandbrusheditasidewithnofearorcare. Exceptforthepeace,Mo'awiyawouldnotkillHijrbinAdiy,themasterofthetruebelievers,and tenmenfromthebestoftheProphetscompanionsandsuccessors.HekilledtheminMarjAthra fornoguilt.Exceptforthepeace,Mo'awiyawouldnotkillthegreatProphetscompanionAmrbin alHamqandcarryhisheadtoSham.AnditwasthefirstheadthatwascarriedinIslam.

Exceptforthepeace,Mo'awiyawouldnotinsertpoisontoImamalHasan(a.s)throughhis(Imam alHasan)wifeJadahbintalAshath.Andexceptforthepeace,Mo'awiyawouldnotforcethe goodremainderoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsartopayhomagetohissonYazeedwhowasvery famousfordisbelief,debauchery,andcountlessvicestoaveryfarextent.Seewhothewinner wasandwhotheloserwas! SeewhatImamalHasan(a.s)causedtoMo'awiyabythepeaceandhowhedestroyedallhis effortsandtoredownwhathebuiltuntilthetruthappearedandfalsehoodvanished,andthen whofollowvanitywilllose!Peace,inthosecircumstances,wasrequiredandinevitableforImam alHasan(a.s)justasfightingagainstYazidwasrequiredandincumbentonhisbrotherAlHusayn (a.s).Allthatwasduetothedifferencebetweenthetwoperiodsandthedifferencebetweenthe twomen.ExceptforthepeaceofImamalHasan(a.s)thatexposedMo'awiya,andthemartyrdom ofImamalHusayn(a.s)thatdidawaywithYazeedanddidawaywiththeSufyanirulequicklyafter nolongexceptforthesacrificesofthesetwograndsonsoftheProphet(a.s),theeffortsoftheir grandfather(a.s)woulddisappearinthetwinkleofaneye,andthereligionwouldbethereligion ofAbuSufyanfullofdeceit,wiles,debauchery,andviceswouldbereligionofbarsand winesreligionofadultery,andplayingwithtigersandmonkeysreligionofkillingthegood, benevolentbelievers,andretainingtheviciousunbelievers. MayAllahrewardyou,OthetwomastersoftheyouthoftheParadise,withthebestofrewardon behalfofIslamanditspeople.ByAllah,noworshipperworshippedAllah,nomonotheistbelieved intheonenessofAllah,noobligationwasperformed,nosunnawasfollowed,andnonation turnedfromdeviationtoguidance,exceptforthatyouhadthefavor,proof,andclearauthorityin thatafterAllahandHismessenger. ThemessengerofAllah(a.s)broughtguidance,light,good,andblessingtoallmankindwithno differencebetweenacolorandanother,araceandanother,anationandanother,andafolkand another.HebroughtIslamwithclearlightforall,andhebuiltandfirmeditsbasesandmade perfectwithnodefectorcrook.AbuSufyanandthecursedtree(intheQuran),Mo'awiya, Yazeed,andMarwancameandcarriedthepicksofdisbeliefandpolytheismandattackedthose basesandpillarstryingtopluckouttheirrootsandputouttheirlight(Theydesiretoputoutthe lightofAllahwiththeirmouths,andAllahwillnotconsentsavetoperfectHislight,thoughthe unbelieversareaverse).SothetwograndsonsoftheProphet(a.s),withalltheirpowerand authority,stoodagainstthatstructureofevil(oftheUmayyads),andtheycouldnotrestorethe Shariaoftheirgrandfatherexceptbythegreatsacrificethroughofferingtheirlives,monies,men, children,andalltheblessingsandpleasuresofthislife.TheyofferedallthatforthesakeofAllah andtoretainthereligionofAllah.Wereitnotforthissacrifice,thereligionofIslamwouldbeone ofthelegendsinthebooksthathistorymentionsasitmentionsanyincidentaleventorextinct nation.

GlorybetoAllah,Allahisgreat,andpraisebetoAllah.Hence,youknowandmustknowthe secretbehindthegreatcareandextremereverencethatthegreatestSaviormethistwo grandsons(alHasanandalHusayn)withcareandreverencethatwasnotordinaryandwas beyondthelimitofreason.ThisgreatProphetandthemostbelovedonetotheGreatCreator, thisgreatpersonalitythathadbeenfilledbytheLordwithgreatness,gravity,anddignitythat neitherstormscouldshakenorcouldemotionsattractduetothisgravityandsolemnitythat someone,whoneverseenhimbefore,mightcometohimshakingoffearbuttheProphet(a.s) saidtohim,Donotfear!IambutasonofawomanfromQurayshwhoatejerkedmeat(justlike others)sothatMuslimswouldnotsayabouthimastheChristianssaidaboutJesusChrist(a.s). ThisgreatProphet(a.s)carriedalHasanandalHusayn,whowereyoungchildren,onhis shoulders,andwalkedbeforeMuslimssayingloudly(addressingalHasanandalhusayn)sothat Muslimscouldhearhim,Yourcamelisthebestcamel,andthebestridersyourare!Howoften thatalHusayncameandascendedtheProphetsbackduringhisprostrationandtheProphet(a.s) didnotraisehisheaduntilalHusayngotdownwillingly.Once,theProphet(a.s)wasmakinga speechinthemosqueandalHusaynwastoddlinginthemosque.Whenhestumbled,theProphet (a.s)stoppedhisspeech,hurriedtohim,embracedhimandsaid,MayAllahkillSatan!Children areasseduction.Whenmysonstumbled,Ifeltthatmyhearthadsunkdownfromme.Many manyexampleslikethishappenedshowingthegreatloveoftheProphet(a.s)tohistow (grand)sonsthatcannotbecountedhere.Isay:thisinfinitelovewasnotbecausetheywerehis daughterschildrenonly,butdefinitelythereweresecretsandreasonsdeeperandprofounder; spiritualsecretsthatwereabovethesebodilyrelations. DoyounotagreewithmethattheProphet(a.s)mightgohighoverthehorizonoftimeand throughhissacredspiritualityhelookedatthebookofcreationfromitsAtoZ,andhesawthe past,thepresent,andthefutureandsawthefutureeventsinthepageofexistencethatwould happentohistwograndsons?Hesawwhattheywouldsufferinthewayofdefendinghisreligion andprotectinghisSharia.Hesawthattheywouldsacrificetheirlives,properties,andchildren.He sawthatalHasanwouldbepoisonedbyMo'awiyamanytimesuntilhewoulddieinthelasttime whenhevomitedhisliverapieceafteranother.Then,alHusayngavethehighestexamplein sacrificetoguardhisgrandfathersSharia. Hereceivedswords,spears,andarrowsandmadehischest,neck,head,andlungsasguards beforethepicksthattheUmayyadshadheldtoteardownIslamandpluckoutitsroots.Heput himself,children,andsupportersasatargettoprotectIslamthatitspillarsnottobecollapsed anditsbasesnottobedemolishedbytheattacksoftheUmayyads,untilIslamwassaved,its lightsshone,itsfactswererevealed,theunbelieverswereperished,thefollowersoffalsehood lost,thewordofAllahwasthehighest,andthewordofHisenemieswasthelowest.Every Muslim,sincethebeginningofIslamuntilnowanduntiltheDayofResurrection,isindebtedto thesetwoimams,thatwithouttheirsacrifice,whichhistoryhasnevernarratedthelikeof,people

wouldbetakenbackbytheeffortsoftheUmayyadstotheirfirstignoranceandevenworse. Then,wouldyoufindstrangethatlove,care,andreverenceoftheProphet(a.s)tothemwhen theyweretwoyoungchildrenwhereheknewandsawwithhiseyeofsightandinsightthose calamitiesandthatbitterstruggleforthesakeofandinthewayofhim?Hesmeltandembraced themsaying,Theyaremysonsandsweethearts.Definitely,hesmeltinthemthedivinescent andsawinthemtheGodlylight.Hence,weknowandmustknowthatalHasanandalHusayn wereonelightthatnooneofthemwouldbepreferredtotheotherinasmuchasahair.Eachof themhadachievedhisduty,andfulfilledhismissionasbeendeterminedbyhisgrandfatherand father,andaccordingtothecovenanthehadreceivedinthefirstdayofhisimamate. Ifyouwantelaboratelytoknowaboutthegreatness,bravery,courage,fullheartedness,strong argumentation,inadvertencetothesplendorofruleandthepompofauthorityofalHasan(a.s), youmayponderonhiswordsandargumentsinthemeetingofMo'awiyawiththeheadsof polytheistsandthechiefsofunbelieversandatheistswhomMo'awiyainvolvedwithalHasan(a.s) tolaughatthemlikeAmrbinalAas,alMugheerahbinShubah,Marwanandthelikeofthem fromtheclientsoftheHellwhohadneverbelievedinAllahinthetwinkleofaneye.Seethese wordsandargumentsandwonderatthemasyoulike.There,youseegreatnessinitssummit,and courageinitsapex.Ifyouwantmore,seehiswordsatthetimeofdyingandthemomentof settingoutfromthisprisontothebetterworld;thewordsthathesaidtohisbrotherMuhammad binalHanafiyyahconcerninghisbrotheralHusayn(a.s).There,thelocksofthesecretsof imamatewillopentoyou,andthelightsofprophethoodandleadershipwillshinetoyou,andyou willknowthePropheticcustody,andtheabsoluteguardianshiptheretheguardianshipisto Allah,(theProphetisclosertothebelieversthantheirselves),whoeverIamhisguardianAliisto behisguardian,and(OnlyAllahisyourGurdianandHisMessengerandthosewhobelieve,those whokeepupprayersandpaythepoorduewhiletheybowdown(inprayer)). Mypenhascreptbeyondthelimit,andleaptawayfromthepathofintentionandtheintentionof thepath.TheleastthingthatIwantedtosayinmythiswordisthattheenmitybetweenthe HashemitesandtheUmayyadswasspontaneousanddeeprooted.Itwastheenmitybetween guidanceanddeviation,andbetweenlightanddarkness.Whatprovesthatisthatifyoureview thelivesandconductsoftheUmayyadssincethefirstofthemAbdShamsuntilthelastone Marwanthedonkey,youshallnotfindinthepagesofmostofthemexcepttreachery,wiling, breakingofcovenantsandpromises,sins,debauchery,adultery,obscenity,andallkindsofvices. AndifyoureviewthelivesandconductsoftheHashemitessincethefirstofthemuntilthisday, youshallnotfindinthepagesofmostofthemexceptvirtue,loyalty,truthfulness,bravery, chastity,purebirth,honor,highdetermination,sacrificeforthesakeofideology,andallgood morals.SupposethatthereissomeonewhoexcusestheUmayyadsandjustifiestheirenmityto theHashemitesbysaying:theytookitasameansthatwouldtakethemtotheruleandauthority.

But,whatistheexcuseofthefollowersoftheUmayyadsinthisage?Whatisthejustificationof themodernUmayyadism?Theyshallneitherbeluckyinthisworld,norshalltheyhaveanyshare inthehereafter. (Say:ShallWeinformyouofthegreatestlosersin(their)deeds.Thosewhoseeffortgoesastrayin thislife,andyettheyreckonthattheydogoodwork).[1](Helosesthisworldandthehereafter; thatisthemanifestloss).[2] PraisebetoAllahWhohasgougedtheeyesofdisbeliefandhypocrisy,anddelightedtheeyesof IslamandfaithwithalHasanandalHusaynandthepureprogeny(oftheProphet).WeprayHim, asHehasfavoreduswithknowingandfollowingthem,toresurrectuswiththem,andgrantus withtheirintercessionanddisavowingtheirenemiesandenmity. Indeed,AbuMuhammadazZakiy(ImamalHasan)(a.s),duringtheshortperiodthathelivedafter hisfather,toleratedcalamitiesanddisastersthatnoprophethadtolerated,andtheywerenot lessthanthosewhichhisbrotherAbuAbdillahalHusayn(a.s)facedonthedayofatTaff (Kerbala).Thepainfulcalamityandthesinfulstrikeofthetwobrotherswerethesamethoughthe waysandthemeansweredifferent.AsalHusayn(a.s)facedhiscalamitieswithpatiencethatthe angelsoftheHeavenswereastonishedat,alHasanaswellfoughthisenemyandfacedhis sufferingsandcalamitieswithunequalledpatienceandendurance.Hedidneverbecomeweaka day,nordidhebegorsubmittoanyone.HedidnottakefromhiswealththatMo'awiyahad plunderedandbeenasaplayinthehandsoftheUmayyads.Hedidnottakeevenoneof thousandsor,infact,hundredsofthousandsofdinars. Asthereisnofiledforcomparingbetweenthesetwolights(alHasanandalHusayn),itcannotbe saidthatthepatienceofalHasanwaslessthanthepatienceofalHusayn,orthathiscalamitywas easierthanhisbrothers.PeacefromAllahbeonyouOthetwoImamsofguidanceandthe offspringofAliandFatima(peacebeonthemall)aslongasvirtueshinesandvicedarkens. Thesewordshavebeenwrittenwithweakfingertipsandsickpensimprovisinglyandflowinglyin somehoursthelastofwhichwasonthetwentyfirstofRamadantheanniversaryofthe martyrdomofthemasterofguardiansandtheimamofthetruthfulAmeerulMo'minin (thousandsofblessings,greetings,andpeacebeonhim)intheyear1373AH. MuhammadalHusaynAalKashifulGhita inhisSeminary(hawza)inHolyNajaf. [1]Quran,18:103104. [2]Quran,22:11.

ChapterI:ThetwoLightsmeettogether Fatima,thetruthfuloneandprincipalofEvesdaughters,grewupduringtheadventofIslam.She grewupwhileIslamwasatthestageofprogress.TheProphetMuhammad,thesaviorofmankind andmasterofAdamschildren(a.s)broughtherup.Hesuppliedherwithhiswisdomand perfection.Hepouredonherarayofhissacredsoul.Hesuppliedherwiththenoblequalitiesof hisgreatsoul,thatshemightbeamodelforthewomenofhiscommunity,anidealofhuman perfection,andasymbolofpurityandchastity. TheProphet(a.s)showedherlovethatheshowedtononeotherthanher,forshewasthe righteoussurvivaldaughterfromhispurewifeKhadija,[1]mother[1]KhadijaalQurashiya,al Asadiya,daughterofKhuwaylidbinAsad,wasthewifeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.ShewasthefirsttobelieveinhimaccordingtotheunanimousagreementoftheMuslims. InthepreIslamicperiodshewascalledalTahira(thepureone).Shewasveryrich.Shehiredmen totradewithherproperty.SheheardthatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,was truthfulinspeech,greatinhonesty,andnobleinethics.Soshesentforhimandaskedhimto tradewithherproperty.HerespondedtoherandwenttoSham(Syria)alongwithherboycalled Maysara.WhenhearrivedinSham,hesatintheshadowofatreeclosetothehermitageofa monk.ThemonklookedatthemandaskedMaysara:Whoisthatman?HeisfromQuraysh, amongthepeopleoftheSacredCity(Mecca),repliedMaysara.Nonesitsintheshadowofthe treeexceptaprophet,explainedthemonk.ThenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,soldthethingshehadbrought.Heboughtwhathewanted,andthenhereturnedto Mecca.HegaveKhadijathepropertyandtheprofits.MaysaratoldKhadijaaboutthemonks statement. yournoblemoraltraits,andyourtruthfulspeech. Thensheproposedtohim.ShewasfromthemiddleofQurayshinlineage,thegreatestofthem inhonorandwealth.TheApostlewentawayandtoldhisunclesaboutherstatement.Sohisuncle Hamzawentoutandvisitedherfather.Heaskedhimforhisdaughtershand,andheresponded tothat.AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,marriedher.Shewasfortyyearsold, andhisholyagewastwentyfiveyears.WhenAllahsApostle(a.s.)wassentasaprophet,shewas thefirsttobelieveinhimandtohelphim.Whenheheardadetestedthingfromthosewho opposedhimandaccusedhimoflying,sherelievedhimandmadeeasytohimtheaffairsofthe

people.BecauseofhergreatjihadinIslam,AllahsApostle(a.s.)gavehergoodnewsofareed houseinthegardenwherethereisneithernoisenortiredness.Gabrielcarriedtohergreetings fromAllah.TheProphet(a.s.)saidinrespectofher:Four(women)arethebestofthewomenof theworld.(Theyare)Maryam,daughterofImran,Asya,daughterofMuzahimandFirunswife, Khadija,daughterofKhuwaylid,andFatima,daughterofMuhammed.AllahsApostle(a.s.)always rememberedher,toofthefaithful,mayAllahbepleasedwithher.Khadijawaskindand affectionatetotheProphet.Shebelievedinhimbeforeotherthanher.Sheappropriatedher wealthandabilitiestostraightenIslamandtospreaditsmission,totheextentthatherwealthran out.TheProphet(a.s)didnotforgettheeffortssherenderedtoIslam.Sohethankedhervery much.AfterherdeathhealwaysaskedAllahtohavemercyonher.Hementionedherloyaltyand kindness,totheextentthatAishawasangrywithhimandsaidtohim:Whydoyouremember anoldwomanwhosecornersofthemouthwerered?Allahhasgivenyou(awife)betterthanher inplaceofher! TheProphet(a.s)becameangryandhesaidtoher:Allahhasnotgivenme(awife)betterthan he!Shebelievedinmewhenthepeopleaccusedmeoflying,andhelpedmewithherwealth whenthemendeprivedme.Iwasgivenchildrenfromherandwasdeprivedofchildrenfrom otherthanher.[1] KhadijahelpedtheProphetwhentheQurashityrantswereangrywithhim.Shestoodbesidehim toprotecthimandtosavehismessagethroughhergreatwealth.Hewasgivenachildfromher andwasnotgivenfromotherthanher.Hewasgivenfromher(Fatima),themistressofthe womenoftheworld,thelikeofVirginMary,daughterofImraninchastityandpurity.Hewas givenFatimaalZehra,peacebeonher.ShewascalledFatimabecauseAllahhasprotectedher andherprogenyfromtheFire.[2] theextentthatwhenheslaughteredaewe,hewenttoKhadijasrelativesandgavethemsomeof itsmeatasgift.KhadijadiedthreeyearsbeforeHijra.Itwassaidthatshediedthreedaysafterthe deathofAbuTalib.Accordingly,misfortunescontinuouslybefellAllahsApostle(a.s.).Shediedin themonthofRamadanatageofsixtyfive.ShewasburiedatalHijoon.Thishasbeenmentioned inthebooksUsdalGhaba,alIsaba,alIstiab. [1]IsafalRaghibeen.AnarrationsimilartothathasbeennarratedinAhmedsMusnad,vol.6,p. 150,alIstiab,UsdalGhaba,alIsaba,andSinanIbnMaja. [2]IbnHajar,alSawaiq,p.96.Inthisbookithasbeenmentioned:Ali,peacebeonhim,asked AllahsApostle(a.s.):WhyhasshebeencalledFatima?Allahhasprotectedherandherprogeny fromtheFire,he(a.s.)replied.AlHafizMuhibalDeenalTabarihasmentionedthetraditionin hisbookDhakhairalUkkkba,p.26.Inithehasmentioned:ImamAlibinMusaalRidanarrated thetraditionthroughitschainofauthoritiesanditswords.(Hesaid)thatAllahsApostle(a.s.)

said:Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,protectedfromtheFiremydaughterFatima,herchildren, andthosewholovethem.IthasbeennarratedontheauthorityofIbnAbbas,maybepleased withhim,whosaid:AllahsApostle(a.s.)hassaid:SurelymydaughterFatimahavingeyeswitha markedcontrastbetweenwhiteandblack(hawra).Shedidnotmenstruate.Henamedher FatimabecauseAllahprotectedherandthosewholoveherfromtheFire.Thetraditionhas beennarratedbyalNisai. HerHighPosition TheProphet(a.s)hasmentionedtheremarkablepositionofFatimaalZahra,peacebeonher, withAllah.He(a.s)addressedher,saying:SurelyAllahispleasedwhenyouarepleasedandHeis angrywhenyouareangry.[1]HetookherbythehandandsaidtotheMuslims:Whoever recognizesthis(daughterofmine)knowsher,andwhoeverdoesnotrecognizeher,(letmetell himwhosheis).SheisFatima,daughterofMuhammad.Sheisapartofme.Sheismyheartand mysoulbetweenmytwosides.Whoeverhurtsherhurtsme,andwhoeverhurtsmehurtsAllah. TheProphethascomparedherresttohisrest,andherhappinesstohishappiness.Thereligious scholarshaveagreedonthetraditionsnarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inthisrespect.Hehassaid: Fatimaisapartfromme.Whatpleasesherpleasesme,andwhatdispleasesherdispleases me.[2] AishahasnarratedatraditioninrespectofhiscareforFatimaalZahra,peacebeonher,andhis honoringher.Shehassaid:Whenshe(Fatima)visitedhim,hegotupforher.Hekissed,and welcomedher,tookherbythehand,andseatedherinhissittingplace.[3] Aishawasaskedabout: WhichofpeoplewasthemostlovabletoAllahsApostle(a.s)? Fatima,shereplied. Thenshewasasked:Ofmen? Herhusband,sheanswered,asIknowhefastedandprayedtwomuch.[4] InhisMusnad,AhmedbinHanbalhasnarratedatraditionfromtheProphet(a.s)whosaid:May herfatherdieforher!.Hesaidthatthreetimes.[5] TheProphetwenttoofarinlovingandrespectingher,totheextentthatwhenhewantedto travel,sheshouldbethelastonewhomhevisitedbeforetravel, [1]ThetraditionhasbeenmentionedinthebooksUsdalGhaba,alIsaba,DhakhairalUqqba,p. 39. [2]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.154.

[3]Ibid.,p.157.IsafalRaghibeen,p.169. [4]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.157.DhakhairalUqqba,p.35.Anadditiontothenarration hasbeenmentionedinit,Itisworthyofsayingthetruth.InthebookalIstiab,ithasbeen narratedontheauthorityofBurayda,whohassaid:Themostlovable(one)ofthewomento AllahsApostle(a.s.)wasFatim,ofthemenwasAli. [5]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.109. andthefirstwhenhecamebackfromtravel.[1] AnasbinMalikhasnarratedthatAllahsApostle(a.s)passedbythedoorofFatimashouseforsix month.WhenhewentouttoperformtheMorningPrayer,hesaid:Theprayer,Omembersof thehouse!Thenherecitedthisverse:(Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfrom you,OpeopleoftheHouseandtopurifya(thorough)purifying).TheloveandcareoftheProphet (a.s)towardhisdaughterFatimaalZehra,peacebeonher,weremorethanthoseofother fatherstowardtheirchildren.[2]Withoutdoubt,itiswellknownthattheProphet(a.s)grantedhis daughterthisaffectionandpoureduponherthishonornotbecauseshewashisdaughterandhe hadnochildotherthanher.Prophethoodwasfarawayfromfavoritismandrushingthroughthe sentimentofdesireandlove.Ratherhedidthattobuildvirtueandtoraisethelevelofthehigh values.Forhe(a.s)foundnogirlorwomanamongMuslimsequaltohisdaughterinperfection, chastity,andpurity.Itwasduetothefactthatithadbeengatheredinherallgoodidealssuchas knowledge,worship,piety,andthelikeofthequalitiesthatwererarelyfoundinEvesdaughters. ImamAliproposestoFatima WhenthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)reachedtheprimeofyouth,thenotablesfromamongthe companionsoftheProphet(a.s)hadthehonorofmeetinghim(theProphet).Theyputbeforehim theirdesireofhavinghonortoberelatedtohimbymarriage.AbuBakrvisitedhimandproposed tohisdaughter,buthe(a.s)refusedandsaidtohim:IamwaitingforAllahsActinrespectof her.ThenUmarvisitedhim,andhegavehimananswersimilartothatofhiscompanion.[3] WhentheMuslimscametoknowthattheaffairofFatimaalZahrawasinthehandofAllah,and thattheProphet(a.s)hadno [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.154. [2]InhisbookFatimaandMuhammedsDaughters,Lamans,anorientalist,haswrittenfallacies andwrongfacts.TalkingaboutFatima(a.s.),hehassaid:Herpositioninherfathershousewas notapparentlyimportant.Rather,itwaslessthanthatofAaisha,ZaynabandHafsa.Hehas added:Shewasnormallytreatedinherfathershouse.Surely,Lamansisfamousforhisbeinga hirelingofcolonialismandhisharboringmaliceagainstIslam.Fromwhichbookhasheconcluded suchresults?ItisworthmentioningthattheIslamicbooksarefulloftheauthentictraditions reportedfromtheProphet(a.s.)concerningherhighpositionandgreatimportancewithhim.The

traditionswehavealreadymentionedandonwhichtheMuslimshaveagreedclearlyindicatethat theProphet(a.s.)honoredhisdaughterFatimaa.However,LamanshasintendedtodistortIslam andtodisparageitsremarkablepersonalities. [3]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.11.TarikhalKhamis,vol.1,p.407.DhakhairalUqqba,p.29. righttodecideit,theyrefrainedfromaskinghimaboutthat.Afteraperiodoftime,agroupofthe companionsmetImamAliandmentionedtohimhiskinshiptotheProphet(a.s),hisextreme braveryinIslam,andhissupportingtheProphet(a.s)inallsituationsandbattles.Theyurgedhim (ImamAli)toproposetotheProphetsdaughter,thathemightbesuccessfulinrelatingtohimby marriageandtoaddthehonoroftherelationofmarriagetothehonorofhisjihad.Accordingly, he(a.s)slowlyandhesitatinglywenttotheProphet(a.s).Hewassilent,sotheProphet(a.s)asked him:WhatistheneedofIbnAbiTalib?[1] ShynessovercameImamAliforawhile,andthenheanswered:IhaverememberedFatima,O messengerofAllah! TheProphetansweredhimwhiledelightmanifestedonhisfaceandasmileappearedonhislips, saying:Welcome!SurelyAllahhascommandedmetomarryyoutomydaughter! DelightcoveredImamAlisheartwiththegoodofthislifeandthehereafterthattheGenerous Creatorwantedtohim.HewasthecousinoftheProphet(a.s)andwouldbehissoninlaw.In someexegesisoftheQuranithasbeenmentionedthatitwashewhowasmeantbythisverse: AndHeitisWhocreatedmanfromthewater,thenHehasmadeforhimbloodrelationshipand marriagerelationship,andyourLordispowerful.[2][3]ThentheProphetturnedtohis companionsandtoldthemaboutwhatAllahhadcommandedhim.Hesaidtothem:Anangel cameandsaidtome:OAllahsProphet,surelyAllahrecitesyougreetingsandsaystoyou:Ihave marriedFatimabeforetheexaltedchiefs(intheheaven);therefore,marryhertohim(before thosewho [1]Someofthosewhohaveharboredmaliceagainst(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful, explainedthat(ImamAli)keptsilentbecausehewasafraidofthattheProphetwouldrefusehim duetohispoverty.Thisisanimaginaryexplanation,fortheProphet(a.s.)paidnoattentiontoany oftheMuslimsqualitiesexcepthisvirtuesandhisreverentialfear.Hepaidnoattentiontowealth andproperty.HefraternizedwithAlithoughhehadknowledgeofhispoverty.InalHakims Mustadrak,vol.3,p.14,andin(thebook)alIstiab,vol.3,p.35,ithasbeenmentioned:When AllahsApostle(a.s.)associatedasbrotherwithhiscompanions,Aliwenttohimandasked:You haveassociatedasbrotherwithyourcompanionsandhavenotfraternizedmewithanyone?You aremybrotherinthisworldandinthenextworld!AllahsApostle(a.s.)replied.Thereareother traditionsindicatingthatAliwasthesouloftheProphet(a.s.)hisbrother,histestamentary trustee(ofauthority),hishelper,andhissuccessorafterhimoverhiscommunity.ImamAli

obtainedthishighpositionbecauseofhisgreatrelationshipwithAllah. [2]Quran,25,54. [3]NuralAbsar,p.42.KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.218.AlMustadrak,vol.,3,p.153. are)ontheearth.[1] TheProphetwentintohisdaughter.Hisholysoulwasfullofdelight,sohetoldheraboutthat, saying:Ihavemarriedyoutothebestoneofmycommunity.Heisthegreatestofthemin knowledge,themostmeritoriousinclemency,andthemostinspiredinpeace.[2]Hesaidtoher again:OFatima,didyounotknowthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,lookedthoroughlyoverthe peopleoftheearthandchoseyourfatherfromthemandmadehimaprophet,thenhelooked overthemasecondtimeandchoseyourhusband?Heinspiredmetomarryyoutohim,andI havemadehim(ImamAli)asaguardian.[3] Healsosaidtoher:He(ImamAli)wasthefirstofmycompanionstobeaMuslim,themost senioroftheminpeace,thegreatestoftheminknowledgeandclemency.[4] AstheseexcellentidealsandhighvalueswereavailableinthepersonalityofImamAli(a.s),the Prophet(a.s)marriedhimtohisdaughtertowhomtherewasnoequalamongtheMuslimsexcept theCommanderofthefaithful(Ali).Thishasbeenmentionedintheholytradition:IfAlihadnot beencreated,therewouldhavebeennoequaltoFatima.[5] TheDower DelightcoveredtheProphet(a.s)soheturnedtoAliandaskedhim:Whatkindofdowerdoyou have? ImamAliansweredhimthathehadnothingexcepthishorseandhisbreastplate.Thebreastplate wasamongthethingsAllahhadgiventohimattheBattleofBadr.TheProphet(a.s)saidtohim: Asforyourhorse,itisnecessaryforyou,andasforyourbreastplate,youcansellit.ImamAli (a.s)wenttothemarketandsoldhisbreastplateforfourhundredandeightydirhams.Hebrought themoneytiedintheedgeofhisgarmentandputitbeforetheProphet(a.s).[6]Shyness overcamehim,forheknewthatthat [1]MajjmaalBayan(Beirut),vol.9,p.175. [2]AlKhatib,alMuttafaq.AlSayuti,JamaalJawami,vol.6,p.398. [3]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.153. [4]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.5,p.26.MajjmaalZawaid,vol.6,p.101.AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p. 194.

[5]AlManawi,KunuzalHaqaiq,p.124.ManlaYahdarahualFaqeeh,vol.3,p.249. [6]KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.114.InthebookTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.407:Alisoldhiscamel andsomeofhisbelongingsandgave(themoney)asadower.Thisnarrationopposesthefamous oneonwhichtheMuslimshaveagreed,andthatisdowerwaslessthanthatwhichthepoorgave totheirwives.However,theProphet(a.s)likedhisbeingrelatedtohimbymarriagefornothingof thevanitiesoftheworld,norotherthanthatwhoseaffairbelongedtotheearth.Rather,he singledhimoutwithnobledeedduetothefactthatImamAliwasthefirstpersonfromhis communitytobelieveinIslam,tostruggleforitwithhisabilitiesofwhichnopersonhad.[1] TheTrousseau WhentheProphet(a.s)receivedthedower,hegavesomeofittoBilalalHabashithathemight buysomeperfume.HealsogavesomeofittoSalmanalFarisithathemightbuytherestofthe furniture.Afteranhourtheycompletedthetrousseau,whichwasaramsskinthattheyturnedon itswoollyfacewhentheyslept,apillowfullofcoir[2],abedtiedwithastrip[3],twohandmills, onewaterskin,twojars,andothersimplethings.[4]FromanIslamicviewpoint,theyweremore expensivethanthejewelsandthebelongingsthekingsandtherichhad.However,Lamans,an Englishorientalist,hasconcludedanoppositeresultfromthisnobletrousseau.Hesays:Rather, thistrousseauMuhammadhadorderedisaproofofthehatredthatwasinhissoultowardhis daughterandherhusband.Hishatredtowardhimwasnotlessthanthattowardher.[5] AsLamansharboredmaliceagainstIslamandwasignorantofitsprecepts,heconcludedsucha result.Hethoughtthattheaspectsoflovefromafatherforhischildappearifheincreasesforhim orherpleasures,easesandbeautiful thathesoldhisbreastplateandgavethemoneytoFatimaasadower. [1]InthebooksalMustadrak,vol.3,p.112andalIstiab,vol.3,p.31,ithasbeenmentionedthat Muhammed(a.s.)wasmadeaprophetonMonday,andAlibecameaMuslimonTuesday.The samenarrationhasbeenmentionedinotherbooks.TheMuslimshaveunanimouslyagreedthat hewasthefirsttobeaMuslimandtobelieveintheProphet(a.s.). [2]IbnSad,alTabaqatalKubra,vol.8,p.14.Hehasreportedthenarrationthroughhischainof authoritiesontheauthorityJafarbinMuhammedandhisfather,peacebeonthem. [3]AbuNaeemhasreportedthenarrationinhisbookHulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.329.Hehas narrateditontheauthorityofUkrima. [4]AhmedIbnHanbal,Musnad,vol.1,p.113.KenzalUmmal,vol.7,p.113.Inhisbookedal Mustadrak,vol.2,p.185,alHakimhassaid:

AllahsApostle(a.s.)preparedFatimaastrousseau,whichwasvelvet,awaterskin,andapillow willedwithcoir.InthebookDhakhairalUqqba,p.35,ithasbeenmentionedthatAli,peacebe onhim,said:ImarriedFatimaawhilewehadnobedexceptaramsskin.Wesleptonitbynight andgavefoodtoalNadih(acamelusedforwatering)onitbyday. [5]FatimaaandMuhammedsDaughters. things.HedidnotknowthatthepositionoftheProphet(a.s)wasfaraboveyieldingtothe sentimentofloveleadingtotheembellishmentoflife.He,throughthisdeed,wasintheposition oflegislatingandfoundingthemostIslamicvitalpointonwhichthehappinessofMuslimswould bebased,andthatmakeseasymarriageanddoesnotcomplicateit.Thedowerheacceptedfor hisdaughterandthesimpletrousseauhepreparedforher,thoughshewasthemostlovableof hischildrentohim,wasalawofhisimmortal,highregulationthatdeniedexcessivenessingiving dower.Excessivedowerspreventthepoorandtheneedyfromgettingmarried.Forthisnoble purpose,theProphet(a.s)hassaid:Thebestwomenofmycommunityaretheleastofthemin dower.[1]ImamMusabinJafar(a.s)says:DuringthetimeofAllahsApostle,mangotmarried toawomanforaSuraoftheQuran,adirham,andsomewheat.[2]TheProphet(a.s)marriedone ofhiscompanions(toawoman)forteachingaSuraoftheHolyQuran(asdowry).[3]TheIslamic lawhasurgedMuslimstogetmarried.Itislenienttowarddower.Itabrogatesrivalryfor precedencebetweenwifeandhusband,andregardsaMuslimmanasequaltoaMuslimwoman. Itissotoremovecorruption,putanendtofornication,andreproducemorechildren. However,Lamanswasnotawareofthesereasons,forhelookedatthingsthroughamaterial corner.Heconcludedthepreviousideaswithoutfullyunderstandingthem.Hewasignorantofthe Islamicregulationsaimingatspreadinghappinessamongsocietyandremovingunhappinessfrom it. TheSermonoftheContract Afterthetrousseauhadbeenbought,theProphet(a.s)invitedagroupofalMuhajireenandof theAnsartoattendthemeetingofthecontractofmarriage.Whentheywerepresentbeforehim, he(a.s)madethesermonofmarriagesaying: PraisebelongstoAllah.HeispraisedforHisbounties,worshippedforHismight,obeyedforHis sovereignty,andfearedforHischastisementandpunishment.HiscommandspervadeinHis heavenandHisearth.HehascreatedthecreaturesthroughHismight,distinguishedthem throughhislaws,madethemdearthroughHisreligion,andhonoredthemthroughHisProphet Muhammad(a.s).SurelyAllah,HolyisHisnameandExaltedisHismight,hasmaderelationshipby marriageasafollowingreasonandanimposedcommandthroughwhichHehasentwined

relationshipsandmadeobligatory [1]ManlaYahdarahualFaqeeh,vol.3,p.243. [2]TahdhibalAhkam,vol.7,p.366. [3]Muslim,Saheeh,vol.1,p.545. onmankind.Allah,theAlmighty,hassaid:AndHeitisWhohascreatedmanfromthewater,then Hehasmadeforhimbloodrelationshipandmarriagerelationship,andyourLordispowerful.[1] AllahscommandheadsforHisacts,andHisactsheadforHisdecree.Thereisadecreeforevery act,afixedtermforeverydecree,andabookforeveryfixedterm.AndAllahmakestopassaway andestablisheswhatHepleases,andwithHimisthebasisoftheBook.[2]ThenAllah,theGreat andAlmighty,hasorderedmetomarryFatimatoAliandtocallyoutowitnessthatIhavemarried FatimatoAliforfourhundredweightsofsilverifheissatisfiedwiththataccordingtothestanding lawandtheobligatoryduty.MayAllahreuniteandblessthem,makegoodtheirchildren,make theirchildrenaskeysofmercyandsourcesofwisdom,andsecurityforthecommunity!Isaythis andaskAllahsforgivenessformeandyou! ImamAliwasnotpresentinthemeetingfortheProphet(a.s)hadsenthimtocarryout something.Whenthesermonofthecontractwasover,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful, cameintotheProphet(a.s).WhentheProphet(a.s)sawImamali,hesmiledathimand:OAli, AllahhascommandedmetomarryFatimatoyou.SoIhavemarriedhertoyouforfourhundred weightsofsilver.Ihaveaccepted(that),retortedtheCommanderofthefaithful.Thenhe(a.s) felldowninprostrationbeforeAllahandthankedHim.Whenheraisedhisheadfromthe prostration,theProphet(a.s)said:MayAllahblessyouboth,makeyouhappy,andbringforth fromyoumany,goodchildren[3] ThentheProphet(a.s)orderedacontainerfullofdatestobeofferedtothoseinvitedandsaidto them:Helpyourselves!Havingfinishedeating,theywishedthebrideandthebridegroom happiness,bliss,andgoodchildren,andthentheywentaway.[4] TheBanquet Whenthenightofthemarriagecame,AllahsApostle(a.s)happilysaid:OAli,itisnecessaryto giveabanquetforthebride.Accordingly,SadbinUbadadenotedaram.TheAnsardenoted measuresofdurra(corn).[5]The [1]Quran,25,54. [2]Ibid.,13,39. [3]NooralAbsar,p.42.Thenarrationhasbeenmentionedinalittlebitdifferenceinthebooksal RiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.183,DhakhairalUqba,p.29.

[4]DhakhairalUqba,p.30.AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.181 [5]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.13.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.521.InthebookKanzalUmmal,vol.7, p.114,ithasbeenmentionedthatAllahsApostle(a.s.)said:Itisnecessarytogiveabanquetfor thebride,andthenheorderedaram(tobeMuslimswereinvitedtohavedinner.Asmasays:No banquetatthattimewasbetterthanthatofAli.[1]Afterhavingfood,theinviteescongratulated ImamAliandprayedAllahforhim. TheWedding TheProphet(a.s)askedUmmSalamatocarryhisdaughtertothehouseofImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful.UmmSalamaandsomewomenheadedbytheProphetswivescarried pureFatima(a.s)inprocessiontoImamAlishouse.Theyweresingingandrecitingpoetry.After AllahsApostle(a.s)hadfinishedtheeveningprayer,heheadedforAlishouse.UmmAyman receivedhim,andhehappilyaskedhere:Ismybrotherin? UmmAymanbecameastonished,sosheaskedhim:Maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!Who isyourbrother? AlibinAbiTalib,hereplied. Howisheyourbrotherwhileyouhavemarriedyourdaughtertohim?sheasked. Thatisso,OUmmAyman,heretorted. TheProphet(a.s)cameinandthebrideandthebridegroomgotupforhim.Thenheturnedto Fatimaandaskedhertobringhimavesselfullofwater.Hetookthevesselandspittedoutintoit. Hesaidtoher:Getup!Whensherose,hesprinkledsomewateratherbreasts[2]andherhead. HesupplicatedAllahloudly,saying:OAllah,IcommendherandheroffspringintoYour protectionfromtheaccursedSatan![3] HesaidtoAli:Bringmesomewater!Hebroughthimsomewater.TheProphettooksomeofit, andthenhespitteditoutintothevesselandpoureditontoAlishead,andheinvokedAllahfor him,saying:OAllah,IcommendhimandhisoffspringintoYourprotectionfromtheaccursed Satan! Thenhesaidtohim:Turnyourbackonme!Heturnedhisbackonhim,andhepouredtherest ofthewaterbetweenhistwoshoulders,supplicatedforhim,andsaidtohim:Comeintoyour wifeinthenameofAllahandHisslaughtered)andgatheredthemaroundit. [1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.14.IthasbeenmentionedinalRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.182on

theauthorityofJabir,whosaid:WeattendedtheweddingofAli.Ihaveneverseenaweeding betterthanit.Wefilledthehousewithperfume.Webroughtdatesandoil,andthenweateof it. [2]Inanothernarration:Hepouredthewateruponherhands. [3]Quran,3,36. blessing![1]Thewomenwenttotheirhouses.AsmabintUmaysstayed.TheProphet(a.s)asked her:Whoareyou?Iamtheonewhowillguardyourdaughter.Thegirlisinneedofawoman atthenightofhermarriage.Iwillcarryoutherneedsandaffairs.TheProphet(a.s)thankedher forthat,andwentonsupplicatingforhisdaughter,saying:IaskmyLordtoprotectyoufromthe accursedSatanfrombeforeyou,frombehindyou,fromyourrighthandside,andfromyourleft handside. TheProphet(a.s)rose,closedthedoorwithhisownhand,andwentaway.Heespecially supplicatedforthemandassociatednoneinhissupplicatingforthemuntilhecameintohis room.[2]ThisnewhousewasfoundedinthesecondyearA.H.[3]Timepassedafterthemarriage oftheImam.Thelifewascalm.Homelifewasalwaysdelightful.Itwascoveredwithlove,ease, cooperation,simplicityandhumbleness.ImamAlihelpedhiswifeinherhouseaffairsandneeds. Accordingly,theirlifewasthenoblestmodelofhighmarriageties. Duringthathappyperiod,TruthfulFatima,peacebeonher,becamepregnant.TheProphet(a.s) gavegoodnewstoherofgivingbirthtoamalebaby.ThatwaswhenUmmalFadhl[4]wentto himandaskedhimtoexplainherdream.I [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.114. [2]AlHaythemi,Majjma,vol.6,p.207. [3]InthebookTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.407,ithasbeenmentioned:Aligotengagedto FatimainRamadan,thesecondyearA.H.andmarriedherinDhialHijja.InhisbookMurujjal Dhahab,vol.2,p.187,alMasudihasmentioned:AlimarriedFatima,peacebeonher,ayearA. H.Itwassaidthathemarriedheratatimelessthanthat.TheImam,peacebeonhim,wasthen twentyoneyearsandfivemonthsold.Fatima,thetruthful,peacebeonher,wasfifteenyears andfivemonthsold.ThisnarrationhasalsobeenmentionedbyIbnHajarinhisbookalMawahib alLaduniya,vol.1,p.257.InhisbookMurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.403,alMasudihasmentioned: (Fatimaa)alZahra,peacebeonher,waseighteenyearsold;andAli,peacebeonhim,was fifteenyearsold.ThisnarrationhasalsobeenmentionedinthebookTabaqatalSahaba,vol.8, p.13.InthebookBiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.4,ithasbeenmentioned:Fatimaawastenyearsold andshediedattheageofeighteen. [4]UmmalFadhlwasthewifeofalAbbasbinAbdalMuttalib.HernamewasLubaba.Shewas thedaughterofalHarithalHilali.ShewasthefirstwomanafterKhadija,mayAllahbepleased

withher,tobelieveinIslam.ShewasthesisterofMaymuna,thewifeoftheProphet(a.s.).She wasoneofthosewhonarratedtraditionsontheauthorityoftheProphet(a.s.).Ithasbeen mentionedinthebooksalIsaba,vol.4,p.483andalIstiab,vol.4,p.398:TheProphet(a.s.) visitedherandnappedinherhouse.Shenarratedmanytraditionsonhisauthority.Ummal FadhlbornalAbbassixmenthelikeofwhomnowomenhadborn.TheyarealFadhl,bywhose namesheandherhusbandwerecalled,AbdalIlahalFaqeeh, sawoneofyourlimbsfallinginmyhouse,saidshe.Youhaveseensomethinggood,the Prophet(a.s)explained,Fatimawillgivebirthtoaboybaby,andyouwillsucklehimwiththeMilk ofQathem.[1] ThethenMuslimsandespeciallytheProphet(a.s)impatientlywerewaitingforthehourof Fatimasgivingbirth.Theywerelongingforthenewbornchild,thatlifemightgowellwithImam Ali(a.s)andhiswife,andthathappinessmightcoverthem. UbaydillahalFaqeeh,Mabad,Qatham,andAbdalRahman.Shealsogavebirthtoafemale babycalledUmmHabiba.[1]IthasbeenmentionedinthebookTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.418: WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasborn,UmmalFadhlsuckledhim.InthebookalIsaba, vol.4,p.484,ithasbeenmentioned:MostsurelythedreamofwhichUmmalFadhltold(the Prophet),wasbeforethebirthofalHusayn,peacebeonhim.Whenhewasborn,shesuckled him.
ChapterII:TheNewbornChild TheLightofImamatetoweredovertheworldfromthehouseswhichAllahhaspermittedtobe exaltedandthatHisnamemayberememberedinthem.Agood,purebranchcameoutofthe greattreeoftheprophethoodandImamate.ThroughthisbranchAllahmadeexaltedtheentityof Islam,builttheedificeoffaithandmadepeacebetweentwogreatparties. ThegrandsonoftheProphet(a.s),themasteroftheyouthsoftheGarden,cametotheworldof existenceinthemonthofRamadanwhentheQuranwasrevealed.Itwasinthesecondorthe thirdyearofhijra.[1]Theappearanceof [1]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.328.AlIstiab,vol.1,p.368.AlSayuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.73.AlBustani, DairatalMarif,vol.7,p.38.Inthesebooksithasbeenmentionedthathewasborninthe

middleofthemonthofRamadan,inthethirdyearA.H.InthebookShadharatalDhahab,vol.1, p.10,ithasbeenmentionedthathisbirthwasonthefifthdayofthemonthofShaban. Thisisaclearmistake.Perhaps,theauthorhasmeantImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim,whowas bornonthefifthdayofthemonthofShaban.Someauthorsthoughtthathe,peacebeonhim, wasborninthesecondyearA.H.InthebookMiratalUqool,p.390,ithasbeenmentioned: Thereisnocontradictioninthedatesofthebirth.Foreachofthemisbasedonaterminthe principleofhistoryotherthanthetermonwhichtheanotherisbased.Wecandetailitinthree terms:ThefirstisthatthebeginningofthebirthwasinthemonthofRabeealAwwal;thatis becausetheemigration(oftheProphet)wasinit.Thecompanions(oftheProphet)dependedon ituntiltheyearsixtyA.H.ThenarrationthatalHasanwasborninthesecondyearA.H.,itis basedonthismeaning.Thesecondisthatthebeginningofthebirthwasinthemonthof RamadanbeforetheMonthofRabeealAwalwhentheemigrationtookplace;thatisbecauseit isthebeginningoftheHijriyear.AsforthenarrationthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasbornin thethirdyearA.H.,itisbasedonthismeaning.Thethird,whichisthebeginningofthebirthwas inthemonthofalMuharram,isthatwhichUmardevised. AsforthenarrationoftheauthorofthebookMiratalUqool,itremovesthecontradiction betweenthetwostatements.AsforthereportoftheprofessorFareedWajjdiinhisbookDaairat alMaarif,vol.3,p.443,thatthebirthofalHasan,peacebeonhim,wassixyearbeforethe emigration,itopposestheunanimousagreementofthehistorians.ThatisbecauseImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,didnotmarryFatima,thetruthfulone,beforetheemigration,aswe havealreadyexplained.AsforhowFatima,thetruthful,gavebirthtoImamalHasan,peacebeon him,ithasbeenmentionedinthebookTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.470.Thatiswhenthehourof hergivingbirthcame,AllahsApostle(a.s.)senttoherAsma,daughterofUmays,andUmm Ayman,andtheyrecitedtohertheVerseofalKursiandthetwoversescalledalMuawadhatayn (chapters113and114).Asmanarrated,saying:Fatima,peacebeonhim,waspregnantwithal Hasan,peacebeonhim,butIsawnobloodofher.SoIsaid:AllahsApostle(a.s.)Ihaveseenno bloodofFatimaduringhermenstruationandherchildbed.He(a.s.)said:DidyounotAllahs Apostle(a.s)wasseenthroughtheappearanceofthenewbornchild.TheProphetsmeritsand goodqualitieswerepresentinhim. WhenthenewsofthatTruthfulFatimagavebirthtotheblessednewbornchild,wavesofdelight andrejoicingcoveredtheheartoftheProphet(a.s).Hehurriedtothehouseofhisdaughter,the dearestonetohimfromamonghischildren.Hecongratulatedheronherblessednewbornchild, congratulatedhiscousinImamAli,andgavethenewbornchildsomeofhisnoblequalities,whose scentcoveredthewholeworld.Whenthe,Prophet(a.s)reachedImamAlishouse,hecalledout: OAsma,givememy(grand)son! Asmahurriedandhandedhimthebabywarpedinayellowpieceofcloth,sohesaidtoher:DidI

nottellyounottowrapthenewbornchildwithayellowpieceofcloth! TheProphet(a.s)cutoffthebabysnavelandpressedthebabytohisbosom.Thenheraisedhis handstowardstheheavenandinvokedAllahforhim,saying:OAllah,Icommendhimandhis offspringintoYourprotectionfromtheaccursedSatan![1] RitesattheBirthofaChild TheProphet(a.s)performedforhisnewbornchildtheceremoniesandrites,whichareasfollows: 1.Theazanandtheiqama TheProphet(a.s)recitedtheazaninthebabysrightearandtheiqamainhisleftear.[2]Ithas beenmentionedinatradition:Mostsurelyperformingsuchariteprotectsthechildfromthe accursedSatan.[3]TheProphet,thebestoneofAdamschildren(a.s)whisperedwonderful wordsintheearofhisnewbornchild,thathemightreceivetheworldofexistencethroughthe highestthingknowthatFatimawaspureandpurified?Herbloodduringhermenstruationand herchildbedisnotseen.TheperiodofherpregnancywithalHasanwassixmonths.Theauthor ofthebookalFusoolalMuhimmahasmentionedsomethingcontrarytothisnarration. Accordingly,nobabyotherthanhimwasborninsixmonthsandremainedaliveexceptIsa,sonof Maryam,peacebeonhim,justasthelatealAmini,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasmentioned inhisbookAyanalShia,vol.4,p.3. [1]AlBustani,DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.38. [2]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.6,p.391.AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.1,p.286.AbuDawud,Saheeh,vol. 33,p.214.Itwassaidthathedidnotdothatbyhimself;ratherheorderedAsma,daughterof UmaysandUmmSalamatoperformthatanhourafterthebirth.Thishasbeenmentionedbyal ShiblanjisNooralAbsar,p.107. [3]AlJawahir,aChapteronMarriage. init.Thefirstwordstoknockonhisearwerethoseofhisgrandfather,theProphet(a.s),thecause ofbeingsandmasterofcreatures.Thesewordswere:Allahisgreat!ThereisnogodbutAllah! WiththesewordsfulloffaithAllahsApostle(a.s)receivedhisgrandson.Heplantedtheminthe depthofhissoulandwiththemhesuppliedhisfeelingsandsentiments,thattheymightbea hymninhislifeinthisworld. 2.TheName TheProphet(a.s)turnedtoImamAli,whowashappyanddelighted,andaskedhim:Haveyou

givenanametotheblessedchild? Idonotwanttoprecedeyou,OAllahsApostle,repliedtheImam.TheProphet(a.s)said:Ido notwanttoprecedemyLord! Someminuteslater,theRevelationcalledouttheProphet(a.s)andcarriedtohimthenamefrom Allah,theExalted.Gabrielsaidtohim:NamehimHasan![1] [1]InthebookTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.470,ithasbeenmentioned:Theoneentrustedwith therevelation,Gabriel,camedowntotheProphet(a.s.)andsaidtohim:Iamrecitingtoyouyour Lordswords.Hesaystoyou:AliisinthesamepositionwithrespecttoyouasAaron(Harun)was toMoses(Musa)exceptthatthereisnoprophetafteryou.Therefore,namethis(grand)sonof yoursbythenameofHarunsson.SotheProphet(a.s.)said:WhatwasthenameofHarunsson, OGabriel?Shibr,repliedGabriel.Mostsurely,mylanguageisArabic,retortedtheProphet. NameitalHasan,explainedGabriel.Accordingly,theProphet(a.s.)didthat.Anarrationsimilar tothishasbeenreportedbyalAmili,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,inhisbookAyanalShia. InthebooksUsdalGhabaandTarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.470,ithasbeenmentionedthatthe namealHasanwasnotknowninthepreIslamicperiod.InthebookTarikhalKhameesithas beenmentionedthatAllahsApostle(a.s.)gaveitthisnameaftertheseventhdayofitsbirth.This narrationisincorrect,forgivingthenametookplaceimmediatelyafterthebirthaccordingtothe unanimousagreementofallthehistorians.InthebooksalIstiab,vol.1,p.368andalAdabal Mufrad,p.120,ithasbeenmentionedthatwhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasborn,Allahs Apostle(a.s.)andsaid:Showmemy(grand)son!Whathaveyounamedit?Harb, theyanswered.Rather,itisalHasan,he(a.s.)retorted.WhenalHusaynwasborn,hesaid: Showmemy(grand)son!Whathaveyounamedit?Harb,theyanswered.Rather,itisal Husayn,he(a.s.)retorted.Whenthethirdgrandsonwasborn,heaskedWhathaveyounamed it?Harb,theyanswered.Rather,itisalMuhsin,he(a.s.)retorted.Thenhe(a.s.)said:Ihave giventhemnamesofHarunssons,ShubbarandShubayr.Itcouldbesaidthatthisnarrationwas fabricated.Firstly,theenmitybetweentheHashimitesandHarbsfamilyisveryclear.Therefore, whydidthemembersoftheHouse(AalalBayt)approveofnamingtheirchildrenbythenamesof Harb,towhombelongedtheUmayyads?Secondly,thattheProphet(a.s.)turnedawayfromthe nameHarbisasufficientproofofmakingAalalBaytturnawayfromIndeed,itwasoneofthe bestnames.ItissufficientforthenametobebeautifulandgoodisthattheWiseCreatorhas chosenit.Itsbeautifulutterancemightbeaproofofitsbeautifulmeaning. 3.Aqiqa[1] Sevendaysafterthebirth,theProphet(a.s)headedforthehouseofImamAli(a.s)thathemight

honorhisgrandson.Heorderedaram[2]tobesacrificedforhisgrandsonandorderedalegofit tobegiventothemidwife.Hiscommunityhasfollowedhisdeedafterhim. 4.ShavingtheHair TheProphet(a.s)shavedthehairofhisblessedgrandsonwithhisownhand.Thenhesilveras muchastheweightofthecuthairtothepoor.[3]ThenheperfumedalHasanshairwithal khuluq[4].Indeed,wehavenotseenaffectiongivingsuchanametoalHasan,alHusaynandal Muhsin.Thirdly,alMuhsinwasnotbornduringthelifetimeoftheProphet(a.s.).Thesereasons indicatethatthenarrationmentionedbytheauthorofalIstiabisincorrect.Inhisbookal Musnad,AhmedbinHanbel,hasreportedontheauthorityofAli,peacebeonhim,whosaid: WhenalHasanwasborn,IgavehimthenameofmyunclealHamza.WhenalHusaynwasborn, IgavehimthenameofmybrotherJafar.SoAllahsApostle(a.s.)summonedmeandsaid:Most surely,Allahhascommandedmetochangethenamesofthesetwo(grandsonsofmine).Then hegavethemthenamesofalHasanandalHusayn.Thisnarrationisalsoweak,forAllahs Apostle(a.s.)gavethesenamestohistwograndsonsaftertheirbirth.Noonehasmentioned whatAhmedhasmentioned. [1]Itisamongthemostrecommendedacts.Somejuristshavethoughtthatitisobligatory.When theProphet(a.s.)slaughteredtheram,hesaid:InthenameofAllah,thisistheaqiqaofalHasan. OAllah,itsflesh(i.e.,thefleshofthesacrificeoftheaqiqa)forhisflesh,itsbloodforhisblood,its boneforhisbone,itshairforhishair,itsskinforhisskin.OAllah,letitbeaprotectionofthe familyofMuhammed(a.s.). [2]TarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.470.MushkilalAathaar,vol.1,p.456.AlHulya,vol.1,p.116.Al Turmidhi,Saheeh,vol.1,p.286.AyanalShia,vol.4,p.108.InalShiblanjisNooralAbsar,al TahawisMushkilalAathaar,vol.1,p.456,andalHakimsMustadrak,vol.1,p.237,ithasbeen mentionedthattheProphet(a.s.)offeredtwosacrificesonbehalfofalHasanandtwoonbehalf ofalHusayn.Thisnarrationisweak,forShamsalDeenalDhahabihascriticizeditinhisbook TalkheesalMustadrak.Hehassaid:Firstly,Sawar,thereporterofthenarration,isweakin reportingtraditions.Secondly,theleadingjuristshavementionedthatonlyonesacrificeshould beoffered. [3]TarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.470.NooralAbsar,p.107.AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.1,p.286.In themithasbeenmentionedthattheweighofalHasanshairwasadirhamandsome. [4]Alkhuluqisaperfumecomposedofsaffronandotherthings.InthebookalBihar,vol.10,p. 68ithasbeenmentionedthatthepeopleinthepreIslamicperiodusedtoputbloodonthe childshair,sotheProphet(a.s.)said:(Putting)blood(ontheandkindnesssimilartothat(ofthe Prophettowardhisgrandson).

5.Circumcision TheProphet(a.s)orderedhisgrandsontobecircumcisedontheseventhdayofhisbirth.[1] Circumcisingamalebabyatthattimewasgoodanditmadeamalechildpurer.[2] 6.Hiskunya(surname) TheProphet(a.s)gavehimthekunyaofAbuMuhammad.[3]AlHasanhadnokunyaotherthan this.WiththisdeedalltheritesofbirththeProphet(a.s)performedforhiseldestsonended. HisNicknames AlHasan(a.s)wasgiventhenicknamesofalSibt(thegrandson),alZakiy(thepure),alMujjtaba (thechosen),alSayyid(themaster),andalTaqiy(thepious). HisFeatures Asforhisfeatures,theyweresimilartothatofhisgrandfathertheProphet(a.s).AnasbinMalik said:NoonewasmoresimilartotheProphetthanalHasanbinAli.[4]hetraditionistshave mentionedalHasansform,whichwaschildshair)wasamongtheactsofthosewholivedbefore Islam.HepreventedAsmafromdoingthat. [1]NooralAbsar,p.108. [2]JawahiralAhkam,ChapteronMarriage.Init,ithasbeenmentionedthatAllahsApostle(a.s.) hassaid:Circumciseyourmalebabiesontheseventhdayofbirth.Foritisthebest,purest,and quickest(ofalldeeds)inmakingfleshgrow,andfortheearthbecomesimpureforfortydaysdue totheurineofthoseuncircumcised. [3]UsdalGhaba,vol.1,p.9.AkunyaisthenamebywhichanArabisusuallyreferredtoand whichreferstohimorherasthefatherormotherofsomeone,usuallyhisorhereldestson.Itis amongtheritesofbirth.IthasbeennarratedontheauthorityofImamMuhammedalBaqir, peacebeonhim,whohassaid:Wegivekunyastoourchildrenduringtheirchildhoodforfear thatnicknamesmaybegiventothem. [4]FadailalSahaba,p.166.InhisbookalSaheeh,vol.2,p.307,alTurmidhihasmentionedon theauthorityofAli,peacebeonhim,whohassaid:AlHasanwaslikeAllahsApostle(a.s.)from hisheadtohischest,whilealHusaynwaslikehimfromhischesttohisfeet.InthebookalIsaba ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofalBahi,whohassaid:Weheldadiscussionaboutwho wasfromamonghisfamilylikehim.ThenAbdullahbinalZubayrcameintousandsaid:Iwilltell youaboutwhowasfromamonghisfamilysimilartohimandthemostlovabletohim;heisal

HasanbinAli.ThisnarrationhasbeennarratedbyalHaythemiinhisbookalMajjma,vol.9,p. 175.InthebookalMihbar,p.469,ithasbeenmentionedthatFatima,peacebeonher,was dancingherchildalHasanandsimilartothatofhisgrandfather(a.s).Theyhavesaid:Hewas whitewithblackeyes.Hehadlong,thickhair.Hislimbsweregreat.Hisshoulderswerewide.His hairwascurlyandhisbeardwasthick.Hisneckwasaswhiteassilver.[1]Thesefeaturesare similartothoseoftheProphet(a.s)accordingtothefeaturesthenarratorshavementioned.Al Hasanwassimilartohisgrandfatherinform;likewise,hewassimilartohiminhisnoblemoral traits.[2] TheProphet(a.s)sawthathisgrandsonalHasanwasacopyofhim.Hewassimilartohimin mannerandhighsoul.Hewasafirebrandofhisbrilliance.Hewouldguidehiscommunityafter himtothewayofthetruthanddirectpeopletothestraightpath.TheProphet(a.s)cametoknow thatalHasanwouldachieveallhisidealaimsinlife.Sohepouredontohimarayfromhisgreat soul.Hetookgreatcareofhimandhonoredhim.Hepouredontohimloveandkindnesssincehis birthandchildhood.IndetailwewilldealwithallkindsofcareandhonorissuedfromtheProphet (a.s)towardalHasanduringhischildhoodandyouth. sayingtoit:Iswearbymyfather,youaresimilartomyfatherandnottoAli. [1]TarikhalKhamees,vol.1,p.171.InhisbookDairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.38,alBustanihas mentionedsomeofthesefeatures. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.201.InhisbookIhyaalUloom,alGhazalihasmentioned:Allahs Apostle(a.s.)saidtoalHasan:Youaresimilartomeinformandmanner.
ChapterIII:ClevernessandGenius Withoutdoubt,righteouseducationplaysanimportantroleinformingthechildandindeveloping hisorhermentalfaculties.Likewise,theparentsconducthasagreateffectondevelopingtheir childrensclevernessandgeneralbehavior.AllthesevitalelementswereavailabletoalHasan (a.s)duringhischildhood.TheProphet(a.s)tookgreatcareofeducatinghisgrandsonandgave himhisnoblequalities.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)suppliedhimwithhiswise maximsandideals.Fatima,theprincipalofallwomen,plantedinhersonvirtueandperfection. Accordingly,alHasanschildhoodwashighandamodelofhumanperfection,atitleofhighness andeducation,asymbolofclevernessandgenius.

Somepsychologistsbelievethatthechildgreatlyimitatesothersinhabits,mentalandmoral qualities,thegeneralattitudeheorshetakestowardothers,thegeneralviewpointthroughwhich heorshepondersonlifeorwork.Sometimesimitationisconsciousanddeliberate;however,in mostcases,itisunconscious.Sowhenthechildimitateseducatedpeople,heorshewillfollow theirethicsandsentiments.Inthefirstplacethiseffectisanimitation,butitquicklybecomesa habit;thehabitisasecondnature.Theimitationisoneofthetwowaysthroughwhichindividual qualitiesareacquiredandthepersonalmannersareformed.[1] Accordingtothisviewpoint,ImamalHasan(a.s)wasthefirstpersoninhismentalandmoral qualities,forhegrewupintheHouseoftheRevelationandwasbroughtupintheSchoolofthe monotheism.Moreover,hesawhisgrandfather,whowasthemostperfectpersonintheworld, alwaysbuildanedificeforjustice,virtue,andperfection.Heencompassedpeoplewithhisnoble moraltraits,gatheredthemaroundthewordofOneness(ofAllah).ThatimpressedalHasan,the Prophetsgrandson,andhefollowedthedeedsofhisgrandfatherinadvisingandguidingthe people.Duringtheirchildhood,alHasanandalHusayn(a.s)passedbyanoldman.Theoldman couldnotperformtheritualablutionwell.Sotheirhighsoulandtheirkindnessdidnotletthem leavetheoldmanignorantofperformingtheritualablutionwell.Theymadeaninformaldispute andtheysaidtoeachother:Youdonotperformtheritualablutionwell!Thentheycalmly turnedtotheoldmanandappointedhimasanarbitratorbetweenthem.Theysaidtohim:O Sheikh [1]Mandir,PsychologyinLife. (i.e.,anoldman),eachofuswillperformtheritualablutionbeforeyou,andyoudecidewhichof thetwoablutionsisbetter.Theyperformedtheablutionbeforehim,andhecarefullyconsidered it.Accordingly,theoldmanpaidattentiontohismistakewithoutanydisdain,andthenhesaidto them:Mymasters,youbothperformtheritualablutionwell.However,Iamanignorantold man.Idonotperformtheablutionwell.Ihavelearneditfromyouandrepentedatyour hands![1] ThisdeedclearlyshowsusthattheProphet(a.s)guidedthepeoplethroughsoundwaysand noblemoraltraits.ThiswayimpressedalHasan(a.s)duringhischildhood,totheextentthatit becameamonghisqualitiesandnatures. Somepsychologistsbelievethatindividualmannerisinherited,thatithasanimportanteffecton formingmansethics,andthatitisnotlessinimportancethanimitation.Heksilsays:Alleffects andqualitiesoftheorganicbeingbelongtoheredityortoenvironment.Hereditaryformation determinestheboundsofthatwhichispossible.Andtheenvironmentdecidesthatthispossibility willbeachieved.Therefore,thehereditaryformationismeretheabilitytoreactwithany environmentthroughaspecialway.

Jinjizhasconfirmedthistheory,saying:Everyonehashiddenhereditaryforces,butthe appearanceofeachofthemdependsonthecircumstancessurroundingtheseforcesduringtheir growth. TheruleofhereditydecidesthatImamalHasan(a.s)wasontopofthosewhogotthis phenomenon.Heinheritedthespiritualforcesandthegreat,reformativewealthofhis grandfather(a.s).Besides,therighteousenvironmenthisfamilyandthegood,righteousMuslims createdhadaninfluenceonhim. Duetohisheredity,ImamalHasan(a.s)gotclevernessandhighreflectionthatnonehadgot.The narratorshavereportedtraditionsonhisearlygenius,saying:AlHasanmemorizedallthingshe read.Heattendedthemeetingsofhisgrandfather(a.s)andmemorizedtheRevelation.Thenhe wenttohismotherandtoldheraboutit.ShetoldImamAli(a.s)andheadmiredthatandasked her: Fromwherehaveyoubroughtthis(revelation)? Fromyourson,alHasan! ImamAli(a.s)hidhimselfinacornerofthehouse,thathemightlistentohisson.Asusualal Hasancameandtoldhismotherabouttheversesofthe [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.89. revelationhehadmemorized.Hewasunabletospeak,sohismotheraskedhim:Omylittleson, whyareyouunabletospeak?Mother,donotbeastonishedatwhathasbefallenme,replied alHasan,fortheMostHigh(Allah)looksafterme.[1]ThisattitudeisaproofofalHasansgreat clevernessthroughwhichhesawthedistantandunknownthings. HisMemorizingofTraditions ThoughalHasan(a.s)wasfouryearsold,hememorizedmanytraditionsheheardfromhis grandfather(a.s).Wewillmentionsometraditionshenarratedfromhisgrandfather: 1.He(a.s)hassaid:AllahsApostle(a.s)taughtmesomewordstosayduringthe(prayerofal Witr):OAllah,guidemethroughhimwhomYouguided!MakemewellthroughhimYoumade well!LookaftermethroughhimafterwhomYoulooked!BlessthatwhichYouhavegiventome! ProtectmefromtheevilofthatwhichYouhavedecreed!Youdecree,andnonedecreesagainst You.(Theone)whomYousupportisnotabased,BlessedandMostHighYouare,OLord![2] 2.UmarbinMamunnarrated,saying:IhaveheardalHasan,sonofAli(a.s)say:Whoeveroffers

themorningprayerandsitsinhisplaceofprayinguntilthesunrisesshallhaveaveilfromthe Fire.Orhesaid:AcurtainfromtheFire.[3] 3.Acompanionofhisaskedhim:WhatdoyourememberofAllahsApostle(a.s)?He(a.s) replied:Itookoneofthedatesgivenasalms.Iputitintomymouth.He(theProphet)tookitout (ofmymouth).SoIaskedhim:Whatisthematterwiththisdate?Itisnotlawfulforus, Muhammadsfamily,totakesomethinggivenasalms.[4] 4.He(a.s)wasaskedaboutwhatheheardfromAllahsApostle(a.s)andhereplied:Iheardhim sayingtosomeman:Leavethatwhichfillsyouwithdoubtforthatwhichdoesnotfillyouwith doubt.Thatisbecauseevilis [1]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.148.BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.93. [2]AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.1,p.93.IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.1,p.20.AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3, p.172. [3]UsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.11. [4]Ibid.ItisforbiddenforAalalBayttotaketheobligatoryalmssuchasZakatandZakatalFitra, andnotthepermissiblealms. suspicion,andgoodistranquility.[1] 5.He(a.s)relatedtohiscompanionsabouttheethicsandbehaviorofhisgrandfather,the Prophet(a.s).Hesaidtothem:WhensomeoneaskedAllahsApostle(a.s)togranthisneed,he respondedtohimwithnothingexceptthroughgrantingitorthroughsomesoftwords. 6.He(a.s)hassaid:IheardAllahsApostle(a.s)saying,CalloutthemasteroftheArabs(Imam Ali).SoAishaaskedhim:AreyounotthemasteroftheArabs?IamthemasterofAdams children,hereplied,andAliisthemasteroftheArabs.ImamAliwassummoned.Whenhewas beforehim,hesentfortheAnsar.Whentheystoodbeforehim,hesaidtothem:Opeopleof Ansar,shallIshowyouathing,ifyoukeeptoit,youwillnevergoastray?Yes,OAllahsApostle (a.s)theyreplied.Sohesaid:ThisisAli;therefore,lovehimforthesakeoftheloveforme,and honorhimforthesakeofhonoringme.ItisGabrielthathastoldmefromAllah,thegreatand Almighty,aboutwhatItoldyou.[2] [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.20.InhisbookalMusnad,vol.1,p.200,Ahmedhasmentioned: He(alHasan),peacebeonhim,said:IheardAllahsApostle(a.s.)say:Leavethatwhichfillsyou withdoubtforthatwhichdoesnotfillyouwithdoubt.Thatisbecausetruthfulnessistranquility; andlyingissuspicion. [2]SheikhMuhammedHabeebullahalShanqeeti,HayatAliBinAbiTalib,p.83.Inhisbookal

TasawufalIslami,vol.1,p.274,Dr.ZakiMubarakhasexplainedthecriticismsforthefaithofthe Sufisinthemasteroftheprophets,Muhammed(a.s.).Hehassaid:Itisanactofgoodtosaythat theSufis,inrespectofthisexcess,havedependedonthetradition:Iamthemasterofthe prophets.Thescholarshavedoubtedthetradition.InhisbookentitledKashfalKhafawaal IltibasammaishtehraminaalAhadithalaaAlsunatalNaas,alAjjlunihasmentionedthatal HasanbinAlinarratedontheauthorityoftheProphet(a.s.)whosaid: CalloutthemasteroftheArabs.HemeantAli.SoAaishaaskedhim:Areyounotthemasterof theArabs.Andhereplied:IamthemasterofAdamschildren,andAliisthemasterofthe Arabs.ThenalAjjlunihasrelatedtousthatalDhahabiinclinestosaythatthistraditionis fabricated.I(theauthor)saythatwhatDr.ZakiMubarakhasstatedinrespectofthefaithofthe Sufisdoesnotmanifestitselfclearly.I(theauthor)willexplainthestatementasfollows:The SufisaredistinguishedfromtherestoftheIslamicsectsbytheircleavingtotwosides. Thefirstsideisthatthereisaprimaryspecification,whichisthejunctionofthespecifications;and whichiscalledthefirstreasonandthefirstissued,accordingtothetermsoftheancient philosophers.Inrespectofthattheyhavedependedonthephilosophicalproofsofwhichareis thatnothingissuesfromtheOneexcepttheone.Thesecondsideisthattheyhaveappliedthe firstreasonandthefirstissuedontheAhmedi,sacredreality.Throughthisapplicationtheyhave turnedawayfromthephilosophers.TheirproofsofthataresometraditionssuchasIamthe masterofpeople.Wereitnotforme,theworldswerenotcreated.Iamaprophet;andAdamis betweenthewaterandtheclay.Thereareothertraditionsindicatingtheirpurposeinthemanner ofarationalproof.TheSufiswereSufisduetotheircleavingtothefirstviewpointinwhichthe ThejuristsandthetraditionistshavenarratedmanytraditionsalHasan(a.s)heardfromAllahs Apostle(a.s)inrespectofthepreceptsoftheIslamiclaw.Allthesetraditionsareproofsofal Hasanscleverness,genius,andknowledge.IfsomeonecarefullyconsidersalHasanschildhood, hewilladmireandsanctifyit.Thatisbecauseitwasfullofthesignsofperfection,virtue, cleverness,andhigheducationthatnonehad,aswethink. philosophersbelieved.SoDr.ZakiMubarakhadnottosaythattheSufishadtakentheirfaithfrom thetraditions.Itwasincumbentonhimtoexplainthattheyhaddependedonthetraditionsto applythefirstreasonandthefirstissuedtotheAhmedireality.Itwasappropriateforhimtodeal withtheSufisinrespectofthefirstsideandtoexplainwhythe(religious)scholarsdoubtedthe tradition(Iamthemasterofpeople).Hehadtosaythatthetraditionwasweakduetothe weaknessofthenarratororduetothefactthattheSufisdependedonit.

ChapterIV:HonorandLaudation AllahsHolyBookhaslaudedtheexcellenceofthemembersoftheAhlulBayt;andAllahsApostle (a.s)honoredthem.HejoinedthemtotheHolyQuran.Hehasmadeitincumbentonthe communitytoshowaffectionandloveforthem.Itisnecessaryforustoquotesomeversesand traditionsinrespectoftheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem.Thatisbecausetheystronglyrelatedto ourresearchandshowusthegreatimportanceandhighpositionofImamalHasan(a.s).Wewill mentionthatforreadersasfollows: TheHolyQuran AllahsGreatBookthatFalsehoodshallnotcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehindit,has mentionedtheexcellenceandpositionoftheAhlulBaytwithAllah.Itissufficientforusto mentionsomeverses: 1.TheVerseofLove(alMawadda) AllahhasmadeitobligatoryonMuslimstoshowlovetowardAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem.He hassaidthatintheQuran:Idonotaskofyouanyrewardforitexceptlovefor(my)kin.[1]Ibn Abbashasnarrated,saying:Whenthisversewasrevealed,aMuslimasked:OAllahsApostle, whoareyourkinwhomyouhaveorderedustoobey?He(a.s)replied:Ali,Fatima,andhertwo sons.[2]AbuNaeemhasnarratedontheauthorityofJabir,whosaid:AnArabofthedesert cametotheProphet(a.s)andsaid:OMuhammad,showmeIslam.TheProphetsaid:Bear witnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,theOnewithoutpartner,andthatMuhammadisHis servantandApostle.TheArabofthedesertasked:Willyouaskofmeanyrewardforit?No, repliedtheProphet,exceptloveforthekin.Mykinoryourkin?askedtheman.Mykin, retortedtheProphet.Stretchout(yourhand)thatImaypledgeallegiancetoyou,saidtheArab, Allahscursebyuponhimwhodoesnotloveyouandyourkin.Amen!saidtheProphet(a.s).[3] ImamalHasan(a.s)hasdeclaredthathewasamongthosemeantbytheverse.He(a.s)has mentionedthatduringoneofhissermons:IamamongAhlulBaytwhomAllahhasmade obligatoryonMuslimsthelovetothem.He, [1]Quran,42,23. [2]AlFakhralRazi,Tafseer,vol.7,p.406.AlDurralManthur,vol.7,p.7.AlNisaburi,Tafseer.Ibn JareeralTabari,Tafseer,vol.5,p.16.AlKashif.AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.102.DhakhairalUqba, p.25.NooralAbsar,p.100. [3]HulyatalAwliya,vol.3,p.201.

theBlessedandMostHigh,hassaid:Idonotaskofyouanyrewardforitexceptlovefor(my)kin; andwhoeverearnsgood,Wewillgivehimmoreofgood.Therefore,earninggoodisshowinglove forus,AhlulBayt.[1] ImamalShafiihasreferredtothemeaningofthisverse,saying: OFamilyofAllahsMessenger,loveforyouisareligiousdutyAllahhasrevealedintheQuran. AlFakhralRazihassaid:Ifthis(verse)hasbeenestablished(thatitwasrevealedinrespectof Ali,Fatima,andhertwosons),thentheymustbesingledoutwithgreatmagnification.Many versesareproofsonthat.ThefirstisthesewordsofHim,theExalted:exceptlovefor(my)kin. Thesenseoftheproofofthisisthefirstpartoftheverse.ItisthatwhichHehasalready mentionedthattheaffairofthefamilyofMuhammad(a.s)returnstohim.Soallthosewhose affairstronglyandperfectlyreturnedtohimweretheAal(thefamily).Withoutdoubt,the relationshipbetweenFatima,Ali,alHasan,andalHusaynandAllahsApostle(a.s)wasthe strongestofallrelationships.Thisiswellknownthroughthetraditionsensuredbymany narrations.Therefore,theymustbealAal(thefamily). Thesecond,withoutdoubt,theProphet(a.s)showedloveforFatima,peacebeonher.He(a.s) said:Fatimaisapartfromme.Whathurtsherhurtsme.Ithasbeenestablishedthroughthe traditionsensuredbymanylinesoftransmissionthatMuhammad(a.s)showedloveforAli,al Hasan,andalHusayn,peacebeonthem.Ifthathasbeenestablished,thenitisobligatoryonthe communitytodothesame.ThatisduetothesewordsofHim,theExalted:Andfollowhimso thatyoumaywalkintherightway.[2]AndduetothesewordsofHim,theexalted:Therefore, letthosebewarewhogoagainsthisorder.[3]AndduetothesewordsofHim,theexalted:Say: Ifyouloveme,thenfollowme,Allahwillloveyou.[4]AndduetothesewordsofHim,the exalted:CertainlyyouhaveinAllahsApostleanexcellentexample.[5]Thethirdisthatthe supplicationforalAal(theProphetsfamily)isagreatposition.Forthisreasonthesupplicationis regardedastheendofaltashahudinprayer;thatishiswords:OAllah,blessMuhammadand thefamilyofMuhammad,andhavemercyon [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.172.MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.146.alSawaiqalMuhriqa, p.101.MajjmaalBayanfiTafseerSuratalShura,vol.9,p.29. [2]Quran,7,158. [3]Ibid.,24,63. [4]Ibid.,3,31. [5]Ibid.,33,21. MuhammadandthefamilyofMuhammad!NonehassuchmagnificationexcepttheAhlulBayt

(a.s).[1] Mostsurely,showingloveforAhlulBaytisamongthemostimportantIslamicandreligiousduties, forthroughitonecanpaytherewardofthemessage,makerelationshipwiththeProphet(a.s) andthankhimforthesufferingshemetforsavingMuslimsfrompolytheismandworshippingthe idols.Therefore,itisincumbentonthecommunitytofollowhisfamily,andtoshowrespectand loveforthem. 2.TheVerseofPurification(Tattheer) AmongAllahsclearversesindicatingthatAhlulBaytwereprotectedfromsins,purifiedfrom deviationandoffensesistheverseofTattheer,inwhichAllah,theMostHigh,hassaid:Allahonly desirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,OpeopleoftheHouseandtopurifya(thorough) purifying.[2]TheverseclearlyindicatesthatAhlulBaytwereprotectedfromsins.Theresearch ontheversehasmanysides: TheVerseisaProofontheProtectionfromSins ToconcludethroughtheversethatAhlulBaytareprotectedfromsinsisthatAllah,theMostHigh, haslimitedtheintentionofkeepingawaytheuncleanness(sins)withthewordinnama(only), whichisthestrongestofallthedeterminers.Besides,thereisal(the)inthepredicate,andthe repetitionofthewordtahara(purity).AccordingtoArabicgrammar,thisisaproofofthe determinationandthespecialization.Itiswellknownthatitisimpossiblefortheintendedthings toopposetheintentionofAllah,theExalted,(duetotheverse):Hiscommand,whenHeintends anything,isonlytosaytoit:Be,soitis.[3]SothroughtheversewecanconcludethatAhlulBayt areprotectedfromsinsandactsofdisobedience. ThePeoplemeantbytheVerse ThereliablenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreedthattheversewasrevealedinrespectofAllahs Apostle(a.s)ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)Fatima,alHasan,andalHusayn,peace beonthem.Noneassociatedwiththeminthisexcellence.[4]AlHakimhasnarratedonthe authorityofUmm [1]AlRazi,Tafseer. [2]Quran,33,33. [3]Ibid.,36,82. [4]alFakhr,Tafseer,vol.6,p.783.AlNisaburi,Tafseer.Muslim,Saheeh,vol.2,p.331.AlKhasais alKubra,vol.2,p.264.AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.188.AlNisai,Khasais.IbnJareer,Tafseer,vol. 22,p.5.ImamAhmedIbnHanbal,Musnad,vol.4,p.107.AlBayqahi,Sunan,vol.2,p.150.

MushkilalAathaar,vol.1,p.334. Salama,whosaid:Theverse(Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,O peopleoftheHouseandtopurifyyoua(thorough)purifying)wasrevealedinmyhouse.SoAllahs Apostle(a.s)sentforAli,Fatima,alHasan,andalHusayn,peacebeonthem.Thenhesaid:O Allahthesearemyhousehold.I(UmmSalama)asked:OAllahsApostle,amInotofthe household?Youaregood,hereplied,thesearemyhousehold,OAllah,myhouseholdare worthier![1] Inherothernarration,UmmSalamahassaid:Theverse(Allahonlydesirestokeepawaythe uncleannessfromyou,OpeopleoftheHouseandtopurifyyoua(thorough)purifying)was revealedinmyhouse.InmyhousetherewereFatima,Ali,alHasan,andalHusayn.Allahs Apostle(a.s)coveredthemwithhiscloak.Thenhesaid:Thesearemyfamily;therefore,(OAllah), keepawaytheuncleannessfromthem,andpurifythema(thorough)purifying.[2] Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,OpeopleoftheHouseandtopurifya (thorough)purifying.InrespectofthesewordsofHim,theMostHighAlKhateebalBaghdadihas narratedthefollowingontheauthorityofAbuSaeedalKhidriontheauthorityoftheProphet (a.s).Hehassaid:AllahsApostle(a.s)gatheredFatima,Ali,alHasan,andalHusayn,peacebeon them.Thenhecoveredthemwithhiscloakandsaid:Thesearemyfamily;therefore,OAllah, keepawaytheuncleannessfromthem,andpurifythema(thorough)purifying.UmmSalamawas atthedoorandasked:OAllahsApostle(a.s)amInotamongthem?Youaregood,he replied.[3] Anotherexampleofthattheverseconcernsthemanddoesnotincludeotherthanthemisthat whichIbnAbbashasnarrated.Hehassaid:ForninemonthsIsawAllahsApostle(a.s)come everydaytothedoor(ofthehouse)ofAlibinAbiTalib(a.s).Hesaidatthetimeofeachprayer: Peacebeonyou,Allahsmercyandblessingsbeonyou,OAhlulBayt!Allahonlydesirestokeep awaytheuncleannessfromyou,OpeopleoftheHouseandtopurifyyoua(thorough)purifying. (Perform)theprayer,mayAllahhavemercyuponyou!(Hedidthat)fivetimesaday.[4] [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.2,p.416.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,521. [2]AlDurralManthur,vol.5,p.199. [3]TarikhBaghdad,vol.10,p278. [4]AlDurralManthur. IbnJareerandIbnMardawayhhavereportedthefollowingontheauthorityofAbualHamra, whosaid:InMedina,foreightmonths,IsawAllahsApostle(a.s)goout(toperform)the MorningPrayer.Heusedtoputhishandsonbothsidesofthedoorandsaid:(Perform)the prayer;Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,OpeopleoftheHouseandto

purifya(thorough)purifying.[1] AbuBarzahhasnarrated,saying:IperformedtheprayerswithAllahsApostle(a.s)forseven months.Whenhewentoutofhishouse,hewenttothedoor(ofthehouse)ofFatima,peacebe onher,andsaid:Peacebeonyou,Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,O peopleoftheHouseandtopurifyyoua(thorough)purifying.[2] AnasbinMalikhasnarrated,saying:TheProphet(a.s)passedbythedoor(ofthehouse)of Fatimaforsixmonthswhenhewentouttoperformtheprayer.Hesaid:(Perform)theprayer,O membersofthehouse!Allahonlydesirestokeepawaytheuncleannessfromyou,Opeopleof theHouseandtopurifyyoua(thorough)purifying.[3] Inoneofhissermons,ImamalHasanhassaid:AndIamamongthehouseholdamongwhom Gabrielcamedownandfromwhomheascended(totheheaven).Iamamongthemembersof thehousefromwhomAllahhaskeptawaytheuncleannessandwhomHethoroughlypurified.[4] Manywaysoftransmissionhaveensuredtheauthentictraditions.Nonecandoubttheirchainof authoritiesandtheirmeaning.TheyallindicatethattheSacredVerseconcernsthefivepeople whowerebeneaththecloakandthatitdoesnotconcernotherthanthemfromthefamilyofthe Prophet(a.s). TheVersedoesnotincludetheProphetsWives ThewivesoftheProphet(a.s)havenoshareintheverse,whichconcernsthepeoplewhowere beneaththecloak.Wewillmentionthefollowingasproofsonthat: 1.Theyarewideofthesubjectofthefamily,forthefamilyisthesubjectthatincludesmans tribesandrelatives,soitdoesnotincludewife.ZaydbinArqamhasemphasizedthismeaning.He wasasked:WhoarethefamilyoftheProphet(a.s)?(Arethey)hiswives?No,hereplied,by Allah,thewife [1]AlDurralManthur. [2]MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.169. [3]DhakhairalUqba,p.24. [4]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.172. remainswithherhusbandforaperiodoftime.Thenhedivorcesher,andshereturnstoherfather andherpeople.Hisfamilyarehisoriginandhisbloodrelationshipwhohavebeendeprivedofthe almsafterhim.[1] 2.Ifweapprovedthatthewordfamilyisgeneralizedtoincludewife,thenitisnecessaryto

specifyit,becauseoftheprevioustraditionsensuredbymanywaysoftransmissionthatrequires limitingthegeneralization. IkrimasClaims IkrimaclaimedthattheversewasrevealedinrespectofthewivesoftheProphet(a.s).He announcedthatatthemarketplace.[2]Hewassoinsistentandstubbornthathesaid:If someonewants(todiscusstheverse),Iwilldiscusswithhimthatitwasrevealedinrespectofthe wivesoftheProphet(a.s).[3]NonedependsonIkrimasnarrationforthefollowingreasons: 1.HebelongedtotheKharijites[4],whowerefamousforshowingenmityandtrickerytoward ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s). 2.Hewasknownandfamousforlying.IthasbeennarratedontheauthorityofIbnalMusayyab thathesaidtoaretainerofhiscalledBurd:DonottellliestomeasIkrimatoldliestoIbn Abbas.[5]IthasbeenreportedthatUthmanbinMurrahsaidtoalQasim:Ikrimahasrelatedto ussoandso.Mynephew,repliedalQasim,Ikrimaisaliar.Hereportsatraditionintheearly morningandopposesitintheevening.[6]Therefore,howcanmanrelyonIkrimastraditions whilehehasbeenaccusedoftellinglies? 3.Hewasasinner.Helistenedtosongs,playedbackgammon,andneglectedtheprayers.Hewas feebleminded.[7] 4.TheMuslimsdisregardedhim,turnedawayfrom,andavoidedhim.Theyhatedhimverymuch, thatnoneprayedoverhimwhenhedied,andnoneescortedhimtohisgrave.Sohowcanman dependonhimwhilehefacesthesecriticisms?Besides,thesetraditionsareregardedasamong thosecalledalAahaad.Eveniftheyarenotafflictedwithweakness,theyarenotgoodtooppose theauthentictraditionsensuredbymanywaysoftransmission. [1]Muslim,Saheeh,vol.2,p.238.IbnKuthayr,Tafseer,vol.3,p.486. [2]AlWahidi,AsbabalNizool,p.268. [3]AlDurralManthur,vol.5,p.198. [4]TabaqatalQurra,vol.1,p.15.IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.5,p.216. [5]ImamSharafalDeen,alKalimaalGharra. [6]MujamalUdaba. [7]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.7,p.263. TheVerseofMubahala AmongtheillustrioussignsofAllahthatlaudtheexcellenceoftheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem,

istheverseofalMubahala.Allah,theExalted,hassaid:Ifanyonedisputeswithyouconcerning him,afterknowledgehasbeengiventoyou,saytohim:Come,letuscalloursonsandyoursons, ourwomenandyourwomen,andourselvesandyourselves.ThenletuscallonAllahtowitness againsteachotherandletusmakethecurseofAllahfallonthosewholie.[1]Thescholars unanimouslyhasnarratedthroughmanyensuredwaysoftransmissionthattheversewas revealedinrespectoftheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem.ThephraseOursonsmeansalHasan andalHusayn.OurwomenmeansFatima,andourselvesmeansAli. ThestoryofalMubahalainbriefisthatthedeputationofChristiansfromNajranwenttoAllahs Apostle(a.s)todebatewithhimonhisreligion.Afteralongconversationtookplacebetween them,theyagreedonalMubahala,whichisthattheybesoughtAllahandmadeHisimmortal curseandHisquickpunishmentfallonthosewholied.Theyappointedatimeforthat.Allahs Apostle(a.s)wentoutonthedayonwhichtheyhadagreed.HechoseforalMubahalathe dearestonestohimandthemosthonorablewithAllah,alHasan,alHusayn,Fatima,themistress ofthewomen,andImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful.He(a.s)embracedalHusaynand caughtalHasanbyhisotherhand.BehindhimwalkedFatimaalZahra,whoshonewithAllahs light.ImamAli,whosemagnificencewasmanifest,walkedbehindher.Thechiefandthedeputy andtheirtwosonswentout.Theyworedressesandornaments.WiththemweretheChristians fromNajran,andthehorsemenfromtheBanualHarthwereridingtheirhorses.Theywereinthe bestappearanceandreadiness.Manypeopleovercrowdedandwatchedtheimportantevent. Theyaskedeachother:WilltheChristiansmakethecontestofprayerorrefrainfrommakingit? Whiletheywerewatching,thechiefandthedeputywalkedtowardsAllahsApostle(a.s).Stupor andconfusionappearedontheirfaces,sotheyasked:OAbualQasim,throughwhomwillyou makethecontestofprayerwithus? ThroughthebestonesofthedwellersoftheearthandthemosthonorableofthemwithAllahI willmakethecontestoftheprayer,hereplied.HepointedwithhishandtoAli,Fatima,alHasan, andalHusayn. TheyadmiredthatandaskedHim:Whydoyounotmakethecontestofprayerwithusthrough themenofdignity,eminence,andsignfromamongthosewhohavebelievedandfollowedyou? [1]Quran,3,61. AllahsApostle(a.s)answered:Yes,Iwillmakethecontestofprayerthroughthese(people),who arethebestofthedwellersoftheearthandofthecreatures. Sotheywereastonished;theirheartsmeltedbecauseoffearandterror.Theywentbacktothe Bishop,theirleader,toconsultwithhimabouttheaffair.Theyaskedhim:OAbualHarith,what doyouthinkoftheaffair?TheBishop,whowasfilledwiththevenerationofthefamilyofthe

Prophet(a.s)replied:IcanseesomefacesthatifsomeoneaskedAllahthroughthemtoremovea mountainfromitsplace,hewouldremovethemountain.Hewasnotsatisfiedwiththat;rather, hesupportedhisspeechwithsomeproofsandoaths,saying:DoyounotseeMuhammadraising hishands(towardstheheaven)?Heiswaitingforwhatareyougoingtobring.Iswearbyal Maseeh(JesusChrist),ifhismouthsaidaword,wewouldnotreturntoapeopleortowealth Thenheshoutedatthem:Doyounotseethatthecolorofthesunhaschanged,blackclouds havecoveredthehorizon,black,redwindstronglyblowing,andsmokeascendingfromthe mountains?Thepunishmenthastoweredoverus.Lookatthebirdsspewingtheircraws,the leavesfallingfromthetrees,andthegroundshakingbeneathourfeet! Allahisgreat!ThegreatnessofthosesacredfacescoveredtheChristians,andtheybelievedin theirdignityandimportancewithAllah.SotheyhumblystoodbeforetheProphet(a.s)and carriedouthisrequests.Accordingly,theProphet(a.s)said:IswearbyHiminwhosehandismy soul,mostsurelythepunishmenthashangeddownupontheChristiansfromNajran.Iftheyhad madethecontestofprayer,theywouldhavebeenturnedintoapesandpigs.Thevalleywhere theywerewouldhavebeenonfire,AllahwouldhaveuprootedNajrananditsdwellerseventhe birdsandthetrees,andalltheChristianswouldnothavewitnessedtheendoftheyear.[1]The storyofthecontestoftheprayerindicatesthatAhlulBaythadahighposition,thattheywerethe bestonesofAllahscreatures,themostlovabletoAllahsApostle(a.s)andthatnoneelseofthe communitysharedthemthismerit. TheSuraofHalAta OneoftheblessedSuras(chapters)oftheHolyQuranwasrevealedinrespectoftheAhlulBayt, peacebeonthem.TheSuraisHalAta.Mostofcommentators(oftheQuran)andtraditionists havenarratedthatitwas [1]NooralAbsar,p.100. revealedinrespectofthem.[1]ThereasonbehindrevealingthissurawasthatoncealHasanand alHusaynbecameill.SotheirgrandfatherAllahsApostle(a.s)alongwithsomeofhiscompanions visitedthem.TheysaidtoImamAli:MakeavowtoAllah,thathemaymakethemwell.The Imam(a.s)madeavowtoAllah.HefastedforthreedaysasgivingthankstoAllahforHismaking themwell.Fatima,thetruthful,peacebeonher,andherslavegirlfollowedhiminthisrespect. AfteralHasanandalHusaynhadgotwell,theyallfasted.ImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful(a.s)hadnofoodtobreakhisfasting.HeborrowedthreeSaas(ameasureofcapacity)of barely.Onthefirstday,Fatima,thetruthful,peacebeonher,groundaSaaandbakedit.Whenit wastimeforthemtobreakthefast,apoormanaskedthemforfood.ImamAligavehimhisfood. Thentherestofthefamilydidjustastheimamdid.Theygavetheirfoodtothepoorman.They spentthenightwithouttastinganykindoffood.Theyroseinthemorningwhiletheywerefasting. Onthesecondday,theyputthefoodbeforethem.Whenitwastimetobreaktheirfasting,an

orphancomplainedtothemofpainfulhunger.Theyalldenotedtheirfood. Theyspentthenighttastingnothingexceptpurewater.OnthethirddayFatima(a.s)groundthe restofthebarelyandbakedit.Whenitwastimeforthemtobreakthefast,acaptiveknockedthe dooraskingforfood.Theydrewtheirhandsfromfoodandgaveittothecaptive.OAllah,glory belongstoYou!Whichkindnessisbetterthanthis?Whichselflessnessisgreaterthanthis? OntheforthdayAllahsApostle(a.s)visitedthem.Hesawtheminaterriblecondition.Hesaw theiryellowfacesandtheirshakingbodiesbecauseofweakness.Sohisstatechanged,andhe said:Whatapity!Muhammadshouseholdarewrithingwithhunger! BeforeAllahsApostle(a.s)endedhisspeech,Gabrielhadcomedowntohim.Herevealedtohim theSuraofHalAta,inwhichAllahhaslaudedandpraisedAhlulBayt,saying:Surelytherighteous shalldrinkofacuptheadmixtureofwhichiscamphor.Afountainfromwhichtheservantsof Allahshalldrink;theymakeittoflowa(goodly)flowingforth.Theyfulfillvowsandfearadaythe evilofwhichshallbespreadingfarandwide.AndtheygivefoodoutofloveforHimtothepoor andtheorphanandthecaptive.[2] [1]AlFakhr,Tafseer,vol.8,p.392.AlNisaburi,RuhalBayyan,vol.6,p.546.AlWahidi,Asbabal Nizool,p.331.AlDurralManthur.YanabeealMawada,vol.1,p.93.AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p. 227. [2]Quran,76,58. Allahthankedthemfortheirselflessness,whichhadnomatchintheworldofkindness.Hemade theminheritParadiseinthenextworld.Hemadetheirnameimmortalandtheirlifeamodel(for others).Moreover,HehasmadethemImamsuntilHeinheritstheearthandthoseonit.Withthis versewewillendourspeechaboutsomeversesrevealedinrespectoftheAhlulBayt.Without doubttheversesthatdealwithImamalHasan(a.s)indicatehisimportantaffairandhishigh positionwithAllah.
TheProphetsTraditions SometraditionshavebeennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectofhiseldestgrandson.The traditionshavelaudedhisgreatpositionandindicatedthesincerelovetheProphet(a.s)showed towardhim.Theyareofthreegroups.Thefirstgroupisinrespectofhim.Thesecondgroupisin

respectofhimandhisbrother,themasterofmartyrs(a.s).Thethirdgroupisinrespectofhis household.ItiswellknownthatalHasanisamongtheirpiousones,sothesetraditionshave includedhim.Thesegroupshavebeenmentionedinmanyauthentictraditionsensuredbymany waysoftransmission,totheextentthattheyhavebecomecertainanddefinite.Wewillmention themtoreadersasfollows: ThefirstGroup SeveraltraditionshavebeennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)concerninghisgrandsonalHasan. Wewillmentionsomeofthemasfollows: 1.AlBarrabinAazib[1]hasnarratedsaying:IsawtheProphet(a.s)carryingalHasanonhis shoulderandsaying:OAllah,Ilovehim;andsoYoulovehim.[2] 2.Aishahasnarrated,saying:TheProphet(a.s)tookalHasanandembracedhim,andthenhe said:OAllah,thisismy(grand)son;andIlovehim;thereforelovehimandlovethosewholove him.[3] [1]AlBarabinAazibwasgiventhekunyaofAbuImara.HefoughtalongsideAllahsApostle(a.s.) attheBattleofBadr.TheProphetdidnotpermithimtowagejihad(againstthepolytheists) becausehewasstillyoung.HefoughtalongsideAllahsApostle(a.s.)infourteenbattles.Itwashe whoconqueredalRayintheyear24A.H,accordingtothenarrationofAbuAmralShaybani.He foughtalongsideImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,intheBattlesofal Jamal,Siffin,andalNahrawan.HelivedinKufaandbuiltahousetherein.Hediedduringthedays ofMasabbinalZubayr.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebooksUsdalGhaba,vol.1,p.171,and alIstiabin [2]AlBukhari,Saheeh,ChapterontheBeginningofCreation.AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.307. Muslim,Saheeh,ChapterontheMeritsoftheCompanionsoftheProphet.IbnKuthayr,alBidaya waalNihaya,vol.8,p.34. [3]KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.104.AlHaythemihasmentioneditinhisbookal 3.ZuhayrbinalAqmarhasnarrated,saying:AfterthemartyrdomofAli(alHasansfather),al HasanbinAlideliveredasermon.Meanwhile,amanfromalAzdroseandsaidtohim:Isaw AllahsApostle(a.s)puttingyouonhiskneesandsaying:Whoeverlovesme,lethimloveshim; thereforeletthosepresenttellthoseabsent.[1] 4.AbuBakrahasnarrated,saying:IhaveseenAllahsApostle(a.s)(sitting)onthepulpitandal HasanbinAliwas(sitting)besidehim.Hesometimeslookedatthepeopleandsometimesathim.

Hesaid:ThissonofmineisaSayyid(master).PerhapsthroughhimAllahwillmakepeace betweentwogreatgroupsoftheMuslims.[2] 5.IbnAbbashasnarrated:TheProphet(a.s)camecarryingalHasanonhisneck.Amanmethim andsaid:Youhaveriddenthebestmount,Oboy!SoAllahsApostle(a.s)said:Andheisthebest rider.[3] 6.AbdullahbinAbdurrahmanbinalZubayrhasnarrated,saying:Themostsimilarofthefamilyof theprophet(a.s)tohimandthemostlovabletohimMajjma,vol.9,p.176.Manytraditionshave beennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s.).IthasbeennarratedontheauthorityofSaeedbinZayd, whosaid:[TheProphet(a.s.)pressedalHasantohisbosomandsaid:]OAllah,Ilovehim; therefore,lovehim.AlMuttaqialHindihasmentioneditinhisbookKanzalUmmal.Hehassaid ithasbeenmentionedbyalTabaraniandAbuNaeem.IbnHajarhasmentioneditinhisbookal Isaba,vol.7,p.105.Hehassaid:[AlBaghawihasnarratedontheauthorityofYazidbinAbiZiyad, ontheauthorityofYazidbinAbialHasan,ontheauthorityofSadbinYazidalAnsari,whosaid thattheProphet(a.s.)carriedalHasan,andthenhesaid:]OAllahIlovehim;thereforelove him.Hesaidthattwice.InhisbookalHulya,AbuNaeemhasnarratedontheauthorityofAbu HurayrathattheProphet(a.s.)said:OAllah,Ilovehim;thereforelovehimandthosewholove him.Hesaidthatthreetimes. [1]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.297.ImamAhmedbinHanbel,vol.5,p.366.AlSawaiqal Muhriqa,p.82. [2]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.330.InhisbookalSaheeh,alBukharihasmentioneditintheChapteronal Sulh(MakingPeace).InhisbookalMusnad,vol.5,p.44,ImamAhmedbinHanbalhasnarratedit ontheauthorityofalMubarak,ontheauthorityofalHasanbinAbiBakra,whosaid:While AllahsApostle(a.s.)waspraying,alHasanrodeonhisbackwhenheprostrated.AlHasandidthat morethanonetime.SothepeoplesaidtotheProphet:ByAllah,youaredoingalHasan somethingyouhavenotdonetoanyone.Hereplied:Mostsurely,thisgrand(son)ofmineisa Sayyid(master).ThroughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwopartiesoftheMuslims.Ibn HajarhasmentioneditinhisbookalSawaiq.InthebookalAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.164,ithas beenmentioned:AllahsApostle(a.s.)visitedhisdaughterFatima.HefoundalHasan,whowas thenachild,playingbeforeher.Hesaidtoher:Mostsurely,Allahwillmakepeacebetweentwo greatgroupsoftheMuslimsatthehandsofthissonofyours. [3]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.82.HulyatalAwliya. wasalHasan.IsawalHasan(whenhe)cameandrodeontheProphetsneckwhilehewas prostratinghimselfinprayer.Hedidnotmakehimgodownuntilhehimselfwentdown.Isawhim bowingandopeninghislegstolethimgototheotherside.[1]

7.IthasbeennarratedthattheProphet(a.s)ledthepeopleinprayerandprostratedhimselfin worshipforalongtime.Afterhehadrecitedthetaslim,thepeopleaskedhimaboutthat,andhe replied:Thissonofminehadriddenmyback,andIhatedtomakehimgodownquickly.[2] 8.TheProphet(a.s)wentuponthepulpittodeliverasermon.AlHasancameandwentuponthe pulpit.TheProphetputhimonhisneck.Thepeopleatthebackofthemosquesawhisanklet shiningontheProphetschest.AlHasanremainedsountiltheProphet(a.s)finishedhis sermon.[3] 9.He(a.s)hassaid:Ifsomeonewantstobedelightedatlookingatthemasteroftheyouthsof theGarden,lethimlookatalHasan.[4] 10.He(a.s)hassaid:AlHasanismydarling[5] 11.AnasbinMalikhasnarrated:AlHasancameintotheProphet(a.s).Iwantedtopullhim away,andtheProphet(a.s)saidtome:Woeuntoyou,OAnas!Leavemysonandthefruitofmy heart.Mostsurely,whoeverhurtshimhurtsme,andwhoeverhurtsmehurtsAllah.[6] ThisisagroupofthetraditionsnarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectofhiseldestgrandson. Inthesetraditionswefeelthehighestkindofhonoring,greeting,andsincerelove. TheSecondGroup AsforthetraditionsnarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectofhistwograndsons,theyarea groupoftheauthentictraditionswrittenbythetrustworthy(narrators)andthosewhom memorizedthembyheart.TheyclearlyindicatethatalHasanandalHusaynwerethedearestand mostlovableofthepeopletoAllahsApostle(a.s).Wewillmentionsomeofthemasfollows: 1.SaeedbinRashidhasreported,saying:AlHasanandalHusayncamewalkingtoAllahs Apostle(a.s).Hetookoneofthemandpressedhimtohis [1]AlIsaba,vol.2,p.11. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.33. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.6p.58. [4]FadailalAshab,p.165.AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.35. [5]AlIstiab,vol.2,p.369. [6]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.222. armpit,andthenhetooktheotherandpressedhimtohisotherarmpit.Hesaid:Theyaremytwo

darlings.Whoeverlovesme,lethimlovethem.[1]TheProphet(a.s)alwaysgavethemthis nickname.Manytraditionshavebeenreportedinthisrespect.[2] 2.AnasbinMalikhasnarrated,saying:AllahsApostle(a.s)wasasked:Whichofyourhousehold isthemostlovabletoyou?AlHasanandalHusayn,he(a.s)replied.HesaidtoFatima:Callout mytwosons.Sohekissedthemandpressedthemtohisbosom.[3] 3.UsamabinZaydhasreported,saying:OnenightIvisitedtheProphet(a.s)foracertainneed. Sohe(a.s)wentout.HeincludedsomethingIdidnotcometoknow.WhenIendedmyneed,I askedhim:Whatisthatyouhaveincluded?Heuncoveredit.SuddenlyitwasalHasanandal Husayn.Theywere(riding)onhistwohips.Thenhesaid:Thesearetwosonsofmineandofmy daughter.OAllah,Ilovethem;therefore,lovethemandlovewhoeverlovesthem.[4] 4.SalmanalFarisihasreported,saying:IhaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)say:AlHasanandal Husaynaremytwosons.Whoeverlovesthemlovesme,andwhoeverlovesthem,Allahloves him,andwhomeverAllahlovesmakeshimentertheGarden.Whoeverhatesthemhatesme, whoeverhatesme,Allahhateshim,andwhomeverAllahhatesmakeshimentertheFire.[5] [1]DhakhairalUqba,p.124. [2]InhisbookHulyatalAwliya,vol.13,p.201,AbuNaeemhasnarratedontheauthorityofJabir thatAllahsApostle(a.s.)saidtoAlibinAbiTalib,peacebeonhim:Assalamualayka,Ofatherof thetwoplantsofsweetbasil.Iaskyoutodogoodtomytwoplantsofsweetbasil(tosweeten) theworld.Inashorttimeyourtwopillarswillcometoanend.Allahwillcompensateyouonmy behalf.WhentheProphet(a.s.)passedaway,Ali,peacebeonhim,said:Thisisoneofthetwo pillarsaboutwhomtheProphet(a.s.)hadtoldme.WhenFatima,peacebeonher,passedaway, Ali,peacebeonhim,said:ThisisotherpillaraboutwhomtheProphet(a.s.)hadtoldme.Inthe bookKanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.110,ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofSadbinMalikwho said:IvisitedtheProphet(a.s.).AlHasanandalHusaynwereplayingonhisback.SoIsaid: AllahsApostle,doyoulovethem?AndwhatreasonhaveIthatIshouldnotlovethem,he replied,theymytwoplantsofsweetbasil(tosweeten)theworld. [3]AlTirmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.306.FaydalQadeer,vol.1,p.148. [4]AlTirmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.240.KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.110.IbnHajarhasmentionedthe endofthetraditioninhisbookalSawaiqalMuhriqa. [5]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.166.AlHaythemihasbeennarratedthetraditioninaslight changeinhisbookalMajjma;similarly,ithasbeenmentionedinKanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.221. 5.IbnUmarhasreported,saying:AllahsApostle(a.s)said:AlHasanandalHusaynarethetwo mastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden,andtheirfatherisbetterthanthem.[1]

6.TheProphet(a.s)wentuponthepulpitanddeliveredasermon.AlHasanandalHusayncame wearingredshirts.Theywerewalkingandstumbling.Sohe(a.s)camedownthepulpit.Hecarried themandputthembeforehim,andthenhesaid:AllahistruthfulwhenHesays:(Yourproperty andchildrenareatemptation).Iwaslookingatthesetwoboyswhentheywerewalkingand stumbling.Iwasimpatient(toseetheminasuchstate),soIstoppedmyspeechandraised them.[2] 7.IbnAbbashasnarrated:Onedaywhilewewere(walking)withtheProphet(a.s)Fatima(a.s) cametowardsusweeping.AllahsApostle(a.s)askedher:Mayyourfatherbesacrificedforyou! Whathasmadeyouweep?AlHasanandalHusaynhasgoneout,shereplied,Idonotknow wheretheyhavespentthenight.SoAllahsApostle(a.s)said,Donotweep,fortheirCreatoris morekindtothemthanyouandI.Thenheraisedhishandandsaid:OAllah,protectthemand makethemsafe!Gabrielcamedownandsaid:OMuhammad,donotgrieve!Theyaresleepingat theyardoftheBanualNajjar. Allahhasentrustedanangeltoprotectthem.Accordingly,theProphet(a.s)andhiscompanions roseandwenttotheyard.TheyfoundalHasanandalHusaynembracingeachotherand sleeping.Theangelwhowasentrustedwiththemhadputonewingbeneaththemandtheother onthemtocoverthem.SotheProphet(a.s)bentdownandkissedthemuntiltheygotup.Then heputalHasanonhisrightshoulderandalHusaynonhisleftshoulder.AbuBakrcametowards himandsaid:OAllahsApostle,givemeoneoftheboystocarryhimonbehalfofyou.So,he (a.s)said:Theirmountisthebestone,andtheyarethebestriders,andtheirfatherisbetterthan them.Hereachedthemosqueandstoodwhiletheywereonhisshoulders.Thenhesaid:O CommunitiesoftheMuslims,shallItellyouofthebestof [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.167.IbnMaja,Saheeh.Thetraditionsreportedfromthe Prophet(a.s.)inrespectofthathistwograndsonsarethetwomastersoftheyouthsofthe Gardenareensuredbymanylinesoftransmission.InhisbookalSaheeh,p.2,vol.306,alTirmidhi hasnarratedontheauthorityofAbuSaeedalKhidri,whosaid:[AllahsApostle(a.s.)said:Al HasanandalHusaynarethetwomastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden.AhmedbinHanbalhas mentionedthetraditioninhisbookalMusnad,vol.3,p.3.InhisbookalTarikh,vol.1,p.140,al KhateebalBaghdadihasnarratedontheauthorityofAli,peacebeonhim,whosaid:[Allahs Apostle(a.s.)said:]AlHasanandalHusaynarethetwomastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden. [2]AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.306.AlNisai,Saheeh,vol.1,p.209. thepeopleingrandfatherandgrandmother?Yes,OAllahsApostle,theyreplied.(Theyare)al HasanandalHusayn.TheirgrandfatherisAllahsApostle(a.s),andtheirgrandmotherisKhadija, daughterofKhuwaylid,mistressofthewomenoftheGarden.Thenhe(a.s)said:ShallIshowyou thebestofthepeoplein(paternal)uncleandaunt?Theysaid:Yes,OAllahsApostle(a.s).(They

are)alHasanandalHusayn,heexplained,theirpaternaluncleisJafarbinAbiTalib,andtheir paternalauntisUmmHani,daughterofAbiTalib.Thenhesaid:ShallIshowyouthebestofthe peopleinmaternaluncleandaunt?Yes,OAllahsApostle(a.s)theyanswered.(Theyare)al HasanandalHusayn,wastheanswer,TheirmaternaluncleisalQasim,sonofAllahsApostle, andtheirmaternalauntisZaynab,daughterofAllahsApostle,hesaid.Thenhesaid:OAllah, YouknowthatalHasanandalHusaynareintheGarden,theirpaternaluncleisintheGarden, theirmaternalauntisintheGarden,thosewholovethemareintheGarden,andthosewhohate themareintheFire.[1] ThetraditionindicatesthattheProphet(a.s)lovedhistwograndsons,thattheywerethemost lovableofhishouseholdtohim,andthemostpreferredofthemtohim.Itiswellknownthatthe positionoftheprophethoodisfarfrombehavingduetothesentimentoflove.TheProphet(a.s) grantedthemsuchakindoflovebecausetheywerethesourceofallvirtuesandoriginofallgood things. 8.Jabirhasreported,saying:IvisitedtheProphet(a.s)(andfound)alHasanandalHusayn (sitting)onhisback.Hesaidtothem:Yourcamelisthebestone,andyouarethebestriders.[2] Umarhasnarratedatraditionsimilartothisinmeaning.Hehassaid:IhaveseenalHasanandal Husayn(sitting)ontheshouldersoftheProphet(a.s)andIsaid:Thebesthorseisyours.Andthe Prophet(a.s)said:Andtheyarethebesthorsemen.[3]AlSayyidalHimyari,thepoet,has composedpoetryonthat,saying: AlHasanandalHusayncametotheProphet.Theywentouttoplayinthemorning. Hepressedthemtothebosomandriskedhislifeforthem.Theywerewithhiminthatplace.They passed;andhistwoshoulderswerebeneaththem.Therefore,hewasthebestmount,andthey werethebestriders! [1]DhakhairalUqba,p.130. [2]KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.108.AlHaythemi,Majjma,vol.9,p.182. [3]AlHaythemi,Majjma,vol.9,p.181.KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.106. 9.YalabinMurraalThaqafi[1]hasreported,saying:AlHasanandalHusayncompetedwith eachotherforAllahsApostle(a.s).Sohepressedthemtohisbosomandsaid:Thechildincites andprompts(man)tobemiserlyandcoward![2] 10.TheProphet(a.s)hassaid:AlHasanandalHusaynaretwoofgrandsons.[3] 11.Heextremelylovedhistwograndsonsandhadmercyonthem,totheextentthatheinvoked theprotectionofAllahuponthem,forhehadfearforthemofenvy.AbuNaeemhasnarratedon

theauthorityofAbdullah,whosaid:WhileweweresittingwithAllahsApostle(a.s),AlHasan andalHusayn,whowerestillyoung,passedbyus.TheProphet(a.s)said:Bringmytwosonsto invoketheprotectionofAllahuponthemjusasIbrahimdiduponhissonsIsmailandYaqub. Thenhesaid:IinvoketheprotectionofAllahuponyoufromallenviouseyes,all(kindsof)Satan andvermin.[4]Intherecordofhumannaturethereisnoaffectionmorebeautifulthanthis affection,northereislovemorehonorablethanthislove. 12.Amongthetraditionsfamouswiththepeoplearethesewordsofhim(a.s):AlHasanandal HusaynaretwoImamswhethertheyriseorsit.[5]TheProphet(a.s)gavehistwograndsonsthe Imamate,whichwasthemostimportantqualitypresentinthem,foritrequiredtheidealsthat nonehad[1]TheauthorofalMustadrakhasnarratedthetraditionontheauthorityofYalibin MunabbihalThaqafi.I(theauthor)havereadthebooksofthebiographiesbuthavenotfound YalibinMunabbihalThaqafi;ratherIhave(foundanothernarrator)calledYalibinMurra. PerhapswhathasbeenmentionedinalMustadrakisamistake.InthebooksalIsabaandUsdal GhabaithasbeenmentionedthatYalabinMurraisamongthemostmeritoriouscompanions(of theProphet).Hehasreported(traditions)ontheauthorityofAllahsApostle(a.s.)andonthe authorityof(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Hewaspresentwiththe Prophet(a.s.)atalHudaybiyaPeaceTreaty.HemadealRidwanallegiance(totheProphet).He foughtattheBattlesofKhaybar,alFath,Hozan,andalTaif. [2]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.168.ImamAhmedbinHanbal,Musnad,vol.4,p.172. [3]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.114.KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.221. [4]HulyatalAwliya,vol.5,p.44.AlFadailalKhamsaminaalSihahalSitta,vol.3,p.177. [5]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.78.InthebooksNazhatalMajalis,vol.2,p.184,andalIthafbiHub alAshraf,p.129,ithasbeenmentionedthatAllahsApostle(a.s.)saidtoalHasanandalHusayn: YouaretwoImams;andyourmotherhastherightofintercession.InthebookMinhajjal Sunna,vol.4,p.210,ithasbeenmentionedthatAllahsApostle(a.s.)saidtoalHusayn:Thisisan Imam,sonofanImam,brotherofanImam,andfatherofnineImams. exceptthosewhomAllahhadchosenfromamongHisservants.ThatwaswhenHesingledoutHis bosomfriend(Ibraheem)withit.He,theMostHigh,hassaid:Hesaid:SurelyIwillmakeyouan Imamofthepeople.Ibraheemsaid:Andofmyoffspring?Mycovenantdoesnotincludethe unjust,Hesaid.[1]WewilldealwiththeImamate,theImamsqualificationsandqualitieswhen wementionImamalHasansideals. TheThirdGroup TheauthentictraditionsnarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)havebeenensuredbymanywaysof transmission.InthemtheProphethadindicatedthatloveforhishouseholdwasrequired,thathe wouldfightagainstwhoeverfoughtagainstthem,andmakepeacewithwhoevermadepeace

withthem.HehadjoinedthemtotheHolyQuran,regardedthemaslifeboatsandassecurity forthecommunity.Wewillmentiontoreaderssomeofthesetraditions: 1.ZaydbinArqamhasnarratedthatAllahsApostle(a.s)saidtoAli,Fatima,alHasan,andal Husayn,peacebeonthem:Ifightagainstonewhomyoufightagainstandmakepeacewithone whomyoumakepeacewith.[2] 2.AbuBakrsaid:IhaveseenAllahsApostle(a.s)pitchingatentandleaningonanArabbow.Ali, Fatima,alHasan,andalHusaynwereinthetent.He(theProphet)said:OCommunityofthe Muslims,Imakepeacewithonewhomakespeacewiththepeopleinthetent.Ifightagainstone whofightsagainstthemandsupportwhoeversupportsthem.Nonelovesthembuttheone whosegrandfatherishappyandhisbirthisgood.Andnonehatesthembuttheonewhose grandfatherisunhappyandwhosebirthisbad.[3] 3.AhmedbinHanbalnarratedthattheProphet(a.s)tookalHasanandalHusaynbyhandand said:Whoeverlovesme,andlovesthesetwo(grandsonsofmine),theirfather,andtheirmother willbewithmeinmyrankontheDayofResurrection.[4] 4.Jabirnarrated:OnedayAllahsApostle(a.s)wasatArafatandAliwasfacinghim.Hesaidto him:Cometome.OAli,youandIhavebeencreatedfromonetree.Iamitsoriginandyouareits branch.AlHasanandalHusaynareitstwigs.Sowhoeverclingstoatwigofit,Allahmakeshim entertheGarden.[5] [1]Quran,1,124. [2]KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.102.IbnMaja,Sunan,p.14.InhisbookalBidayawaalNihaya,Ibn KuthayrhasnarratedthetraditionontheauthorityofAbuHurayra. [3]AlRiyadalNadira,vol.2,p.252. [4]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.77.YanabeealMawada,p.164.alTirmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.301. [5]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.77. 5.IbnAbbasnarrated:AllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:Thestarsaresecurityfortheinhabitantsof theearthfromdrowning,andmyhouseholdaresecurityformycommunityfromdisagreement. Therefore,ifanArabtribeopposesthem,itwilldisagree(withthem)andbecomethepartyof Iblis.[1] 6.ZaydbinArqamnarrated,AllahsApostle(a.s)said:Ihaveleftwithyouthatwhichifyoukeep to,youshallnevergoastrayafterme;oneisgreaterthantheother;AllahsBook,aRope extendingfromtheheavenstotheearth,andmyfamily,myhousehold.Thesetwainshallnever

separatefromoneanothertilltheyreachmebythePool;therefore,seehowyouwillobeyme throughthem.[2] MostsurelytheTradditionofalThaqalaynisamongthemosttrustworthyandfamousProphetic traditions.Thereligiousscholarshavetakengreatcareofit,forithasanimportantpartofthe Islamicfaith.Besides,itisamongthemostmanifesttraditionsonwhichtheShiadependin respectofconfiningtheImamatetoAhlulBayt,theirbeingprotectedfromerrorsandinclinations. ThatisbecausetheProphet(a.s)comparedthemtoAllahsHolyBookthat,falsehoodshallnot cometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehindit;therefore,theyshallneverseparatefromeachother. Itisnaturalthatwhenadissentissues(fromaperson)againstthereligiousprecepts,itisregarded asaseparationfromtheHolyBook.TheProphet(a.s)hasdeclaredthattheyshallneverseparate fromeachothertilltheyreachhimbythePool;therefore,thetraditionclearlyindicatesthe protectionfromerrors.TheProphet(a.s)repeatedthetraditiononseveraloccasions,forhe aimedatprotectingthecommunity,keepingitsstraightness,andkeepingitawayfromdeviation intheideologicalfieldsandthelike.ThatiswhenthenationclingstotheAhlulBayt,doesnotgo aheadofthem,nordoesitlagbehindthem. Writingacompleteresearchonallsidesofthetraditionrequireswritingaspecialbook.The wonderfulresearchthereligiousscholarshavedoneinallthesidesofthetradition,whetherthe chainofauthoritiesortheindication,hassufficedustheburdenofdoingaresearchonit.[3] 7.AbuSaeedalKhidrinarrated,IhaveheardtheProphet(a.s)saying:Thesimilitudeofmy householdamongyouisthatoftheArkofNoah:whoeverboardsitissaved,andwhoeverlags behinditisdrowned.AndthesimilitudeofmyhouseholdamongyouisliketheGateofSalvation oftheIsraelites:whoeverentersitisforgiven.[4] [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.12. [2]AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.308.UsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.12. [3]AlMurajaat,pp.4952.AlUsoolalAamalilFiqhalMuqaran,pp.164187. [4]MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.168.InhisMustadrak,alHakimhasnarratedontheInhis valuableMurajaat,ImamSharafalDeenhasexplainedthetradition,saying:Youknowthat likeningthemwiththeArkofNoahimpliesthatwhoeverresortstotheminmattersrelatedtothe religion,derivingthebranchesandbasicsofreligionfromtheirvirtuousImams,willsurelybe savedfromthefireofhell.Andwhoeverlagsbehindthemislikeonewhoseeksshelterduringthe floodwithamountainsothatitmaysavehimfromAllahsdestiny,buthewilleventuallybe drownedinwaterwhilethefirstwillbehurledintheinferno,mayAllahprotectusfromit. Thereasonwhythey,peacebeonthem,arecomparedtotheGateofSalvation(BabHitta)is thatAllahhasmadethatGateasymbolofhumilitybeforeHisGreatnessandsubmissiontoHis Judgment;therefore,itbecomesareasonforforgiveness.Thisisthereasonforthesimilitude.

Afterhehadmentionedthesetraditionsandthelike,IbnHajaracceptedthetradition.Thenhe said:ThereasonfortheirsimilitudetotheArkisthatwhoeverlovesandhighlyrespectsthemas meansofthankingtotheOneWhogavethemhonors,followingtheguidanceoftheirlearned men,willbesavedfromthedarknessofdissension,andwhoeverlagsbehinditisdrownedinthe seaofingratitudeandwillperishinthepathsoftyranny.Thenheaddsthefollowing:Astothe GateofSalvation(meaningthereasonfortheirsimilitudetoit),Allahhasmadeenteringthat gate,whichprobablywasthegateofAreehaorofBaytalMaqdis,inhumility,seekingforgiveness, areasonforsalvation,andHe(likewise)hasmadelovingtheAhlulBaytareasonforthisnations salvation.[1] 8.TheProphet(a.s)hassaid:TheknowledgeoftheprogenyofMuhammadbringssalvationfrom theFire,andlovingAhlulBaytiswalkingontheStraightPath.Allegiancetotheprogenyof Muhammadisasecurityagainstthetorture.[2] 9.He(a.s)hassaid:WhoeverdiesbecauseofhislovefortheprogenyofMuhammaddiesa martyr.WhoeverdiesbecauseoflovingtheprogenyofMuhammaddiesasabelieverofaperfect faith.Whoeverdiesforloving authorityofHanashalKinani,whosaid:[IhaveheardAbuDharrsayingwhilehewasputtinghis handontheGateoftheKaaba:]OPeople,whoeverrecognizesme;therefore,Iamtheoneyou haverecognized.Whoeverdoesnotrecognizeme;therefore,IamAbuDharr.IhaveheardAllahs Apostle(a.s.)saying:ThesimilitudeofmyhouseholdamongyouisthatoftheArkofNoah: whoeverboardsitissaved,andwhoeverlagsbehinditisdrowned.Manytraditionshavebeen mentionedinthisregard. [1]AlMurajaat,p.54. [2]Ibid.,p.58,quotedfromthebookalShafa,p.40. MuhammadschildrenwillbegiventhegladtidingofenteringtheGardenbytheangelofdeath, thenbyMunkarandNakeer.WhoeverdiesforlovingMuhammadsdescendantswillbetakento theGardenlikeabridetakentohergroomshouse.WhoeverdieslovingMuhammadsprogeny willhavetwodoorsinhisgraveoverlookingtheGarden.Allahwillmakethegraveofwhoeverdies forlovingMuhammadschildrenavisitingplacefortheangelsofmercy.Whoeverdiesforloving MuhammadsprogenydiesadheringtotheSunnaandconsensus.Whoeverdieshating MuhammadsprogenywillcomeontheDayofJudgmentwiththisinscribedbetweenhiseyes:He shoulddespairofAllahsmercy.[1] 10.He(a.s)hassaid:Considermyhouseholdamongyouasyouconsidertheheadofthebody, andtheeyesinthehead,fortheheadisguidedbytheeyes.[2]

ItisincumbentontheMuslimstoconsiderthehouseholdoftheirProphetastheyconsiderthe headofthebodyandtheeyesinthehead.Theyshouldclingtotheirobjectives,andfollowtheir deedsandtheirwords.Iftheydothat,theywillbethemastersandguidesofnations.However, theyhavedeclaredthemselvestheenemiesofthem,removedthemfromtheirranksandtheir positions.Sotheyhavebeeninflictedwithsetbacks,surroundedbymisfortunesanddangers;to AllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn! 11.He(a.s)hassaid:ThefeetofanyservantofAllahshallnevermoveontheDayofJudgment unlessheisaskedaboutfourthings:howhehasspenthislife,whathehaswornhisbodyoutfor, howhehasmadeandspenthiswealth,andaboutlovingus,wetheAhlulBayt.[3] MostsurelyMuslimsareresponsiblebeforeAllahforlovingAhlulBayt.Themostmanifestkindof loveisfollowingtheirwordsandimitatingtheminallfields. 12.He(a.s)hassaid:LetwhoeverispleasedtolivelikemeanddielikemeandinhabitEdens ParadisewhichmyLordhascultivated,takeAliashismasterafterme.Andlethimobeywhoever heplacesinchargeoverhim,andlethimfollowtheexampleofmyhouseholdafterme,forthey aremyprogeny;theyarecreatedfrommyownmouldandblessedwithmyown [1]AlMurajaat,p.59,quotedfromalTafseeralKabeerbyImamalThalabi,commentaryonthe VersealMawadda. [2]AlMurajaat.,quotedfromalSharafalMuabbad,p.58. [3]Ibid.,quotedfromIhyaalMayyatbyalSayuti,andalArbaeeniyabyalNabahani. comprehensionandknowledge.Woeuntothosewhorejectthemandseparatemefromthem! MayAllahneverpermitthemtoenjoymyintercession![1] WearesatisfiedwiththesetraditionsnarratedfromAllahsApostle(a.s)inrespectofhis household.TensoftraditionssimilartothemhavebeenmentionedinthebooksofHadith.They displaythemeritsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)andrequireMuslimstoresorttotheminallcases. TheMuslimshonoralHasan TheMuslimstookcareofImamalHasanandhonoredhim.Theremarkablecompanionsofthe Prophetmagnifiedandrespectedhim.Forexample,AbdullahbinAbbas,thereligiousscholarof thecommunity,preparedthestirrupforalHasanandalHusaynwhentheyrode(theircamels) andarrangedtheirclothes.MudarikbinZiyadblamedAbdullahforthat,andherebukedhim, saying:OWicked!Doyouknowwhotheyare?TheyarethegrandsonsofAllahsApostle(a.s). HasAllahnotdonemeafavorwhenIholdthestirrupforthemandarrangetheirclothes?[2]

AlHasanandalHusaynperformedthehajjonfoot.Whentheypassedbyriders,they(theyriders) dismountedforthem.WhentheycircumambulatetheKaaba,thepeopleovercrowdedaround themtogreetthemandtobeblessedbythem.[3]WhenAbuHurayrasawImamalHasan(a.s),he kissedhimbecausehesawAllahsApostle(a.s)doingthat.[4]TheMuslimshadtherighttohonor alHasan,fortheProphet(a.s)honoredhimandraisedhisposition. [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.217. [2]IbnAsakir,vol.4,p.212.IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.143. [3]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.37. [4]ImamAhmedbinHanbal,alMusnad,vol.2,p.255.AlBaladhiri,AnsabalAshraf.
ChapterV:TheGreatTragedy AlHasan(a.s)spentapartofhischildhoodwithhisgrandfatherAllahsApostle(a.s)untilhis mentalpowersexpanded,andhisfacultiesgrew.Hewastranquilanddelighted.Everydayhe receivedlifewithsmilingmouth,bliss,andhappiness.Hereceivedloveandaffectionfromhis grandfather(a.s).Hewasmagnifiedandhonoredbytheoldcompanionsofhisgrandfather.He sawtheexpansionofIslamandmanyforays.HesawthepeopleenteringthereligionofAllahin groups.Duringthattimethethronesofpolytheismweredestroyed,andtheforcesoftheinfidels weredefeated.TheIslamictroopsinvadedMecca,whichwasthestrongestandthemostfortified cityintheArabPeninsula.Islambecamestrongandwidespread.Ithadahighentity.Thewavesof conquestincludedmostpeoplesonearth.DelightcoveredtheheartsoftheMuslimsbecauseof thisvictorythroughwhichAllahmadethemstrongandsupportedthem.AhlulBaytwerethemost delightedandhappywiththesevictoriesaccomplishedbyIslam. However,thistranquilstatedidnotlastlong,forthetimefrownedanddarkenedattheir(the AhlulBayt)faces.Itinvadedtheirheartswithvaguefearandblackfears.Thatwasbecauseitwas timefortheProphet(a.s)todeparttoAllahandtomovetoHisHolyPresence.Thevanguardsand signsofdepartureappearedbeforehim.Theyareasfollows: 1.ThefirstsignofhisleavingtheworldwasthattheRevelationcamedowntohimandbrought himthisverse(surelyyoushalldieandthey(too)shallsurelydie).[1]Theversemovedthehidden apprehensioninhissoul;so,theMuslimsheardhimannouncinghisdeath,saying:IwishIknew whenthatwouldbe!AfterthisversetheSuraofalNasrcamedowntohim;so,hekeptsilent betweentakbir(sayingAllahisgreat!)andtherecitation.Hewouldsay:GlorybetoAllahand

praisebelongstoHim!IseekforgivenessofAllahandturntowardsHim! FearandimpatienceovercametheheartsoftheMuslims;so,theirheartsbeforetheirtongues rushedtoaskhimaboutthatterriblestate.He(a.s)answeredthem,saying:Mydeathhasbeen announced![2]WhentheMuslimsheardthat,theirheartswerecutintopieces,theirstrength collapsed,theireyeswerecoveredwithaflowoftears,atremorshooktheirentityandspread [1]Quran,39,30. [2]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.1,p.127. amongthemimpatienceandfear. 2.TheQuranwasrevealedtohimtwiceduringthatyear;so,hefelttheinevitabledeath[1],and thenhebeganannouncinghisdeathandhisleavingtheworld.Duetothisnewstheheartswere cracked;thebitterestkindsofordealsandmisfortunesprevailedtheMuslims. TheFarewellPilgrimage TheProphet(a.s)sparednoefforttoguidetheMuslimstotherightpath.Whenhe(a.s)cameto knowabouthisdeparturetotheAbodeofImmortality,hethoughtthathehadtocompletehis sacredmessageandtoputasoundplanthatwouldguarantee,afterhim,hiscommunity happinessandsuccess.Forthisreasonhe(a.s)madehislastpilgrimage,betterknownasthe FarewellPilgrimage,intheyear10A.H.HespreadamongthosewhowenttotheSacredHouseof Allah(theKaaba)thathismeetingwiththemwouldbethelasttime.Hesaidtothem:Idonot know;perhaps,Iwillnevermeetyouatthisstandingplaceafterthisyear!Thenhewentaround themassesandmadethemknowthatwhichwouldguaranteetheirhappinessandsuccess, saying:OPeople!IamleavingwithyoutheTwoWeightyThingsthatistheBookofAllahandmy family,myhousehold.[2] HecomparedhispurefamilytotheBook.Heregardedclingingtothemassalvationagainst afflictionsanddeviation.Ifthecommunityhadfollowedhiswordsandcleavedtothem, inclinationsandmisfortuneswouldnothavebefallenthem,abasementanddisgracewouldnot haveafflictedthem,andtheywouldnotdisagreed.Thenationwouldnothavebranchedinto sectsandparties;everysectrejoicinginwhattheyhadwiththem.[3] TheDeclarationatGhadirKhum AftertheProphet(a.s)hadfinishedtheritualsofthehajj,heheadedforMedina.Whenhis processionreachedGhadirKhum,Gabrielcamedownandorderedhimtohaltatthedesertand toappointImamAliasasuccessorafterhimandasanauthorityoverhiscommunity.The

CommandoftheHeavenhadanaffairofgreatimportance.TheRevelationcamedowntohim carryingthisverse:OApostle,makeknownwhathasbeenrevealedtoyoufromyourLord.Ifyou donotdoit,youwillnothavemadeknownHismessage.Allahwillprotectyoufromthe people.[4]TheProphetbecameconfusedduetothis [1]AlKhasaisalKubra,vol.2,p.368. [2]AlTurmidhi,Saheeh,vol.2,p.308. [3]Quran,30,32. [4]Ibid.,5,67.ThisversewasrevealedontheDayofalGhadir.Thishasbeen warningandthisthreat.IfhehadnotcarriedoutwhatAllahhadintendedinrespectofappointing ImamAli,hewouldnothavemadeknownAllahsmessage,andallhiseffortswouldhavebeen lost.Sohe(a.s)undertookcarryingoutthatevenifhewouldangerthosecravingafterthe caliphateandthoseturnedawayfromtheImam(a.s).He(a.s)puttheburdensofthejourneyand stoppedatthatdesertplace.Itwasadayofintenseheat,totheextentthatthetravelerswrapped theircloaksaroundtheirfeetbecauseofthescorchinghotground.Thenhe(a.s)orderedthe massestocometogether.Whentheygathered,heledtheminprayer.Whenhehadfinishedhis prayers,heorderedthemtogatherthesaddlesofthecamels,thathemightusethemasapulpit. Theydidtohimwhathewanted,andhewentuponthem.Thenumberofthosepresentwasone hundredthousandormore.Theyturnedtohimthroughtheirheartsbeforetheirears,thatthey mightlistentothatwhichhewouldsaytothem.Firstly,theProphet(a.s)explainedtothemhis holyjihadandhisarduouseffortsinrespectofguidingthemandsavingthemfrompolytheism andslavery.Secondly,heremindedthemofagroupofIslamicpreceptsandreligiousmanners.He orderedthemtoputthemintopractice.Afterthathesaidtothem:Therefore,seehowyou wouldobeymeinrespectoftheTwoWeightyThings(AllahsBook,andtheProphetsfamily). Oneofthepeopleaskedhim:WhataretheTwoWeightyThings,OAllahsApostle? TheProphet(a.s)answeredhim,saying:ThegreatweightythingistheBookofAllah.Oneendof itisinthehandofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andtheotherendisinyourhand;therefore clingtoitlestyoushouldgoastray.Theothersmall(weightything)ismyfamily.TheSublimeand Omniscienthasinformedmethattheyshallneverpartfromeachothertilltheyreachmebythe Pool.SoIaskedmyLordtodothatforthem;therefore,donotgoaheadofthemlestyoushould perish,anddonotlagbehindthemlestyoushouldperish. ThenhetookAlishandandliftedit,totheextentthatthewhitenessoftheirarmpitsappeared. Heinformedallthepeople,saying:OPeople,amInotworthierofyouthanyourselves? Theyansweredhim:AllahandHisApostleknowbest!

Sohe(a.s)said:Mostsurely,AllahismyGuardian,andIamtheguardianofthebelievers,andI amworthierofthemthanthemselves;therefore,whoevermentionedbyalWahidiinhisAsbab alNuzool,andbyalFakhralRaziinhisalTafseeralKabeer,andbyothers. Iamhisguardian,Aliishisguardian.Hesaidthatthreeorfourtimes.Thenhesaid:OAllah, befriendwhoeverbefriendshim,lovewhoeverloveshim,hatewhoeverhateshim,support whoeversupportshim,desertwhoeverdesertshim,andturnthetruthwithhimwhereverhe turns!Thosepresentshouldinformthoseabsent![1] Inhissermon,theProphetgreatlyhonoredImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)and entrustedhimwiththegreatofficeofthecaliphate.Afterhe(a.s)hadendedhisholyspeech, HassaanbinThabitaskedhimtoallowhimtorecitebeforehimoneofhiswonderfulpoemson thatimmortaloccasion.TheProphetpermittedhim,andherushed,saying: OnthedayofalGhadirhesummonedthemandmadethemansweratKhumm. ListentotheApostleashecalls. Hesaid:Whoisyourmasterandfriend? Theyansweredwithoutshowinganysignsofopposition: Allahisourmasterandyouareourfriend.Youwillneverfindanydisobediencefromustoyou. Hesaidtohim:Arise,Ali,IamcontentthatyoushouldbeImamandguideafterme. WhomsoeverIamhisguardian,thismanishisguardian. Therefore,befaithfulhelpersandfollowersofhim. Thereheprayed:OAllah,befriendhisfriendandbehostiletowhoeveropposesAli.[2] ThenalltheMuslimspledgedallegiancetoImamAliandcongratulatedhimonhisbeingthe Commanderofthefaithful.TheProphet(a.s)orderedhiswivestogotoandtocongratulatehim (ImamAli).[3]AmongthosewhocongratulatedhimwasUmarbinalKhattab.Heshookhands withhimandsaidtohim:Welldone!Welldone,OIbnAbiTalib,youhavebecomemy [1]TheDeclarationatGhadirKhumisamongtheauthentictraditionsensuredbymanywaysof transmission.TheMuslimshaveunanimouslyagreedonnarratingit.Itschainofauthoritiesand itsmeaningweresearchedbythegeniusofIslam,HisEminence,alHujjahalAmini,mayAllah protecthim,inhisimmortalencyclopediaalGhadir.Hehaslimitedthefirstvolumeofhisbookto theresearchonthat.Intherestvolumeshehasmentionedalargegroupofthepoetswholauded thedeclarationatGhadirKhumm.Hehaswrittentheirbiographiesandmentionedtheirliterary andscientificworks. [2]AlGhadir,vol.2,p.34.

[3]Ibid.,vol.1,p.271.QuotedfromRoudatalSafa,vol.2,p.273,byKhawandShah,ahistorian. masterandthemasterofeverybelievingmanandbelievingwomen.[1]Onthatday,whichwas immortalintheworldofthetruthandvirtue,thissacredversewasrevealed:ThisdayIhave perfectedforyouyourreligionandcompletedMyfavoronyouandchosenforyouIslamasa religion.[2] ThegreatfavorwasperfectedandthereligionwascompletedthroughappointingImamAli,the CommanderofthefaithfulandtheImamofthepious,asasuccessor.WiththattheProphet(a.s) tookthefinalsteptokeeptheIslamicsocietyandtheIslamiclaw.Hedidnotleavethecommunity toremainperplexedandtobeprevailedbychaosandcorruption;rather,heappointedoverita greatfigure(ImamAli)toguideittothestraightpath. Mostsurelythepledgeofallegiance(toImamAli)atGhadirKhummwasamongthemostreliable proofs(forhisImamate),anditwasthemostmanifestoftheminexplainingthattheofficeofthe successionandtheImamatewasentrustedtoImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s). ImamalHasanuseditasaproofonhisfathersrightofthesuccession.Thatwasduringhis sermonhedeliveredafterhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.Inthesermonhehasmentioned: Allahhashonoredus,wetheAhlulBayt;Hehasselectedandchosenus,takenawaythe uncleannessfromus,andthoroughlypurifiedus.Whenthepeopledividedintotwosects,Allah placedusamongthebetteronefromAdamtomygrandfather(a.s).WhenAllahappointedhim fortheprophethood,chosehimforthemessage,revealedHisBooktohim,andcommandedhim toaskpeopletobelieveinAllah,myfatherwasthefirsttorespondtoAllahandHisMessenger. HewasthefirsttobelieveinAllahandHisApostle(a.s).InHisBookAllahhasrevealedtoHis appointedProphet:IshethenwhohaswithhimclearprooffromhisLord,andawitnessfromHim recitesit?Therefore,itwasmygrandfatherwhohadaclearprooffromhisLord,anditwasmy fatherwhorecitedit,andhewasawitnessfromHim.Headded:Thiscommunityheardmy grandfathersay:Ifacommunityentrustsitsaffairtoamanwhilethereisonemore knowledgeablethanheis,itsaffairisinvainunlessitresortstohimwhomithasleft.Anditheard himsaytomyfather:YouaretomeasHarunwastoMusaexceptthatthereisnoprophetafter me.Itsawandheardhimwhenhetookmyfatherbythehandandsaidtohim:WhoeverIamhis guardian,Aliistobehisguardian.OAllah,befriendwhoeverbefriendshim,andbehostile [1]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.4,p.281. [2]Quran,5,3.TherevelationoftheSuraontheDayofGhadirKhumhasbeenmentionedbyal SayutiinhisalDurralManthur,andbyalKhateebalBaghdadiinhisalTarikh,vol.8,p.290. Otherhistorianshavementionedthat. towhoeveropposeshim.Thenheorderedthosepresenttoinformthoseabsent.[1]

BooksofhistoryarefulloftheproofsoftheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem,andoftheirleading followersaboutthepledgeofallegiancetoImamAli(a.s)atGhadirKhum,wherehewas entrustedwiththeIslamiccaliphate.However,thepeopleturnedawayfromthetraditionand interpreteditaccordingtotheirtendenciesandwishes. TheProphetseeksForgivenessforthedeadintheCemeteryofalBaqee WhenAllahsApostle(a.s)hadperformedthehajj,hereturnedtoMedina.Heresidedinitfor somedays.Suspicionsandworriessurroundedhim,andhewassleepless.HesentforAbu Muhayba[2]inthedarknight.WhenAbuMuhaybacame,theProphetorderedhimtoaccompany himtothecemeteryofalBaqee.Hesaidtohim:IhavebeencommandedtoaskAllahtoforgive thedeadatthecemeteryofalBaqee.ForthisreasonIsentforyoutogowithme. TheProphet(a.s)walkeduntilhereachedthecemeteryofalBaqee.Hegreetedthedeadand congratulatedthemonthattheyhad.Thenhetoldthemabouttheblackafflictionsthatwould befallhiscommunityafterhim.Hesaid:Assalamualaykum,Opeopleofthegraves.Iwanttotell youaboutwhatthepeoplewillface;theafflictionshavecomelikethetheblacknight.Theirlast followstheirfirst.Thelastismorewickedthanthefirst! ThentheProphetbegantellingAbuMuhaybaabouthisleavingtheworld,sayingtohim:Ihave beengiventhekeysofthetreasuriesintheworldandimmortalitythereinandtheGardenafter that,butIhavechosenmeetingmyLordandtheGarden. Maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou,retortedAbuMuhayba,whydoyounottakethekeys ofthetreasuriesintheworldandbeimmortalthereinandtheGardenafterthat? HowevertheProphet(a.s)explainedtohimhisurgentwishformeetingAllah,saying:No,by Allah,IhavechosentomeetmyLord.ThenheaskedAllahtoforgivethedeadatthecemeteryof alBaqee,andthenhewenthome.[3] [1]AlGhadir,vol.1,p.197. [2]AbuMuhaybawastheProphetsretainer.TheProphethadboughtandreleasedhim. [3]IbnHisham,Syrah,vol.3,p.93.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.190.InhisBiharalAnwar,vol.6,p. 121,alMajlisihasmentioned:WhenAllahsApostle(a.s.)felttheillness,hetookAli,peacebeon him,bythehandandheadedforthecemeteryofalBaqeeandaskedAllahtoforgivethedead wherein.Hewasaccompaniedbyagroup. TheRegimentofUsama

WhentheProphet(a.s)cametoknowthathismeetingwithhisLordwascloseathand,hetriedto reinforcethecaliphateofImamAli(a.s)thathehaddeclaredatGhadirKhum.Likewise,hetriedto putanendtotheriotandthemutiny,thattheaffairsmightgowellwiththeImam(a.s)afterhis (theProphet)death.Asaresulthethoughtthatthebestwaytocarrythatoutwasthrough makinghiscapitalemptyofallthoseopposingtheImam(a.s)andsendingthemtothefieldof jihadtoinvadetheRomans.Accordingly,heorderedhiscompanionstogetreadyforthat.Hedid notpermitanyofhiscompanionstostayevenAbuBakr,Umar,AbuUbayda,andBasheerbin Sad.[1]HeappointedUsamaasacommanderoverthem.[2]ThatwasonSafar26th,theyear11 A.H.HesaidtoUsama:Gototheplacewhereyourfatherhadbeenkilled.Letthehorseswalkon them.Ihaveappointedyouasacommanderoverthisregiment.Inthemorninginvadethepeople ofUbna[3].Destroythembyfire.Goquickly,thatyoumayprecedethenews.IfAllahgrantsyoua victoryoverthem,thenstaywiththemforashorttime.Takeguideswithyou,andadvancethe spiesandthevanguards. Onthe28thofSafar,theProphetsconditionbecamecritical.Hesufferedfromintensefeverand headache.ItwassaidthattheyresultedfromthefoodhehadhadatKhaybar.Hewouldsay:I amstillhavingpainduetothefoodIhadhadatKhaybar.[4] Onthe29thofSafar,theProphetcametoknowthathiscompanionsmutinied(againstUsama) anddeserted(him).Sohe,thoughill,wentoutandurgedofpeople. [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.5,p.312.IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.4,p.46.TarikhalKhamees. [2]HisfullnameisUsamabinZaydbinHarithabinSharajilbinKabbinAbdalUzzaalKalbi.His motherwasUmmAyman,whosenamewasBaraka.ShewastheretainerandnursemaidofAllahs Apostle(a.s.).(Thehistorians)havedifferedoverUsamasageonthedaywhenAllahsApostle (a.s.)died.Itwassaidthathewastwentyyearsold.Itwassaidthathewasnineteenyearsold; anditwassaidthathewaseighteenyearsold.AfterthedeathoftheProphet(a.s.)helivedin WadialQura,andthenhereturnedtoMedina.HediedatalJurfattheendofthecaliphateof Muawiya.TheyearofhisdeathwasfiftyeightorfiftynineA.H.Itwassaidthatitwasfiftyfour A.H.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookalIstiab,vol.1,pp.3435.Unfortunately,Usama deviatedfromthetruth.ThereasonforthatisthathedidnotpledgeallegiancetoImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,whenthecaliphatereturnedtohim.Hedeviatedfromthe CommanderofthefaithfulduetothegiftsandtheplentifulmoneytheUmayyadgavetohim. [3]UbnaisadistrictofalBalqaofthelandofSyria,betweenAsqalanandalRamla.Itis neighboringMuta,whereZaydbinHarithandJafarbinAbiTalibweremartyred. [4]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.58. themtogo.ThenhehimselfhandedthestandardtoUsamaandsaidtohim:Invadeinthename ofAllah,andinthewayofAllah,andfightagainstthosewhodisbelieveinAllah!

UsamatookthestandardandhandeditovertoBurayda.HecampedatalJurf.However,the peoplerefusedtofollowhim.Theymutiniedagainsthimanddesertedhim.Umarsaidtohim: AllahsApostle(a.s)hasdiedwhileyouareacommanderoverme![1]Thepeoplebitterly criticizedtheProphet(a.s)forappointingUsamaasacommanderoverthem.Theyrefusedtojoin hisregiment.TheProphet,whosufferedfromseverefeverandheadache,heardofthat,andhe becameangry.Hetiedhisheadwithaheadclothandwentoutwearinghiscloak.Hewassad becausehecametoknowthatthemeanshepreparedforhispurposefailedandwas unsuccessful.Sohewentuponthepulpit.Thatwasonthe5thofRabeealAwal.Heshowedhis seriousdispleasureandstrongangertowardsthosewhodidnotcarryouthisorders,saying:O people,whatisthestatementofsomeofyouinrespectofmyappointingUsamaasacommander (overyou)?IfyoucriticizemeformyappointingUsamaasacommander,thenyouwillcriticize meformyappointinghisfatherasacommanderbeforehim.ByAllah,hewasworthyofthe leadership,andhisson,afterhim,isworthyofit. Hecamedownthepulpitandwentintohishouse.[2]Thenhecommandedthepeopletojointhe regimentofUsama,saying:SupplytheregimentofUsama.CarryouttheregimentofUsama. MayAllahcursewhoeverlagsbehindtheregimentofUsama! Thesestrictordersdidnotmovethem;andthisgreatcarefromtheProphet(a.s)didnotchange theirdetermination,thoughtheycametoknowthathewasinhislasthours.Theywereslowin goingout.Theylaggedbehindtheregiment,andapologizedtotheProphet(a.s)withdifferent excuse.TheProphet(a.s)didnotexcusethemandshowedtowardthemangeranddispleasure. Whoevercarefullyconsidersthisimportanteventconcludesthefollowing: [1]AlSirahalHalabiya,vol.3,p.34.Othertraditionistsandhistorianshavementionedthat. [2]Ibid.,vol.3,p.34. 1.TheProphet(a.s)tookgreatcareofsendingthepeopleoutofMedina(Yathrib)andcursed thosewhowereslowtojointheregimentofUsama.Thisclearlyindicateshislongdesired objective,whichisthatheintendedtomakehiscapitalemptyofthepartyopposingImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful(a.s)thattheaffairsmightgowellwithhim,andthathemight undertakethesuccessioncalmlyandpeacefully. 2.ThepeoplelaggedbehindtheregimentandcriticizedtheProphetforhisappointingUsama. Thismeansnothingexceptthattheyintendedtowintheauthorityandthegovernment,andto strengthentherulesoftheirpolicy.IftheyhadgonetoinvadingandleftthecapitaloftheProphet (a.s),thecaliphatewouldhaveescapedthem,andtheyhadhadnoroomtodeclaretheirmutiny andtheirdisagreement. 3.TheProphet(a.s)didnotentrusttheleadershipoftheregimenttotheold,prominentmen

fromamonghiscompanions,forheintendedtotakecareofthefuture,toprotectitfromthe disordersandtheafflictionsafterhim.Ifhehadentrustedtheleadershiptothem,theywould haveuseditasmeansfortheirrightofthecaliphateandoftheirdemandingthegovernment.Asa resulthe(a.s)closedthiswindowbeforethem,lesttheunityofthecommunityshouldcrackand itssecuritybecomedisordered. Usamawasthenseventeenyearsoldormore.AsforthereasonsthattheProphet(a.s)appointed himasacommanderwhilehewasstillyoung,theyareasfollows: A.Heclosedalldoorstodisagreementandcriticizing(himfor)appointingImamAli(a.s)asa successor,forhewasstillyoung,becauseUsamawasyoungerthanImamali;nevertheless,the Prophetentrustedhimwiththemostimportantmilitaryofficeinhistroops. B.Heabrogatedtheadvanceinyearsandpaidnoattentiontodeservinghighofficesthroughit, foritwoulddeprivethosewithqualificationsandtalents.Hewantedtheaffairsofthecommunity andtheleadershipoverittobeundertakenbythosewhohadqualifications,determination,and administration.He(a.s)declaredthisreformativeidea,saying:Whoeverheadsagroupofthe Muslimswhileheseesthatthereisamongthemsomeonebetterthanheis,betraysAllah,His Apostle,andtheMuslims.[1]Hehasalsosaid:Whoeveremployssomeoneasagovernorover theMuslimsandheseesthatthereissomeonemoreappropriateforthatthanheisamongthem, mostsurelybetraysAllah,HisApostle,andtheMuslims.[2] [1]AlBayqahi,Sunan,vol.10,p.111.MajjmaalZawaid. [2]AlBaqlani,Tamhid,p.190. Certainly,Islamtakesgreatcareofappointingthebestofpeopleandgreatestofthemin qualificationsoverthegovernment,foroneshouldputthepublicinterestsbeforehiseyesandbe honestincollectingtaxesfrompeople,andinwhathespendsonpublicutilities.Heshould behavetowardpeoplewithbehaviorbasedonpurejustice.Thatcannotbecarriedoutthrough advanceinyears;ratheritcouldbecarriedoutthroughknowledgeofwhatthecommunityneeds inallpublicfields.[1] C.ThroughhisappointingUsamaasacommander,theProphet(a.s)heldbackthecapriceof thoseopposingImamAli,subjugatedthem,destroyedtheirmorale,andsentthemfaraway. However,theyrealizedwhathe(a.s)hadplannedthroughappointingUsamaasacommander. Accordingly,theylaggedbehindhisregimentandwentonstayingatalJurfuntilAllahsApostle (a.s)joinedtheHighComrade. ThesearesomepointsmancanconcludeifhecarefullyconsiderstheregimentofUsama.They clearlyindicatetheobjectiveoftheProphet(a.s)whenhecalmlyandpeacefullyintendedtopave

thewaytoImamAli(a.s)afterhisdeath.[2]Theyalsoclearlyindicatethedangerousplotthat peoplemadeagainsthissuccessorandguardian(ImamAli).Wewillmentionthatindetailinthe chaptersthatfollow. HisIllnessbecomesmorecritical Hisfeverbecamesointensethathefeltaflameinhisbodybecauseofthat.Hewascoveredwith velvet.Whenoneofhiswivesorofthosewhocametovisithimputhishandonthevelvet,sheor hefelttheheat.[3]Theyputacontainerofcoolwaterbyhim.Heputhishandintothecontainer andputitonhisface.TheMuslimshurriedtovisithimwhiletheywereimpatientandperplexed. Hisroomwasfullofthem.Soheannouncedhisdeathtothemandadvisedthemtofollowthat whichwouldguaranteetheirhappinessandsuccess.Hesaidtothem:OPeople,IfeelIamgoing todieverysoon,andIhadpreviouslyinformedyouasmyduty,andtoleavenoexcuseforyou, that:IamleavingwithyouthebookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andmyfamily,my household. [1]WehaveindetailexplainedthissubjectmatterinourbookNizamalHukumwaalIdarafial Islam. [2]ImamSharafalDeen,alMurajaatwaalNaswaalIjtihad.Hehaswonderfullyanalyzedthe RegimentofUsama. [3]Haykal,HayatMuhammed,p.484. ThenhetookAlishandandsaid:ThisisAli.AliiswiththeQuran,andtheQuraniswithAli.They shallneverseparatefromoneanothertilltheywillcometomebythePool.[1] ThecommunityhadtofollowthewordsandtheviewpointsoftheProphet(a.s)concerningImam Ali.MuslimshadtohandtheleadershiptotheImam,forhewouldfollowthewayoftheQuran andwouldruleaccordingtowhatAllahhadrevealed.IfMuslimshaddonethatafterthedeathof AllahsApostle(a.s),theywouldhavebeensafefromallsetbacks,afflictions,andmisfortunes,and Islamwouldhaveadvancedwithbalanceandfirmsteps,andtheprinciplesoftruthandjustice wouldhaveprevailedtheworld. Retaliation TheProphet(a.s)wascriticallyill;nevertheless,heworehisturbanandwentouttoannouncethe justicehebroughtthroughaskingthepeopletoretaliateifhehadaggressedagainstanyofthem. HewentuponthepulpitandexplainedtotheMuslimsthearduouseffortsherenderedtodirect andguidethem.Andthenhesaid:MostsurelymyLorddecidedandtookanoaththatno injusticeofawrongdoerwouldescapeHim;therefore,IadjureyoubeforeAllah,ifanymanofyou hasgotanykindofinjusticefromMuhammad,thenlethimriseandpunishme!Retaliationinthis

worldismorelovabletomethanthatinthehereafterinthepresenceoftheangelsandthe prophets! Thosepresentfellsilentandgavenoanswer.Theybecameastonishedandforgottheirown selves.Aterriblesilenceprevailedoverthem.WhichoneofthemhadgotinjusticefromAllahs Apostle(a.s)orrightagainsthim,whilehewasthelegislatorofthegreatjusticeandmodelof Divinekindness?Thepeoplebecamesadbecausetheycametoknowthathiswordsshowedthat hewouldleavetheworld.However,amancalledSawadabinQaysclaimedthatAllahsApostle (a.s)hadfloggedhimandhewantedtoretaliate.Accordingly,theProphet(a.s)orderedBilalto bringhimthewhip,thatSawadamightpunishhim.Bilalsetoutandwasoutofbreath,forsucha kindofjusticecontrolledhisfeelings.HewalkedthroughthestreetsofMedinashoutingatthetop ofhisvoice:Opeople,settleretaliationswitheachotherinthisworld,forAllahsApostle(a.s) hadgiven(you)retaliationfromhisownsoul. ThenhewenttothehouseoftheProphet(a.s).HetookthewhiptotheProphet(a.s).The ProphetorderedBilaltogivethewhiptoSawadatopunishhim(theProphet).Itisworth mentioningthattheProphetwasterriblyill. [1]IbnHajar,alSawaiqalMuhriqa. SawadawalkedtowardstheProphetwithshakinglegs.ThegreatnessanddignityoftheProphet coveredhim,sohesaidtohim:OAllahsApostle,uncoveryourbelly! TheProphet(a.s)uncoveredhisbelly,andSawadasaidtohiminaweakvoice:OAllahsApostle, willyoupermitmetoputmymouthonyourbelly(tokissit)? TheProphet(a.s)gavehimapermission,andheputhismouthonthebellyofAllahsApostle(a.s) whilehistearswereflowingdownhischeeks.Hesaid:Iseekprotectionwiththeplaceofthe retaliationofAllahsApostlefromthefireontheDayoftheFire!ThustheProphet(a.s)asked him:Sawada,willyouretaliateorpardonme?Iwillpardonyou,OAllahsApostle,retorted Sawada. SotheProphet(a.s)raisedhishandstowardstheheavenandinvokedAllahforhim,saying:O Allah,pardonSawadajustashehaspardonedYourProphet![1] FatimafeelsSorrow GriefencompassedtheProphetsdaughter,misfortunebefellher,andsadnessharmedher tender,torturedheart.Shesawherfathersufferingfromtheseverestpainandanguish,andshe heardhimsaying:Oh!Whatanguish!Herheartwasfullofagonyandsadness,sosheanswered

him:Oh!WhatagonyIhaveduetoyouragony! Helookedatherandsawhereyesfilledwithtears.Hehadpityonherandsaid:Therewillbeno anguishonyourfatherafterthisday!Whenhisconditionbecameworse,theconditionofal Zahrachanged.Shebecamepale,weak,andconfused.Cares,troubles,pain,andsadness surroundedher.Whenhesawher,hisheartcracked.Hewantedtoremovesadnessfromher heart,sohemadehersitbyhim.Hewhisperedtohersomething.Whensheheardhissaying,she burstintotears.Thenhe(a.s)whisperedtohersomethingelse,andshereceiveditwithsimiles, cheerfulness,andcontent.Aisha,theProphetswife,wasastonishedatthisdeed,andshesaid:I haveneverseen(aday)likethisdaywhenrejoicingissimilartosadness! [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.6,p.1035. SheaskedheraboutwhatAllahsApostle(a.s)hadsaidtoher,andsherefusedtoanswerher. Whenthedayspassed,FatimatoldAishaaboutthereasonforthatweepingandrejoicing,saying: AllahsApostlesaid:GabrielusedtorevisetheQuranwithmeonceayear.Thisyearhehas reviseditwithmetwice.Icanonlyconsiderthatdeathisathand. Thiswasthereasonforheragonyandweeping.Asforthereasonforherdelight,shesaid:He toldmethatIwouldbethefirstofhisfamilytojoinhimandthatitwouldbenotalongtimefor meafterhimbeforeIwouldbewithhim.ThatmadethegriefgofrommeHesaidtome,Are younotsatisfiedtobetheprincipalofthewomenofthiscommunity? TheProphet(a.s)removedfromhisbeloveddaughtersorrowthroughtellingherthatthe separationbetweenthemwouldnotbelong.Whenshecametoknowthatthemeetingofher fatherwithhisLordwouldbeathand,shesetofftoherhouseandbroughthertwosonswhile shewasweepingbitterly.Shesaidtohim:Father,theseareyourtwosons.Givethemsomething asinheritance. AsforalHasan,hereplied,hehasmyformandnobility.AsforalHusayn,hehasmygenerosity andbravery.AlHasanlefthimwhileheinheritedfromhimhisformandnobility;andthemaster ofmartyrsinheritedfromhimhisgenerosityandbravery.Isthereaninheritanceontheearth betterthanthisinheritancethathadtheperfectionandnobilityoftheprophethood?Accordingto hisinheritance,alHasanwasasymbolofProphetMuhammadsdignityandamodelofthe propheticnobility.Ithasbeennarratedthathehadthesignsofprophetsandradianceofkings. TheProphetgiveswhathehasasAlms Beforehisillness,theProphet(a.s)hadsevendinars.Hefearedthathewoulddiewhilehestill hadthem.Soheorderedhisfamilytogivethedinarsasalms.Astheywerebusytakingcareof

himandlookingafterhim,theyforgottocarryouthisorder.Whenherecoveredconsciousness, heaskedthemaboutwhattheyhaddoneregardingthemoney.Theysaidthatthedinarswere stillwiththem.Heaskedthemtobringthosedinars.Whentheybroughtthem,heputthemon thepalmofhishandandsaid:WhatshallMuhammadsaytohisLordwhenhemeetsHimand theyarestillwithhim?Thenhegavethedinarstothepoorasalms,andhehadnothingofthem. ThegreatDisaster TheProphet(a.s)lookedthroughtheunseenandgatheredthathiscommunityafterhimwouldbe afflictedwithdiscordslikethedarknightandwithblackmisfortunes,andthatitwouldrenegade afterfaith.Heregardedthatastoogreat.Hebecamesadandsorrowfulwhilehewaslivinghislast hourswhenhecametoknowaboutthegreatplotschemedagainsthisguardian,hissuccessor, andthegateofthecityofhisknowledge(ImamAli).Thatwaswhenhecametoknowthatthe peoplelaggedbehindtheArmyofUsamaandwereslowtojoinit.So,he(a.s)thoughtthathehad tofollowanotherwaytosavehiscommunityfromgoingastrayandtoprotecthisnationfrom discordsanderrors.He(a.s)said:BringmeinkandparchmentsothatImaywriteadocumentfor you,afterwhichyouwillnevergoastray.[1] Whatgreatthisfavorwas!Whatavaluablechanceitwas!Ifthepeoplehadseizeditandhurried tocarryitout,theywouldhaveprotectedthemselvesandthefollowinggenerationsfromgoing astray.Buttheydeprivedthemselvesofhappiness,closedthewindowsofmercyandguidance beforethemandbeforethefollowinggenerations.Thelifeinthisworldhaddeceivedthem,and theyrusheduponauthority.TheyknewtheobjectiveoftheProphet(a.s).Theycametoknowthat hewouldappointAliashisguardian.Throughthattheyrealizedthattheirgoalsandtheir interestswouldbelost,sooneofthemsaidtotheProphet(a.s)withimpudenceandvainglory: AllahsBookissufficientforus! Whoevercarefullyconsidersthisanswerunderstandstheirplotandtheirplansaimingat removingImamAlifromthepersonnelofgovernment.IftheyhadthoughtthatAllahsApostle (a.s)wouldnotentrusthimwiththecaliphateorthathewouldentrusthimwithprotectingthe bordersandreligiousrites,theywouldnothavegivenhimsuchanimprudentanswerandwould nothaverefusedhisrequest.However,theycametoknowhisobjective,sotheydidtheirbestto destroyandcorruptit.Anyway,manydisagreementsanddisputestookplaceamongthem. Accordingly,thewomenwhowerebehindthecurtainsaidtothemen:Doyounothearwhat AllahsApostlesay? Umarbecameexcitedandshoutedatthemlesttheaffairshouldescapehim,saying:Indeedyou arelikethemistressesofYusuf(ProphetJoseph).Ifhebecomesill,youpressyoureyes;andwhen hegetswell,youridehisneck!

AllahsApostle(a.s)lookedatUmarbecausehisspeechhadannoyedhim.Hesaidtohim:Leave them,fortheyarebetterthanyou. [1]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.355.Otherthanhimhasmentionedthetradition. ThepeoplewhowantedtocarryouttheProphetsrequestwereabouttobesuccessful,butone oftheopponentsspoiledtheiraffairsthroughsayingterriblewords:MostsurelytheProphetis delirious![1] WhichmishaplikethisonethatbefellIslam?Whichmisfortunelikethisonethatafflictedthe Muslims?IsitrighttodecidethattheProphet(a.s)wasdelirious?Indeed,thepeoplereturnedto thepreIslamictimes.TheyforgotthepositionoftheProphet(a.s)andsaidtohimbad,rude words.WebelongtoAllahandtoHimisourreturn!Surelyitwasthegreatestmisfortunewhose terrorcausedheartstomelt.TheycamebetweentheMuslimsandtheirhappinessandsentgood farfromthem.WhenIbnAbbasrememberedtheevent,histearspoureddownhisface.Hesighed andsaid:Thursday!Thursday!AllahsApostle(a.s)said:BringmeinkandparchmentsothatI maywriteadocumentforyou,afterwhichyouwillnevergoastray.ButtheysaidthatAllahs Apostlewasdelirious![2] TheydidnotheartheversesoftheQuranwhiletheywererecitedtothembydayandnightand wereproofoftheinfallibilityoftheProphet(a.s).Allah,theMostHigh,hassaid:Yourcompanion doesnoterr,nordoeshegoastray;nordoesspeakofdesire.Itisnaughtbutrevelationthatis revealed;theLordofMightyPowerhastaughthim.[3]He,theExalted,hasalsosaid:Most surelyitisthewordofanhonoredmessenger,thepossessorofstrengthhavinganhonorable placewiththeLordoftheDominion,One(tobeobeyed),andfaithfulintrust.Andyour companionhasnotgonemad.[4]Thereareotherversesindicatingthathewasnotdelirious. However,thelifeinthisworlddeceivedthepeople,andtheyadmireditsembellishment. Accordingly,theydeviatedfromtherightway,turnedawayfromthelawsofjustice,madethe communitygetworseandworseinthefieldsofignoranceanddeception,andclosedbeforethem thedoorsofmercyandguidance. [1]AlBukharihasmentionedtheeventseveraltimesinhisbook(alSaheeh),vol.4,pp.6999,vol. 6,p.8.Buthehashiddenthenameofthepersonwhosaidthesewords.InhisbookGharibal Hadith,IbnalAthirhasmentionedthatitwasUmarbinalKhattabwhosaidthesewords.During hisspeechwithIbnAbbas,UmaradmittedthathehadpreventedtheProphet(a.s.)fromwriting (something)concerningAliandhisfamily.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookSharhNahjjal Balagha,vol.3,p.114,byIbnAbialHadeed. [2]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.355. [3]Quran,53,25.

[4]Ibid.,81,1922. TotheHighComrade WhentheProphet(a.s)wasabouttodie,AllahsenthimtheAngelofDeathtoraisehispuresoul totheGardenandtothefarthestnabktree.TheAngelofDeathcameandaskedpermissionfrom theHouseholdoftheRevelationtocomeintoAllahsApostle(a.s).However,FatimaalZahratold himthattheProphet(a.s)wasdistractedfromhimbecausehehadfaintedduetohisintense illness.Afterawhile,herepeatedhisrequest,soAllahsApostle(a.s)recoveredconsciousnessand saidtohisdaughter:Doyouknowhim?No,OAllahsApostle,repliedFatima.Heistheone whobuildsgraves,destroyshouses,andmakespeopleseparatefromeachother,heretorted. Fatimasentitycollapsed;perplexitysurroundedher.Sheweptwithbittertears.Shesaidina weakvoicewithsadtones:Woe!Thelastoftheprophetshasdied!Whatamisfortune!Thebest ofthepioushasdied!Themasterofthechosenoneshasbeenseparated(fromus)!Alas!The RevelationhasceasedfromtheHeaven!Indeed,today,Ihavebeendeprivedofspeakingwith you! AllahsApostle(a.s)hadmercyonhisdaughter,sohesentherwordsofcomfort,saying:Donot weep,formostsurelyyouwillbethefirstofmyfamilytofollowme.[1] TheProphet(a.s)permittedtheAngelofDeathtoenter.Whenhestoodbeforehim,hesaid:O AllahsApostle(a.s)mostsurelyAllahhassentmetoyouandorderedmetoobeyyouinallthat whichyoucommandme.Ifyoucommandmetotakeyoursoul,Iwilltakeit,andifyoucommand metoleaveit,Iwillleaveit. Willyoudothat,OAngelofDeath?askedtheProphet(a.s). Ihavebeencommandedtoobeyyouinallthatwhichyoucommandmeof. ThenGabrielenteredandsaidOAhmed,indeedAllahhasyearnedforyou![2] WhenthehouseholdoftheProphet(a.s)cametoknowthattheProphetwouldleavethemin thosemoments,themisfortuneastoundedthem,andtheybecameverysad.AlHasanandal HusayncameandbentdowntotheProphettobidfarewelltohim.Theyshedtears.Theykissed him,andhekissedthem.ImamAli(a.s)triedtoputthemaside,buttheProphet(a.s)saidtohim: Letthemenjoyme,andletmeenjoythem,fortheywillfaceamisfortuneafterme. [1]DurratalNasiheen,p.66. [2]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.2,p.48. ThentheProphetturnedtothosewhocametovisithimandsaidtothem:IndeedIhaveleftwith

youAllahsBookandmyfamily,myhousehold.WhoeverlosesAllahsBookislikeonewholoses mySunna(mysayingsandpractices),andwhoeverlosesmySunnaislikeonewholosesmy family;mostsurelytheyshallneverseparatefromeachotheruntiltheyreachmebythePool.[1] Thenhesummonedhisguardianandsuccessorandsaidtohim:Ali,putmyheadinyourlap,for theorderofAllah(ofmydeath)hascome.Whenmysouldeparts,takeitwithyourhandandrub yourfacewithit.Thenturnmetowardtheqibla.Carryoutmycommandandprayovermeasthe firstofthepeople.Donotleavemeuntilyouhaveburiedmeinmygrave.SeekthehelpofAllah, theGreatandAlmighty. ImamAli(a.s)tooktheheadoftheProphet(a.s)andputitinhislapandputhisrighthandunder hisjaw.TheProphet(a.s)permittedtheAngelofDeathtoreceivehisHolySoul.Whenthe Prophetssoulwasgoingout,theImamtookitwithhishandandrubbedhisfacewithit.[2]He announcedtheProphetsdeathtothosepresent. Onthatdayimmortalintheworldofsadness,thestandardsofjusticewerefolded,thelampsof perfectionandvirtuewereextinguished,andthehumanitywasnotafflictedwithadisasterlike thatonebefore.ThegreatSaviordied;theLightthatenlightenedthewaytomanandguidedhim tothestraightpathwasveiled.ThedreamsoftheMuslimsdispersedbeforethatterrible misfortune,forthepeoplehadnocomfortafterAllahsApostle(a.s),andsorrowhadneitherlimit norendduetomissinghim.Muhammadwentawayfromthisworld,andthelightofhisface departedtoo.Sothetonguessetouttolamentoverhim,theeyesweptforhim;thecryingand lamentationfromthehouseoftheProphet(a.s)becameloud.Thegreatestofhishouseholdin agonyand [1]AlKhawarizmi,MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.144. [2]AlManaqib,vol.1,p.29.Traditionsensuredbymanylinesoftransmissionhavebeenreported onthatAllahsApostle(a.s.)diedinthelapofAli,peacebeonhim.Ithasbeenmentionedinthe bookKanzalUmmal,vol.4,p.55,thatAbuGhatafansaid:IaskedIbnAbbas:Inwhoselapdid theProphet(a.s.)die?Andheanswered:HediedwhilehewasleaningonAlischest.ThenIsaid tohimthatUrwarelatedtomeontheauthorityofAaisha,whosaidthatAllahsApostle(a.s.) died(whilehishead)wasbetweenherchestandherneck.Doyoubelievethat?,heaskedme, byAllah,AllahsApostle,died(whilehewasleaning)onAlischest.Itwashe(Ali)whowashed him.ThisnarrationhasalsobeenmentionedbyIbnSad,inhisTabaqat,vol.2,p.51. misfortunewashisdaughterFatimaalZahra.Shecamedowntohisbody.Shewasastonished mindedduetotheintensesorrowandsadness.Sheweptbitterlyandsaid:Ofather!Iam announcingyourdeathtoGabriel!Ofather!Paradiseisyourshelter!Ofather!Youhave respondedtoyourLordsinvitation![1]

ThetragicnewsspreadallovertheCityofAllahsApostle(a.s)andmadeitmovefromsidetoside insadness.TheMuslimsgatheredandwereperplexed.Themisfortunesilencedthem,andthe terribleeventbefellthem.Theywereeithersilent,crying,astonished,orlamenting.Theyfaced endlesspain. ImamAli(a.s)whowassurroundedbypainandsadness,roseandbeganpreparingtheProphet (a.s)forburial.Hewashedhim[2]andsaid:Maymyfatherandmotherbesacrificedforyou!How goodyouaredeadoralive![3] AfterImamAli(a.s)hadpreparedtheProphet(a.s)forburial,heputhimdown.ItwasAllahwho wasthefirsttoprayoverhim,thenGabriel,thenMikaiel,thenIsrafiel,andthentheangelsgroup bygroup.[4]ThentheMuslimscameintobidfarewelltotheProphetandtoprayoverhim.[5] Afterperforming [1]IbnMaja,Sunan.Inithehasbeenmentioned:HammadbinZaydsaid:IhaveseenThabit, whorelatedthetradition.Whenherelatedit,hewepttotheextentthathisribsdiffered. [2]WafaalWafa,vol.1,p.227.InKanzalUmmal,vol.4,p.53,ithasbeenmentioned:(Iman) AliwashedAllahsApostle(a.s.).AlFadhlandUsamaweregivinghimwaterfrombehinda curtain.Inthebookithasalsobeenmentioned:Thepeoplehavedifferedoverhisshroud.It wassaidthathewasshroudedwiththreegarments.ItwassaidthathewasshroudedinaYemeni garment(shroud)andshirt.Theyhavealsomentionedothernarrationsonhisshroud.Ithas beennarratedthatAbaQallaawouldsay:Doyounotwonderattheirdifferingovertheshroud ofAllahsApostle(a.s.)? [3]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.2,part2,p.63. [4]HulyatalAwliya,vol.4,p.77. [5]KanzalUmmal,vol.4,p.54.Inithehasbeenmentioned:WhenImam(Ali),theCommander ofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,putthegreatbodyonthebedtoprayoverit,hesaidtothe Muslims:Noneshouldleadyouinprayer,forhe(theProphet)isyourImam(Whetherheis)dead oralive.Accordingly,thepeoplecameingroupbygroupandprayedoverhiminranks.Therewas noImambeforethem.(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,wasstanding besidethecorpseandsaying:assalamualaykaOProphet,Allahsmercyandblessingsbeupon you!OAllah,webearwitnessthathehasmadeknownwhatwasrevealedtohim,showed sinceritytowardshiscommunity,struggledinthewayofAllahuntilAllahmadedearHisreligion andHiswordsbecameperfect.OAllah,placeusamongthosewhofollowthatwhichbeen revealedtohim,makeusfirmafterhim,andletusgatherwithhim.Thepeoplesaid:Amen! Amen!Themen,thewomen,andtheboysprayedoverhim.(Thehistorians)havedifferedover thedateofhisdeath(a.s.).ItwassaidthathediedonRabeealAwal12th.Thishasbeen mentionedinthebooktheprayeroverhim,ImamAlidugthegrave.Whenhehadfinished

diggingthegrave,alMughirathrewhisringintoitandsaidtoImamAli(a.s): Myring!TheImam(a.s)saidtohissonalHasan:Godownandgivehimthering.AlHasan (a.s)didthat.AlMughiraintendedtoentertheSacredGraveaftertheCommanderofthefaithful hadgoneoutofit.Heintendedtopridehimselfonhiscompanionsthathewasthelastofthe peopletobidfarewelltoAllahsApostle.However,ImamAli(a.s)knewhispurpose,andthushe orderedalHasantoenterthegrave,andhewasthelastofthepeopletobidfarewelltoAllahs Apostle(a.s).[1] ImamAli(a.s)andburiedthegreatbodyinitsfinalrestingplace.Thenhestoodbythegraveto wateritwiththetearsofhiseyes.Hesaidsomewordsindicatinghisdeepsadness:Patienceis good(towardallthings)excepttowardyou!Impatience(towardallthings)isuglyexcepttoward you!Themisfortuneisgreat!Misfortunesbeforeandafteryouarenotimportant![2] ThegreatterrorandpainfulmisfortunemeltedtheheartofalHasan(a.s)whilehewasstillyoung. Hisbeautifulbloomofyouthwithered.HesawtheProphet,whowaskindtohim,beingburiedin hisgrave.HesawhisparentsastonishedandsorrowfulatthedeathofthegreatProphet.This eventleftinhissoulseverepainandstrongsadness.TheProphet(a.s)wenttotheHighComrade whilealHasanwasattheageofsevenyears.[3]Atthisagethementalpowersofachildgrow.At itthemindofachildislikeacameraconveyingintheinnersoulmanyviewsandpicturesand plantinginitsadnessandhappinesspassingbyit.Besides,somecleverchildrenmayhaveabilities andreadinessforunderstandingdeedsandattitudes.Atthattimesomeimportantevents accompaniedalHasan.Theytookplacebeforethedeathofhisgrandfather,theApostle(a.s). AmongthemisthatthepeoplerefusedtojointheregimentofUsama,didnotrespondtothe Prophet(a.s)whenherequestedinkandparchmenttowriteforhiscommunityadocumentthat wouldprotectthemfromdiscordsandgoingastray.WithoutdoubtalHasanunderstoodthe purposeofthat.Hecametoknowoftheplotsthatpeopleschemedagainsthisfather.This attitudeleftinhissoulhiddensadness,andhecriticizedthepeoplefortheirusurpingtherightsof hisfather.WewillexplainthatintheTimeofthetwoSheikhs. <WafaalWafa,vol.1,226227.ItwassaidthathediedonSafar28th.Thishasbeen mentionedbyalTabrasisAlamalWara,p.7.ItwassaidthathediedinRabeealAwal2nd.This hasbeenmentionedbyIbnWadihinhisTarikh,vol.1,p.93.Narrationsotherthanthesehave alsobeenmentioned. [1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.2,p.77. [2]MuhammedAbda,NahjjalBalagha,vol.3,224 [3]KashfalGhumma,p.154.

ChapterVI:AttheTimeofthetwoCaliphs Part1 WhentheProphet(a.s)wenttotheGardenandhissoulraisedtotheMostHighComrade, successivediscordscameovertheMuslims.Violentwavesofdivisionanddisagreementprevailed them,shooktheirentity,crackedandtorntheirunity.Allah,theExaltedhadexplainedthe apostasyanddissensionthatwhichwouldcomeovertheMuslimsafterthedeathofHisProphet. Hehassaid:AndMuhammadisnomorethananapostle;theapostleshavealreadypassedaway beforehim;ifthenhediesoriskilled,willyouturnbackuponyourheals?[1] Accordingly,whichmisfortuneisgreaterthanthismisfortune?Andwhichdisasterissevererthan apostasyafterfaith?ThepeopleleftthecorpseoftheProphet;theydidnotburyitinitsfinal restingplace.Theyrusheduponthegovernmentandauthority.TheydecidedtoturntheIslamic caliphateawayfromtheHouseholdofProphethood,thecradleoftheMessage,theplacewhere theangelsfrequented,andtheabodeofrevelationandinspiration.ImamAli,theCommanderof thefaithful(a.s)hastalkedaboutpeoplesevildeeds,saying:WhenAllahsApostle(a.s)died,a groupofpeopleturnedbackupontheirheels.Waysdeceivedthem;theydependedonthe intimatefriends,bestoweduponthoseotherthantherelatives,abandonedthemeanstoward whichtheyhadbeencommandedtoshowlove,movedthestructurefromitsfirmandcompact foundation,andbuiltitinaplaceotherthanitsplace.Theywerethesourcesofallsins[2] Thepeopleseizedthegovernmentandremoveditfromitsmenandactualowners,andplacedit inotherthanitsplace.TheysurprisedAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem,whiletheinjurydidnotheal, andtheMessengerwasnotburiedyet.Thatwasthroughtheirturningtheauthorityawayfrom them(theactualowners),andaggressingagainstthem.Theymadethemsufferfrompainand pillowsleeplessness.Theymadethemleadalifefullofcaresandtroubles.Therefore,howgreat theirmisfortuneswere!Andhowintensetheirafflictionandtribulationwere! Peoplehurriedtopledgeallegianceandseizedtheopportunity.ImamAli(a.s)wasbusypreparing thecorpseoftheProphet(a.s)forburying.ThepeopledidnotgivehimtimetoburytheProphet (a.s)lesttheauthorityshouldescape [1]Quran,3,144. [2]NahjjalBalagha,(explainedbyMuhammedAbda),2\48. them,andtheirwishesandhopesforseizingthereinsofgovernmentandauthoritywouldbelost.

Anyhow,itisnecessaryforustotalkbrieflyaboutthestagesofthatgreattragedy,forthereisa closerelationshipbetweenitandthelifeofImamalHasan(a.s),becauseturningtheauthority awayfromAhlulBaythadbadcomplicationsanddangerousresults.Themostimportantofthem wasthatalTulaqa,[1]theirsons,whoweretheopponentsofIslamandenemiesofAllah,craved aftertheIslamiccaliphate,andwarredagainsttheHouseholdofProphethood.AlHasan,the grandsonoftheProphet(a.s),wasforcedtomakepeacewithMuawiyaandtohandtheauthority overtohim.Wewillexplainthattoreadersasfollows: AlSaqifa[2] ThepeoplelefttheProphet(a.s)lyinginthebedofdeath.Theypaidnoattentiontoanyofhis affairs.TheAnsarhurriedtotheSaqifa(shed)oftheBanuSaida[3].Theydiscussedtheaffairsof thesuccessionandauthority.ThechiefofalKhazrajSadbinUbada,whowascriticallyill, deliveredanorationamongthepeople.Hecouldnotmakethepeoplehearhisspeech;ratherhe spoke,andsomeofhisrelativesconveyedhisspeechtoothers.Thecentralideaofhisspeechwas thatgainwasaccordingtodamagesandhardshipsthattheAnsarsufferedheavycasualities duringthesuccessivebattlesandthemovementofjihadcarriedoutbyAllahsApostle(a.s). Therefore,theywereworthierofauthoritythantheothersandmoreappropriateforit.Thisisthe textofhisoration:OCommunityoftheAnsar,youhaveprecedenceinreligionandexcellencein IslamthatnooneoftheArabtribeislikeyou.Mostsurely,Muhammad(a.s)remainedamonghis [1]AlTulaqaarethosewhoconvertedtoIslamatthetimeoftheconquestofMecca. [2]AlSaqifaisashelter.ItwastheplacewheretheAnsarheldtheirmeetingsandseminars. [3]SadbinUbadawasthemasteroftheKhazrajiteandleaderoftheAnsar.Hispeopleadmitted hisleadershipoverthem.He,hisfather,hisgrandfather,andhissonQayswerefamousfor generosity.ItwassaidthatnohousefromalAwsandalKhazrajjhadfoursuccessive,generous peopleexceptthatofSad.Hewasoneoftheheads.HewaspresentwithAllahsApostle(a.s.)at alAqabaand(theBattleofBadr.HedidnotpledgeallegiancetoAbuBakr.Heangrilywentoutof Medina.KhalidbinalWaleedandacompanionofhisfollowedhimbynight.Theystabbedhim andthrewhimintoawell.Khaliddeceivedsomefoolishpeoplethatitwasthejinnwhokilledhim. Theycomposedtwopoetrylinesonbehalfonthejinn,saying: WehavekilledthemasterofalKhazrajj,SadbinUbada,Andwethrewtwoarrowsathimanddid notfailtohithisheart.HediedatHawran,(part)ofthelandofSham(Syria)intheyearfifteenA. H.Itwassaid(thathedied)intheyearfourteenA.H.Hisbiographyhasbeenmentionedinthe booksalIsaba,alIstiab,UsdalGhaba,andthelike. peopleforseveralyears,summoningthemtoworshiptheMerciful(Allah)andtoabandonthe partnersandtheidols.Veryfewofhispeoplebelievedinhim.Theywerenotabletoprotect AllahsApostle(a.s)norweretheyabletostrengthenhisreligion,norweretheyabletorepel

fromthemselvestheoppressionthatincludedthem.WhenAllahwantedyouexcellence,hedrove dignitytoyouandsingledyououtwithfavorthroughmakingyoubelieveinHimandinHis Apostle,protectinghimandhiscompanions,supportinghimandhisreligion,andstruggling againsthisenemies.Soyouwerethestrictestofthepeopleinfightingagainsthisenemyandthe heaviestofthemagainsttheenemy,totheextentthattheArabsfollowedAllahscommand willinglyandunwillingly.Thosefarhandedovertheleadershipwhiletheywereinastateof subjectionandutterabasement,totheextentthatAllahthroughyouleveledtheearthforHis ApostleandthroughyourswordstheArabsfollowedhim.ThenAllahcausedhimtodiewhilehe waspleasedwithyou;therefore,seizethegovernmentwiththeexceptionofallthepeople,forit belongstoyou,andnottothem.TheAnsarrespondedtohimthroughshowingsatisfactionand obedience,saying:Youaresuccessfulinopinionandrightinspeech.Wewillnotleavewhatyou havesuggested.Wewillentrustyouwiththispower,foryouaresatisfactorytousandyousatisfy theinterestsofthebelievers.[1] TheAnsarhandedovertheleadershiptothemasterofalKhazraj,andtheywerereadytoobey him.Theyexpressedtheirurgentwishfornominatinghimfortheofficeofthecaliphate.Here therearesomeaffairsthatmakemanwondersattheaffairsoftheAnsarandmakehimquestion them: 1.TheAnsartookcareofIslam,supportedthecreed,andprotectedthereligion;therefore,why didtheyhurryinrespectoftheaffairofthecaliphate?WhydidtheyforgettheallegiancetoImam Ali(a.s)atGhadirKhum?WhydidtheyneglectthecommandmentsoftheProphet(a.s) concerninghishouseholdandhisfamily? 2.Whydidtheykeeptheaffair(ofthecaliphate)asecretinaplaceisolatedfromtheeyesofthe people?Whydidtheyresorttosecrecyandcautioninconcealingtheaffair? 3.WhydidtheynottakeintoconsiderationstheviewpointsofthepurefamilyoftheProphetin respectofthesuccession?Whydidtheyseizeauthority? Mostlikely,theycametoknowofthedangerousplotschemedbytheremarkableMuhajireen againstImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.207. TheyfearedthattheMuhajireenwouldwinthecaliphateanddeprivethemofit;so,theyhurried toseizetheopportunitythroughnominatingSadfortheofficeofthecaliphate. UmarsExplanatorySpeech AbuBakrwasnotinYathrib(Medina)whentheProphet(a.s)died.Rather,hewasatalSanah.[1]

UmarbinalKhattabfearedthatsomeonewouldwinthecaliphatebeforeAbuBakersarrival;so, hemadeanexplanatoryspeechindictinghispsychologicalpolicyandhisexcellentexperiencein theaffairsofthesociety.HestoppedthemovementofpledgingallegiancetoSad.Hedistracted thepeopleevenfromtheirreflectiononaffairs.Heshooktheswordwithhisownhandand shoutedatthetopofhisvoice:OneofthehypocritesclaimsthatAllahsApostle(a.s)hasdied! Andmostsurelythathehasnotdied,buthehasgonetohisLordjustasMusabinImranhad alreadydone!ByAllah,AllahsApostleshallcomebackandcutoffthehandsandlegsofthose menwhohavespreadliesabouthisdeath! HestruckwithhisswordandthreatenedallthosewhosaidthatAllahsApostledied.[2]Some Muslimsregardedthisdeedasstrange,whilethosesimplemindedregardeditasgood,forhehad broughtthembeautifulhopesanddreams.Thesoulsrefusedtobelievethedeathofthegreat Prophetandcontinuedtoclingtohislifeeventhroughsomeimaginations.So,Umardroveto themthebestwishesandthemostwonderfulhopes.HetoldthemthattheirbelovedSaviorwas stillalive,andthathewouldmanifesthisreligionandmakeitprevailoverallreligions.Headded tohisspeechthemostviolentterrorismandthreat.HeclaimedthatAllahsApostle(a.s)would cutoffthehandandlegsofthosewhospreadrumorsagainsthim.Moreover,hewenton threateningthepeopleuntilAbuBakrarrivedinMedina.UmarwelcomedAbuBaker,andthey wenttothehouseofAllahsApostle(a.s).AbuBakruncoveredthefaceoftheProphet(a.s). Suddenly,hecametoknowthathispuresoulhaddepartedhispurebody.Hewentoutrefuting Umarsstatement.Heturnedtotheperplexedmassesastonishedbytheeventandsaidtothem: WhoeverworshipsMuhammad,mostsurelyMuhammadhasdied.AndwhoeverworshipsAllah, mostsurelyAllahisaliveanddoesnotdie!Thenherecitedthisverse:AndMuhammadisno morethananapostle;theapostleshavealreadypassedawaybeforehim;ifthenhediesoris killed,willyouturnbackuponyourheels? ThepeopleyieldedtoAbuBakrsstatementandrepeatedtheverse.Umar [1]AlSanahisaplaceonemilefromMedina.Itwassaidthatitwasamongitsoutskirts,andwas threeorfourmilesfarfromit. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha. hurriedtobelieveAbuBakrsstatementandshowednoobjectiontowardit.Heaccompaniedhim. Hewalkedwithhim,supportedhim,andprotectedhisside. Itisnecessaryforustopausebeforethisstrangeinitiative,foriturgesmantoaskaboutseveral affairsthatareasfollows: 1.WasitrighttosaythatUmardidnotknowaboutthedeathofAllahsApostle(a.s)?Itisworth mentioningthattheQuranhasannouncedthatallpeoplewilldie.Allah,theMostHigh,says:

Everysoulmusttasteofdeath;thentoUsyoushallbebroughtback.[1]HehasalsosaidtoHis Prophet:Surelyyoushalldieandthey(too)shallsurelydie.[2]Hehasalsosaid:Ifthenhediesor iskilled,willyouturnbackuponyourheels?Besides,theProphet(a.s)announcedhisdeath severaltimesandtoldthepeoplethathehadbeensummonedanditwasthemomentforhimto answer.Moreover,UmarhimselfhadsaidtoUsamabeforethedeathoftheProphet(a.s):Allahs Apostlehasdiedwhileyouareacommanderoverme! 3.WhatisthesecretbehindhistreatingthosewhospreadrumorsaboutthedeathoftheProphet (a.s)?WhydidheannouncethatAllahsApostlewouldpunishthosewhospreadlies?Wastheir statementapostasyfromreligionandbecauseofthattheirhandsandlegshadtobecutoff? WhoevercarefullyconsidersthiseventclearlyunderstandsUmarsdeed,whichisthathe intendedtodistractthepeoplefrompledgingallegiancetoanyonebeforeAbuBakrsarrival. IndeedUmarwasnottoostupidnottoknowthattheProphet(a.s)woulddie.Hisstrong enthusiasm,histhreats,andexcitementcalmeddownwhenAbuBakrcame.Allthesethings clearlyindicatethatthiseventwaspartofaplandrawnbeforethedeathoftheProphet(a.s)to turnthecaliphatefromhishouseholdandtoseizeitforthemselves.Lamans,anorientalist, thoughtthatAbuBakr,Umar,andAbuUbaydahadplanedtoturnthecaliphateawayfromAhlul BaytbeforethedeathoftheProphet(a.s).Hesays:IndeedtheQurashipartywasnotaready madesituation,nordiditresultfromasurpriseorimprovisation;ratheritresultedfrommade, secretplotswhoseoriginswerewovenandwhosepartieswerefirmlygathered.Theheroesofthis plotwereAbuBakr,UmarbinalKhattab,andAbuUbaydabinalJarrah;andamongthemembers ofthispartywereAishaandHafsa. Thisviewpointisverytrustworthy,forifsomeonereflectsonthepeoples [1]Quran,29,57. [2]Quran,39,30. stepsandcarefullyconsiderstheirdeedsconcludesthattherewasanpreviouslypreparedplot, andthatthepeoplehadwovenitsthreadssincealongtime.Thereareseveralproofsthattheplot waspreviousprepared;thepeoplelaggedbehindtheregimentofUsama,someofthewivesof theProphet(a.s)sent(letters)totheirfatherstolingeringoing(withUsama).Theynominated theirfathersfortheofficeoftheImamate.AndbesidesUmarsanswertotheProphet(a.s)when heintendedtowriteadocument. TheAnsararesurprised TheAnsardecidedtoappointthechiefofalKhazraj,SadbinUbada,asacaliph.Howeverhis cousinsBasheerbinSadbinThalabaalKhazrajiandUsaydbinKhudayr,theheadofalAws,

competedwithhimforleadership.Theyenviedhimforthishighoffice.Sotheyharboredmalice andenmityagainsthim.Theydecidedtoturnthepowerawayfromhim.UwaymbinSaidaal AwsiandMaanbinAdi,theallyoftheAnsar,joinedthem.TheybelongedtoAbuBakrspartyand followersduringthetimeofAllahsApostle(a.s).Besides,theyharboredmaliceandhatred againstSadbinUbada.Asaresult,theyhurriedtoAbuBakrandUmar.Theytoldthemaboutthe meetingoftheAnsarinalSaqifaandabouttheirdecisionforappointingSadbinUbada.[1]Abu Bakrwasastonished,soheandUmarquicklyleft.AbuUbaydabinalJarrah[2]andSalim, Hudhayfasretainer,followedthem.Otherpeoplefromtheirparty,thepartyoftheMuhajireen, followedthemtoo.TheysurprisedtheAnsarinalSaqifa.Sadturnedpale,andtheAnsarbecame helpless.Silenceandastonishmentdominatedthem.Umartriedtospeak,butAbuBakrturnedto himandwhisperedinhisear,saying:Slowly,OUmar,thatImayspeak! AbuBakrstartedhisspeechwiththisstatement,saying:We,theMuhajireen,werethefirstof thepeopletobelieveinIslam.Wewerethenoblestoftheminlineage,themosthonoredin house,thebestineminentmen,andthenearestofthemtoAllahsApostle(a.s)inkinship.You areourbrethreninIslamandourpartnersinreligion.Yousupportedandhelped(theProphet),so mayAllahrewardyouwithgood.However,wearerulers,andyouarehelpers.TheArabsfollow noneexceptthistribefromQuraysh.Therefore,donotenvyyourbrethrenforthatthroughwhich Allahhasmadethembetter.Ihaveacceptedforyouoneofthesetwomen,namelyUmarbinal KhattabandAbuUbaydabinalJarrah.[3] [1]AlAqdalFareed,vol.3,p.62. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.208. [3]AlAqdalFareed,vol.3,p.62. IndeedthemostreliableproofsAbuBakrgavefortherightoftheMuhajireeninthecaliphateand powerareasfollows: 1.TheywerethefirstoftheMuslimstobelieveinIslam. 2.TheywerethenearestofthepeopletoAllahsApostle(a.s)inkinship. Inhisconclusion,AbuBakrdidnotmakeclearwhowasthefirsttobelieveinAllah,torespondto thesummonsofHisProphet,tostandbesidehimtorepeltheaggression,andtoprotecthimfrom thetyrantsofQuraysh.HedidnotsaythatsuchapersonwasImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful(a.s),thecousinoftheProphet(a.s),hissoninlaw,thefatherofhistwograndsons,and thegateofthecityofhisknowledge.AbuBakrforgotImamAliandnominatedAbuUbaydaand UmarbinalKhattabfortheofficeofthecaliphate.DidhehaveanauthorityovertheMuslims, thathemightacceptforthemandchooseonewhowouldundertaketheleadershipoverthem andmanagetheiraffairs?ImamAli(a.s)hascommentedonhisargument,saying:Theyhave advancedthetreeasanargument,andlostthefruit!Howeloquentthisstatementis!How

wonderfulthisargumentis!TheMuhajireenclungtotheirkinshiptotheProphet(a.s)and advanceditasaproofoftheirrighttopower.However,theyneglectedhisfamilyandprogeny, whowerehisdepositandtheequalstoAllahsBook.ImamAli(a.s)addressedAbuBakrinrespect ofthatandadvancedasaproofinthesamewaythatAbuBakrdidinrespectoftheAnsar.Hehas saidtohim: Ifyouhaveadvancedagainsttheiropponentsthekinshipasanargument,thenthoseotherthan youaremoreappropriatefortheProphetandnearertohim. Ifyouhavehadpowerovertheiraffairs,thenhowisthatandtheadvisersareabsent? Inanotherplace,theImam(a.s)addressedthepeopleandsaidtothem:ByAllah,Iamhis brothernamelythebrotherofAllahsApostle(a.s)hisbosomfriend,hiscousin,andinheritorof hisknowledge.Therefore,whoisworthierofit(thecaliphate)thanI?[1]Thepeopleturnedaway fromAbualHasan(Ali)andforgothisexcellentqualities,hisachievements,andthe commandmentsoftheProphet(a.s)concerninghim.Thatisbecausetheycravedafterthe caliphateandrusheduponpower. ThePledgeofAllegiancetoAbuBakr WhenAbuBakrendedhispreviousspeechduringwhichhenominatedUmarandAbuUbaydafor theofficeofthecaliphate,Umarhurriedtohimandsaid: [1]AlNisai,Khasais,p.18.AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.126. Willthisbewhileyouarealive?None(hastheright)tohinderyoufromyourpositionwhere AllahsApostle(a.s)hadinstalledyou!WedonotknowwhenAllahsApostle(a.s)hadinstalled himinhispositionwherehehadbeen.Butweknowthathe(a.s)senthimoutofMedinaalong withtherestofhiscompanionsasarmedfightersandappointedUsamaoverthemwhilehewas stillyoung.InsuchawaythepeoplepledgedallegiancetoAbuBakr.UmarandBasheercompeted witheachothertopledgeallegiancetohim.Allthemembersoftheirpartycompetedwitheach othertopledgeallegiancetohim.AmongthosewhodidthatwereUsaydbinHudayr,Uwaymbin Saida,MaanbinAdi,AbuUbaydabinalJarrah,Salim(AbuHudhayfasretainer),andKhalidbin alWaleed.ThesemenwerestrictinforcingthepeopletopledgeallegiancetoAbuBakr.The greatestoftheminenthusiasmwasUmar,whosewhipplayedanimportantroleinforcingthose whorefusedtopledgeallegiancetoAbuBakr.Hetreatedthemwithseverityandviolence.He heardtheAnsarsayinginrespectofSad:YouhavekilledSad! Soherushedtosay:Killhim!MayAllahkillhim!Heistheleaderofadiscord![1]

ThepledgeofallegiancewasgiventoAbuBakrinsuchawayencompassedbyterrorandthreat. ThenhispartycarriedhimtotheMosqueoftheProphet(a.s)inprocessionjustasabride[2], whiletheProphet(a.s)waslaidoutinthebedofdeath.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful (a.s)wasbusypreparinghimforburial.Whenhewastoldaboutthat,hequotedasanexample: Andsomepeoplessaywhattheywish;andtheyhavebecometyrannicalwhenZaydcreated calamities![3] IndeedAbuBakrwasgiventhepledgeofallegianceinsuchhastinessandasurprise.Umarcame toknowthatitwasillegal.Hebitterlycriticizeditwhenhesaidhisfamousstatement:Indeedthe pledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakrwasanerror!AllahhasprotectedtheMuslimsfromitsevil! Therefore,whoeversummonstothelikeofit,thenkillhim![4] Thisstatementhastheseverestkindofcriticismandslander.Ithasthefollowing: [1]AlAqdalFareed,vol.3,p.62. [2]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.2,p.8. [3]Ibid.,vol.2,p.5. [4]AlBukhari,Saheeh,vol.10,p.44.Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.55.TamamalMutun,p.137. 1.MostsurelyUmarhasdescribedthepledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakrasanerror(falta). Whetheritsmeaningisevilorsinorsliporsurprise,itisthegreatestofallthingsinthefieldsof criticismanddispraise. 2.HehasaskedAllahtosavetheMuslimsfromitsevilandtoprotectthemfromitsbad complications. 3.Hehasdecidedtokillwhoeversummons(Muslims)topledgesuchanallegiance. UmarcriticizedtheelectionofAbuBakrandpayinghomagetohimbecauseitdidnotdependon soundfoundationsandwasnotbasedonfirmlogic.Itfacesthefollowingcriticisms: 1.MostsurelythepeopledidnotconsultthepurefamilyoftheProphetinrespectofthe caliphate.Theyseizedthepower.TheyforgotthecommandmentsoftheProphet(a.s)regarding it.TheyneglectedwhattheApostle(a.s)hadcommandedtheminrespectoffollowinghis progenyandclingingtothem.ImamSharafalDeen,mayAllahresthiminpeace,hassaid: Supposethatthereisnotext(tradition)aboutthesuccessionofanyofthehouseholdof Muhammad(a.s).Supposethattheyarenotprominentinancestry,lineage,ethics,jihad, knowledge,deed,faithorloyalty.Andsupposethattheyhavenoprecedenceinthefieldsofall virtues,rathertheyareliketherestofthecompanions(oftheProphet).Buttherewasalegalor rationalortraditionalimpedimenttocancelthepledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakr.Theyhadtogive

themtimetoprepareAllahsApostle(a.s)forburialeventhroughentrustingsecuritytemporarily tothemilitaryleadershipthattheaffairofthecaliphatemightstabilize. Wasthisamountofpatiencenotkindtothosedistressed?(While)theywerethedepositofthe Prophetwithpeopleandhisremaining(progeny)amongthem.Allah,theExalted,hassaid: CertainlyanApostlehascometoyoufromamongyourselves;grievoustohimisyourfallinginto distress,excessivelysolicitousrespectingyou;tothebelievers(heis)compassionate,merciful.[1] ItwasgrievousfortheProphetthathiscommunitywouldfallintoadistress.Hewascarefulof theirhappiness,compassionateandmercifultothem.Therefore,isitnotoftherightofthis Apostlethathisfamilyhadnottofallintodistressthattheymightnotbesurprisedbysomething likethatthroughwhichtheyweresurprised,whiletheinjurydidnothealandtheApostlewasnot buriedyet?[2] [1]Quran,9,128. [2]AlNaswaalIjtihad,p.7. TheProphet(a.s)waslaidoutinthebedofdeath,hisgravedidnotmakehimabsentfromthe eyesofthepeople,whiletheyimpatientlyandgreedilycompetedwitheachotherforgovernment andauthority.TheyneglectedtheProphetsHousehold.Theydecidedtoturnawayfromthem,to wrongthem,andtoplundertheirwealth.FromthatdaytheProphetsfamilyfaceddifferentkinds ofdistressandmisfortune.Theirbloodwasshed,andtheirwomenfolkweretakenasprisonersof war.ThekinshipoftheProphet(a.s)wasnotrespected,whiletheywerethemostappropriate(of allthings)forcareandkindness. 2.Amongthecriticismsthepledgeofallegiancefacesisthatitdidnotincludetheinfluential people(AhlalHalwaalAqd),whomtheyregardedasabasicconditioninformingtheconsensus andthelegalityoftheelection.However,thepeoplecancelledtheconsultingwiththehighclass inIslam.Theypaidnoattentiontotheiropinions,nordidtheytaketheiragreementonthenew caliph.Moreover,theplacewheretheelectiontookplacewasmuchhidden.AbdalWahhabal Najjarsays:WhoeverisacquaintedwiththewaythroughwhichthepledgeofallegiancetoAbu Bakrtookplaceconcludesthatitwasmanifestlyincomplete,forthereasonablethinginsuch statesisthattheMuslimstookaplacewheretheymetandaboutwhichthepeoplehadtobe told.[1] MostsurelytheelectionofAbuBakrwasveryincomplete,fortheremarkablepersonalitieswho tookpartinbuildingtheentityofIslamwithdrewfromchoosingandelectinghim.Ontopofthese personalitieswereImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s),hisHashimiterelatives,andthe leadingcompanions(oftheProphet)suchasSalmanalFarisi,AbuDharr,AmmarbinYasir,And UbaybinKaab.AmongtheHashimiteswhodidnotelectAbuBakrwerealZubayr,UtbabinAbi Lahab,alAbbas,andthelike.AlltheAnsarorsomeofthemrefrainedfrompledgingallegianceto

AbuBakrsaying:WewillpledgeallegiancetononeexceptAli![2]Agreatnumberoftheleading personalitiesfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsarwithdrewfromelectingAbuBakr; therefore,howwasthepledgeofallegiancelegal? 3.TheMuslimswereforcedtopayhomagetoAbuBakr,forUmarswhipplayedanimportantrole inachievingthat,totheextentthatthepeoplebecameastonished.Thepeopledidnotstipulate thattheCaliphshouldfollowAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphetjustastheystipulatedin respectoftheCaliphsafterhim.Perhaps,forthesereasonsUmardecidedthatthe [1]AlKhulafaalRashidun,p.16. [2]IbnalAthir,Tarikh. pledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakranditswayswereillegal;likewise,hedecidedthathewouldkill thosewhowouldreturntothelikeofit. ImamAlirefrainsfrompayingHomagetoAbuBakr ImamAli(a.s)refrainedfrompledgingallegiancetoAbuBakr.Heannouncedhisstrong displeasurewithhimduetothefactthatheplunderedhiswealthanddeprivedhimofhisright. Thatwaswhenhesaid:He(AbuBakr)certainlyknewthatmypositioninrelationtoit(the caliphate)wasthesameasthepositionoftheaxisinrelationtothehandmill.Thefloodwater flowsdownfromhimandthebirdcannotflyuptohim.AbuBakrcametoknowthesewordsof theImam.ForthisreasontheImam(a.s)thoughtthatnoneotherthanhimcouldgouponthe pulpitofthecaliphate.HeclearlyannouncedthatwhenhisunclealAbbascametohimandasked himtopledgeallegiancetohim.Hesaidtohim:Mynephew,stretchoutyourhandtopay homagetoyou,thatthepeoplemaysay:TheuncleofAllahsApostle(a.s)haspaidhomageto thecousinofAllahsApostle(a.s).Therefore,notwopersonswilldifferoveryou. WhootherthanIwillseekthisaffair?askedtheImam. TheProphet(a.s)hadinvestedhimwiththishighofficeoftheImamateonthedayofGhadir Khum.Heannouncedhisauthoritybeforeagroupofpeople.Besides,hecontinuallyorderedhis communitytofollowhimandtohandtheleadershipoverittohim.InthisrespectDr.Taha Husaynhassaid:AlAbbasreflectedontheaffair;sohethoughtthathisnephewwasworthierof inheritingtheauthoritythanhewas.Thatisbecausehe(ImamAli)wasbroughtupbythe Prophet.HehadprecedenceinIslam.Heshowedextremecourageatallthebattles.TheProphet calledhim:Mybrother!So,oneday,UmmAymanjokedwithhimandsaidtohim:Youcallhim yourbrotherwhileyouhavemarriedhimtoyourdaughter!TheProphetsaidtohim:Youareto measAaronwastoMosesexceptthatthereisnoprophetafterme.Onanotherdayhesaidto theMuslims:WhoeverIamhisguardian,Aliistobehisguardian.BecauseofthatalAbbaswent

afterthedeathoftheProphettohisnephewandsaidtohim:Stretchoutyourhandtopay homagetoyou.[1] ImamAli(a.s)refrainedfrompledgingallegiancetoAbuBakr.Hedidnotmakepeacewiththe people,nordidhegrantthemconsent.Heshowedhisdispleasuretowardthem.Headvanced argumentsanddebatedwiththem.Heshowedhisstronggrumbleandhisintensedispleasure withthepeoplebecausetheyplunderedhisinheritance,anddeniedhisauthorityandhisrights. [1]AliwaBanuh,p.19.
ArgumentsandDebates ImamAli(a.s)arguedwiththepeopleoverthathewasthemostappropriatefortheauthorityand worthiestofit.Besides,hisHashimiterelatives,thosewhohadprecedenceinIslamfromamong theleadingMuhajireenandAnsarprotestedagainstthem.Wewillmentiontoreaderssomeof thosearguments: 1.ImamAli WhenImamAli(a.s)wastakenbyforcetopayhomagetoAbuBakr,thepeopleviolently commandedhim:PayhomagetoAbuBakr! Hecalmlyansweredthem:Iammoreentitledtotheauthoritythanyou.Iwillnotpayhomageto you.Youhavetopledgeallegiancetome.YouhavetakenthisauthorityfromtheAnsar.Youhave advancedthekinshiptotheProphet(a.s)asanargumentagainstthem.Now,youwanttotakeit fromus,AhlulBayt,byforce.DidyounotclaimbeforetheAnsarthatyouweremoredeservingof thisauthoritythantheyduetothefactthatMuhammadbelongedtoyou?Sotheygaveyouthe leadershipandhandedtheauthoritytoyou.AndIarguewithyouinthesamemanneryouargued withtheAnsar.WearemoreappropriateforAllahsApostle(a.s)whetherheisaliveordead. Therefore,treatuswithjusticeifyouarebelievers;otherwise,dowrongwhileyouknow(that). Throughthisstrongargument,theImam(a.s)followedthemannertheMuhajireenfollowed beforetheAnsar,sayingthattheywerethenearestofallthepeopletoAllahsApostleinkinship. ThisargumentthattheMuhajireenhailedandemployedasmeanstodestroythehopesoftheir opponentswasavailableintheImam(a.s)inthebestway,forhewasthecousinoftheProphet (a.s)andhissoninlaw.Beforethislogic,UmarbinalKhattabcoulddonothingexceptthathe

followedaviolentway,whichisthewayofthoselackingevidenceandproof.Hesaidtohim: MostsurelyIwillnotleaveyouuntilyoupledgeallegiance(toAbuBakr)! SoImamAli(a.s)shoutedathim:Youmilksomemilkthatyoushallhavehalfofit.Makefirmhis affairforhim,andhewillreturnittoyoutomorrow! TheImambecameexcitedandsaid:ByAllah,OUmar,Idonotacceptyourstatement,nordoI pledgeallegiancetohim(AbuBakr). AbuBakrfearedthattheconsequencesofthematterwouldbebad,soheshowedkindnessto ImamAli(a.s)andsaidsoftly:Ifyoudonotpayhomage(tome),Iwillnotforceyou!Abu UbaydabinalJarrahtriedtosatisfytheImam.Hesaidtohim:Omycousin,youarestillyoung. ThesearetheSheikhsofyourpeople.Youdonothavetheirexperienceandtheirknowledgeof affairs.IthinkthatAbuBakrisstrongerthanyouinthisaffair,thatheisgreaterthanyouin enduringandundertakingit.Therefore,handoverthisaffairtoAbuBakr.Ifyouliveforalong time,thenyouwillbeworthyofitduetoyourexcellence,religion,knowledge,understanding, precedence(inIslam),lineage,andyourrelationship(withtheProphet)bymarriage. ThisdeceptionmovedthehiddenpainanddispleasureintheselfoftheImam,andhehurriedto addresstheMuhajireenandmentionedtothemtheachievementsofAhlulBayt,peacebeon them,saying:OCommunityoftheMuhajireen,(fear)Allah!(Fear)Allah!Donottakethe authorityofMuhammadovertheArabsoutofhishouse,andhishousetoyourhouses!Donot removehishouseholdfromtheirpositionamongthepeopleand(from)theirright.ByAllah,O communityoftheMuhajireenweareworthierofhimthanthepeople,forwearehishousehold. Wearemoreentitledtothisaffairthanyourare.AmongusarethosewhoreciteAllahsBook, havejurisprudenceinthereligionofAllahandknowledgeoftheSunnaofAllahsApostle, undertaketheaffairsofthesubjects,repelfromthembadthings,andequallydivide(wealth) amongthem.ByAllahallthesequalitiesareavailableinus.Therefore,donotfollowcapricelest youshouldlosethewayofAllahandbefarawayfromthetruth.[1] Throughhiswonderfularguments,ImamAlirefutedallthevagueerrorsofthepeople.Heclosed alltheirwindowsthroughhisstrongargumentsandproofs.ThestrongestthingtowhichAbu UbaydaclunginordertoprovethepledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakristhathewasolderthan ImamAli(a.s).Suchwaswithhimthemeasureofrightnessandsoundjudgment.Howeveritis incorrectreasoningintheviewpointofIslam.ThemeasureinIslaminrespectofthevaluesof menisthattheyshouldhavetalents,qualifications,andgeniuses.Therefore,whoeverhassuch qualitiesisentitledtotheleadershipoverthecommunityandthemanagementofitsaffairs.This iswhattheImammeantthroughhisarguments.HeexplainedtothemthehighqualitiestheAhlul Bayt(a.s)hadsuchasunderstandingthereligionofAllah,knowledgeoftheSunnaofHisApostle, undertakingtheaffairsofthesubjects,repellingfromthemevilanddetestedthings,andequally

treatingpeople.Islamrequiredrulersandheadstohavethesequalities.Buttheywereavailablein nooneexceptAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem.Sotheywereworthieroftheauthorityandmore appropriateforitthanothers. [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.1112. 2.FatimaAlZahra Fatima,theprincipalofthewomenoftheworld,arguedwiththepeoplewithstrongarguments. Sheexplainedtothemtheirbaddeeds.She,peacebeonher,said:Howdarethey?Whereto havetheymovedit(thecaliphate)fromthebasesoftheMission,andthe(placeof)descentof LoyalGabriel,theexpertinreligiousandworldlymatters?This,indeed,isthemanifestloss.Why dotheyhateAbualHasansomuch?ByAllah,theyhatethestrengthofhissword,hismightand astoundingdeeds,andhisextraordinaryeffortinsupportingthereligionofAllah.ByAllah,had theyallyieldedtohisleadership,hewouldhavetakenthemtotheeasypath,withoutharming anyone. Hewouldhavebroughtthemtoanoverflowingfountainofgoodness,advisedtheminsecrecy andinpublic,neitherfillinghisbellywiththeirownsustenance,norsatisfyinghisthirstorhunger outoftheirowntoil.Thegatesofmercyoftheheavensandtheearthwouldhavebeenwidely openedforthem.Allahwillpunishthemforthesinstheywerecommitting;so,comeandlistento thestory,andsolongasyoulive,beamazed,andwhenyouareamazedtheincidentbemuses youWherehavetheygone,andwhichhandlehavetheyclungto?Whatanevilguardianthey havetaken,andwhatanevilbunch!Howevilistheendoftheoppressorswhotradedthetailsfor thehoofs,andtherumpsforthechests!So,dustedarethenosesofthosewhothinkthatthey havedonewell; theyaretheoneswhofilltheworldwithcorruptionwithoutknowingit.Woeuntothem!Isnt thatwhoguidestothetruthworthyofbeingfollowedthantheonewhodoesnotguide?Whatis thematterwithyou?Howdoyoujudge?ByAllah,ithasbecomepollinated.Waituntilit produces,andthenyoumilkitasacupfulfreshblood,andbitter,poisonousfood.Onthatday shalltheyperishwhosayfalsethings,thefollowerswillcometoknowoftheconsequencesofthe ancients.Thenbepleasedandprepareaheartforthediscords.Bedelightedatasharpswordand aninclusiveinjurythatwillleaveyourfay[1]insignificantandyourgatheringasareapedseed produce.Omygriefforyou!Shallweconstrainyouto(accept)itwhileyouareaversefromit.[2] Inhereloquent,wonderfulsermon,thedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)hascondemnedtheflagrant aggressionagainstAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem,andcriticizedthosewhousurpedtheofficeof theIslamicCaliphate,forthepeoplehadputitinaplaceotherthanitsplace;andthroughthat theylostthefamilyoftheirProphet,whowerethehavenoftheMessage,andthe

[1]Fayiswealth,income,orwarbootygainedwithoutfighting. [2]BalaaghaatalNisa,p.23.AlamalNisa,vol.3,pp.12191220.AlTabrasi,alIhtijajj.AlMajlisi, alBihar.SharhNahjjalBalagha. foundationsofProphethood;inwhosehousesthefaithfulspirit(Gabriel)descendedandthe Quranwasrevealed.Hervaluablesermonhasseveralaffairsofgreatimportance,whichareas follows: 1.Shehasmentionedthemostimportantandreliablereasonsforwhichthepeopleturnedaway fromAbualHasanandharboredmaliceagainsthim: A.Hissharpsword,withwhichhereapedtheheadsofthepolytheistsandtheinfidels,defended theProphet(a.s)inallattitudesandatallbattles,killedthosenearandfarforthesakeof establishingthepillarsofthereligion.Ofcourse,suchdeedsmadethepeopleharborgreatmalice andhatredagainsthim. B.Hismightandastoundingdeeds;hekilledtheinfidelsandangeredthehypocrites.Hedidnot flatterthem,nordidhesidewith(hisownrelatives).ForAllah,hedidnotfearthecensureofany censurer.Hesaid:ByAllah,Iwilltakerevengefortheoppressedontheoppressorandwillputa stringinthenoseoftheoppressoranddraghimtothespringoftruthfulnesseventhoughhemay grudgeit. C.HisextraordinaryeffortwithwhichhesupportedthereligionofAllah.He(a.s)sacrificedhissoul andemployedallhisabilitiesforgivinglifetothereligionofAllahandestablishingHisLaws.He threwhimselfintheheatofthebattles,enteredhardshipsandterrors,andwalkedontheheads ofthepolytheists.Becauseofhisblessedeffortsandgreatjihad,thereligionbecamestraightand strong. Mostsurelythesereasonsmadethepeopleharbormaliceandgrudgeagainsthimaswellasthey enviedhimforthetalentsandperfectqualitiesAllahhadgiventohim.Envycreateshatredand maliceinsoulsandthrowspeopleintogreatevil. 2.IfthecommunityhadentrustedtheiraffairstoImamAli(a.s)andfollowedthecommandments ofAllahsApostle(a.s)inrespectofhim,theywouldhavewonthefollowing: A.He(ImamAli)wouldhaveledthemthroughthewayofjusticeandthetruthandruled accordingtowhatAllahhadrevealed.Nonewouldhavebeenwrongedduringhisgovernment. Thedignityofanyofthemwouldnothavebeendestroyed.

B.Hewouldhavebroughtthemtoanoverflowingfountainofgoodness,ledthemtotheshoreof securityandsafety,lavisheduponthemgoodandblessings,andbestoweduponthemfavors. Therefore,nonewouldhavecomplainedofdeprivation,hunger,andpovertyunderhisjustice. C.Hewouldhaveadvisedtheminsecrecyandinpublicandguidedthemtothestraightpath. D.MostsurelyiftheImam(a.s)hadseizedthereinsofgovernment,hewouldhavetakennothing ofthepeoplesworldandseizednothingoftheirproperties.Hewouldhavesharedwiththemin sorrowsandjoys.HereallydidthatwhenheundertooktheaffairsoftheMuslims.Ofhisworldhe wassatisfiedwithtwoshabbygarments,andofhisfoodhewascontentwithtwoloavesofbread. Heledalifelikethatofthepoorandthedeprived.Inrespectofsuchalife,hehassaidhis immortalstatement:ShallIbesatisfiedwithmyselfthatIamcalledtheCommanderofthe faithful,whileIdonotsharewiththemthedetestedthingsoftimeandcoarselife? InthehistoryofMuslimsthereisnoonelikeImamAliinasceticism,piety,justice,andturning awayfromthewealthofthesubjects.Hislifehasremainedasthemostwonderfulmodelon whichMuslimspridethemselves. E.IfImamAli(a.s)hadundertookthecaliphateaftertheProphet(a.s),boonsandblessingswould havespread,favorswouldhavedominatedalloverthecountry,andthepeoplewouldhaveeaten fromabovetheirheadsandfrombeneaththeirfeet.However,theMuslimsdeprivedthemselves ofhappinessanddeprivedthefollowinggenerationsofit.Theyabandonedtheleadingfigures whowouldshowthemthetruthandtreatthemwithjustice. 3.Throughtheunseen,thedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)cametoknowofthehorrible consequencesthatwouldresultfromwhatthepeoplehaddone,andwhichareasfollows: A.DiscordswouldspreadamongtheMuslims;theirrankswouldbecracked,andtheirunitywould bedivided. B.Thetyrannicalauthoritieswouldpunishandexhaustthem. C.Theoppressorswouldseizetheiraffairs. ThesedangerousconsequencescametrueonthearenaoflifewhentheUmayyadsseizedthe reinsofgovernment.MuawiyaruledtheMuslimsandappointedoverthemsomecriminal governorssuchasSamrabinJundub,BisrbinArtaa,andZiyadbinAbeeh.Theywenttoofarin exhaustingandpunishingtheMuslimsandspreadingterroramongthem.DuringthetimeofZiyad binAbeeh,thepeoplewouldsay:Sad,escape!ForSaeedhasperished!Muawiyaappointed hissonYazidascaliphafterhim.ThelatterappointedIbnMarjanaasgovernorovertheMuslims, andhecommittedabominabledeedsthroughwhichheblackenedthefaceofhistory.Inthis mannertheIslamiccaliphatepassedfromoneoppressortoanotherandfromonetyrantto

another,totheextentthatthecountrywasfullofoppression,tyranny,anddictatorship. Forthesereliablereasonsshehasmentionedinhersermon,sheopposedthethengovernment, andbattledagainstitwithallherabilities.ShedemandedtheMuslimstooverthrowthe governmentandsummonedthemtorevoltagainstittorestoretheusurpedright.Herwronged husband,ImamAli,tookheraroundthehousesoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsarforfortydays, thatshemightaskthemforhelpandsupport;however,theysaidtoher:OdaughterofAllahs Apostle,ourpledgeofallegiancetothisman(AbuBakr)hasbeenconcluded! Sheansweredthemwithcondemnation:WillyoulettheinheritanceofAllahsApostlecomeout ofhishousetoanotherthanhishouse?Theyapologizedtoherforthat,saying:Odaughterof AllahsApostle,ifyourhusbandhadcometousbeforeAbuBakr,wewouldnothaveturnedaway fromhim.ImamAli(a.s)retorted:HadItoleaveAllahsApostleinhishouse,nottoburyhim, andtogoouttodisputewiththepeopleoverhisauthority? ThedaughteroftheProphetconfirmedthestatementofImamAli(a.s)saying:AbulHasandid whathehadtodo,andtheyhavedonethatwhichAllahwillpunishthemfor.[1] Fatima,peacebeonher,deliveredafamoussermonandarousedinmanyofitspartstheefforts oftheMuslims.SheurgedthemtorevoltanddemandedthemtoreturnthecaliphatetoImamAli (a.s).AddressingtheBanuQeela,shehassaid:OBanuQeela,ismyfathersinheritanceseized frommewhileyouseeandhear?Thesummonsreachesyouandthevoiceincludesyou.Youhave theequipment.Thehouseandthecurtainsbelongtoyou.YouarethechoiceAllahhaschosen. YouhavebroughttheArabstolight,improvisedtheaffairs,andstruggledagainstthebravemen. So,throughyou,Islamhasspread,itsboonshavebecomemany,thefiresofthewarhavegone out,theviolenceofpolytheismhascalmeddown,thesummonstothecommotionhasceased, andtheregulationofthereligionhasbecomefirm.Haveyoulaggedafterboldness,recoiledafter intensity,coweredafterbraveryfromthepeoplewhohavewithdrawnfromtheirfaithaftertheir covenant,anddefamedyourreligion?Thenfighttheleadersofunbeliefsurelytheiroathsare nothingsothattheymaydesist.[2] [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.12. [2]AlamalNisa,vol.3,p.1214. Throughhergreatsermon,Fatimamovedtheangerofthepeopleandinflamedthefireofthe revolt.However,AbuBakrreceivedherwithanapologyandgentleness.Heshowedtowardher strongrespect.Sohesuppressedtherevoltandparalyzeditsmovement.AsFatimafoundnoway toregaintherightofImamAli(a.s)sherevealedhercomplaintsandsorrowstoherfatherand inclinedtopatiencetowardtheordealsandmisfortunesthathadbefallenher.

3.ImamalHasan AgonyandsorrowdweltinthesoulofImamAli(a.s)duetothelossofhisrightandusurpofhis inheritance.TheyalsodweltinthesoulofhissonalHasan(a.s)andhewenttothemosqueofhis grandfather(a.s).HesawAbuBakrsittingonthepulpitofthemosqueanddeliveringasermon. Hebecamedispleasedandbitterlycriticizedhim(AbuBakr),saying:Getdown!Getdownfrom thepulpitofmy(grand)father!Gotoyourfatherspulpit! AbuBakrbecameastonished,andthepeoplelookedatthesayer.Theysuddenlycametoknow thathewasthegrandsonoftheProphet(a.s)andhisdarling.Theybecameperplexedand astonishedandfellsilent.AbuBakrkeptsilent,avoidedtheattitudeandsaidtohimsoftly:By Allah,youaretruthful!Mostsurelyitisyourfatherspulpit,notmyfatherspulpit![1] MostsurelytheargumentofImamalHasan,thoughyoung,issuedfrommaturity,ambition,and cleverness.TheImamdisclosedtheexhaustingpainhehadhiddeninthedepthofhissouldueto thelossofhisfathersright.Hesawhisgrandfathergoinguponthepulpit,summoningthepeople toAllahandguidingthemtotherightpath.HecametoknowthatthatLighthaddisappearedand thatVoicewasveiled.Hefoundnonetosucceedhim(theProphet)excepthisfather,who defendedAllahsApostle(a.s)inalltheattitudesandbattles. 4.SalmanalFarisi SalmanalFarisi,thepioussonofIslamandsourceofpietyandrighteousness,hurriedtorebuke thepeopleandtoprotestagainstthem.HearguedwithAbuBakr,sayingtohim:OAbuBakr,to whomwillyouentrustyouraffairwhenthatwhichyoudonotknowbefallsyou?Towhomwill you [1]AlRiyadalNadira,vol.1,p.139.IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.2,p.17.Al Khawarizmi,MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.93.AlManaqib,vol.2,p.172.InthebookalIsaba,vol.2, p.15,ithasbeenmentioned:ThisargumentissuedfromImamalHusayn.Inthebookal SawaiqalMuhriqa,p.105,ithasbeenmentioned:AlHasansaidthesewordstoAbuBakr,and thathappenedtoalHusaynwithUmarbinalKhattab. resortwhenyouareaskedaboutsomethingyoudonotknow?Whatisyourexcuse?Thatis becausethereissomeonewhoismorelearnedthanyouare,nearertoAllahsApostle(a.s),more knowledgeableininterpretingtheBookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andtheSunnaofHis Prophet.HeistheonetowhomtheProphetgaveprecedenceduringhislifetime,andwhomhe askedyoutoclingtoathisdeath.Butyouhaveneglectedhisstatement,forgottenhis commandments,leftbehindyouthepromise,brokenthecovenant,andabrogatedtheagreement hehadconcludedwithyouinrespectofwalkingbehindthestandardofUsamabinZayd.[1]

5.AmmarBinYasir AmmarBinYasirbeganarguingwiththepeople,sayingtothem:OcommunityofQuraysh,andO communitiesoftheMuslims!Ifyouhavecometoknow;otherwise,youshouldknowthatthe householdofyourProphetaremoreappropriateforhim,moreentitledtoinherithim,more righteousintheaffairsofthereligion,safertothebelievers,morekeepingtohiscreed,and sincerertohiscommunity(thanyouare).Therefore,askyourleader(AbuBakr)toreturntheright toitsmenbeforeyourcordbecomesdisordered,youraffairbecomesweak,yourdissension appears,theafflictionamongyoubecomesgreater,youdifferwitheachother,andyourenemy cravesafteryou.YouhavecometoknowthattheHashimitesaremoreappropriateforthisaffair thanyouare; AliisnearertoyourProphetthanyouare.Heisamongthemandisyourmasterinrespectofthe covenantofAllahandofHisApostle.Youhavecometoknowaboutthemanifestdifferencefora conditionafteracondition.ThatwaswhentheProphet(a.s)closedallyourdoorsfacingthe Mosqueexcepthis(Ali)door.HepreferredhimthroughmarryinghimtohisdaughterFatimato therestofthosefromamongyouwhoproposedtoher.Thesewordsofhim(a.s):IamtheCityof knowledge,andAliisitsgate;andwhoeverseekswisdom,lethimcometoitthroughitsgate. Youallarerequiredtoconsulthiminregardwiththedifficultaffairsofyourreligion,whileheisin noneedofyouall.Moreoverhehasexcellentprecedencethelikeofwhichthebestoneofyou doesnothave.Sowhyhaveyouturnedawayfromhim,usurpedhisright,preferredthelifeinthis worldtothenext?Evilis(this)changefortheunjust.GivehimwhatAllahhasappointedforhim. Donotturnawayfromhim.Andturnnotonyourbacksforthenyouwillturnbacklosers.[2] [1]AlTabrasi,alIhtijaj,pp.4243. [2]AlTabrasi,alIhtijajp.43. 6.KhuzaymaBinThabit KhuzaymaBinThabit,agreatcompanionoftheProphet,hassaid:OPeople,didyounotknow thattheProphet(a.s)hadacceptedmywitnessaloneandwantednootherwitnesswithme? Yes,theyreplied.Hesaid:IbearwitnessthatIhaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)say:My householddistinguishbetweenthetruthandthefalsehood;andtheyaretheImamswhoshould befollowed.IhavesaidwhatIhaveknown.Nothingis(incumbent)ontheApostleonlyaclear deliverance. 7.AbulHaythembinalTayhan AbulHaythembinalTayhan,agreatcompanionoftheProphet,hassaid:AndIbearwitnessfor

ourProphet(a.s)thatheinstalledAli(asanImam)ontheDayofGhadirKhum.SotheAnsarsaid: He(theProphet)installedhim(fornothing)exceptforthecaliphate.Someofthemsaid:He installedhimfornothingexceptforthatthepeoplehadtoknowthathewasthemasterofthose whosemasterwasAllahsApostle(a.s).Therewasalotofdiscussionaboutthat;so,wesent somemenfromamongustoAllahsApostle(a.s)toaskhimaboutthat.Hesaid:Saytothem:Ali isthemasterofthebelieversaftermeandthemostloyalofthepeopletomycommunity.Ihave bornewitnesstothatwhichcametomymind.Solethimwhopleasebelieve,andlethimwho pleasedisbelieve.Surelythedayofdecisionis(aday)appointed. 8.SahlbinHunayf SahlBinHunayfpraisedAllahandlaudedhim,calleddownblessingsupontheProphetandhis family.Thenhesaid:OCommunityofQuraysh,IbearwitnessthatIsawAllahsApostle(a.s)in thisplace(theMosqueoftheProphet)takingAlibinAbiTalib(a.s)bythehand.Iheardhimsayto him:Opeople,thisAliisyourImam(leader)afterme.Heismygurdianduringmylifetimeand aftermydeath.Hesettlesmydebts,fulfillsmypromisesandwillbethefirsttoshakehandwith mebythePool.Blessedishewhofollowsandsupportshim.Woeuntohimwholagsbehindand desertshim. 9.UthmanbinHunayf UthmanbinHunayfroseandsaid:WehaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)say:Myhouseholdare thestarsoftheearth;therefore,donotgoaheadofthem,fortheyaretherulersafterme.Aman roseforhimandsaid:OAllahsApostle,Whoareyourhousehold?Aliandhispurechildren, repliedtheProphet. 10.AbuAyyubalAnsari AbuAyyubalAnsarihassaid:OservantsofAllah,fearAllahinrespectofthehouseholdofyour Prophet,returntothemtheirrightthatAllahhadappointedtothem.Youhaveheardjustasour brothershaveheardthatourProphet(a.s)saidindifferentgatherings:Myhouseholdareyour Imamsafterme.HeindicatedwithhishandtoAli.Thenhesaid:ThisistheCommanderofthe piousandkilleroftheunbelievers.Whoeverdesertshimisdeserted;whoeversupportshimis supported.Therefore,turntoAllahinrepentancebecauseofyourdeeds,mostsurelyAllahisthe MostForgiving,Merciful.Donotturnawayfromhim,turningback.[1] 11.UtbabinAbiLahab WhileUtbabinAbiLahabwassheddingtears,heroseandrecited:

IdidnotthinkthattheauthoritywouldbeturnedawayfromHashim,andthenfromAbual Hasan. Fromthefirstofthepeopleinfaith,precedence,andthemostlearnedofthepeopleintheQuran andtheSunna. ThelastofthepeopleinmakingcovenantwiththeProphet,andwhomGabrielhelpedtowash andshroud(theProphet), Whohasthatwhichtheydonotdoubt,andthepeopledonothavethegoodhehas.[2] Thegreat,trustworthyMuslimshavementionedotherstrongargumentsconcerningtherightof ImamAli(a.s).However,thepeoplepaidnoattentiontothatandinsistedonturningthecaliphate awayfromtheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem. ImamAlisHouseisattacked ImamAli(a.s)didnotpayhomagetoAbuBakrandarguedwithhimthathewasmoreappropriate forthecaliphatethanhewas.Heannouncedhisstrongdispleasurewiththepeople.TheMuslim leadingpersonalitiessuchasAmmarbinYasir,AbuDharr,alZubayr,andKhalidbinSaeedjoined him.TheyheldmeetingsintheImamshouseanddiscussedtheaffairofthecaliphate.These meetingsdisturbedAbuBakr,sohedecidedtoattacktheImamshouse,tomeettheImamwith intensityandstrictness,andtotakeagainsthimalldecisivemeasures.Accordingly,he commandedUmartobreakintothe [1]AlTabrasi,alIhtijaj,pp.4344.Otherwritershavementionedit. [2]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.156. ImamshouseandtoforcetheImamtopledgeallegiancetoAbuBakr.Umarbecamestern.He tooksomefightersandwenttotheImamshouse.Hethoughtthatthebestwaytoforcethe Imamtopayhomagewassettingfiretohishouse.Hetookaflambeau,andthefighterscarried firewood.TheyangrilyhurriedtosetfiretothehousethatAllahhaspermittedtobeexaltedand Hisnamemayberememberedinit,fromwhichHetookuncleannessawayandcompletely purified.Anyway,Umarangrilyattackedthehouseandwasshoutingatthetopofhisvoice:By HiminwhosehandisUmarssoul,he(ImamAli)shouldcomeout;otherwise,Iwillsetfiretoit (thehouse)withallthoseinit.[1]Somepeopleblamedandwarnedhimagainstthepunishment ofAllah.Theysaidtohim:Fatimaisinthehouse! Hepaidnoattentiontothemandshoutedatthem:Eventhough!Eventhough!Thedear daughterofAllahsApostle(a.s)wentout.Shewasterrifiedandastonished.Shebitterlycriticized them,saying:Ihaveneverknownapeopledoingworsethanyouhavedone!YouleftAllahs Apostle(a.s)asacorpsebeforeus.Youdecidedyouraffairamongyou.Youdidnotconsultusand didnotreturnourrighttous.

Thehaughtinessofthepeopledispersed,andtheirviolencemelted.UmarhurriedtoAbuBakr andurgedhimtoforcetheImamtopayhomagetohim.Hesaidtohim:Doyounotpunishthis onewhohasnotpledgedallegiancetoyou?AbuBakrsentQunfudhtotheImam(a.s)andhe refusedtogowithhim.Asaresult,UmarandhishelperssetouttotheImamshouse.They knockedonthedoorandcameintothehouse.ThedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)calledouther fatherandsoughthelpfromhim,saying:Ofather,OAllahsApostle, [1]TraditionsensuredbymanywaysofnarrationhavementionedthatUmarthreatenedImam Ali,theCommanderofthefaithful,withsettingfiretohishouse.Mosthistorianshavementioned that.Thiseventhasbeenmentionedinthebooks:AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.1213.Ibn AbialHaddeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.34.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.202,(Daaral Marifedition).AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.156.AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.105.AlaamalNisa, vol.3,p.205.AbuUbayd,alAmwal,p.131.AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.414.Abdal Fattah,ImamAli,vol.1,p.213.Hehasmentioneditinvol.4,p.171.HafizIbraheem,thepoetof theNile,haswrittenpoetryonit,saying: UmarsaidastatementtoAli;venerateitslistener;respectitsspeaker: Ishallburnyourhouseanddonotleaveyoualivewhereinifyoudonotpayhomage,evenifal Mustafasdaughterisinit.NonesaiditexceptAbuHafs(Umar)whenheaddressedAdnans KnightandProtector. whathavewemetafteryoufrom(Umar)IbnalKhattabandIbnAbiQuhafa(AbuBakr)? Theheartsbecamebroken,andthesoulsmeltedduetothehorriblemisfortune,andthepeople wentawayweeping.UmarbinalKhattabandhisgroupremainedthere.Theywereangry.They paidnoattentiontotherebukeoftheProphetsdaughter.UmarviolentlybroughtoutImamAli (a.s)andsetouttoAbuBakr.Hesaidtohim:Payhomage(toAbuBakr)!AndifIdonotdo?he asked. Thepeoplethatcapricehadmisledsaidtohim:ByAllah,WhomthereisnogodbutHim,wewill cutoffyourhead!TheImamfellsilentforawhile.Helookedatthepeople.Hefoundneither helpernorsupporteramongthem,sohesadlysaidtothem:Therefore,youwillkillAllahs servantandthebrotherofHisApostle!UmarbinalKhattabexcitedlyhurriedtosay:Asfor(that youare)Allahsservant,(theansweris)yes;and(asforthatyouare)thebrotherofhisApostle, (theansweris)no!Anyhow,UmarbinalKhattabforgotthatImamAli(a.s)wasthebrotherof theProphet,hisself,andthegateofthecityofhisknowledge.HeturnedtoAbuBakrandurged himtoinflictapunishmentontheImam,saying:Doyounotissueyourcommandinrespectof him?AbuBakrwascarefulofadiscordandfearedthatthefiresoftherevoltwouldbreakout;

so,hesaid:IwillnotforcehimtodoanythingaslongasFatimaisbesidehim! HereleasedtheImam,andhewenttothetomboftheProphet(a.s).Hesatthereweeping.Then headdressedtheProphetatthetopofhisvoice,saying:Sonofmymother,surelythepeople reckonedmeweakandhadwellnighslainme! IndeedthepeoplereckonedtheImamweakandaloneandandtheyviolatedhissacredness.He returnedhome.Hewassad;caresandsorrowssurroundedhim.Hecametoknowthatthepeople hadharboredmaliceandhatredagainsthim. Fadakisconfiscated WhentheMuslimarmiesconqueredKhaybarforts,Allahthrewfearandterrorintheheartsofthe inhabitantsofFadak,panicandfeardominatedthem;so,theyhurriedtoAllahsApostle(a.s). Theyyieldedtohisdecisionandmadepeacewithhimprovidedthattheyshouldgivehimhalfof theirlands.Accordingly,FadakwastheProphetsownproperty.ThatisbecausetheMuslimshad notconquereditthroughfighting.WhenAllah,theExalted,revealedtoHisProphetthesewords: Andgivetothenearofkinhisdue[1],theProphethurriedtogiveFadaktohisdaughterasagift. Accordingly,FatimalaidhandonFadakanddisposedofitasownersdisposedoftheirproperties. WhentheProphet(a.s)died,AbuBakrconfiscatedFadakandtookitbyforcefromFatimashand lestImamAlishouldbepowerful.Thisisakindofaneconomicwaraimingatunderminingthe opponentsandparalyzingtheoppositemovement.Ancientandmoderngovernmentsusesucha policyagainsttheiropponents.AlibinMuhannaalAlawihasinclinedtothisviewpoint,saying: ThroughtheirdeprivingFatimaofFadak,AbuBakrandUmarhadnopurposeotherthanthatlest Alishouldbepowerfultodisputewiththemoverthecaliphatethroughitsyieldsandcorps.[2] AfterAbuBakrhadseizedFadakanddismissedfromittheworkerofFatimaalZahra,Fatima, peacebeonher,demandedhimtoreturnittoher.However,hedidnotrespondtoherinrespect ofthat;rather,heaskedhertogiveevidenceforthetruthfulnessofhercase.Thisprocedureis verystrangeforthefollowingreasons:Firstly,itdoesnotapplytothatwhichhasbeendecidedin theIslamicjurisprudence,andwhichisthattheplaintiffisdemandedtogiveevidence,andnot theowner.Whenthereisnoevidence,thereisnorightagainsttheplaintiffexcepttakinganoath. AsFatimaalZahrawastheownerofFadak,thenshewouldnotbedemandedtogiveevidence; rather,AbuBakrhadtogiveit.Ashehadnoevidence,thentherewasnorightagainsthimexcept takinganoath.HoweverheneglectedthatandinsistedonthatFatimahadtogiveevidence. Secondly,Fatimawasthemistressofthewomenoftheworldandthebestofthem,asherfather, AllahsApostle(a.s)hadsaid.TheMuslimshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatshewasamong thoseconcerningwhomAllahhadrevealedtheverseofalTatheer,whichindicatesthatFatima waspureandinfallible.Shewasthemosttruthfulofallthepeopleinspeech,asAishasaid.Are thesestatementsnotenoughtoregardherastruthfulandtorespondtoher?

Anyhow,Fatima,thedarlingofAllahsApostle(a.s),wentandbroughtImamAli(a.s)andUmm Ayman.TheyborewitnessbeforeAbuBakrthatAllahsApostle(a.s)hadgivenFadaktoFatimaas agift;nevertheless,herejectedtheirwitnessjustifyingthattheevidencewasnotcomplete.This procedure [1]Quran,17,26. [2]AlamalNisa,vol.3,p.215. alsofacessomecriticisms:Firstly,itdoesnotagreewiththejuristicrules,whichareclearin indicatingthatifthecaseisforproperty,thenitisestablishedthroughonewitnessandtakingan oath.Iftheplaintiffbringsonewitness,thenthejudgehastomakehimtakeanoathinsteadof thesecondwitness.Iftheplaintifftakesanoath,thenthejudgehastogivehimtheright.Ifhe refrainsfromthat,thejudgehastorejectthecase.HoweverAbuBakrdidnotapplythat;he cancelledthewitnessandrefusedthecase.Secondly,herefusedthetestimonyofImamAli(a.s) whilehewaswiththeQuran,andtheQuranwaswithhim,andtheydidnotseparatefromeach other,asAllahsApostle(a.s)said.[1]Thirdly,herejectedthewitnessofUmmAyman,arighteous woman,forwhomAllahsApostle(a.s)borewitnessthatshewouldbeamongthepeopleofthe Garden.[2] Fatima,themistressofwomen,leftAbuBakrwhileshewastrippingoverthetrainsofhergown becauseofherdisappointmentofFadak.Sorrowsandpainbefellher.ImamSharafalDeen,may Allahresthiminpeace,hassaid:Iwishthathe(AbuBakr)avoidedthefailureofalZahrainher attitudesthroughallthewisewayshehad.Ifhehaddonethat,hewouldhavebeenmore trustworthyinresult,fartherawayfrommostlikelyplacesofregret,remoterfromtheattitudesof blame,moreunifyingtothecommunity,andbetterforhiminparticular.Hewasabletodeemthe depositandonlydaughterofAllahsApostle(a.s)farabovethedisappointment,andnottolether leavehimwhileshewastrippingoverthetrainsofhergown.Whatwouldhavebeenagainsthim ifhehadreplacedherfatherandgaveherFadakwithoutanytrial?TheImamhadtherighttodo thataccordingtohisgeneralauthority.WhatwasthevalueofFadakinrespectofthisinterestand removingthiscorruption?[3] MostsurelyAbuBakrdidnofavornordidhedoagooddeedtothedaughterofAllahsApostle (a.s).HewasabletoletherownFadak,toavoiddeception,severity,andestrangementtoward her.HowevertheaffairisasnarratedbyAlibinalFariqi,agreatfigureinBaghdad,ateacheratits westernschool,andamongtheSheikhsofIbnAbialHaddeed.IbnAbialHaddeedaskedAlibinal Fariqi: WasFatimatruthfulinhercaseofthegift?

Yes. [1]AlHakim,alMustadrak,vol.3,p.124.AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,75. [2]AlIsaba. [3]AlNaswaalIjtihad,p.37. WhydidAbuBakrnotgiveFadaktoherwhilehecametoknowthatshewastruthful? IbnAbialHaddeedsaid:He(AlibinalFariqi)smiled,andthensaid:Anice,approvedspeechin respectofhislaw,hissacredness,andhislittlejoking.Hesaid:IfhehadgivenherFadakassoon asshedemandedhim,shewouldhavecometohim.Shewouldhaveclaimedthecaliphateforher husband,andremovedhimfromhisposition.Atthattimehewouldbeunabletomakean apologythroughacertainthing,forhewouldwriteagainsthimselfthatshewastruthfulin respectofwhatsheclaimedwhoevershewaswithoutanyneedofevidenceandwitnesses. Yes,forthisreasonthepeopledecidedtowrongFatima,plunderherwealth,regardaslawfulthe rejectionofthewitnessofImamAli(a.s),andtomakethefamilyoftheProphetbemoan,sigh, leadalifefullofcares,sorrows,andfears. AbuBakrregrets AbuBakrtoomuchrepentedofwhatheneglectedtowardthedaughterofAllahsApostle(a.s). HefeltremorsebecauseofwhathadissuedfromhimsuchasattackingImamAlishouse,and carryingtheflambeaustoburnit.Hesaid:IwishIdidnotuncoverFatimashouseevenifthey hadclosedit(todeclare)war(againstme)![1] Hewasveryimpatientbecauseofwhathehaddonetowardthedeposit(daughter)oftheProphet (a.s).AsaresultheandhiscompanionUmarwenttoherhousetosootheandpleaseher.They askedpermissiontoenterherhouse,butsherefusedtopermitthem.Theyaskedpermission again,butsherefusedtopermitthem.SotheywenttoImamAli(a.s)andaskedhimtopermit themtomeetthedeposit(daughter)oftheProphet(a.s).TheImam(a.s)wenttohishouseand askedFatima,themistressofwomen,topermitthemtomeether.Sherespondedtohim,andhe (a.s)permittedthemtomeether.Theyvisitedandgreetedher,butshedidnotanswerthem. Theywalkedtowardsherandsatinfrontofher,butsheturnedherfaceawayfromthem.They insistedonthatshehadtolistentotheirspeech.Shepermittedthemtodothat.AbuBakrsaid: DeardaughterofAllahsApostle(a.s),byAllah,thekinshipofAllahsApostleismorelovableto methanmykinship.Youaremorelovabletomethan(mydaughter)Aisha.IwishIdiedonthe daywhenyourfatherdiedanddidnotremain(alive)afterhim.DoyouthinkthatIknowyou,your excellence,yourhonorandpreventyoufrom(taking)your

[1]KanzalUmmal,vol.3,p.135.AlTabari,vol.4,p.52. rightandinheritingAllahsApostle?However,IhaveheardAllahsApostlesay:Wedonot bequeathwhatweleave(afterus),foritisalms.Withherreliableproofsshegaveduringher greatsermon,thedaughteroftheApostle(a.s)refutedhisstatementinrespectofthatthe ProphetequallytreatedalltheMuslimsintheinheritance.ShesaidtoAbuBakrandUmar:I adjureyoubeforeAllah,haveyounotheardAllahsApostlesay:Fatimaspleasureismine,and Fatimasdispleasureismine.SowhoeverlovesmydaughterFatimalovesme.Whoeverpleases Fatimapleasesme,andwhoeverdiscontentsFatimadiscontentsme. Theybelievedherstatement,saying:Yes,wehaveheardhimsaythat.Sosheraisedherhands towardstheheavenandbegansayingthroughabrokenheart:Therefore,IcalltowitnessAllah andHisangelsthatyouhavediscontentedme,andnotpleasedme;andifImeetAllahsApostle,I willcomplaintohimofyou! AbuBakrbeganweeping;nevertheless,shesaidtohim:ByAllah,IwillinvokeAllahagainstyou duringeveryprayerIoffer.[1]Howstrongthesewordswere!Theblowsofswordswerelighter thantheireffect!Theearthbeneaththemshookandturnedlikethequern,totheextentthat theystaggeredduetothefearofwhattheyhadmet.Theyleftthehousewhiletheywere hopelessofpleasingthedaughteroftheApostle.Theycametoknowoftheangerandrageinher hearttheydrewonthemselves.[2] AbuBakrhadtherighttoweepandbesadduetotheangerofthemistressofwomenwithhim, forAllahsApostle(a.s)hadsaidtoher:MostsurelyAllahsApostlebecomesangryduetoyour angerandbecomespleasedduetoyourpleasure![3]TheworldbecamenarrowinAbuBakrs eyes,andhesoughtshelterwithhistears,thathemightdecreasehispainandsorrows,forhe missedthegoodpleasureofthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)whichwasofAllahs.Allthese eventswerebeforetheveryeyesofImamalHasan(a.s)andwithinhisearshot.Theyhadagreat effectonhisfeelings,andhebecameangrywiththosewhousurpedhisfathersrightofauthority anddiscontentwiththosewhooccupiedhisofficeofthecaliphate. [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.14.AlamalNisa,vol.3,p.1214.ImamAli,vol.1,p.217. [2]ImamAli,vol.1,pp.217218. [3]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.153.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.522.TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.12,p. 441.MizanalItidal,vol.2,p.219.DhakhairalUqba,p.39.AlKhawarizmi,Maqtal,vol.1,p.52. AlZahrasSorrows WavesofcaresandsorrowscoveredthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s).Cloudsoftroublesand agonyencompassedherduetothelossofherrightandherfather.Thepeoplenarratedthatnone

sawhersmileorshowdelightafterhimuntilshefollowedhimtothebetterworld.Shethoughtof nothingexceptofhim,nordidshementionhisnameexceptaccompaniedwithlamentationand pain. Shevisitedhispuretombandwentaroundit,whileshewasperplexed.Sheweptandmoistened itwithgeneroustears.Shethrewherselfonthetomb,whileshewasastonishedminded,broken hearted,andcrackedbodied.Shesmeltandkissedtheearthofthetombforalongtime.She weptbitterlyandsaidwithsadtones: WhoeversmellstheearthofAhmedwillnotsmelltheghaliya[1]throughoutthetime. Misfortuneshavebeenpouredonmethatiftheywerepouredondays,theywouldturninto nights.[2] ImamalHasan(a.s)lookedatthisblacksadnessthatbefellhisaffectionatemother,sohisheart cracked,andheshedtearsasfarastheeyelidscouldhelphim.Duringhisyouth,hesawthe agonyofthemisfortunesthatattackedhisaffectionatemother,totheextentthatherstrength becameweak,sadnessmadeherfaceblack,andshebecameacorpsevoidoflife.Sohedrowned intearsandaffairs. [1]Ghaliyaisaperfumeofmuskandambergris. [2]NooralAbbsar,p.42.InhisbookalManaqib,vol.,2,p.131,IbnShahrashubhasmentionedan additiontotheabovementionedpoetrylines.Theadditionisasfollows: Saytohimwhohasbeencausedtobeabsentbeneaththelayersoftheearthifyoucanhearmy cryandmycall.IhadprotectionunderthewingofMuhammed.Ihadnofearofoppressionand hewasmybeauty.However,todayIhaveyieldedtothelowlyone,avoidedbeingoppressed,and repelledwithmygarmenthimwhowrongsme. Ifaturtledoveweepsonatwigduringitsnightoutofgrief,Iwillweepthroughoutmymorning. So,afteryou,Iwillappointsadnessasmybosomfriendandmakethetearsoveryouasmysash. WhatakindofsadnesswasthatbefellthedaughterandthedarlingofAllahsApostle(a.s)! Peoplesetheranexampleforsadness,regardedherasamongthefivetearfulpeople,[1]who representedsadnessandsorrowonthearenaoflife?ShewassosadthatAnasbinMalik[2]asked permissiontocondoleheronherpainfulmisfortune,andshegavehimpermission.AreyouAnas binMalik?sheaskedhim.Yes,daughterofAllahsApostle,hereplied. Sheaskedhimaquestionaccompaniedwithlamentationandpain:Howwereyoursoulspleased topourearthuponAllahsApostle?[3]Anaswentout,whilehisheartwasabouttocometoan endduetosorrows,andheloudlywept.Fatima(a.s)demandedImamAli(a.s)togivehertheshirt

withwhichhehadwashedAllahsApostle(a.s).Whenshesawtheshirt,shesmeltitandputiton hereyes;herheartmeltedduetothepainofsadness,totheextentthatshefainted. TheApostlesdaughterremainedsoafterherfather.Sadnessexhaustedher;thatthepeople deniedherrightanddeprivedherofherinheritanceincreasedhersadness.AlHasan(a.s)wenton seeingthedisastersandmisfortunesthatbefellhismother.Thefreshnessofhisyouthwithered. DuringhisdaytimehecametoknownothingexcepttheTreeofalArakwherehewenttohelphis motherinlamentingandtoreduceheragonyandsorrow.Hestayedwithherthroughoutthe daytimeinsadnessanddepression.Whenthesunwasabouttoset,he,hisfather,andhisbrother tookherhome.Therehefoundnothingotherthanlonelinessandcaresdominatingthehouse. Thepeopleuprootedthetreeinwhoseshadowshesat.Sosheandhertwosonsweptintheheat ofthesun.ImamAli(a.s)builtherahouseandcalledittheHouseofSorrows.Shesatinthehouse andweptforherfather.Sheaddressedandcomplainedtohim.Painsurroundedher,andillness destroyedher;so,sheremainedatbed.Shewasunabletoriseorstandup.SomeMuslimwomen visitedherandsaidtoher:Howaboutyourillness,OdaughterofAllahsApostle? [1]ThefivetearfulpeopleareAdam,Yaqub,Yusuf,Fatima,andAlibinalHusayn. [2]AnasbinMalikwasamongthosewholoweredAllahsApostle(a.s.)intohisfinalrestingplace. [3]IbnMaja,Sunan,p.18.
ChapterVI:AttheTimeofthetwoCaliphs part2 Shelookedatthemandshowedherhiddensorrow,saying:Ihavehatedyourworldand delightedtodepartfromyou.IwillmeetAllahandhisApostlecarryingsorrowscausedbyyou. That isbecausemyrighthasnotbeenkept,norhastheprotectionformebeenrespected,norhas theinheritancebeenaccepted,norhasthesacrednessbeenregarded.[1]AwifeoftheProphets visitedherandsaid:OdaughterofAllahsApostle,letustakepartinwashingyou!However, Fatimarefusedthatandsaid:Doyouwanttosayinrespectofmeasyouhadsaidinrespectof mymother?Iaminnoneedofyourpresence. TotheMostHighComrade

TheillnessfatiguedtheMessengersdaughter,andsadnessexhaustedherthinbody.Sorrow harmedhergentle,torturedheart,totheextentthatdeathwalkedtowardsit,whileshewasin thedawnandbeautyofyouth.AlasfortheProphetsdeardaughteranddarling!Deathquickly approachedher;itwastimeforhertomeetherfather,forwhomshehadimpatientlylonged. Whenshecametoknowthatdeathwascloseathand,shesummonedImamAli(a.s)andtoldhim aboutherwill.Sheaskedhimtoburyherbodyinthedarknight,topreventthosewhohad wrongedheranddeniedherrightfromprayingoverherandstandingbyhergrave,fortheywere herandherfathersenemiesasshesaid.ImamAliwentawaywhilehewasweeping.He respondedtothefeelingsofhissadsoulwhichtimefilledwithsorrowandsadness. Fatimaaskedhimtomakeheracoffintoconcealhersacredbody,forthepeopleusedtoputthe deadonastretcher,thattheirbodiescouldbeseen.Shehatedthatandwantednonetolookat her.AsaresultshesummonedAsma,daughterofUmays[2]andtoldherofwhatshewanted. Shemadeheracoffin [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.95. [2]AsmawasthedaughterofUmaysbinSaeedbinalHarithalKhathami.Hermotherwasthe daughterofAwfbinZuhayrbinKinana.ShehadbecomeMuslimbeforeAllahsApostle(a.s.)enter alArqamshouseinMecca.Shepledgedallegiance(totheProphet).SheandherhusbandJafar binAbiTalibmigratedtothelandofalHabasha(Abyssinai).Shesaid:OAllahsApostle,some menpridethemselvesonmethatIwasnotamongtheearlyemigrants.So,he(a.s.)said: Rather,youemigratedtwice:YouemigratedtoalHabasha,whilewewereinMecca.Thenyou emigratedafterthat.ShenarratedsixtytraditionsfromtheProphet(a.s.).UmarbinalKhattab askedhertoexplaindreams.Heassignedforheronethousanddirhams.Whenherhusbandwas martyred,AbuBakrmarriedher,andshebornhimthegoodone,Muhammed.WhenAbuBakr died,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,married likethatwhichshehadseeninalHabashatoconcealherbody.WhenFatimalookedatthecoffin, shesmiledforthefirsttimeafterthedeathofherfather.[1] Onthelastdayofherlife,shewashappyanddelighted,forshecametoknowthatshewouldjoin herfather,whohadgivenhergoodnewsofthatshewouldbethefirstofhisfamilytojoinhim. Shewashedhertwosonsandorderedthemtogotovisitthegraveoftheirgrandfather.They wentoutwhiletheywerethinkingoftheaffair.Didtheillnessexhausttheirmother?Didthe illnessharmher,andshewasunabletogototheHouseofSorrows?Ordidshewanttoweepthis dayinherhouse?HowdidsheweepwhiletheSheikhsofMedinahadpreventedherfrom weeping?Theydrownedinaseaofcaresandacurrentofsuspicions. FatimaturnedtoSalma,daughterofUmays,[2]wholookedafterher,andsaidtoher:Mother!

Yes,OdearoneofAllahsApostle(a.s)!retortedSalma. Bringmesomewater!requestedFatima. Salmafetchedhersomewater,andshewashedwithit,andshewasinagoodcondition.Shesaid toher:Bringmemynewgarments!Salmagaveherthegarments.ThenFatimasaidtoher:Put mybedinthemiddleofthehouse!Salmabecameastonishedandtrippedoverthetrainsofher gown.Shedidthattoher.Fatimalaidonherbedinthedirectionofqibla.Thensheturnedto Salmaandsaidtoher:Iamdyingnow!Ihavepurifiedmyself!Therefore,letnoneuncover me.[3] Fatimadiedatthattime.Onthatdayimmortalintheworldofsorrows,themostwonderfulpage ofvirtue,purity,andchastitywasfolded.Atherdeath<her.ShewasthesisterofMaymuna, daughterofalHarithandwifeoftheProphet(a.s.)andsisterofUmmalFadhl,thewifeofal Abbas.Herbiographyhasbeenmentionedinthebooks:UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.395.Tahdhibal Tahdhib,AlIstiab,AlamalNisa.IbnSad,Tabaqat. [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.162. [2]Salma,daughterofUmays,wasthesisterofAsma.Shewasamongthesistersconcerning whomAllahsApostle(a.s.)said:Thebelievingsisters!ShewasthewifeofHamzabinAbdal Muttalib.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookUsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.479. [3]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.17.InthebooksImamAhmedbinHanbalsMusnad,vol.6,p.461, andDhakhairalUqba,ithasbeenmentionedthatitwasUmmSalamawhowitnessedthedeath ofFatima,andnotSalma,daughterofUmays. thelastoneofthechildrenofAllahsApostledepartedfromtheworldofexistence.AlHasanand alHusaynreturnedhome.Theylookedhereandthere,buttheydidnotseetheirmother.They hurriedtoSalmaandaskedher:Salma,whereisourmother?Salmawalkedtowardsthemwhile shewasshakingalloverwithfear.Shewasastonished,confused,andsheddingtears.Shesaidto them:Omymasters,yourmotherhasdied!Tellyourfatheraboutthat!AlHasanandalHusayn wereabouttodieduetothisterriblenews.TheyhurriedtotheMosquewhiletheywerecrying. Muslimsreceivedthemandasked:Whathasmadeyoucry,O(grand)sonsofAllahsApostle? Perhapsyouhavelookedatthestandingplaceofyourgrandfatherandcriedduetoyearningto him? Theyansweredwithasadvoice:OurmotherFatimahasdied. TheymovedthefeelingsofMuslimsthroughthispainfulnewsandmadepainhurttheirhearts,

fortheymissedthedaughteroftheirProphetandthemostlovableofhischildrentohim.They didnotkeepherpositionnordidtheygiveherherright.FromalldirectionstheyhurriedtoImam Alishouse,thattheymightbesuccessfulinescortingtheRemnantoftheProphet,thePureand HolyLady.TheyovercrowdedinfrontoftheImamshouse.Theyfeltremorsefortheirneglecting thedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)whowasloyaltotheminrespectoftheirreligionandtheir world.ImamAliaskedSalmanalFarisitoaskthepeopletogoaway.Salmanwentoutandasked themtoleave.ThenAishacameandwantedtocomeintotheImamshouse.HoweverAsma preventedherfromthatandsaidtoher:Fatimahasentrustedmewiththatnoneshallcomein (andseeher)![1] Thesad,bereavedImamwashed,shrouded,andpreparedhispurewife.Thenhesummonedhis sonstobidfarewelltoher.Theydidthattoherwhiletheywerecryingandlamentingoverher. AftertheImamhadpreparedhiswifetoburial,hewaitedforthelastpartofthenight.Whenit came,theImamalongwithagroupofhiscompanionscarriedtheSacredCorpsetoitsfinal restingplace.ImamAli(a.s)hadnotinformedanyofthepeopleexceptagroupofhisspecial companionsaccordingtoherwill.[2]He(a.s)dugagraveforherin [1]UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.524.KanzalUmmal,vol.7,p.113. [2]ThishasbeenmentionedbythosewhoexplainedalBukharisbook,vol.8,p.157.Inal HakimsMustadrak,vol.3,p.162,ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofAaisha,whohas said:Fatima,daughterofAllahsApostle(a.s.)wasburiedduringthenight,anditwasAli,peace beonhim,whoburiedher.AbuBakrdidnotcometoknowofthatuntilaftershehadbeenburied andAliprayedoverher.Thistraditionhasbeenmentionedinthebooks:Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1, pp.69.Muslim,Saheeh,vol.2,p.72.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.202.AlBayqahi,Sunan,vol.6,p. 300.AlTahawi,MushkilalAathar.ThetraditionhasalsobeenmentionedbyIbnKuthayrinhisal Tarikh,vol.5,p.285.Hehassaidinvol.6,p.333:FatimahatedAbuBakrthroughouther lifetime.InhisalSirahalHalabiya,vol.3,p.390,alWaqidihassaid:Wehaveestablishedthat Ali,myAllahhonorhim,buriedhe(Fatima),myAllahbepleasedwithher,andprayedoverher. WithhimwerealAbbas,andalFadhl.Theydidnotinformanyoneofthat. thecemeteryofalBaqee,accordingtowhathasbeensaid.[1]Heputherintothegraveand pouredearthuponher.Whenthosewhowerewithhimwentaway,hesadlystoodbythegrave. HeaddressedtheProphetandeulogizedhisdaughterFatimaalZahrawithsomewordsissued fromhisheartfullofpainandsorrow,saying:OProphetofAllah,peacebeonyoufrommeand fromyourdaughterwhohascometoyouandwhohashastenedtomeetyou.OProphetofAllah, mypatienceaboutyourchosen(daughter)hasdecreased,andmypowerofendurancehas weakened,exceptthatIhavegroundforconsolationinhavingenduredthegreathardshipand heartrendingeventofyourseparation.Ilaidyoudowninyourgravewhenyourlastbreathhad passed(whenyourheadwas)betweenmyneckandchest.ToAllahwebelongandtoHimisour return.Now,thetrusthasbeenreturnedandwhathadbeengivenistakenback.Astomygrief,it

knowsnobounds,andastomynights,theywillremainwithsleeplessnessuntilAllahchoosesfor methehouseinwhichyouareresiding. Yourdaughterwilltellyouabouttheagreementofyourcommunityonoppressingher.Youask herindetailandgetthenewsabouttheposition.Thishashappenedwhenalongtimehadnot elapsedandyourremembrancehadnotdisappeared.Mysalam(greetings)beonyouboth,the salamofagrieved,strickenone,notofadisgustedorhatefulone.IfIgoawayitisnotbecauseof boredom,andifIstayitisnotduetolackofbeliefinwhatAllahhaspromisedthepatient.[2] [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.52.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:IbnBabawayhbelievesthatFatima wasburiedinherhouse.OurSheikhbelievesthatshewasburiedeitherinherhouseorinal Rouda. [2]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.pp.207208.Thehistorianshavedifferedover thedateofherdeath.InhisbookalTabaqat,vol.8,p.18,IbnSadhasmentioned:Fatimadied threemonthsafterthedeathofherfather(a.s.).Shewastwentyyearsoldonthedaywhenshe died.InalHakimsMustadrak,vol.3,p.162,ithasbeenmentioned:Shediedeightmonths afterthedeathofherfather.Itwassaidthatshedidnotremain(alive)exceptfortwomoths, andthatshewastwentyyearsold.InBiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.60,ithasbeenmentioned:She diedThroughthissadspeech,theImamhasannouncedthatthecommunityhadhelpedeach othertowrongthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)atthetimewhenhisabsencefromthemwasnot longandhisremembrancedidnotdisappear.Heaskedhimtoaskhisdaughterabouttheaffairs, thesorrows,theoppression,harm,andpersecutionsshefaced. ImamalHasanlistenedtothissadspeechofhisfather;so,severepainbefellhim,andtiring sadnesssurroundedhim.Hissadnessandsorrowdoubledbecausehesawhisaffectionatemother liveinthisworldasflowersdid.Deathsurprisedherwhileshewasinthebloomofyouth.Shewas carriedinthecoffininthedarknight.NoneoftheMuslimsescortherexceptalittlegroup,while shewasthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s),hisdarling,andthemostlovableofhischildrentohim. ImamalHasanfacedthebitternessofsuchmisfortuneswhilehewasstillachild;so,hisheart becameaplaceofcares,sadness,andsorrows. ImamAliinclinestoIsolation AfterImamAli(a.s)haddepositedthedaughteroftheProphet(a.s)intheearth,hewentaway whilehewasbitterlyweeping.Hecamebackhomewhilehewasdepressedandsad.Helookedat hissons,whowerelamentingfortheirmotherandcryingovertheheavymisfortune.Hissorrows wereexcited,andhispainincreased.Hesawmenplunderhisrightsandinheritance.Disastersand misfortunesbefellhim,soheinclinedtoisolationandsittinginhishouse.He(a.s)withdrew himselffromthepeopleandsatinhishouse.Hedidnotmeetwiththepeople,nordidtheymeet

withhim.Heturnedawayfromthepeople,andtheyturnedawayfromhim.Hedidnotresortto them,andtheydidnotresorttohimexceptwhentheyfacedaproblemanddidnotfinda solutionforit.Inthiscasetheyresortedtohim,thathemayremovethecurtainfromit.He(a.s) sometimesundertookansweringsuchproblemsandsometimesentrustedthemtohissonal Hasan,thathemightshowthepeoplehisexcellenceandhistalents.Thenarratorshavereported thataBedouinaskedAbuBakrthefollowingquestions: Ifoundsomeeggsofanostrich.IgrilledtheeggsandatethemwhileIwasenteringthestateof ritualconsecration;therefore,whatshouldIdo? AsforAbuBakr,hebecameperplexedandwasunabletogiveananswer.Hesenttheproblemto Umar,andhebecameperplexedtoo.Thelattersenttheseventyfivedaysafter(thedeathof)her father.Itwassaidthatshediedfortydays(afterhim).Shewaseighteenyearsandtwomoths old.(TheauthorofBiharalAnwar)hasnarratedthisontheauthorityofalSayyidalMurtada, AlamalHuda.Hehasmentionedotherreportsinthisrespect. problemtoAbdurrahman,andhewasunabletogiveananswer.Asaresulttheyallhurriedto ImamAli,theGateoftheCityoftheProphetsknowledgethathemightguidethemtoananswer. TheBedouinaskedhimtheabovementionedquestion,andtheImam(a.s)saidtohim:Askone ofthesetwoboys! TheBedouinaskedImamalHasan(a.s)andheinturnaskedhim: Doyouhavecamels?Yes.Specifyshecamelsasequalastotheeggsyouhadeaten.Lethe camelscovertheshecamels.SendasagiftwhattheyreproducetotheAncientHouseofAllah (theKaaba),whereyouhadperformedthehajj.ImamAli(a.s)turnedtohissonalHasanandsaid tohim: Omylittleson,alSaloobandalZalooq[1]aretwokindsofcamel?SoalHasangaveananswerto hisquestion: OFather,ifsomeshecamelsmiscarrydeadorincompletefetuses,thensomeeggsarebad.His answer(a.s)wasaccordingtowhatwasdecidedintheIslamicjurisprudenceinrespectofthe expiationofenteringinthestateofritualconsecration.ImamAli(a.s)approvedhisanswer.He (a.s)turnedtothosewhoattendedhismeetingandpraisedhissonstalentsandabundant knowledge,saying:Opeople,mostsurelythisboyhasunderstoodwhatSulaymanbinDawud hadunderstood.[2]ImamAli(a.s)wasanauthorityofgivingreligiousverdictsduringthelifetime ofAbuBakrandUmar.TheMuslimsresortedtohimwhentheyfacedacertainproblem.The historianshaveunanimouslyagreedthathewasthemostknowledgeableofthecompanionsof theProphetinreligiousaffairsandlawfulprecepts.

AbuBakrdies AbuBakrwentonusurpingthecaliphateforashorttime.Hemanagedtheaffairsofthe communityandmovedaboutinitsaffairs.HedependedonUmarandentrustedtohimthetasks ofthegovernment.Whenhewascriticallyillandwasabouttodie,heentrustedthecaliphate afterhimtoUmar.Talhacriticizedhimforthischoice.Hesaidtohim:Whatwillyou [1]AlSaloobistheshecamelwhoseembryoisdeadoritistheonethatmiscarriesanincomplete embryo.AlZalooqistheshecamethatmiscarriesanincompleteembryo. [2]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.150.HehasquoteditfromalQadisSharhalAkhbar. saytoyourLord?Youhaveappointedoverusarude,coarsecaliphofwhomsoulsareafraidand fromwhomheartsscatter![1]AbuBakrkeptsilent,soTalhawentonsaying:Ovicegerentof AllahsApostle,wedonotstandhisaggressivenesswhenyouarealive;therefore,howwillbeour conditionwithhimwhenyoudieandhebecomesacaliph?[2]Talha,andthemajorityofthe MuhajireenandtheAnsarcriticizedAbuBakrforthisdoing.TheywenttoAbuBakrandsaidto him:WethinkthatyouwillappointUmarasacaliphoverus.Youhaveknownhimandhis calamitiesamonguswhileyouarealive.Howwill(beourcondition)whenyoudepartfromus? YouwillmeetAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andHewillquestionyouaboutthat;therefore,what willyousaytoHim?AbuBakransweredthemwithalowvoice:IfAllahquestionme,Iwillsay (toHim)thatIappointedasacaliphoverthemthebestoneoftheminmyviewpoint.[3] ThatUmarwasthebestoftheminhisviewpointwasnotajustificationfornominatinghimforthe caliphate.InthisrespecthehadtoconsulttheMuslimsandtheinfluentialpeopleaccordingtothe ruleofconsultation.However,heneglectedthat,respondedtohissentimentsandhisurgentwish formakinghiscompanionundertakethereinsofgovernment.AnywayUmarstoodbesidehimto strengthenhisstatementandhisopinion,saying:Opeople,listentothevicegerentofAllahs Apostle(a.s)andobeyhim.[4] AbuBakrsummonedUthmanbinAffanandcommandedhimtowritehimthecovenantinrespect ofUmar.Hedictatedittohim.Thefollowingisthetext:ThisiswhatAbuBakrbinAbiQuhafahas undertakenathislasttimeintheworldfromwhichhewilldepartandathisfirsttimeinthe hereafter(inwhich)hewillenter.MostsurelyIhaveappointedUmarbinalKhattabasacaliph overyou.Ifyouseehimtreatyouwithjustice,thenthisismyopinionandhopeofhim.Ifhe alteredandchanged,thenIwantedthegoodandIdidnotknowtheunseen,andtheywhoact unjustlyshallknowtowhatfinalplaceofturningtheyshallturnback.[5] [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.55. [2]Ibid.,vol.6,p.343(EditionofDaarIhyaalKutubalArabiya).

[3]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.19. [4]Ibid. [5]Quran,26,227.AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.19.AlTabari,Tarikh.IbnSad,Tabaqat. UmartookthedocumentandbeganrunningtotheMosquetoreciteittothepeople.Onhisway totheMosque,amanaskedhim:Whatisthereinthedocument,OAbuHafs?Idonotknow, repliedUmar,butIamthefirsttolistenandobey.ByAllah,Ihavecometoknowwhatisthere init,retortedtheman,Youappointedhimasacommanderlastyear,andhehasappointedyou asacommanderthisyear![1] AbuBakrclearedandpavedthewaytoUmar.HeforgotImamAli.Hedidnotconsulthimabout theaffair,nordidhetakecareofhisright(ofauthority).SomeyearslaterImamAliexpressedthe strongpainandsadnesshehadhiddeninhissoul.InhissermonknownasalShaqshaqiya,he says:Iwaspatientalthoughtherewasprickingintheeyeandsuffocationinthethroat.Isawmy inheritancebeplundered.Whenthefirstone(AbuBakr)wenttohisway(passedaway),he handedit(thecaliphate)overtosoandso(Umar)afterhim.Howstrange!Whilehe(AbuBakr) releasedhimselffromit(thecaliphate)duringhislifetime,[2]heentrustedittoanotherafterhis death.Withoutdoubtthesetwopersonsshareditsuddersbetweenthem.[3] ThesewordsdisplaythegreatsadnessandstrongsorrowthatstabledintheImamssouldueto thelossofhisright(ofauthority).SomemodernwritersbelievethatAbuBakrturnedawayfrom choosingImamAlibecausehedidnotpayhomagetohimandarguedwithhimonthathewas worthierofauthoritythanhewasbecauseofhiskinshiptoAllahsApostle(a.s).ThismadeAbu Bakrharbormaliceandhatredagainsthim.AbuBakrsillnessbecameworse,andhisconditional becamecritical,sohedied.[4]Umarundertookhisaffairs.HeburiedhimbesidetheProphet(a.s) in [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.20. [2]HereferstoAbuBakrsstatementafterthepledgeofallegiancehadbeengiventohim: Deposeme(fromtheofficeofthecaliphate),forIamnotthebestofyou! [3]SharhNahjjalBalagha,MuhammadAbda,vol.1,p.2627. [4]AbuBakrdiedonMondayevening,twentysecondofJamadialAkhira,intheyear13A.H.He wassixtythreeyearsold.Theperiodofhiscaliphatewastwoyearsandthreemoths.Thishas beenmentionedbyalMasudiinhisMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.191.InthepreIslamicperiod AbuBakrtaughtboys,andintheIslamicperiodhewasatailor.Hisfatherwaspoor.Helivedon huntingturtledoves.Whenhebecameblindandhissonwasunabletolookafterhim,hewentto AbdullahbinJadan,aleadingpersoninMecca,andheinstalledhimintheofficeofcalling(people tocometo)hisfood.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookHaqqalYaqeen,vol.1,p.181. hishouse.ThehouseoftheProphet(a.s)waseitheraninheritance,asthedaughteroftheApostle

(a.s)hadsaid,oritwasalms,asAbuBakrclaimed.Ifitwasaninheritance,thenitwasnotlawful (forthepeople)toburyAbuBakrinitexceptafterpleasingtheinheritors.Ifitwasalms,then therewasnoescapefrompleasingtheMuslimcommunity.Thesetwopreceptswerenottaken intoconsideration. TheCaliphateofUmar UmarbinalKhattabseizedthereinsofgovernmentafterthedeathofAbuBakr.Hecalmlyand peacefullyreceivedtheleadershipofthecommunity.Heruledthecountrywithextremeseverity andviolence.TheleadingcompanionsoftheProphetavoidedmeetinghim.Nonewasabletotell himabouthisopinionsopenlyortocriticizethestandinggovernment.ThatisbecauseUmars whip,astheysaid,wasmoreawfulinthesoulsofthepeoplethanalHajjajjssword,totheextent thatIbnAbbaswasunabletodeclarethatthetemporarymarriagewaspermissibleandlawful untilUmardied.SomeyearslaterImamAli(a.s)describedUmarsviolentpolicy,saying:Sohe (Umar)putthecaliphateinatoughenclosurewheretheutterancewashaughtyandtouchwas rough.Mistakeswereplentyandalsotheexcusestherefore.Theoneincontactwithitwaslike theriderofanunrulycamel.Ifhepulledupitsreintheverynostrilwouldbeslit,butifheletit loosehewouldbethrown.Consequently,byAllah,thepeoplegotinvolvedinrecklessness, wickedness,unsteadinessanddeviation.[1] ThisisanaccuratedescriptionofUmarspolicy,whichfollowedthewayofseverityandrudeness inallfields,totheextentthatthepeoplewereafflictedwithrecklessness,wickedness, unsteadinessanddeviation.Hispolicywassoviolentthatapregnantwomanmiscarriedwhenshe cametoaskhimaboutacertainmatter.[2]InrespectofUmarsseverityandstrictness,Uthman binAffansays:(Umar)binalKhattabwalkedonwithhisleg,hityouwithhishandand suppressedyouwithhistongue,soyouwereafraidofhimandsatisfiedwithhim.Thosewho criticizethispolicybelievethatitdoesnotrepresenttheIslamic,politicalviewpointsthatdonot adoptthepolicyofviolenceandterrorisminallcircumstances.AmancametoAllahsApostle (a.s).Themanwasafraidofhimandshookalloverwithfear.SotheProphet(a.s)rebukedhim, saying:IamthesonofaQurashiwomanwhoatejerkedmeat.Islamhasbeenbasedon kindness,leniency,andtolerance.Theheadofastatehasnorighttofollowanywayleadingto terrifyingandexhaustingsubjects. [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.162. [2]Ibid.,p.174. YetanothercriticismfacesUmarspolicy;thecriticismisthatitaimedatfindingclassesinIslam.In hisfiscalpolicyhepreferredsomeclassestoothers.HegaveprecedencetotheProphetswives overotherthanthem.HegavepreferencetothosewhotookpartintheBattleofBadrover others.HepreferredtheMuhajireentotheAnsar.[1]Itisnaturalthatsuchakindofpolicy

opposestheequalityIslamhasbrought. Moreover,UmarbesiegedthecompanionsoftheProphetinMedina.Hedidnotallowthemto leaveit.ThisprocedureopposestheperfectfreedomIslamhasadoptedandgrantedtoall subjects.Perhaps,forthesereasonsImamAli(a.s)saidthatthepeopleduringthetimeofUmar wereafflictedwithrecklessness,wickedness,unsteadinessanddeviation. ImamAliisolateshimself ImamAli(a.s)isolatedhimselfduringthereignoftheSecondCaliph(Umar)justashedidduring thereignoftheFirstCaliph(AbuBakr).Hedidnottakepartinanyoftheaffairsofthepeople,nor didheinterveneinanyoftheiraffairs.Forthisreasonhisvoicefaintedinallthebattlesandthe attitudesexceptthathegavereligiousverdictswhenthepeopleaskedhimaboutcertainreligious problems.InthisrespectUmarshassaidafamousstatement:WereitnotforAli,Umarwould perish![2]UmarwasalwaysinneedofImamAliinrespectofgivingreligiousverdicts;thatisthe CaliphsknowledgeoftheIslamicjurisprudencewasverylittle.Forexample,hegavemany judgementsinrespectofthegrandfathersinheritanceandthebrothers.Thenhewasafraidof thejudgements. Sohesaid:WhoeverwantstoentertheHellfire,thenlethimdecidethecaseofgrandfather accordingtohisviewpoint![3]Hehasalsosaid:IfIhearthatthedowerofawomanismorethan thatofthewivesoftheProphet(a.s),Iwilltakethatbackfromher.Awomansaidtohim:Allah hasnotpermittedyoutodothat.ForHe,theMostHigh,hassaid:Andifyouwishtohave(one) wifeinplaceofanotherandyouhavegivenoneofthemaheapofgold,thentakenotfromit anything;wouldyoutakeitbyslandering(her)and(doingher)manifestwrong?[4] Accordingly,UmarshowedtheMuslimshisweakness(intheIslamicjurisprudence),saying:All thepeoplearemoreknowledgeablethanUmareventheownersofanklets(women)!Doyounot wonderatanimamwhohas [1]AbuUbayda,p.224. [2]AlSunanalKubra,vol.7,P.442.AlRazi,Tafseer,vol.7,p.484. [3]NahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.181. [4]Quran,4,20. madeamistakeandawomanwhohasgivenacorrectanswer;shehascontendedwithyourImam forexcellenceandhasbecomebetterthanhim![1] Anyhow,UmarhadlittleknowledgeoftheIslamicjurisprudence.Ofcourse,hewasforcedto resorttoImamAli,theGateoftheCityoftheKnowledgeoftheProphet(a.s)andhisguardian,

thathemightexplaintohimthatwhichwasdifficulttohim.ImamAligenerouslyundertookthis taskandwasnotmiserlytothepeopleinrespectofhisknowledgelestAllahslawsshouldbe neglectedandHisprescribedpunishmentshouldbenotadministered.IntheMeantimehewasfar fromthepeople.Hedidnottakepartinanyoftheiraffairs.Heinclinedtoisolationand withdrawalfromthem.HewaspeacefultothemtoobservetheIslamicUnityandtoprotectthe Muslimsfromdissension. DuringthetimeofUmar,ImamalHasanendedhischildhoodandwasabouttoenterthebloom ofyouth.ThepolicyrequiredUmartomagnifytheProphetstwograndsonsandtoappointfor themaportionfromwhattheMuslimstookasbootyduringtheirbattles.Umarreceived brocadedgarmentsfromYemen.HedividedthemamongtheMuslims,butheforgotthem(Imam HasanandImamHusayn).Asaresulthesent(aletterto)hisgovernoroverYemenand commandedhimtosendhimtwogarments.Hesentthemtohim,andhegavethemtoalHasan andalHusayn.Hegavethemasequalastowhathegavetotheirfather,andhejoinedthemto thosewhotookpartintheBattleofBadr,sohegavefivethousand(dirhams)toeachofthem.[2] HedidnothingotherthanthattowardImamalHasan(a.s).Thereasonforthatisthathisfather ImamAli(a.s)didnottakepartinanyofUmarsaffairs,nordidheparticipateinanyofthepublic sides. Umarisassassinated AbuLulua,alMughirasservant,assassinatedUmar.Hestabbedhimthreetimes.Oneofthese stabswasbelowhisnavelandputanendtohislife.Somesourceshaveascribedthereasonto thataheavylandtax(kharaj)wasimposedonalMughira,andhecomplainedofthattoUmar. HoweverUmarrebukedhimandsaid:Thelandtaximposedonyouisnotgreatincomparison withthecraftsyoudowell! Accordingly,AbuLuluawasdisturbedandheharboredmaliceagainstUmar.Onedayhepassed byUmar,andhemockedathim,saying:Ihaveheardthatyousay:IfIwishedtomakeaquern turnedbywind,Iwould [1]NahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.182. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.321. do!ThesewordsofUmarhurtAbuLuluaandhetoldhimabouttheevilhehadharbored againsthim,saying:Iwillmakeyouaquernaboutwhichthepeoplewilltalk!Onthefollowing dayheassassinatedhim.[1]Itwassaidthathewasassassinatedthroughaplotmadebythose whoweredispleasedwithhispolicythatfollowedthewayofseverityandstrictnessandcreated casteamongtheMuslims.AnywayUmarwascarriedtohishousewhilehiswoundswere

bleeding.Hisfamilyhurriedandbroughtadoctor.ThedoctoraskedUmar:Whichdrinkisthe mostlovabletoyou? Grapesjuice,hereplied Thepeoplegavehimthejuicetodrink,anditcameoutofhiswounds.Sotheysaid:Pushas comeout!Thentheygavehimyogurttodrink,anditcameoutofhiswounds.Accordingly,the doctorwashopelessofhimandsaidtohim:Idonotthinkthatyouwillremainuntilevening![2] WhenhissonAbdullahwassureofhisdeath,hesaidtohim:Ofather,appointsomeoneasa caliphoverthecommunityofMuhammad(a.s).Iftheshepherdofyoursheeporcamelcameto youandleftyoursheeporcamelwithoutanyonetolookafterthem,youwouldblamehimand say:Howhaveyouleftthetrustwithyoutobelost?Justimaginehowmuchmoreimportantis thecommunityofMuhammad(a.s).Therefore,appointsomeoneasacaliphoverit! ButUmarlookedathissonwithalookofdoubt,andsaidtohim:IfIappointedsomeoneasa caliphoverthenation,AbuBakrhadappointedsomeoneoverit.IfIleftit(withoutacaliph), AllahsApostle(a.s)hadleftit(withoutacaliph)![3] Inthisspeechofhis,Abdullahhasgivenanaturalproofforthenecessityofinstallinga testamentarytrusteeandappointingtheheirapparent.Hehasindicatedthatwhoeverneglects suchanaffairdeservesblameandrebuke.Thismatterisclearandbeyonddoubt.Howstrange!In hislasthours,UmarsaidthatAllahsApostle(a.s)lefthiscommunityanddidnotappointanyone asacaliphoveritafterhim.HeforgotthattheProphet(a.s)tookgreatcareofhiscommunity,it wasgrievousforhimtoseeitfallingintodistress,disagreement,anddissension,andthathemet thehardesttiringforleadingit [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.212.AlIstiabin [2]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.21. [3]MurujjalDhahab,alMasudi,vol.2,p.212. toguidance.PerhapspainovercameUmarandmadehimforgottheauthentictraditionsofthe Prophet(a.s)inrespectofImamAli(a.s)andinrespectofthathewashisheirapparentandhis successorafterhim.UmarforgotthathepledgedallegiancetoImamAliontheDayofGhadir Khumandsaidtohim:Welldone,welldone,OAli,youhavebecomemymasterandthemaster ofeverybelievingmanandwoman!However,toAllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn!

TheConsultativeCommittee WhenUmarwashopelessoflifeandsureofthedecreedmomentofdeath,hethoughtforalong timeandreflectedononewhowouldundertaketheaffairsofthegovernmentafterhim.He rememberedtheleadingpersonalitiesofhisparty,whotookpartinpavingthewaytoAbuBakr andkeepingawaytheProphetsHousehold(fromauthority).Asaresult,severepain encompassedhim,forallofthemhaddied.Heshowedimpatienceandsorryinrespectofthem, saying:IfAbuUbaydawasalive,Iwouldappointhimasacaliph,forhewasentrustedbythis community!IfSalim,AbuHudhayfasretainer,wasalive,Iwouldappointhimasacaliph,forhe lovedAllah,theMostHigh,verymuch! UmarwassorryforthedeathofAbuUbaydaandSalim.Iftheyhadbeenalive,hewouldhave appointedthemascaliphs.HadtheytheprecedenceofjihadinIslam?DidAllahsApostle(a.s) preferredthemtoothers,thattheymightdeservesuchanimportantoffice? Umarlookedforthoseworthyofthecaliphateintherecordsofthedead,butheforgotImamAli (a.s)whowasthesameselfoftheProphet(a.s),theGateoftheCityofhisKnowledge,Gateofthe HouseofhisWisdom,themostknowledgeableofhiscommunityingivinglegaldecisions,father ofhistwograndsons,andhissupporteratallbattlesandattitudes!Hefullyforgothimanddidnot rememberhimatall! Anyhow,Umarthoughtthathehadtoappointaconsultativecommitteeandtocommanditto electanImamfromamongitsmembers.Thiscommitteewasadangerousplotmadeagainst ImamAli(a.s)!ImamKashifalGhita,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hassaid:TheConsultative Committee,initsessenceandreality,wasarealplotandjustformal.Itwasanexcellentskillto imposeUthmanasacaliphovertheMuslimsinspiteofthem.However,(itwascarriedout)witha skillfulmanagementthatbroughtabouttoMuslimsevilthatnonecouldrepel! UmarsummonedthemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee.Whentheywerepresentbefore him,hesaidtothem:Areyouallcraveafterthesuccessionafterme?Theyfellsilent,sohe repeatedhisstatement.AlZubayropposedhim,saying:Whatmakeusfarfromit(the caliphate)?Youhaveundertakenit,whilewearenotinferiortoyouin(belongingto)Quraysh, precedence,andkinship!Umarturnedtothemandsaid:ShallItellyouaboutyourselves? Say,theyreplied,ifweaskyoutopardonus,youwillnotpardonus. Umarbeganstatinghisopinionofthemandtellingthemabouttheirqualitiesonebyone.Hehas

saidinrespectofalZubayr:Asforyou,OZubayr,youarepeevish,doubleminded,believing whenyouarepleased,anddisbelievingwhenyouareangry.Onedayyouareahumanbeing,and onedayyouareaSatan.Perhaps,ifit(thecaliphate)reachesyou,youwillcontinueslappingthe peopleforamudd(measure)ofbarelyHaveyouconsideredifitreachesyou?IwishIknewwho wouldtakecareofthepeopleonthedaywhenyouwereaSatan,andwhowouldtakecareof themwhenyoubecameangry!Allahwillnotletyouundertaketheaffairsofthiscommunitywhile youhavesuchqualities! UmarknewalZubayrsqualitiessuchashisbeingaSatanonedayandahumanbeingonanother day,afflictedwithmiserlinessandstinginess,slappingforamudd(measure)ofbarely.Therefore, whydidhenominatehimforthecaliphateandmakehimasoneofthemembersofthe ConsultativeCommittee? ThenheturnedtoTalhaandsaidtohim:ShallIsayorkeepsilent?Talharebukedhim,saying: Yousaynothinggood!Umarsaid:MostsurelyIhavecometoknowyouthatyouhavebecome angrywiththatwhichhappenedtoyousinceyourfingerwaswoundedattheBattleofUhud. AllahsApostle(a.s)diedwhilehewasdispleasedwithyouduetothestatementyousaidwhen theversealhijabwasrevealed. IfAllahsApostle(a.s)diedandwasdispleasedwithTalha,thenwhydidUmarnominatedhimfor theIslamiccaliphate,whichwasthedeputyshipoftheProphet?Thisstatementalsocontradicts hislaststatementinrespectofthemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee:AllahsApostle(a.s) diedandwassatisfiedwiththem!AlJahidhsays:IfasayerhadsaidtoUmar:Yousaid:Most surelyAllahsApostle(a.s)diedandwassatisfiedwiththesix(persons),thenwhyareyousaying toTalha:He(a.s)diedandwasdispleasedwithyouduetothewordyouhadsaid?Hewouldhave thrownanarrowathim!HoweverwhodaredtosayastatementlessthanthistoUmar.Just imaginehowmuchmoreimportantthis(statement)is! ThenUmarturnedtoSadbinAbiWaqqasandsaidtohim:Youaretheownerofoneofthese groupsofhorseswithwhichyoufight.Youhunt(animals).Youhavebowsandarrows.However, thereisagreatdifferencebetweenyouandthecaliphateandaffairsofthepeople!Accordingto Umarsinsight,SadbinAbiWaqqaswasamanofwar,fighting,hunting,(shooting)arrows; therefore,hewasnotappropriateforthecaliphate.Neitherhenorhisfamilywereentitledtoit, thenwhydidUmarnominatehimforitandregardhimasoneofthemembersoftheConsultative Committee,whowerequalifiedtoundertakethegovernment? ThenheturnedtoAbdurrahmanbinAwfandsaidtohim:AsforyouAbdurrahman,ifhalfofthe faithoftheMuslimswasweighedwithyourfaith,yourfaithwouldoverbalance,butthisauthority isnotappropriateforsomeonewhohasweaknesslikethatofyours.Thereisagreatdifference betweenyouandthisauthority!

MostsurelyAbdurrahmanwasamanofbeliefandpiety,accordingtoUmarsopinion.Partofhis faiththeCaliphgavehimwasthatheturnedawayfromchoosingtheProphetspurefamily,and gavetheleadershiptotheUmayyads,theopponentsofIslamandtheenemiesoftheProphet (a.s).Thenfaithitselfwasnotappropriatefornominatingitsownerforthecaliphateunlessone hadperfectknowledgeoftheaffairsofsociety,andabundantexperienceofwhatthecommunity neededinallfields.AsforAbdurrahman,accordingtoUmarsconfession,wasaweakmanand wasnotentitledtothecaliphate.Sowhydidhenominatehimforitandregardhimasoneofthe prominentmembersoftheConsultativeCommittee? ThenheturnedtoImamAli(a.s)andsaidtohim:Youaretheproperone,wereitnotforthe jokingyouhad!ByAllah,ifyoubecameacaliphoverthem,youwoulddrivethemtotheclear truthandwhiteway! WhendidtheCommanderofthefaithful(ImamAli)havejokingandfun?Heknewnothinginhis lifetimeexceptdiligenceinwordsandactions.Supposethathehadsuchaquality,thenitwas amongthemannersoftheprophets,and,inparticular,ofthemannersoftheProphet Muhammad(a.s).Ithasbeenmentionedthathe(a.s)jokedwithpeopletopleasethem. IsitanactionoftakingcareofIslam,keepingtheunityofthecommunity,lookingafterits intereststhatUmartwistedtheropeoftheConsultativeCommitteeandappointedthe Commanderofthefaithfulasoneofitsmembers?DidUmarnotconfess:IfAlihadseizedthe reinsofgovernment,hewoulddrivetheMuslimstothecleartruthandthewhiteway?Didthe daughteroftheProphet(a.s)notsayinrespectofImamAli:ByAllah,hadtheyallyieldedtohis leadership,hewouldhavetakenthemtotheeasypath,withoutharminganyone.Hewouldhave broughtthemtoanoverflowingfountainofgoodness,advisedtheminsecrecyandinpublic, neitherfillinghisbellywiththeirownsustenance,norsatisfyinghisthirstnorhungeroutoftheir owntoil?TheProphet(a.s)says:IftheyappointAliasruler,thenheisaguideandrightly guided.[1] HadImamAli(a.s)takenthereinsofgovernment,hewouldhavesecuredfortheMuslimsthe blessingsoflifetheyneeded,foundforthemequalopportunities,protectedtheIslamicideals fromdeteriorationanddecay.Therefore,wasitanactofjusticethatthecaliphatewasturned awayfromhimandobtainedthroughtheConsultativeCommitteeinamannerthatmadethe Umayyadsseizethegovernment? ThenUmarturnedtoUthmanandsaidtohim:Welcome!ItisasifthatIseethatQurayshinvest youwiththisauthoritybecauseoftheirloveforyou.(Isee)thatyouempowertheUmayyadsand thechildrenofAbuMaeetoverthepeople,thatyoupreferthem(toothers)inrespectofalFay, andthatagroupofsomewickedArabswalktowardsyouandkillyouonyourbed!ByAllah,if

theydidthat,youwoulddothat!Andifyoudidthat,theywoulddothat!Thenheputhishead ontheforepartofhisheadandsaid:Ifthathappened,thencalltomindmystatement.[2]Umar hadcometoknowthatUthmanwouldempowertheUmayyadsandthechildrenofAbuMaeet overthepeopleandpreferthemtoothersinrespectoftheFayoftheMuslims.Therefore,why didhenominatehimforthecaliphate,empowerhimovertheMuslims,andsubjectthe communitytodisastersandmisfortunes? Afterhehadstatedhisspeech,heturnedtothepeopleandsaidtothem:MostsurelyAllahs Apostle(a.s)diedandwaspleasedwiththesesixQurayshipeople.Ihavedecidedthatthe caliphateshouldbeobtainedthroughtheConsultativeCommittee,thattheymayelectonefrom amongthem. Thenhesaidtothecandidates:BringwithyousomeSheikhsoftheAnsar,andtheyhavenothing (todo)inrespectofyouraffair.Bringwithyoual [1]AlIstiab,vol.3,p.5. [2]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.1,p.185186. HasanbinAliandAbdullahbinAbbas,fortheyhavekinship(totheProphet).Ihopethatyouwill getblessingthroughtheirpresence.Andtheyhavenothing(todo)inrespectofyouraffair! WhatwastheblessingthattookplacethroughthepresenceofImamalHasanandAbdullahbin Abbas,whiletheyhadnothingtodoinrespectoftheauthority?Hehadpreventedthemfrom expressingtheirviewpoints(regardingthecaliphate);likewise,hedidthesametowardthe SheikhsoftheAnsar.ThenheturnedtoAbuTalhaalAnsari[1]andsaidtohim:OAbuTalha, mostsurlyAllahhasreinforcedIslamthroughyou;therefore,choosefiftymenfromtheAnsarto forcethisgroupofpeopletoquicklycarryouttheaffair(oftheCaliphate). ThenheturnedtoalMiqdadbinalAswadandcommandedhiminthesamemanner,saying:If fivepeopleagree(ontheaffairofthecaliphate)andoneofthemrefuses,thencutoffhishead.If fourmen(fromthesix)agreeandtwoofthemrefuse,thebeheadthem.Ifthreeofthemagreeon amanandthreeofthemaresatisfiedwithanotherman,thenbewiththoseamongwhomis AbdurrahmanbinAwf,andkilltherestiftheyturnawayfromthatonwhichthepeoplehave agreed. ImamAli(a.s)wentoutwhilehewasgrievedandsadbecauseofUmarsConsultativeCommittee. HemethisunclealAbbasandsaidtohim:OUncle,thecaliphatehasbeenturnedawayfrom us. Whohasinformedyouofthat?UmarhascomparedmetoUthmanandsaid:bewiththe majority.Thenhesaid:BewithAbdurrahman.SaddoesnotopposehiscousinAbdurrahman,

andAbdurrahmanisUthmanssoninlaw.Theydonotdifferwitheachother.Therefore,either AbdurrahmaninvestUthmanwiththecaliphateorUthmanwillinvesthimwithit.[2] ImamAli(a.s)disclosedtheplotthatthelateCaliphhadmadeagainsthimwhenhedecidedthe consultationinthismanner,thathemightturnthecaliphateawayfromhim.Thispainfulmanner hurtImamAlisheart,sohe [1]AbuTalhaalAnsariisZaydbinSahlalNajjar.HefoughtalongsidetheProphet(a.s.)atthe BattleofBadr.WhentheProphet(a.s.)madehiscompanionsassociatewitheachotheras brothers,hemadehimandAbuUbaydaalJarrahassociateasbrothers.AbuTalhawasamongthe numberedbowmenandamongthefamousbravepeople.HekilledtwentypeopleattheBattleof Hunayn.HemarriedUmmAnasbinMalik.HediedinMedinaintheyear31A.H.attheageof seventy.UthmanbinAffanprayedoverhim.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.334. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.35. said:Whenhe(Umar)wenttohisway(died),heplacedtheaffair(ofthecaliphate)amonga groupofpeopleandclaimedthatIwasamongthem.GoodHeavens!WhathadItodowiththe consultation?WhendidhaveIdoubtaboutthefirst(Caliph)inordertobecomparedtothese ones? Yes,byAllah,whendidhehavedoubtaboutAbuBakrsoastobecomparedtoTalha,Uthman, andAbdurrahmanbinAwf?WasamongthemanyoneequaltoImamAliinreligion,knowledge, jihad,andprecedenceinIslam?ThroughhisspeechwithIbnAbbas,ImamAliexplainedthereason whyherespondedtobeamongthemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee.Thesummaryof thatisthatUmarhadacknowledgedthatImamAliwasentitledtothecaliphate.Buthehadsaid thattheprophethoodandthecaliphatehadnottocometogetherinonehouse.SoImamAli intendedtoshowthatUmarswordscontradictedhisactions.Forthisfirmreasonhejoinedthe membersoftheConsultativeCommittee. AViewpointontheConsultativeCommittee UmarsConsultativeCommitteefacesmanycriticisms.Thosewhohavecriticizedithave mentionedthatitwasnotbasedonsomerightways,norwasitbuiltonsomefirmfoundations, nordiditanywayseektheinterestsofthecommunity,nordiditaimatprotectingsocietyfrom chaosanddisorders.RatheritaimedatturningthecaliphatefromImamAli(a.s)anddeprivingthe communityofenjoyinghisjustgovernment.Therefore,itwasnotarealConsultativeCommittee. Ratheritwasformalandaccompaniedbyfanaticismandspites.Wementiontothereaderssome ofthecriticisms: 1.Mostsurelytherealconsultationmeansthatallthecommunityhastotakepartinelectionsin

anatmospherewherethegeneralfreedomsofallelectorsareavailable.AsforUmars ConsultativeCommittee,itwasvoidofalltheseelements,forthepeoplewerepreventedfrom electing.Umargrantedtherightofelectingtosixpersons.Itwasnaturalthattheyhadnothing excepttheirpersonalviewpoints.Theydidnotrepresentthecommunity,nordidtheyexpressits will.Umarnarrowedthecircleandconfinedtakingadecisiontotheopinionsofthethreepersons amongwhomwasAbdurrahmanbinAwf.Heregardedtheirvotesasequaltothevotesoftherest oftheMuslims.Ofcoursethisisakindofnonoppositionusedbysomegovernmentsimposing theirwillontheirpeoples.ThisconsultationclashedwiththewilloftheMuslims,opposedtheir freedoms,andwasimposedonthem. 2.MostsurelythisConsultativeCommitteeincludedmostoftheopponentsofImamAli(a.s)and thosewhoharboredmaliceagainsthim.ItcontainedTalhaalTaymi,whowasfromthefamilyof AbuBakr,whocompetedwithImamAliforthecaliphate.Therewasgreatenmityanddispute between(thetribeof)TaymandImamAli.ItincludedAbdurrahmanbinAwf,whowasUthmans soninlaw.Besides,heharboredhatredagainstImamAli(a.s).Hewasamongthosewhocarried firewoodduringpayinghomagetoAbuBakrtoburnImamAlishouse.ItincludedSadbinAbi Waqqas,whoharboredmaliceagainsttheImamforhisuncles,theUmayyads.Hismotherwas Hamna,daughterofSufyanbinUmayya.ImamAlidestroyedtheirheroesforthesakeofIslam. Accordingly,SadwasfullofspitesandenmitytowardtheImamforthesakeofhisuncles..When theMuslimspledgedallegiancetotheImam,Sadwasamongthosewhodidnotpayhomageto him.TheConsultativeCommitteeincludedUthman,whowastheSheikhoftheUmayyadfamily, whowasfamousforshowingenmitytowardtheHouseholdoftheProphet(a.s).Umarprovoked alltheseforcesagainstImamAlilestthecaliphateshouldreachhim.AfterImamAlihad undertakentheauthority,hetalkedaboutthehatredandmaliceofthemembersofthe ConsultativeCommitteeagainsthim,saying:ButIremainedlowwhentheywerelowandflew highwhentheyflewhigh.Oneofthemturnedagainstmebecauseofhishatredandtheother inclinedtotheotherwayduetohissoninlaw,thisthing,andthatthing. UmarintentionallymovedallthespitesandhatredofallQurayshagainstImamAli,thebrotherof AllahsApostle(a.s)histestamentarytrustee,andGateoftheCityofhisKnowledge.He respondedtothespitesofQurayshthattheImamdestroyedforthesakeofIslam. 3.UmarintentionallysentfarallthefollowersofImamAli.Hedidnotgivethemanyshareinthe ConsultativeCommittee,nordidhenominateanyoftheAnsar,wholodgedtheProphet(a.s)and supportedhim,fortheyhadwishandinclinationtowardtheImam(a.s).Healsodidnotgiveany sharetoAmmarbinYasir,whowasamongthosewhofoundedIslam.MoreoverheisolatedAbu Dharr,alMiqdad,andthelikefromamongtheMuslimeminentmen,fortheywereAlis followers.HeconfinedtheConsultativeCommitteetotheforceswhodeviatedfromImamAliand showedenmitytowardhim.

4.AmongthestrangeaffairsoftheConsultativeCommitteewhoseprogramshehaddesignedis thatheborewitnessthatAllahsApostle(a.s)diedandwaspleasedwiththemembersofthe ConsultativeCommittee.Buthehadorderedtheirheadstobecutoffiftheyhaddelayedfrom electingoneofthem.Wasthatareasonfortheirdeviatingfromthereligionandrenegingfrom Islam,thatsheddingtheirbloodmightberegardedaspermissible? 5.AmongthestrangeaffairsoftheConsultativeCommitteeisthatUmarpreferredthegroupthat includedAbdurrahmanifthemembersdiffered.HeoverlookedthegroupthatincludedImamAli (a.s).Hepaidnoattentiontoit.Rather,heforcedittoyieldtotheopinionofAbdurrahmanbin Awf,whomhepreferredtoImamAli(a.s)whohadtalents,genius,noequalinknowledge,piety, andfearofAllah.Therefore,howdidhemakehimequaltoothers,whileAllah,theExalted,says: Arethosewhoknowandthosewhodonotknowalike?Ughbeonyou,Otime!Woetoyou,O time!IsImamAliequaltothemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee,andAbdurrahmangiven precedenceoverhim?However,thattookplaceduetothespitesandfanaticismthatoccupied theirsoulsandmadethemforgetthecriteriaandpreventthemfromfollowingthejustway! 6.AmongthecriticismsfacingtheConsultativeCommitteeisthatitcreatedakindofcompetition amongitsmembers,andtheythoughtthattheywereequalstoeachother.Beforethat,theyhad notsuchanopinion.SadwasafollowerofAbdurrahman,Abdurrahmanwasafollowerof Uthman,alZubayrwasamongthefollowersofImamAli,anditwashewhosaidduringthetime ofUmar:ByAllah,IfUmardied,IwouldpayhomagetoAli.However,Abdurrahmanblewinto himthespiritofambition,andheseparatedhimselffromImamAli(a.s)andmutiniedagainsthim attheBattleoftheCamel.TheConsultativeCommitteecreatedambitionsandinclinations,and theyhopedforthecaliphateandsoughtitthoughtheywerenotworthyofit.Accordingly,the countrywasfullofdiscordsanddifferences;thewordoftheMuslimsbecamedisordered,and theirunitycracked.MuawiyabinAbiSufyanmentionedthispainfulsituationduringhistalkwith IbnalHusayn,whomZiyadsenttomeethim.Hesaidtohim: Ihaveheardthatyouhavemindandreason;therefore,tellmeaboutall thingsaboutwhichIquestionyou? Askmeasyoulike. Tellme:WhatscatteredtheaffairoftheMuslimsandtheirleading personalities,andmadethemdifferwitheachother? ThepeoplewhokilledUthman. Youhavedonenothing. Ali,whowalkedtowardsyouandfoughtagainstyou. Youhavedonenothing. Talha,alZubayr,andAisha,whowalkedtowardsAliandfoughtagainsthim. Youhavedonenothing. Ihavenothingotherthanthat,OCommanderoftheFaithful!

IwilltellyouthatnothingscatteredtheMuslimsanddividedtheirinclinationsexceptthe ConsultativeCommitteethatUmarconfinedtosixpeople.ThatisbecauseAllahsentMuhammad withguidanceandthereligionoftruth,thatHemightcauseittoprevailoverallreligions,though thepolytheistsmaybeaverse.He(ProphetMuhammad)didaccordingtowhatAllahcommanded him.ThenAllahtookhimuntoHim.He(Umar)advancedAbuBakrtoperformtheprayer,and theyweresatisfiedwithhiminrespectoftheaffairsoftheirreligion,forAllahsApostle(a.s)was satisfiedwithhimfortheaffairsoftheirreligion.Sohe(AbuBakr)didaccordingtotheSunnaof AllahsApostle(a.s)andhefollowedhisbehavioruntilAllahseizedhimuntoHim.Heappointed Umarasacaliph,andhefollowedthelikeofhisbehavior.ThenUmarconfinedtheConsultative Committeetosixpersons,andeachofthemhopedthecaliphateforhimself,hispeoplehopedit forhim,andhissoulwaseagerforthat.IfUmarhadappointedsomeoneoverthem,asAbuBakr haddone,therewouldhavebeennodifferenceoverthat.[1] ThesearethedefectsoftheConsultativeCommitteethatopenedthedoortochaosanddispute amongtheMuslims,andmadealTulaqa[2]andtheirsonscompetewitheachotherforthe Islamiccaliphate.TheywentuponthepulpitsoftheMuslims,possessedalonealFay,and punishedthegoodandrighteousMuslims.ToAllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn! TheElection UmarmethisLordandwenttohisfinalrestingplace.[3]Thepolicesurroundedthemembersof theConsultativeCommittee.TheyforcedthemtocarryoutUmarswillandtoelectforthe Muslimsarulerfromamongthem.Thecandidatesheldameetinginthepublictreasury,andit wassaidthattheyheldthemeetinginthehouseofMasrurbinMuhrima.ImamalHasanand AbdullahbinAbbassupervisedtheelection.AmrbinalAasandalMughira [1]IbnAbdRabbih,alIqdalFareed,vol.3,pp.7374. [2]alTulaqaarethosewhoconvertedtoIslamatthetimeoftheconquestofMecca. [3]UmardiedonWednesdaywithfourdaysremaining(inthemonth)ofDhialHijja,intheyear 23A.H.Hiscaliphatelastedfortenyears,sixmonths,andfourdays.Hewassixtythreeyearsold. ThishasbeenmentionedbyalMasudiinhisbookMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.198.BeforeIslam, Umarwasverypoorandmiserable.UmarbinalAashassaid:ByAllah,IhaveseenUmarandhis father.EachofthemwaswearingaQattwanicloakthatdidexceedthehollowoftheknee;and therewasabundleoffirewoodonhishead.ThishasbeenmentionedbyIbnAbialHaddeedin hisbookSharhNahjjalBalagha. binShubaapproachedtheplaceoftheelection.Theysatbythedoor.SadbinAbiWaqqascame toknowoftheirpurpose.Herebukedandsaidtothem:Doyouwanttosaythatyouhave attendedtheConsultativeCommitteeandbeenfromamongitsmembers?

Themembersdiscussedtheonewhowasthemostentitledtotheauthority,mostappropriatefor it,thegreatestoftheminabilityandpowertomanagetheaffairsofthegovernment.AsforImam Ali(a.s)hewarnedthemagainstthediscordsthatwouldhavehappenedinthecountryiftheyhad respondedtotheirtendenciesandhadnotpreferredthetruth.He(a.s)said:Nonebeforeme hastenedtothesummonsoftruthandretainingofkinship,andtheprofitofgenerosity. Therefore,listentomywordsandfullyunderstandmyspeech.Afterthisdayyouwillseethatthe swordswillbedrawnandcovenantswillbebrokenforthisauthority,totheextentthatsomeof youwillbeImamsofthemenofmisguidanceandfollowersofthemenofignorance.[1] TheydidnotunderstandtheImamsspeech,nordidtheyreflectonit;rathertheyhurriedtotheir ambitionsandtheirinclinations.Shortlyafterthat,thetimeshowedthemtheImamstruthful prediction.Thatwaswhentheydrewtheswordsandbroketheircovenants,thattheymightreach thescepterofgovernmentandauthority.SomeofthembecameImamsofthemenof misguidanceandfollowersofthemenofignorance. Anyway,thediscussionabouttheaffairofthecaliphatewasplentiful.Themeetingwasover,and nothingresultedfromit.Thepeoplewereimpatientlywaitingforthedecisiveresultoftheir meeting,buttheyfoundnothing.Themeetingwasheldagain,butnothingresultedfromit.The periodoftimefixedbyUmarwasabouttobeover.So,AbuTalhaalAnsaricametothemembers andsaidtothem:ByHiminwhosehandisUmarssoul,Iwilladdnothingtothethreedayswhen youhavebeencommanded(toelectonefromamongyou). Thethirddaycameandthemeetingwasheld.TalhagavehisrighttoUthman.Hedidthat becausehehadcometoknowthatUthmandeviatedfromImamAli(a.s).Heintendedto strengthenhissideandunderminethatoftheImam.AlZubayrhurriedandgavehisrighttothe Imam,forhecametoknowthathissidebecameweak.Sadhurriedandgavehisrightto AbdurrahmanbinAwf,forhewashiscousin.AsforAbdurrahmantowhomUmarentrustedthe affairsoftheConsultativeCommitteeandwhoseopinionheregardedasadecisivecriterion,he feltweaknessinhimselfandincapabilityofmanaging [1]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.31. theaffairsofthegovernment,sohedecidedtonominatesomeoneotherthanhim.Heinclinedto Uthman.SoheconsultedQuraysh,andtheymadehimrefrainfrom(electing)ImamAli(a.s),made himloveUthman,andurgedhimtochooseandelecthim.Theterriblehourcame,andthecourse ofhistorychanged.ThatwaswhenAbdurrahmansaidtohisnephew:OMasrur,goandsummon AliandUthman!WithwhomshallIbegin?askedMasrur.Withwhomeveryouwish,said Abdurrahman. MasrurhurriedandbroughtImamAliandUthman.TheMuhajireenandtheAnsarattended.The

massesovercrowdedinthemosque,thattheymighttakethedecisivedecision.Abdurrahman roseandsaid:Advisemeinrespectofthesetwopersons.Heindicatedwithhishandto Hashimsdescendant(ImamAli)andtheSheikhoftheUmayyads(UthmanBinAffan). AmmarbinYasirsaidtohim:Ifyouwantthepeoplenottodisagree,thenpayhomagetoAli!He advisedhimtofollowtherightopinionthatwouldprotectthecommunityfromthedisagreement andsaveitfromthedisputeanddissension.AlMiqdadhurriedandconfirmedAmmars viewpoint,saying:Ammarisright.IfyoupledgeallegiancetoAli,wewilllistenandobey! AbdullahbinAbiSarhamongtheeminentmenfromamongtheUmayyadswhowarredagainst theProphet(a.s)andopposedhimroseandaddressedAbdurrahmanbinAwf,saying:Ifyou wantQurayshnottodisagree,thenpayhomagetoUthmanbinAffan! AbdullahbinRabeeaalMakhzumirushedandsaid:Heisright!Ifyoupledgeallegianceto Uthman,wewilllistenandobey!AmmarbinYasiropposedAbdullahbinAbiSarhandsaidto him:WhenareyouloyaltoIslam? Ammarwastruthful.WhendidAbdullahbinAbiSarhrespectIslam?Whenwasheloyaltothe Muslims?Whendidheguidethemtotherightpath?Hewasthegreatestofallthepeoplein showingenmitytowardAllahsApostle(a.s).WhentheProphet(a.s)conqueredMecca,he orderedAbdullahbinAbiSarhtobekilledevenifhewashangingontothecurtainsofthe Kaaba.[1]WhydidsucharogueinterveneintheaffairsoftheMuslims?However,webelongto AllahandtoHimisourreturn! [1]AlIstiab,vol.2,p.375. TheHashimitesandtheUmayyadstalked,andawarmargumenttookplacebetweenthetwo families.AmmarbinYasir,aloyalMuslim,said:Opeople,mostsurelyAllahhashonoredyou throughHisProphetandstrengthenedyouthroughHisreligion;therefore,tillwhendoyouturn theauthorityawayfromtheHouseholdofyourProphet? AmmarsaidbutthesayingofIslamthathishearthadunderstood.AllahstrengthenedQuraysh andtherestoftheArabswithHisreligionandmadethemhappythroughHisProphet,whowas thesourceoftheirstrength,honor,andglory.Itwasnotanactoffairnessandjusticethatthey turnedtheauthorityawayfromhishouseholdandfamily.TheysometimesentrustedTaymwithit andsometimesAdi.Now,theysparednoefforttoentrustittoanothertribe.Amanfrom(the tribeof)Makhzuminterruptedhim,saying:Youhaveoverlookedyourcondition,Osonof Sumayya!WhatistherelationshipbetweenyouandtheauthorityoverQuraysh? ThemanssoulwasfullofthebeliefsofthepreIslamicera.SohecriticizedIbnSumayya.He thoughtthatheoverlookedhisconditionandexceededhisboundsduetothefactthathe intervenedintheaffairsofQuraysh.WhichrightdidQurayshhaveinthisaffair?Thatisbecause

theyresistedtheProphet(a.s),battledagainsthim,andopposedhismessage.Theauthority belongedtotheMuslims.IbnSumayya,whomAllahmadestrongthroughhisreligion,andtherest oftheweakwhosupportedtheProphet(a.s)andprotectedhismessagehadtherighttotakepart intheauthority.Theopinionandthegovernmentbelongedtothem,andnottothetyrantsof Quraysh. Anyway,whenmanydisputestookplacebetweentheawareMuslimforcesandthedevious forces,SadturnedtoAbdurrahmanandsaidtohim:OAbdurrahman,finishyouraffairbefore thepeoplefacediscords! Asaresult,AbdurrahmanhurriedtoImamAliandaskedhim:ShallIpayhomagetoyouprovided thatyoushouldgovernaccordingtoAllahsBook,theSunnaofHisProphet,andthedeedsofAbu BakrandUmar? ImamAlilookedathimandansweredwiththespeechoffaithandofthefree:Rather,according toAllahsBook,theSunnaofHisApostle,andmypersonalviewpoints. AbdurrahmanexpectednothingfromImamAliotherthanthat,forthesourcesoflegislationin IslamareAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Accordingtothemthegovernmentis managed,andtheproblemsofsubjectsaresolved.TheactionsofAbuBakrandUmarwerenot amongthesourcesoflegislation.Throughhispolicy,AbuBakrfollowedaspecialwayonwhich Umardidnotagreewithhim.UmarthoughtthatAbuBakrwasfarawayfromthesourcesof legislation.AbuBakrhadaspecialviewpointinrespectofKhalidbinalWaleed,whokilledMalik binNuwayraandfornicatedhiswife.[1]HoweverAbuBakrthoughtthatKhalidinterpretedand madeamistake,sohehadnotbeenpunishedwiththeprescribedpunishment.AsforUmar,he thoughtthattherewasnoescapefrompunishinghimandthattherewasnoroomforAbuBakrs excuse.Throughhisfiscalpolicy,AbuBakrfollowedawaymorejustthanthatofUmar,who followedawayledtocasteandpreferringsomeMuslimstoothersingiving.Umarmadeunlawful thetwomuttas[2],whileheadmittedthattheywerelawfulduringthetimeofAllahsApostle (a.s).HehadareligiousverdictcontrarytoIslaminrespectofthegrandmothers [1]MalikbinNuwayrabinHamzaalTamimi,alYarbuiwasgiventhekunyaofAbuHanzalaand thenicknameofalJaful.Hewasanoblepoetandknight.Hispeoplenumberedhimasamongthe knightsofBanuYarbuduringthepreIslamicperiod.Hewasamongthefollowersofthekings. TheProphet(a.s.)appointedhimasagovernorovertheendowmentsofhispeoplebecauseofhis trustworthinessandcleverness.WhenMalikheardofthedeathoftheProphet(a.s.)herefrained fromgivingalmsanddivideditamonghispeople.PerhapshedidthataccordingtotheSunnathat stipulateddistributingalmsamongthepooroftheregion.Ifsomethingofitremained,ithadtobe carriedtothepublictreasury.Inthisrespect,Maliksays:

Isaid:Takeyourproperties.IwasnotafraidofnordidIreflectonthatwhichwouldcomefrom thefollowingday. Ifanundertakerundertookthefearedreligion,wewouldobeyandsaythatthereligionwasthat ofMuhammad. Thispoetryindicateshisfaithandhisfirmclingingtohisreligion.KhalidbinalWaleedcrept towardshimwhilehewasnotcommandedtofightagainsthim.Thatwasduringthenight.After performingtheeveningprayer,hetookhisarmyandhurriedtotaketheirweaponsandtotake themasprisonersofwar.AmongthemwasMalikswifeLayla,daughterofalMinhal.Shewasthe mostbeautifulofalltheArabwomen.SoKhalidwascharmedbyher.Therewasaheated argumentbetweenKhalidandMalik.KhalidsaidtoMalik:Iamgoingtokillyou!Maliksaidto him:Hasyourleader(AbuBakr)commandedyoutodothat?Malikreplied:ByAllah,Iamgoing tokillyou!Khalidsaid.AbdullahbinUmarandAbuQattadaalAnsariwerestandingbeside Khalid.Theyblamedhimforthat,butherefusedandsaid:MayAllahnotforgivemeifIdonot killhim!ThenhecommandedDhirarbinalAzwartobeheadhim.Malikturnedtohiswifeand saidtoKhalid:Thisistheonewhohaskilledme!Khalidsaidtohim:Rather,Allahhaskilledyou duetoyourapostatizingfromIslam.Malikrefusedthat,saying:MostsurelyIam(depending)on Islam!Dhirarroseandkilledhim.ThenKhalidtookMalikswifeandfornicatedheratthatnight. HoweverAbuBakrorderedhimnottobepunishedwiththeprescribedpunishment.Heclaimed thatKhalidinterpretedandmadeamistake!Formoredetailsaboutthispainfulevent,seealNass waalIjtihadbyImamSharafalDeen. [2]MuttatalHajandtemporarymarriage. inheritanceandthelike.Therefore,whichmethodhadAlibinAbiTalibtofollow,whilehewasthe pioneerofthegreatsocialjusticeonearth?Ifhehadsoughtthegovernmentandauthority,he wouldhaveacceptedtheconditionsofAbdurrahmanbinAwf,andthenhewouldhavefollowed hispersonalviewpointsinrespectofgovernmentandarrestedhisopponents.However,he(a.s) refusedtodothat,andhisstrongfaithpreventedfromacceptinganythinghethoughtunlawful. WhenAbdurrahmanbinAwfwashopelessofImamAli,heturnedtoUthmanbinAffanand stipulatedthat.Uthmanagreedtocarryouttheconditions,andAbdurrahmanpaidhomageto himandsaidtohim:OAllah,IhaveentrustedUthmanwiththecaliphate!Accordingly,clamor andnoiseofthepeoplebecameloud,fortheheadoftheUmayyadswonthegovernment,and theaffairsofthecaliphatereachedhim.AsforImamAli(a.s),hesaidtoAbdurrahmanbinAwf: ByAllah,youhavedoneit(fornothing)exceptthatyouhavehopedfromhimwhatyourleader (Umar)hadhopedfromhiscompanion(AbuBakr).MayAllahspreadamongyoutheperfumeof Minsham![1]ThenheturnedtotheQurashipeopleandaddressedthem,saying:Thisisnotthe firstdaywhenyoucooperatewitheachotheragainstus,butpatienceisgoodandAllahisHe

Whosehelpissoughtforagainstwhatyoudescribe! AbdurrahmanbinAwfhurriedtothreatenImamAli,saying:OAli,donotmakeawayagainst you!WhiletheImamwasleavingthemosque,hesaid:Thebookwillreachitsfixedterm! AmmarbinYasiraddressedAbdurrahmanbinAwf,saying:OAbdurrahman,byAllah,youhave lefthim(Ali),whileheisamongthosewhojudgewiththetruth,andtherebydidtheydojustice! AlMiqdadwentoutwhilehislegswereoverburdenedandsaid:ByAllah,Ihaveseennothinglike thatwhichhascometothemembersofthishouseaftertheirProphet!IwonderatQuraysh!They havedesertedtheman.IdonotsaynordoIcometoknowthatthereisanyonemorejust, knowledgeable,piousthanheis! [1]Minshamisanameofawoman.ShewasadruggistinMecca.WhenKhuzaaandJuhrum(two tribes)intendedtofightagainsteachother,theyperfumedthemselveswithherperfume.When theydidthat,manydeadwereamongthem.Soitwassaid:MorewickedthanMinshams perfume!ThishasbeenmentionedinSihahalJawahiri,vol.5,p.2041.AllahgrantedImamAlis supplication.Thatwaswhentherewerestrongestrangementanddisputes.AbdalRahmanbin AwfwilledthatUthmanhadnottoprayoverhim! AbdurrahmanbinAwfinterruptedhisspeech,sayingtohim:FearAllah,OMiqdad!Ifearthat youwillmakeadiscord![1] AsforImamalHasan,hesupervisedtheelection.Hewasterrifiedwhenhesawthepeople yieldedtotheirpersonalpurposesandambitions.HecametoknowthattheQurayshiMuhajireen harboredmaliceandhatredagainsthisfather,thatthereligionwasmerealickontheirtongues, andthattheytookcareofitaslongastheymadeuseofit.Thoseviewsmadehimdispleasedand grumbling.Theymadehimknowthatthepeoplefollowedtheirowninterestsandambitions,and thattheyhadnorelationshipwiththepublicinterests.HerewewillsaygoodbyetoImamal HasanandmeethimatthetimeoftheThirdCaliph! [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.194.
ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman Part1

WereceivealHasanatthetimeofUthman,whilehewasinthevigorandprimeofyouth.Hewas overtwentyyearsold.Thisageallowsonetoplungeintothebattleoflifeandgiveanopinionof thesocialside.Duringthisage,ImamalHasanentered,asitwassaid,thefieldofjihad,whichis oneofthedoorstotheGarden.HejoinedtheMujahideenwhosestandardsheadedforAfricato conqueritintheyear26A.H.[1]ThroughalHasan,thegrandsonofAllahsApostle(a.s),the Mujahideenrememberedthepersonalityofhisgrandfather.Sotheyshowedextremecourage andAllahmadeAfricabeconqueredattheirhands.Whenthebattleended,alHasan(a.s)headed forthecapitalofhisgrandfather(a.s).HewasvictoriousandhappyattheexpansionofIslamand spreadofthereligionofhisgrandfather.Intheyear30A.H.theMuslimarmiescarriedthe standardsofvictoryandheadedforTabaristan. AlHasanjoinedthem.[2]Becauseofhisblessing,Allahmadethemconqueritandmadethe standardofIslamflutteroverit.Forthepublicinterestandservingthereligion,whicharethebest ofalltheotherconsiderations,ImamalHasan(a.s)enteredthefieldsofjihadandstruggle,and paidnoattentiontodispleasurehehadhiddeninhissoulduetolosinghisfathersright(of [1]IbnKhaldun,alIbar,vol.2,pp.128129.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:Uthmansentanarmyto conquerAfricaintheyear25A.H.ThecommandersofthearmywereAbdullahbinNafiand AqababinNafibinAbdalQays.ThearmywenttoAfrica.Itsnumberwastenthousand(fighters). Whenthearmyarrivedinit,itwasunabletoconquerit.Soitmadepeacewithitsinhabitants providedthattheyshouldpaymoney.ThenAbdullahbinAbiSarh,Uthmansfosterbrother,asked UthmantoconquerAfricaandtosupplyhimwithanarmy.SoUthmanconsultedthecompanions (oftheProphet),andmostofthemencouragedhimtodothat.AsaresultUthmansuppliedhim withanarmyfromMedina.AmongthearmywereIbnAbbas,IbnalAas,IbnJafar,alHasan,and alHusayn.TheyheadedforAfricaandconquereditintheyear26A.H.TheauthorofalFutuhat alIslamiyahasnotmentionedthatalHasanandalHusaynjoinedthearmy. [2]TarikhalUmamwaalMuluk,vol.5,pp.5758.AlIbar,vol.2,p.134.AlFutuhatalIslamiya, vol.1,p.175.Inallthesebooksithasbeenmentioned:SaeedbinalAasconqueredTabaristan intheyear30A.H.AlAsbahadmadepeacewithSuwaydbinMiqrenprovidedthatheshouldgive himmoneyduringthedaysofUmarbinalKhattab.WhenUthmanbecameacaliph,heprepared anarmyandsentittowardsthem.SaeedbinalAaswasthecommanderofthearmy.AlHasan, alHusayn,AbdullahbinAbbas,andthelikejoinedthearmy.Whentheyarrivedinit,they conqueredit.InhisbookMuhadharatalArbaa,alRaghibalAsfahanihassaid:AlAsbaheedis theownerofthemountain(sahibaljabal);anditisthecorrectness,notalAsbahad. authority).Thisisawonderfullessonthepoliticalpartiesstandinginthecountrymustuseto refrainfrompartyfanaticismandtotakecareoftheinterestsofthecountryandsociety.

Uthmanruledthecountryforsomeyears,buthispolicywasveryfarfromtheSunnaofAllahs Apostle(a.s);likewise,itwasveryfarfromthesunnaofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar). Moreoveritwasveryfarawayfromtheessenceofthattime,foritdidnotagreewiththereligious andsocialsides;forthisreasonitfailedandwasdeserted.ThereasonforthatisthattheCaliph Uthmanwasunabletomanagetheaffairsofthecommunityandthegovernment.Hehadaweak willpowerinallhisacts.Emersonistruthfulwhenhesays:Mostsurely,willpoweristhesecretof success,andthesuccessisthegoalofexistence.Thatisbecausewillpowerhasimmortalizedthe namesofNapoleon,Krant,Alexander,andthelikefromamongthemenofhistory.Manymenof historyarefamousforbravery,experience,andcleverness,buttheirdesertionresultedfromtheir hesitationandtheirweakwillpower.Itisimpossibleforustoenterthebattleoflifeandhopefor victorywithouthavingawillpower.[1] Willpowerhasaperfecteffectonformingpersonandhisimmortalityinlife.Itisimpossiblefor theweak,helplesspersontoachieveanygoalforthecommunityortobuilditsentity.Islamhas takengreatcareofremovingtheweakwilledpersonfromleadingthecommunityandpreventing himfrompracticingthegovernment.Forsuchapersonsubjectsthecountrytodangers,brings abouttoithardshipsandmisfortunes,takesawaytheprestigeandmoraleofthegovernment, encouragesthosepowerfultomutinyagainsthimandtodisobeyhim. Mostsurely,Uthmanhadnowillpowertoafarextent.Hehadnopowertofacetheevents,nor hadheanabilitytoovercomethem.Asaresultheentrustedtheaffairsofthegovernmentto Marwan,andheactedfreely.OntheauthorityofhisSheikhs,IbnAbialHaddeedhasnarrated thattherealcaliphwasMarwan,andthatUthmanhadnothingexceptthenameofthecaliph. Anyway,itisnecessaryforustoexplainUthmansstoryandtounderstanditsreality,forthereisa closeconnectionbetweenitandourresearch.SomehistoriansclaimthatImamalHasan(a.s)was Uthmaniininclination,defendedhimonthedayofthehouse,showedseveresadnessforhim afterhismurder,andcriticizedhisfatherbecausehedidnothelpandprotecthim. [1]Emerson,Willpower. Dr.TahaHusaynhasinclinedtothisviewpointandsentittoreadersasanaxiomaticwithout ponderingonit.Wecannotunderstandtherealityofthisviewpointunlesswecometoknow Uthmanspolicyandbehavior.It,andnothingelse,willshowusthefalsehoodoftheseaffairsand theirdisagreementwiththerealityofImamalHasan(a.s)whocarriedtheguidanceofhis grandfather,AllahsApostle(a.s). BeforewespeakaboutUthmanspolicy,wewouldliketoexplainthatwe,inmanyofour researches,donoagreewithDr.TahaHusayn,forhetriedtojustifyUthmansactionsanddeem himfarabovetheaccusationsfastenedonhimthroughsomewaysfarandvoidofscientific research.Intheintroductiontohisresearch,hehasdisownedallkindsofinclinationandtribal

fanaticism.HehasindicatedthatheisnotafollowerofUthman,norisheafollowerofAli;rather, throughhisresearcheshetriestobeloyaltorealityasfaraspossible.[1]However,hehasnot conformedtohispromise.Hehassetouttoclingtosomeweakwaysinordertocorrectthe mistakesofUthmanspolicy,which,throughoutitsstages,didnotkeepabreastwithAllahsBook, theSunnaofHisProphet,andtheSunnaofthetwoSheikhs.Accordingly,thegoodandrighteous Muslimsboreagrudgeagainsthim,andtheMuslimregionsrevoltedagainsthim.TheMuslim massessurroundedhim.Theydemandedhimtobemoderateinhispolicyandfollowtheclear, whiteway.However,hedidnotrespondtothem,sotheykilledhim.Thecommunitywasunhappy duringtheperiodofhisgovernmentandwasliabletoatrialafterhisdeath. Itisincumbentonustoponderontheseeventscarefullyandhonestlyandtoexplaintheirresults, forthereisacloseconnectionbetweenthemandourreligiouslife.Wehavenorighttofindan excusetoanypersonwhenhispracticesopposetheIslamicteachings,principles,andprecepts. WementiontoreaderssomeofthecriticismsfacingUthmanspolicy: HisPardoningUbaydillah UthmanreceivedthecaliphatewithpardoningUbaydillahbinUmar,whotookvengeanceon thosewhokilledhisfather.Fornoreason,hekilledalHurmuzan,Jufayna,andthedaughterof AbuLulua.HeintendedtokillallthecaptivesinMedina.However,SadbinAbiWaqqaswentto him,saidsoftwordstohim,overcamehim,andtooktheswordfromhim.Ubaydillahwasthrown intoprisonuntilUthmandecidedhiscase.WhenUthmanbecameacaliph,hewentuponthe pulpitandtoldtheMuslimsaboutUbaydillahs [1]Dr.TahaHusayn,alFitnatualKubra,vol.1,5. case.Hesaidtothem:ItwasadecreeofAllahthatUbaydillahbinUmarkilledalHurmuzan.Al HurmuzanisamongtheMuslims.HehasnoinheritorexcepttheMuslimsingeneral.Iamyour Imam.Ihavepardonedhim;therefore,willyoupardonhim?Somepeopleexpressedtheir satisfactionandacknowledgedthepardon.HoweverImamAli(a.s)criticizedUthmanandwas dissatisfiedwithhisdecision.Hesaidtohim:Punishthesinner(UbaydillahbinUmar),forhehas committedagreatcrime!HehaskilledaMuslimfornoreason! TheImamsaidtoUbaydillah:OSinner,ifIwonavictoryoveryou,Iwouldkillyouforal Hurmuzan.[1]AlMiqdadbinUmarsaidtoUthman:MostsurelyalHurmuzanisafollowerof AllahandHisApostle,soyouhavenorighttograntthatwhichbelongstoAllahandhis Apostle![2] Thehonest,righteousMuslimswerenotsatisfiedwithsuchakindofpardon.Theyregardeditasa kindofaggressionagainstIslamandaviolationtoitsbounds.Accordingly,whenZiyadbinLabeed metUbaydillah,hesaidtohim:OUbaydillah,neitherescapenorrefugenorguardwillprotectyou

fromIbnArwa.Youhaveshedbloodunlawfully.ThemurderofalHurmuzanhasadanger. Fornothing(youhavekilledhim).Howeverasayerhassaid:HaveyouaccusedalHurmuzan(of killing)Umar?Soafoolhassaid,andtheeventsarenumerous.YesIaccusehim(ofthat).Hehas advisedandcommanded.Theslavesweaponwasinsidehishouse,andtheaffairisconsidered throughanaffair.UbaydillahcomplainedtoUthmanofZiyad.SoUthmansummonedZiyadand preventedhimfromthat.However,hedidnotrefrainfromthat;rather,hewentoncriticizing Uthman,saying: OAbuAmr,UbaydillahishostagetothemurderofalHurmuzan;therefore,youmusthaveno doubt(aboutthat).Foryouhavepardonedhim;thereasonsforthemistakearetworacehorses. Youhavenorighttopardon.UthmanbecameangrywithZiyadandrebukedhimuntilherefrained fromcriticizinghim.[3]HecommandedUbaydillahtoleaveMedinaforKufa.He [1]AlBaladhiri,alAnsab,vol.5,p.24. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.141. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.41. gavehimahousethere.TheplacewasascribedtoUbaydillahandwasgiventhenameofKuwayfa binUmar.AlTabarihasnarrated:Uthmanconsultedthecompanions(oftheProphet)inrespect oftheaffairofUbaydillah,andtheyadvisedhimtopardonhim.Theysaidtohim:Umarwaskilled yesterday;andhissoniskilledtoday?Someofthemadvisedhimtokillhim.Amongthemwas ImamAli(a.s).HoweverAmrbinalAassaidtohim:Mostsurely,Allahhasexemptedyoufrom theeventthathappenswhileyouhaveanauthorityovertheMuslims.Thiseventhadtakenplace whenyouhadnoauthority.Asaresult,Uthmanrespondedtohisviewpoint.Thatwaswhenhe said:Iamaruleroverthem.Ihavedecidedthatthepunishmentshouldbeabloodmoney,andI willpayitfrommyownwealth.[1] Thisprocedurefacesthefollowingcriticisms: 1.Islamhasrequiredrulerstoadministertheprescribedpunishments,nottoshowtoleranceand leniencyinrespectofthem,thatregulationsmaybekept,andsoulsmaybeprotectedfrom aggressions.Therulerhasnorighttoshowtoleranceandleniencytowardanaggressor irrespectiveofhishighsocialposition.TheProphet(a.s)declaredthatandappliedittoreallife. Hewasaskedtopardonafemalethiefduetothenobilityofherfamily,andhereplied:Those beforeyouperishedbecausetheypunishedtheweakwhentheystoleandleftthenoble.ByAllah, ifFatima,Muhammadsdaughter,stole,Iwouldcutoffherhand.[2] 2.He(a.s)floggedthosewhotoldlies(ashabalifk).AmongthemwasSatihbinAthatha,whotook partintheBattleofBadr.[3]ThisisrequiredbyIslamicjustice,whichmakesnodifference

betweenthewhiteandtheblack,theweakandthepowerful,theheadandthesubjects.Theyare equalbeforethelaw.However,Uthmanturnedawayfromthat.Heopposedwhatjustice required.HedidnotpunishUbaydillah,forhewasUmarssonandfromQuraysh.Hepreferredto pleasealKhattabsfamilyandQurayshthroughpardoninghimandhesenthimfarfromKufaand gavehimahousetolivein.Throughthatheopenedadoortochaosandcorruptionand empoweredtheinfluentialtopunishtheweakwhohadnoauthoritytoresortto. 3.ThepublicinterestrequiredkillingUbaydillahbinUmar,andnotpardoninghim,forifUthman hadkilledhim,hewouldhaveputanendtocorruptionandmurder,andnoinfluentialwouldhave committedsucha [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.41. [2]AlNizamalSiyasifialIslam,p.227,quotedfromalKharajj,p.50,byAbuYousif. [3]UsdalGhaba. crime.TheCaliphssonkilledalHurmuzan;however,Uthmanpaidnoattentiontothepublic interestandrespondedtohispersonalpurposes,whichopposedthecommunitysinterest. 4.TheImamsauthorityisestablishedwhenhecomestoknowthatthekilledonehasno inheritor.AsforalHurmuzan,hebelongedtoPersia.Therefore,Uthmanhadtolookforhis inheritors.WhenhehadcometoknowthatalHurmuzanhadnoinheritors,hisauthoritywould havebeenestablished.However,hedidnotdothat;ratherheclaimedthathewashisinheritor andruler. 5.Therulerhasnorighttopardonsomeoneoutofgivingbloodmoney;ratherhehastherightto makereconciliationforit.AlHanafisays:MostsurelytheImamhastherighttomakeconciliation forbloodmoney,buthehasnorighttopardon,forthepunishmentistherightofMuslimsdueto thefactthathis(thekilledone)inheritancebelongstothem.TheImamrepresentsthemin administeringtheprescribedpunishments.Pardonmeanscancelingtheirrightcompletely.Thisis impossible.Forthisreasonfatherandgrandfatherdonothaveit(pardon)thoughtheyhave(the right)toadministerafullpunishmentonthecriminal.TheImamhastherighttomakeconciliation forbloodmoney.[1]AccordingtotheHanafitereligiousverdict,Uthmanhadnorighttopardon UbaydillahbinUmarforbloodmoney.ThisparadoxisrecordedagainstUthmanaccordingtothat someofthemnarratedthathepardonedhimforbloodmoney.Uthmanfacesthesecriticisms becausehepardonedUbaydillah,anddidnotkillhim. TahaHusaynsDefense Dr.TahaHusayntriedtojustifyUthmansactionsanddidnotholdhimresponsibleforthem.His excusehasnoscientificnature.Wewillmentiontoreaderstheplacesofhisdefense:

1.UthmandidnotwanttostarthiscaliphatewithkillingtheQurashiboy,whowasUmarsson. HedidnotwanttoshedthebloodofaMuslimandtwodhimmis(nonMuslimcitizen).He preferredwellbeing.FromhisownwealthhepaidthebloodmoneytothePublicTreasuryof MuslimsandsparedUbaydillahbinUmarsblood.Hisdecidingthecaseinsuchawaywasawise policyifthepeopleconsideredthecasethroughapurepoliticalconsideration.[2] [1]BadayialSanayi,vol.7,p.245. [2]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.66. MostsurelyifUthmanhadstartedhiscaliphatewithkillingUbaydillah,hewouldhavefulfilledhis covenanttowardtheMuslims.ThatwaswhenhetoldthemthathewouldfollowAllahsBookand theSunnaofHisProphetandapplytheIslamiclawtothereallife.Howeverhefollowedthe politicalfields;so,hepreferredwellbeingandneglectedthereligiousprecepts.HisEminence ImamKashifalGhita,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hascommentedonthisexcuse,saying: Firstly,thisexcuseisamongtheclearmistakes,fortheIslamiclawhaddecidedtoshed Ubaydillahsbloodandnottospareit.Secondly,themurderwasintentional,anditspreceptwas administeringtheprescribedpunishment,andnotbloodmoney.Thefirstmadeamistake,and thelastcametojustifytheirmistakethroughanothermistake.[1] 2.WereturntosaythatUthmanhadanauthorityovertheaffairsoftheMuslims;andhe, accordingtothisauthority,hadtherighttopardon.Weaddtothatthatwhenhepardoned Ubaydillah,hedidnotcancelanyofthepunishmentsprescribedbyAllah,nordidheshedthe bloodofalHurmuzanandofhistwofriends.Ratherhepaidthebloodmoneyonbehalfonthem tothePublicTreasuryoftheMuslims,whomonlyheinherited.[2] HisEminence,lateKashifalGhitahascommentedonit,saying:Thisisalsoamistake(whichis) morecunningandbitterer,forthedutyoftheonewhohasauthorityovertheaffairsofthe MuslimsistoadministerthepunishmentsprescribedbyAllah,andnottocancelthem.Asfor payingbloodmoneyforreleasingsomeonefromkillingwithoutpleasingthebloodheirsis regardedasarbitrarinessintheIslamiclawsandplayingwiththereligion. 3.TheProphetsaidthattherewasnopenaltyonsuspicioncriterion.PerhapsUthmanrepelled thisprescribedpunishmentfromUbaydillahoutofthesuspicionthatresultedfromhisangerfor hisfatherandhisrushingduetohisunrulydesire.AndAllahhasmadeMuslimslikepardonwhen theyareable(topardon)andrewardedthemgoodforit. Thisisamongthehorriblemistakes,foritisnotrighttorepeltheprescribedpunishmentsoutof anger;otherwise,itisincumbenttorepeltheprescribedpunishmentsfromallkillersaccordingto justice,for,mosttimes,killingresultsfromangerandunrulyexcitement.Theruleofnopenaltyon

suspicion [1]ImamKashifalGhitasimportantcommentaryonalFitnatualKubraisahandwrittenbook availableatalAmiraLibrary.TahaHusaynsdefenseandKashifalGhitascommentaryarebased onalTabarisnarration,whichsaysthatUthmanpaidthebloodmoneyfromhisownwealthand didnotpardonUbaydAllah. [2]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.67. criterionisnotappliedtothecasewehavediscussed,forithasspecialsources,andthissourceis notofitsproofs.Ifangerwasareasonforcancelingkilling,thenUthmanwoulduseitasanexcuse anddefendhimselfthroughitwhenImamAli(a.s)andthelikeofhim,criticizedhim.Therefore,is Dr.TahaHusaynmoreknowledgeablethanUthmaninthemeaningsofthesunna? MostsurelyDr.TahaHusaynsdefenseisvoidofinquiryandhasnotlegislativequality.Sucha defensecannotjustifyUthmansprocedureandsendfartheresponsibilityfromhim.Anyway UthmanpardonedUbaydillahinorderthathemightpleasetheheartsofalKhattabsfamilyand Quraysh,andnottotakethecommunitysinterestintoconsideration. HisFiscalPolicy Islamhastakensevereprecautionsinrespectofthestateswealth.Ithasmadeitobligatoryon rulersandgovernorstospenditonpublicinterests,reforminglife,combatingpoverty,helpingthe weak,spendingonthehelplesssuchaswidowsandorphans.Therulersandthegovernorshave norighttosaveanythingofthepublicwealthforthemselves,norhavetheytherighttochoose anythingofitfortheirchildren.Thatisbecauseitisnottheirown,noritistheirproperty,that theymayspenditwherevertheywish.ImamAli(a.s)saidtoAbdullahbinZamawhenheasked himformoneyduringhiscaliphate:Thiswealthdoesnotbelongtomeandyou;ratheritisthe FayofMuslimsandearningoftheirswords.Ifyousharedthematabattle,thenyouwouldhave thelikeoftheirshare;otherwise,theearningoftheirhandswillbefornothingotherthantheir mouths.[1] ImamAli(a.s)wrotetoQathambinalAbbas,hisgovernoroverMecca:Reflectonthewealthof Allahyouhavegathered.Spenditonthosewhohavefamilies,andsufferfromhunger,hitting withittheplacesofpovertyandlacks.Ifsomethingofthatremains,thensendittous,thatwe maydivideitamongthoseweaccept.[2] AllahsApostle(a.s)says:ThemenwhospendAllahswealthwithoutanyrightshallhavethefire ontheResurrectionDay.[3]

[1]NahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.461. [2]Ibid.,vol.2,p.17. [3]SaheehalBukhari,vol.5,p.17. ThisisanoutlineontheviewpointofIslaminrespectofmoney,forIslammakesitincumbenton theresponsibleonestospendthestatesmoneyonrefreshingthesubjects,andsavingthemfrom miseryandneediness.Theresponsiblehavenorightatalltoemployittobuyconsciencesandto giftthosewhoarenotneedy.However,Uthmandidnotapplythattoallcircumstances.He controlledtheCentralBudgetandgenerouslygavemoneytotheUmayyadsandAbuMaeets family,thathemightstrengthentheirinfluenceandtheirpositioninthecountry.Sothey exploitedtheMuslims,playedwiththeirfates,andcontrolledtheirdestination.Healsogave plentifulmoneytotheprominentpersonsandtheheadsofwhosesidehewasafraidandof whosepowerhewascarefulbecauseoftheirpoliticalinfluenceinthecountry.Thispolicyledto inflatingwealthandaccumulatingpropertieswithagroupofpeoplewhowereperplexedin spendingthem.Ofcoursesuchapolicyledtospreadingneediness,poverty,andmiseryamong thepeople;andthisaffairopposesIslam,whichtakesgreatcareofmakingsocietyhappy, spreadingwelfareandeaseamongpeople.Wewillmentionsomeexamplesasproofsforwhatwe havementioned: HisGiftstotheUmayyads UthmangavethepropertiesoftheMuslimstohisfamilyandrelatives,whodeniedandopposed Islamandbattledagainstit.Hegiftedthemandwaskindtothem.Heempoweredthemoverthe Muslims.Hegavethemplentifulwealthtoenjoyandtogotoofarinspending.Wementionto readerssomeofthoseuponwhomhespentlavishly: AbuSufyan UthmangaveAbuSufyanahundredthousand(dirhams)fromthePublicTreasury.[1]Hegavehim thisgiftwhilehe(AbuSufyan)wastheheadofthepolytheistsattheBattleofUhudandtheBattle ofalAhzab.HewasontopofthosewhoharboredmaliceagainstIslam.Thereligiondidnotenter hisheart,nordiditremovefromhimthebeliefsofpreIslamicera.Itwashewhowenttothe graveofHamzaandkickeditandsaid:OAbuImara,theaffairsforwhichweengagedinasword fightisnowatthehandsofourboys;theyareplayingwithit.Thenhehappilycameinto Uthmanafterhehadbecomeblind.Hesaidtohim:OAllah,lettheauthoritybesimilartothat wasbeforeIslam,thekingdomberuledbytheusurpers,andtheprojectionsoftheearthbe ownedbytheUmayyads.[2] [1]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.67. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.6,p.407.

Therefore,isitanactofjusticeandfairnessthattheMuslimspropertiesweregiventosucha hypocritewhosesoulwasfullofenmityandhatredagainstIslam?DosetheIslamiclawpermit givingsuchwealthtosuchapersonwhodidnotbelieveinAllahatall? AlHarithbinalHakam UthmangavegenerouslytoalHarithbinalHakam,hissoninlawonthesideofhisdaughter Aisha.Hegavehimthreehundredthousanddirhams.[1]Hegavehimthecamelsofcharitywhen theycametoMedina.[2]HegavehimamarketinYathrib(Medina)namedTahruz,whilethe Prophet(a.s)hadgiventhemarkettotheMuslimsascharity.[3]WhywasalHarithworthyofsuch enormousproperties?DidherenderaservicetoIslamorperformadeedthroughwhichhe benefitedIslam,thathemightbeworthyofgivingsuchwealth?Itisworthmentioningthatthe camelsofalmshadtobespentonthepoorandtheneedy.MoreoverhowdidUthmansingleout alHarithwiththealmsofAllahsApostle(a.s)whiletheybelongedtoalltheMuslims?Therefore, UthmanhadnojustificationforgivingsuchfundsthroughwhichhedisobeyedAllahandturned awayfromthecommunitysinterest. AbdullahbinSad Uthmangavehisfosterbrother,AbdullahbinSadbinAbiSarh,allthatwhichAllahhadgivento theMuslimswhoconqueredalMaghrib(Morocco)inAfrica,whichwasfromTripolitoTangier.He madenoneoftheMuslimssharehiminsuchwealth.[4]ItisworthmentioningthatalHarithwas amongtheprominentpolytheistsandoneofthosewhodeniedIslamanditsvalues.Wewill mentionhisbiographyinthechaptersthatfollowtoprovethat.Therefore,howwasitpossiblefor Uthmantogivehimsuchenormousfundsandsuchplentifulwealth? AlHakambinAbialAas BeforewementionUthmansgiftstoalHakam,wehavetoknowhisrealityandsomeofhis affairs.Itmaybeclearthathewasworthyofestrangement,besentawayandthattherewasat allnojustificationtogivehimtheMuslimsfunds.Wewillmentionthattoreadersasfollows: [1]AnsabalAshraf,vol.5,p.52. [2]AlAnsab,p.28. [3]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.67. [4]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.67. HisFightingagainstIslam

AlHakamresistedpropagatingIslam.Heurgedthepeopletogoonworshippingtheidolsand preventedthemfromembracingIslam.Marwan(binalHakam)metwithHuwaytibandaskedhim abouthisage,andhetoldhimaboutthat.HoweverMarwansaidtohim:YourIslamislate,O Sheikh,totheextentthattheboysprecededyou(inembracingit)! Huwaytibsaidtohim:ByAllah,IintendedtobeaMuslimmorethanonetime,butyourfather preventedmeandsaid:Doyouwanttoleaveyourhonor,abandonyourfathersreligionsfora newreligion,andbeafollower?[1]MostsurelyalHakamandtherestoftheUmayyadfamily resistedIslamandsparednoefforttorepelpropagatingit.ButAllahrepelledtheirscheme, supportedIslamandstrengthenedHisreligion. HisDisparagingtheProphet AlHakamwasthebitterestenemytoAllahsApostle(a.s).Heharboredmaliceagainsthim.He wenttoofarinhurting,disparaging,andmakinglightofhishighposition.Hewalkedbehindhim, slanderedhim,sneeredathim,andmovedhismouthandnose.[2]TheProphetturnedandsaw himdothat.Hesaidtohim:Mayyoubeso!Accordingly,alHakamwastremblingandshaking untilhedied.AbdurrahmanbinThabitrebukedhimforthat.HesatirizedAbdurrahmanbinal Hakam,saying: Mostsurelyyourfatheriscursed;therefore,throwawayhisbones.Ifyouthrowaway,youwill throwawaysomeonewhoistremblingandcrazy.Heentersintoeveningsmallbelliedand remainsbigbellieddueto(his)evildeeds.[3] TheProphetcurseshim Thisevil,cunningperson(alHakam)askedtheProphet(a.s)forpermissiontoenterhishouse,and he(a.s)said:ShallIpermithim?MayAllahscursebeonhimandonthosewhowillcomeoutof hisback(offspring)exceptthebelieverswhowillbeveryfew;theyarethepossessorofcunning anddeception.Theworldwillbegiventothem,buttheyshallhavenoportionofthe hereafter![4]TheProphet(a.s)orderedImamAlitobringalHakamasaewewasbrought.He fetchedhim.HetookhimbytheearandmadehimstopbeforeAllahsApostle(a.s).TheProphet cursedalHakamthreetimes,and [1]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.70. [2]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.27. [3]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.118. [4]AlSirahalHalabiya. thenhesaidtoImamAli:Makehimstayataplace!AgroupoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsar

wenttohim,andhesummonedhimagain,cursedhim,andsaid:Mostsurely,this(person)will opposeAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Futuretroubleswillcomeoutofhisback (offspring).Theirsmokewillreachtheheaven.Somepeoplesaidtohim:He(alHakam)istoo lowtodothat!Yes,he(a.s)said,someofyouwillbehisfollowers.[1] TheProphetbanisheshimtoalTaif Thisdirty,wickedperson(alHakam)distortedthetraditionsofAllahsApostle(a.s).Hewenttoo farinhurtinghim.SotheProphetbanishedhimtoalTaifandsaid:Lethimnotlivewithmein oneplace![2]AlHakamandhischildrenlivedintheirplaceofexilethroughoutthecaliphateof thetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar).However,Uthmanintercededwiththemforhim,andthey didnotrespondtohim.Accordingly,alHakamandhischildrenremainedthere. HisReturntoYathrib(Medina) WhenUthmanbecamecaliph,hereleasedalHakam.Accordingly,alHakamreturnedtoYethrib wearingawornoutgarment.Hewasdrivingagoat,andthepeoplewerelookingathiswornout garmentsandhisbadstate.HecameinUthmanshouse,andthenhewentoutwearingasilk jubbahandpallium.[3]Moreover,Uthmangavehimahundredthousand(dirhams).[4] HisUndertakingtheEndowments UthmanappointedhimovertheendowmentsofQudaa,whichamountedthreehundred thousanddirhams.[5]Hegavehimthissumofmoney.Thispolicymadethepeopledispleased withhimandcriticizehimforhislodgingtheonebanishedbyAllahsApostle(a.s)andgavehim theendowmentsAllahhadappointedforthepoor,thedeprived,andtheneedy.Therefore,how wasitpermissibleforUthmantogivethemtosuchapersoncursedbyAllahsApostle(a.s)?The decisiononthisproblemisuptoreaders. [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.39. [2]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.27. [3]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.41. [4]AlMaarif,p.84. [5]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.28. SaeedBinalAas UthmangaveSaeedbinalAasahundredthousandDirhams.[1]Itisworthmentioningthat SaeedbinalAaswasamongtheUmayyadsinnersanddissolute.Hisfatherwasamongthe prominentpolytheists.ImamAlikilledhimattheBattleofBadr.[2]Thisgiftmovedpeoples

displeasureagainstUthman.Trustworthy,righteousMuslimscriticizedhimforit. AlWaleedBinAqaba AlWaleedbinAqabawasUthmansfosterbrother.Hewasadissolutesinner.Hedidnotrespect Allah,justaswewillexplainthatwhenwetalkaboutthegovernorsappointedbyUthman.He wenttoKufaandaskedAbdullahbinMasudforaloanofenormousmoneyfromthePublic Treasury,andhelendittohim.AbdullahbinMasudaskedhimtoreturnthemoney,buthewrote alettertoUthmanaboutthat.UthmanwroteAbdullahbinMasudaletterinwhichhesaid:You areourtreasurer;therefore,donotaskalWaleedtoreturnthemoneyhehadtaken!Asaresult AbdullahbinMasudputthekeysbeforeUthmanandsaid:IthoughtthatIwasthetreasurerof theMuslims.IfIamyourtreasurer,thenIaminnoneedofthat!Heresignedandlivedin Kufa.[3]HowwasitpossibleforUthmantodispersetheMuslimsmoneyandtogiveittothe enemiesofAllahandtheopponentsofIslam?Thedecisiononthisproblemisuptoreaders. MarwanBinalHakam AllahsApostle(a.s)cursedMarwanbinalHakamwhenhewasinhisfathersback.Thistradition wasnarratedbyImamalHasan(a.s).[4]WhenMarwanwasborn,hewasbroughttoAllahs Apostle(a.s).TheProphetsaid:Heisacowardly,unsuccessfulone,sonofacowardly, unsuccessfulone.Heisacursedone,sonofacursedone![5]ImamAli(a.s)lookedathimand said:Woeuntoyou!AndwoeuntoMuhammadscommunitybecauseofyouandyourhousehold whenyourtemplesbecomewhite![6] MarwanbinalHakamwasamongthehypocriteheadsandoneoftheprominentmenof misguidanceandfalsehood.HewasgiventhenicknameofKhaytBatil(thethreadoffalsehood). Concerninghimthepoethassaid: [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.28. [2]UsdalGhaba,vol.2,310. [3]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.30. [4]MajmaalZawaid,vol.10,p.72. [5]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.4,p.479. [6]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.55. ByyourlifeIdonotknowhowthebeatenbackedonedoes.MayAllahcursethemenwhohave appointedKhaytBatilasacommanderoverthepeople.Hegivesandpreventswhateverhe wishes.[1]Hewasfamousfortreachery,andbreakingpromiseandcovenant.ImamAli(a.s)said when(theProphets)twograndsons,alHasanandalHusayn,talkedwithhimaboutMarwans pledgeofallegiancetohim:Iaminnoneedofhispayinghomage.ItisaJewishhand.Ifhe

pledgedallegiancewithhishand,hewouldbetraywithhisownforefinger.Hewillhavean authority(thatlastsasshort)asadoglicksitsownnose.Heisthefatherofthefourrams.The communitywillmeetareddaybecauseofhimandhissons.[2] Uthmanwascharitabletothiscowardly,unsuccessful,dirtyperson(MarwanbinalHakam).He empoweredhimoverthePublicTreasury,andhegaveandpreventedwhomeverhewished.We willmentiontoreaderstheenormousgiftsUthmangavetoMarwan.Theyareasfollows:1.He gavehimtheonefifthofthebootiesofAfrica,whichamountedfivehundredthousanddinars. Uthmanwascriticizedforthat.AbdurrahmanbinHanbalsatirizedhim,saying: IwillswearbyAllahasfaraspossible,Allahdoesnotleaveanaffairtobeinvain. Howeveryouhavebeencreatedasanafflictionforus,thatwemightbetriedthroughyou,and youtried(throughus). Mostsurelythetwotrustedoneshavemadetheroadsignon(which)guidanceis. Theydidnottakeanydirhamillegally,nordidtheyplaceanydirhamincaprice. YouhavesummonedthecursedoneandbroughthimnearcontrarytotheSunnaofthosepassed away. YouhaveunjustlygivenMarwantheonefifth(ofthemoney)ofthepeople.[3] 2.Hegavehimathousandandfiftyokes;wedonotknowwhethertheywereofgoldorsilver.It wasamongtheaffairsthatbroughtaboutthedispleasurewithhim.[4] 3.Hegavehimahundredthousand(dinars)fromthePublicTreasury,andsoZaydbinArqam,the treasurer,broughtthekeysandputthembeforeUthman.Hewept,butUthmanscoldedhimand saidtohim:AreyouweepingbecauseIhaveretainedmykinship? [1]AlAnsab,vol.4,p.348. [2]NahjalBalagha. [3]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.168. [4]AlHalabi,Sirah,vol.2,p.87. ButIweepbecauseIthinkthatyouhavetakenthismoneyasacompensationforthatwhichyou spentinthewayofAllahduringthelifetimeofAllahsApostle(a.s).IfyougaveMarwanahundred dirhams,itwouldbemuch,retortedZayd. YetUthmanrebukedhimandshoutedathim,saying:Putthekeys,OsonofArqam!Wewillfind someoneotherthanyou![1]4.HegavehimFadakasagift.[2]Anywayitwasnotpermissiblefor himtogiveFadakasagift,forifithadbeengiventoFatima,peacebeonher,asagift,asshesaid, thenitwouldhavebelongedtoherchildren.Ifitwasalms,asAbuBakerclaimed,thenitbelonged toalltheMuslims.Therefore,Uthmanhadnorighttoactfreelyinrespectofitinbothcases.

Anyway,whichservicedidMarwanrendertothecommunity?Whichnobledeedorachievement issuedfromhim,thathemightdeservesuchaplentifulgivingandbegivensuchenormous wealth?ThesearesomeofthegiftstheCaliph(Uthman)gavetohisfamilyandrelatives.Without doubtthesegiftsdonotagreewithAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Theyrequiredthe rulerstotreatthosenearandfarequally,demandedthemnottopreferapeopletoanother,and toapplyjusticetoallfields.
Uthmaniscriticized Ofcoursesuchapolicymovedthedispleasureofthegood,therighteous,andthereligious. RatheritmovedthedispleasureofthegeneralpopulacewhohaddoubtabouttheIslamofthe Umayyads.TheythoughtthatsuchgivingwouldexpandtheUmayyads,strengthentheir influence,andspreadtheirauthority.AbdurrahmanbinAwf,whoelectedUthmanandappointed himasarulerovertheMuslims,harboredmaliceagainsthimandsaid:Anticipatehimbeforehe goestoofarinhisgoverning.HesaidtoImamAli:Takeyoursword,andItakemysword,forhe (Uthman)hasbrokenthepromisehegavetome.Whenhewasabouttodie,herecommended notto(lethim)prayoverhim.[3] GrumblingspreadamongtheMuslimsbecauseofthiscrookedpolicy.Thespecialassociatesand thegeneralpopulacecriticizedUthmanwhenhealonepossessedthejewelsinthePublic Treasury.Hetooksomeofthemtoadornsomeofhisfamily,andthenhewentuponthepulpit andsaid:WewilltakeourneedfromthisFayinspiteofthepeople. [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,vol.1,p.67. [2]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.168.AlMaarif,p.84. [3]AlBalathiri,alAnsab. Thisspeechmovedthepeoplesdispleasure.ImamAli(a.s)opposedhim,saying:Youshallbe preventedfromthat,andwewillcomebetweenyouandthat.TheProphetsgreatcompanion, AmmarbinYasirconfirmedtheImamsstatementandexpressedhisdispleasurewithUthman, saying:IbearwitnessthatIamthefirstunwillingone.WhenUthmangaveahundredthousand dirhamtoSaeedbinalAas,ImamAli(a.s)andagroupoftheleadingcompanionsoftheProphet blamedandcriticizedhimforthat.Buthesaidtothem:Heismyrelative.Theyrefusedhis justification,saying:DidAbuBakrandUmarhavenorelatives?Heansweredthem:AbuBakr

andUmarthoughtofdeprivingtheirrelatives(ofgiving),andIthinkofgivingmyrelatives.[1]The MuslimsharboredmaliceagainstUthman,andtheirgoodonesweredispleasedwithhim,forhe alonepossessedtheFay,gavetheMuslimspropertiestotheUmayyads,anddidnotestablish throughhispolicythesocialjusticethatIslambrought. Uthmanapologizes Uthmanapologizedtothosewhocriticizedhispolicyforhisgiftinghisrelativesandbeingkindto them,forhethoughtthathehadcommittednosin,norhadhebrokentheIslamiclaw.Itis necessaryforustopausebeforethisapology,thatwemaycometoknowitsrealityandrightness. Ifwecarefullyconsiderit,wewillconcludethatsuchaspeechisincorrect,doesnotagreewith theIslamiclaw,anddoesnotservethecommunitysinterests.Thereasonsforthatare:Firstly, thepropertieshegavetohisfamilywerenothisown,thathemighthaveachoiceinspending themonhisrelatives.RathertheybelongedtotheMuslims;therefore,itwasincumbentonhim tospendthemonthem.Therulerhadnorighttoactfreelyinrespectofthem.Forexample,once, AqeelwenttoYathrib.HewaspoorandwasinneedofhisbrotherImamAli(a.s).Heaskedhimto settlehisdebts.SotheImamaskedhim: Howmanydinars? Fortythousand(dinars). Idonothavethem.BepatientuntilIreceivemypay,andIwillgiveittoyou. [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.28. Thepublictreasuriesareatyourhand,whileyoudelaymetoyourpay.Doyouordermetogive youtheMuslimswealth,whiletheyhaveentrustedmewithit?[1]ThisisthespeechofIslam,this isitsjustice,andthisisitsequality.Itmakesnodistinctionbetweenthenearandthefar;all peopleareequalinpayandotherthanit. Secondly,themembersofhisfamily,towhomhewascharitable,wereworthyofboycottand deprivation.TheyopposedIslamandbattledagainstit.TheyarethecursedtreeintheQuran.Ibn AbiHatamhasnarratedontheauthorityofIbnUmar,whosaid:TheProphet(a.s)said:AsifIsee thesonsofalHakambinalAasonthepulpits.Theylooklikeapes.SoAllahrevealed:Andwedid notmakethevisionwhichWeshowedyoubutatrialformenandthecursedtreeintheQuranas well.HehasmeantalHakamandhissons.[2]AishasaidtoMarwan:IhaveheardAllahs Apostle(a.s)saytoyourfather:AbialAasbinUmayya,youarethecursedtreeintheQuran.[3] AllahhasprohibitedshowinglovetowardHisenemiesandmadeitforbiddentobekindtothem. He,theMostHigh,hassaid:YoushallnotfindapeoplewhobelieveinAllahandthelatterday befriendingthosewhoactinoppositiontoAllahandHisApostle,eventhoughtheyaretheir

(own)fathers,ortheirsons,ortheirbrothers,ortheirkinsfolk.[4] UthmanlovedtheUmayyadsverymuch.Hewouldsay:IfthekeysoftheGardenwereatmy hands,IwouldgiventhemtotheUmayyads,thattheyallmightenterit.[5]Thisviolentlovefor hisfamilyputanendtohim,movedtheIslamicforcestorevoltagainsthim,tooverthrowhis government,andtokillhim. HisGiftstotheLeadingPersonalities UthmangavetheMuslimsmoneytothedignitaries,theleadingpersonalities,andthosewhohad politicalinfluence,forhewasafraidofthem.HegavetwohundredthousanddinarstoTalha.[6] TalhawasindebttoUthmanforfiftythousand(dinars).TalhasaidtoUthman:Yourmoneyis readythatyoumayreceiveit.Uthmangavehimthemoneyasagiftandsaidtohim:Itbelongs [1]UsdalGhaba,vol.3,p.423. [2]AlTabari,Tafseer,vol.15,p.77.AlQurtubi,vol.10,p.283. [3]AlDurralManthur,vol.4,p.191. [4]Quran,58,22. [5]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.62. [6]IbnSad,Tabaqat. toyou,OAbuMuhammad,becauseofyourgenerosity.[1]HegavealZubayrsixhundred thousand(dinars).Whenhereceivedthem,heaskedaboutthebestmoneytoexploitit.Hewas guidedtobuildhousesintheregionsandthecities.[2]Accordingly,hebuiltelevenhousesin Medina,twohousesinBasra,ahouseinKufa,andahouseinEgypt.[3]Uthmangaveenormous moneytoYazidbinThabit,totheextentthathewassorichthatheleftbehindhimgoldandsilver whichwerebrokenwithanax,andinadditionheleftbehindhimpropertiesandestates estimatedasahundredthousanddinars.[4]Hegaveotherpropertiestohisfollowersandthe supportersofhispolicy.Inhisencyclopedia,alAmini,theheadofresearchers,hasindetail mentionedUthmansgifts.[5] HealonePossessesproperties Uthmanexhaustedthepublictreasuries.Hechoseofthemwhathewishedforhimselfandhis family.Hewenttoofarinlavishnessandextravagance.Heorderedahouseofbricksandlimeto bebuiltinMedina.Heordereditsdoorstobemadeofteakandjuniper.Hehadproperties, gardens,andspringsinMedina.[6]Hecoveredhisteethwithgold,andwornkinggarments.He spentmostofthemoneyinthepublictreasuryoncultivatinghiscountryestatesandbuilding houses.[7]Whenhewaskilled,histreasurerhadthirtymillion,fivehundredthousanddirhams, andahundredthousanddinars.Healsoleftbehindhimathousandcamels,endowmentsin

BaradisandKhaybar,andWadialQura.Theywereestimatedattwohundredthousanddinars.[8] Uthmanfollowedaspecialwayinhisfiscalpolicy.HedidnotconformtoAllahsBookandthe SunnaofHisProphet.HeactedfreelyinrespectofthePublicTreasury.Hetookfromitwhatever hewished,grantedtowhomeverheliked,andgavetohisfollowers.ImamAli(a.s)hasdescribed thiscrookedpolicy,saying:Tillthethirdmanofthesepeople(Uthman)stoodupwithheaving breastsbetweenhisdungandfodder.Withhimthechildrenofhisfather(theUmayyads)also stoodupswallowingupAllahswealthlikeacameldevouringthefoliageofspring. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.139. [2]IbnSad,Tabaqat. [3]AlBukhari,Saheeh,vol.5,p.21. [4]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.334. [5]AlGhadir,vol.8. [6]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.433. [7]AlSeerahalHalabiya,vol.2,p.87. [8]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.3,p.53. Thisisthemostwonderfulspeechthroughwhichthedeviouspolicyisdescribedwhenituses authorityasmeansforobtainingwealth,enjoyinglifepleasures,paysnoattentiontothe community,andtakesnocareofitsinterestsandobjectives.Accordingly,ImamAli(a.s)issuedhis decisivedecisionwhenheseizedthereinsofgovernment.Heorderedallthepropertiesthat Uthmanhadtakenorgiventohisspecialassociatesandrelativetobeconfiscated.Thisisthetext ofhisdecision:AlllandsgrantedbyUthman,allAllahswealthhegaveshouldbereturnedtothe PublicTreasury.Nothinginvalidatestheoldright.IfIfoundthatthewomengotmarriedthroughit andscatteredinthecountries,Iwouldreturnitasitwas.Thatisbecausethereiseaseinjustice. Whoeverisannoyedwithrightismoreannoyedwithtyranny.[1] ImamAlitookthisprocedureaccordingtoIslamicjustice,whichlimitedtheauthoritiesofthe responsible,gavethemnofreereintoactfreelyinrespectofthecommunityspropertiesand possessingthemalone.Therulershavenorighttochoosepropertiesforthemselvesandtheir relatives.AnexampleofthatisAllahsApostle(a.s).Hisonlydaughter,otherwhomhehadno child,cametohimandaskedhimtobuyheraservanttohelpherturnthehandmillbecauseher handsulcerated.Howeverhe(a.s)foundnowaytotakesomemoneyfromthePublicTreasuryto buyaservanttohelphisdaughter.Herefusedherrequestandtaughtherthetasbeeh (glorification)whichhasbeenascribedtoher.ImamAli(a.s)followedthesamepolicy.Hisbrother Aqeelcametohimaskingforcharity,ease,andwelfare.HowevertheImamheatedapieceofiron andwantedtoburnhimwithit.ThisisthespeechofIslam,whichhascometomakepeoples happy,reformthem,andsavethemfrommisery,poverty,anddeprivation.

WithDr.TahaHusayn Dr.TahaHusaynsstatementshaveclearlycontradictedeachotherinrespectofUthmansfiscal policy.HesometimesclaimsthatUthmankeptUmarsfiscalpolicy,andthathedidnotoppose himinthat,nordidhedeviatefromhiminallhisadministrativeandwaractions,allthatwhichall theMuslimsfollowedsuchasenjoyinggood,forbiddingevil,clingingtotheinheritedSunna, refrainingfromaffectionandinnovation.[2]Andhesometimesbecomesstraightinhis statements.HebelievesthatUthmandeviatedfromUmarsfiscalpolicyinmaintainingthePublic Treasury,spendingnothingofitexcept [1]NahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.46. [2]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.72. theamountofneedofspending,criticizingUmarsstrictness,believingthattherewasenough (money)inthePublicTreasuryforpeoplethanthatwasduringthedaysofUmar.Thisisan indirectcriticismtoUmarspolicyinrespectofmanagingthePublictreasury.[1]Thismeansthat UthmandidnotconformtoUmarsway,nordidheputintopracticehispolicy.Thiscontradicts whathehasmentionedatfirst,whichisthatUthmanfollowedthegoalsUmarhadfollowed. Anyway,atlastDr.TahaHusayninclinedtocorrectUthmansfiscalpolicy.Thatiswhenhesaid thatUthmansfiscalpolicydidnotopposetheinheritedSunna,wasnotvoidofgood,and conformingtothepublicinterests.Wewillmentionthetextofhisspeechasfollows:Thecertain thingisthatUthmandidnotflatterinrespectofhisreligion,andthecertainthingaswellisthat Uthmandidnotseeinthatpolicyofhisdangerousornotdangerousdisagreementwiththe behaviorofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar),forhedidnotdependonoppressionand favoritism;rather,hegenerouslygavetothepeoplesomeoftheirproperties.Hesawrichesinthe PublicTreasury,sohepreferredthepeoplethroughitandhedidnotgotoofarinsavingup. WhichprohibitionisingiftingtheProphetscompanionswithsomeormuchofthiswealth,for theyweretheImamsofIslam,theoneswhobuiltthestate,showedextremecourageduringthe daysoftheProphet,facedmanyhardshipsandmuchdeprivation?AllahwastruthfulinHis promiseandHeincreasedgood.Therefore,whichofthepeoplewastheworthiestofthe Muhajireeninenjoyingsomeofthisgood?[2] Reflection ThePlacesofReflectiononhisSpeechareasfollows: 1.Dr.TahaHusaynbelievesthatUthmandidnotcajoleinrespectofhisreligion,thathedidnot seeinhispolicyanydangerousornotdangerousdisagreementwiththebehaviorofthetwo Sheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar),andthathedidnotdependonoppressionandfavoritism.Asfor

thatUthmandidnotflatterinhisreligion,itisfalsifiedbyhisannouncingrepentanceofturning awayfromjusticeanddeviatingfromthestraightpath.Thisisthetextofhisrepentance:O people,byAllahIdonotignoreanyofthethingsforwhichyouhavecriticizedme.Ihavecometo knowthem,butmysoulhavemademedesireanditdeceivedme,andmyreasonhasgone astray.IhaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)say:WhoeverslipsshouldturntoAllahin [1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.77. [2]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.77. repentance,andwhoevermakesamistakeshouldturntoAllahinrepentanceandshouldnotgo toofarindestruction.Mostsurelywhoevergoestoofarinoppressionisfartherawayfromthe way;therefore,Iamthefirsttolearnalesson.IaskAllahsforgivenessandturntohimin repentance.[1] ThisstatementisclearinthatUthmanfollowedawayotherthanthestraightpath,thathe deviatedfromtheinheritedSunna,thathecametoknowofthatanddidnotignoreit,andthat theknowledgeofitwasnotabsentfromhim.Uthmanrespondedtohisdesiresandsentiments whenhedidwhathedid.HeopposedtheSunnasuchashisgiftstotheUmayyads,hisgiftstoAbu Maeetsfamily,hispunishingtheprominentcompanions(oftheProphet)becausetheycriticized hispolicy,andotherthanthatfromamongtheheavyevents.Hissoulmadehimdesire,tothe extentthathisreasonwentastray,andhelosthismind,ashesaid.Headmittedthatand recordedagainsthimselfthathedeviatedfromthestraightpath,thenhowisitsaidthathedid notflatterinhisreligionandnotintendtyrannyandfavoritism? 2.AsforwhathementionedthatUthmangavegenerouslytothepeoplesomeoftheirproperties becausehesawwealthinthePublicTreasury,sohepreferredthepeoplethroughitanddidnot gotoofarinsavingup,itisunacceptableatall.Uthmandidnotgivegenerouslytothepeopleand notmakeeasytheirlivelihood.Ifhedidallthesethings,whydidthepeoplerevoltagainstandkill him?Ratherhespentgenerouslyonhimself,hisspecialassociates,theUmayyads,andthe followersofhispolicy.HepreferredthemtoothersthroughalFayandsingledthemoutwiththe propertiesofthestate.Thismatterbroughtaboutgrumbling,andtheMuslimsdispleasure throughouttheircountriesandregions,totheextentthattheyoverthrewhisgovernmentand killedhim.Theydidnotburyhim,totheextentthatthegoodMuslimsregrettedthattheydidnot burnhiscorpse.[2] 3.Asforwhathehasmentioned:TherewasnoprohibitionandsinagainstUthmanwhenhe giftedthecompanionsoftheProphet(a.s)withtheproperties,fortheyweretheImamsofthe Muslimsandshowedextremecourage;therefore,whichofthepeoplewasworthiestofthemin enjoyingathingofthisgood?MostsurelyitisapparentlyfalsebecausethePublicTreasury,as wehavementionedmorethanonetime,belongedtoalltheMuslims,andnopeoplehadtheright

toalonepossessit.Ithadtobespentontheirinterestsandthereformingoftheiraffairs.No tribe,whatever [1]AlTabari,Tarikh. [2]ThiswassaidbyAmmarbinYasir,agreatcompanionoftheProphet.SeealGhadir,vol.9,p. 216. importanceithad,hadtobesingledoutwithit,andtheoverwhelmingmajorityhadnottobe deprivedofit.MoreoverIslamatthattimewasinneedofspreadingthesocialjusticeamongthe peopleswhowerethirstyforitsjustequality,whichdidnotpreferapeopletoanother.However, UthmanpreferredtheUmayyadsinallthings.Hepreferredtheminpropertiesandoffices,and empoweredthemoverthepeople.ThisaffairdestroyedtheequalityIslamhadbrought. AsforthattheMuhajireenfromamongthecompanionsoftheProphet(a.s)precededothersto believeinIslam,todefenditsbeliefs,andtobearhardshipsandtribulationsforit,itiscertain,and thereisnoroomtodoubtit.Theyarethankedforthat,anditisAllahwhowillrewardthemfor that.Howevergrantingthempropertiesandheapingbountiesuponthemisnotapermissible affair,foritgavelifetothecasteismagainstwhichIslamhadfoughtandcondemnedallits aspects. Dr.TahaHusayncontinuesjustifyingUthmanspolicyandthelegalityofhisgiftshehadgivento theProphetscompanions.HesaysthatUthmandidnotopposetheinheritedSunna;ratherhe followedhisgenerousnature.HoweverhehasnotmentionedUthmansgreatgiftstothe UmayyadsandAbuMaeetsfamily.HisExcellency,thedoctor,hasturnedawayfromthatandnot mentioneditatall.IthinkthatsuchgiftsmadethepeoplecriticizeUthman.HoweverDr.Taha Husaynhasneglectedthissidebecauseeitherhehasfoundnoroomtoapologizeforitorhehas seenthatnoharmresultedfromthat;likewise,hehasseenthatthereisnoharmongivingsuch giftstotheProphetscompanions.Unfortunately,hehasoverlookedthatandjustifiedwhathas opposedtheSunna. UthmansGovernorsovertheCities IslammakesitincumbentonthecaliphofMuslimsandtheirguardiantodohisbesttochoose menofabilitiesandtalentsfromamongthosewhohavethenecessaryqualitiessuchasjustice, fearofAllah,honesty,andloyalty.Thecaliphshouldappointovercitiesandregionsthosewho honestlyandsincerelytakecareoftheirinterestsandaffairs.Itisnotpermissibleforhimto appointanyone,whateverheisclosetohim,outoffavoritism,andpreference,forthatistreason toAllah,HisApostle,andMuslims.Thatisbecausegovernorsundertaketheresponsibilityfor government,givinglegaldecisionstopeople,managingtheiraffairs,makingpeaceamongthem, protectingtheirbloodandtheirproperties.Therefore,theyshouldbethebestofpeople,the

mostreligious,thegreatestinreflectingonsuspicions,thefarthestinrefrainingfromgreedand stinginess,andthemostpatientinunderstandingaffairs.ThisistheviewpointofIslam,andthisis itsplanthatitsimmortalregulationhas.However,Uthmanwentfarfromthat.Heintentionally appointedthemembersofhisfamilyandhisrelativeswhobattledagainstAllahsApostle(a.s) andcausedmischiefintheearth.HeappointedthemovertheMuslimsandentrustedtothemthe mostimportantoffices.Heappointedthemasgovernorsoverthecitiesandtheregions.Wewill mentionsomeofthemalongwithexplainingtheirbiographies.Theyareasfollows: AlWaleedBinAqaba SadbinAbiWaqqaswasagovernoroverKufa,butUthmanremovedhimfromitandappointed overitalWaleedbinAqababinAbuMaeet.Hedidnotentrustittothemenofqualificationsand abilitiesfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,whoshowedextremecourageinIslam,that theymightundertaketheaffairsofthiscity,whichwasthegreatestoftheMuslimcitiesin importanceandboundaries. Anyway,wasalWaleedentitledtoit,thatUthmanmightentrustedtohimthisimportantoffice takingcareofgivinglegaldecisionstopeople,leadingtheminprayer,protectingthePublic Treasury,andotheraffairsdependingonjustice,fearofAllah,andclingingtoreligion?Wewill mentionanoutlineonhisaffairs,thathisconditionmaybeclear.Theyareasfollows: HisChildhood AlWaleedgrewupandwasbroughtupduringthepreIslamicperiod.NorayofthelightofIslam enteredhisheart.HisfatherwastheenemyofAllahsApostle(a.s).Aishanarratedonthe authorityofAllahsApostle(a.s)whosaid:Iwasbetweenthewickedesttwoneighbors;between AbuLahabandAqababinAbiMaeet.Theybroughtwastematerialsandspreadthematmy door.[1]Thiscursedguy(AqababinAbiMaeet)spatinthefaceofAllahsApostle(a.s)and cursedhim.SotheProphet(a.s)saidtohim:IfIfoundyoucomingoutofthemountainsof Mecca,Iwouldstrikeoffyourhead.WhentheBattleofBadrwasabouttotakeplaceandhis (Aqaba)companionstogoout,herefrainedfromgoingout.Hiscompanionssaidtohim:Goout withus!Thisman(theProphet),heretorted,hadthreatenedmethatifhefoundmegoing outofthemountainsofMecca,hewouldbeheadme.Youhaveaquickredcamel,theysaidto him,iftherewasadefeat,youquicklyescapewithit.Hewentoutwiththem.WhenAllah defeatedthepolytheists,his(Aqaba)camelcarriedhimtobadlands.AllahsApostle(a.s)tookhim as[1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.1,p.186(EgyptianEdition). aprisonerofwaralongwithseventyQurayshipeople.AqabaaskedtheProphet(a.s):Willyoukill mealongwiththesepeople?Yes,hereplied,becauseyouhadspatinmyface.Thenhe orderedAlitobeheadhim,andhedid.[1]Accordingly,alWaleedssoulwasfullofspiteand

hatredagainsttheProphet(a.s)forhehadorderedhisfathertobekilled.WhenalWaleedfound noescapefromembracingIslam,hebecameMuslim,whilehisheartwasfullofdisbeliefand hypocrisy. HisTransgression TheHolyQuranhasmentionedhistransgressionanddisbelieftwice.Thefirstisthataheated argumenttookplacebetweenhimandImamAli.AlWaleedsaidtotheImam:Keepsilent,for youareaboy,andIamanoldman.ByAllah,Iammoreeloquentthanyouintongue,sharper thanyouinspearhead,braverthanyouinheart,andgreaterthanyouinloading.Besilent,for youareasinner!(Imam)Alisaidtohim.Accordingly,Allah,theExalted,revealedinrespectof himHiswords:Ishethenwhoisabelieverlikehimwhoisatransgressor?Theyarenot equal.[2][3]HassaanbinThabithaswrittenapoemonthat,saying: IntheHolyBookAllahhasrevealedaverseinrespectofAliandalWaleed. AlWaleedhasoccupiedtransgressionofthat,andAlihasoccupiedfaith. HewhoisabelieverandhascometoknowofAllahisnotlikehimwhoisatransgressorand traitor. SoAliwillfindwithAllahexaltedness,andalWaleedwillfindabasementthere. AlWaleedwillberewardeddisgraceandafire,andAliwill,withoutdoubt,berewarded Gardens.[4] ThesecondisthathecheatedtheProphetandtoldliestohim.ThatwaswhentheProphetsent himtotheBanualMustalaq.However,hereturnedtotheProphetandclaimedthattheyrefused togivealms.Accordingly,theProphet(a.s)wentouttobattleagainstthem,buthecametoknow thatalWaleedhadtoldliestohim.ThisVersewasrevealedtohiminrespectofalWaleeds transgression:Oyouwhobelieve,ifanevildoercomestoyouwithareport,lookcarefullyinto it,lestyouharmapeopleinignorance,thenbesorryforwhatyouhavedone.[5] [1]AlGhadir,vol.8,p.273. [2]Quran,32,18. [3]AlTabari,Tafseer,vol.21,p.62. [4]TadhkiratalKhawas,p.115. [5]Quran,26,6.InhisbookalIstiab,IbnAbdalBirhassaid:AsfarasIknowthe TheQuranhasannouncedalWaleedstransgressionandsin.Therefore,howwasitpermissible forUthmantoappointhimasagovernorovertheMuslims,andanimamtoleadtheminprayer, totakecareoftheirproperties,andtosparetheirblood? HisAuthorityoverKufa

UthmanappointedhimasagovernoroverKufaafterdeposingSad.AlWaleedruledKufaina mannerofplayinganddissoluteness.Hedidnotrespectthereligionandcausedmischiefinthe land,totheextentthatKufawasnoisyduetohisdissolutenessandrecklessness,andthegood, righteouspeoplegrumbledbecauseofhisbadbehavior. HisDrinkingWine AlWaleedcommittedthemostexcessivecrimeandthemosthorriblesin.Thatwaswhenhe drankwineandperformedfourrukasinthemorningprayerandsaidduringhisrukuandsujud: Drinkandgivemewinetodrink!Thenhevomitedinthemihrab(prayerniche),saidthetaslim, andsaid:ShallIdomoreforyou?IbnMasudsaidtohim:MayAllahnotincreaseyouandthe onewhohassentyouingood!HetookasandalandhitalWaleedontheface.Thepeoplehital Waleedwithsmallstonesuntilheenteredthepalace.Hewasstaggering.[1] AlHutaya,thepoet,satirizedalWaleedforthissininsomeofhispoems. ThisactionshowsthatalWaleedwasdissoluteandhewenttoofarincommittingsins.Hedidnot respectprayer,whichwasthemostimportantofallthereligiousritesandthegreatnessofthem insacrednesswithAllah. DrTahaHusaynsViewpoint TahaHusaynbelievesthatthestoryofthatalWaleedledthepeopleinprayerandincreasedit whilehewasdrunkwasfabricated,hadnoportionofcorrectness,andwasmadeupbyal Waleedsopponentsandascribedhim.HeindicatesthatifalWaleedhadincreasedtheprayer, theMuslimgroupfromKufawouldnothavefollowedhim.ThereweresomeoftheProphets companions,therecitersoftheQuran,andtherighteous,andtheMuslimswouldnothavebe satisfiedwithUthmanunlessheshouldadministertheprescribedpunishmentonhimbecauseof hisdrinkingwine.IncreasingtheprayerandplayingwithitismoredangerouswithAllahthan drinkingwine. menofknowledgehavenotdifferedoverthattheversewasrevealedinrespectofalWaleed. [1]AlSirahalHalabiya,vol.2,p.314. HealsobelievesthatalHutayadidnotsatirizealWaleedthroughhispoetry;ratherhepraised himinhispoetrytoshowloveforhimandtoobtainhisgoodpleasure.Hehasmentionedsomeof alHutayaspoetrylinespraisingandlaudingalWaleed.[1]ThethingsDr.TahaHusaynhas mentionedcouldnotbeacceptedforthefollowingreasons:Firstly,therearenumerousauthentic textsinrespectofthat.ManywritersfromamongthosewhohavewrittenalWaleedsbiography

ordealtwiththeeventsofUthmanhavementionedthem.AnexampleofthemisAbuUmar.He hassaidinhisbookalIstiab:His(alWaleed)leadingtheminprayerwhilehewasdrunkandhis statement:ShallIincreaseyou(inprayer)afterhehadperformedfour(rukas)intheMorning Prayerisfamouswiththereliabletraditionistsandthehistorians.InhisbookalIsaba,IbnHajar hassaid:ThestoryofhisleadingthepeopleintheMorningPrayerwhilehewasdrunkis famous.InhisalAghani,vol.14,p.178,AbualFarajalAsfahanihasnarratedontheauthorityof AbuUbaydandalAsmai,whohavesaid:Mostsurely,alWaleedbinAqabawasafornicatorand hedrankwineverymuch.HedrankwineinKufaandrosetoleadthepeopleintheMorning PrayerinalMesjidalJami.Heledtheminfourrukasandthenheturnedtothemandsaid:Shall Idomore?HevomitedinalMihrab,andthenherecitedtothemduringtheprayer:Theheart hadclungtoalRababaaftersheanditbecameold! Mostsurelyifsomeonehasdoubtsaboutthiseventandhebelievesthatitisamongthe fabricatedthings,hedeniesthenecessaryandhasdoubtsabouttheaxioms.Inthefootnotethere aresomebooksthathasmentionedthisstoryauthenticallyandwithoutdoubt.[2]Secondly,most surely,Allah,theMostHigh,knowsHisservantssecretsandintentions.Hehasannouncedal WaleedsdissolutenessintwoversesofHisHolyBook.Therefore,itispossibleforalWaleedto committheseseriousoffencesandgreatsins.Thirdly,thegood,righteousMuslimscriticizedal Waleedforhisdrinkingwine,tookvengeanceonhim,andshoutedathim.Anexampleofthemis AbdullahbinMasud,whohithimwithhissandals.Thepeoplehithimwithsmallstones,aswe havealreadymentioned.SomeKufanssoughtthehelpoftheleadingcompanions,thattheymight savethemfromalWaleedsauthorityanddissoluteness;wewillmentionthat.Dr.TahaHusayn has [1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.9697. [2]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,144.AlBayqahi,Sunan,vol.8,p.318.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,pp.9192. AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.224.IbnalAtheer,alKamil,vol.3,p.42.AbualFida, Tarikh,vol.2,p.176.AlSayuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.104.AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.142.Al Isaba,vol.3,p.638.Thesearesomeofthesourcesthathavementionedthestory.Onwhich sourcehasDr.TahaHusayndependedwhenhesaidthatitwasmadeupandincorrect? mentionedthatsomeMuslimKufansfollowedhimwhilesomeofthemwerefromamongthe Prophetscompanionsandrighteous.Throughthisstatementofhis,hehascontradictedthe historicalrealitiesprovingwhatwehavementioned.Fourthly,althoughalHutayapraisedal Waleedandwassinceretohim,heharboredmaliceagainsthimandsatirizedhimforhis committingthisabominablecrimethroughwhichhehasblackenedthefaceoftheIslamicand Arabichistory! MostsurelyalHutayaisfamousforsatireandpraising.Hepraisedsomeonebecausehehoped forcharityandgoodfromhim.Ifsuchapersonhadnotgivenhimwhathewanted,hewouldhave

satirizedanddispraisedhim.AnexampleofthatisthathewenttotheBanuDhahltoseektheir helpandtoaskthemforgiving.Hehaspraisedthem,saying: Mostsurely,thebestpeopleofalYamamaarethevillagersfromamongtheBanuDhahl. Ifthepeoplementiontheirownlineage,thentheirbranchismineandtheiroriginismine. However,thepeoplegavehimnothing,sohesatirizedthem,saying: ThewickedestpeopleofalYamamaarethevillagersfromamongtheBanuDhahl. WhenhewasangrywiththeBanuAbs,hesatirizedthemandsaidthathebelongedtotheBanu Dhahl.WhenhewasangrywiththeBanuDhahl,hesatirizedthemandsaidthathebelongedto theBanuAbs.Hewasangrywithhismother,sohesatirizedher,saying: Stepasideandsitdownfarawayfromme. MayAllahsavethepeoplefromyou. Areyouasievewhenyouareentrustedwithasecretandabraziertowardpeople? AsfarasIknowyourlifetimeisevil,andyourdeathmaygladdentherighteous. Onedayhesoughtapersontosatirizehim.Whenhefoundnoperson,hecomposed,saying: Todaymytwolipshaverefusedexceptsayingsomethingevil.IdonotknowtowhomIwillsayit! Herepeatedthisverseseveraltimes.Howeverhesawnobody.Whenhereachedawell,he lookedatitandsawhisface.Sohesaid:IseethatIhaveafacethatAllahhasdeformed;howugly thefaceis,andhowuglyitsowneris![1] [1]AlAghani,vol.1,PartOne,pp.7684(DaaralFikr). ThisisalHutaya.IshisconditionunknowntoDr.TahaHusayn,thathemayregardasunlikelyfor himtopraiseandsatirizealWaleed?AnywayDr.TahaHusayntriedtojustifyalWaleedsactions andregardhimasfaraboveseriousoffencesandsins.Inthemeantimehetriedtoregardhimas amongtherighteouswhodidnotturnawayfromjusticeduringtheirgovernment.Inrespectof him,hehassaid:DuringhisauthorityoverKufa,alWaleedfollowedabehaviorinwhichthere wastoomuchrichesandgooddoings.Hedidnotfallshortofclosingthefortifiedborderlinecities andgoingtoofarinconqueringcountries.Rather,hereachedagoalofthatforwhichhehas becomefamousandaboutwhichthepeopletalkedduringhislifetimeandafterhisdeath.He ruledKufawithapolicyofdetermination,resolution,andstrictness.Accordingly,heestablished security,andpunishedthemischiefmakersfromamongthenewMuslims,whodidnotrespect regulationsandreligion.[1] CanDr.TahaHusaynprovethattousandguideustothequalitiesofthatwisepolicythatal

Waleedfollowedandaboutwhichthepeopletalkedduringhislifetimeandafterhisdeath?Ifthe affairisashehasmentioned,SaeedbinalAas,whomUthmanappointedasaruleroverKufa afterhehaddeposed,wouldhavenotrisentowashthepulpittocleanseitofalWaleedsserious offencesandsins.YesthepeoplehavetalkedaboutthefarcesoftheUmayyadgovernment, whichwasbuiltonfavoritism,selfishness,abasingtheMuslims,betraying,forcing,andsubjecting thecommunitythroughappointingalWaleedandthelikeofhimfromamongthedissoluteand therecklessasrulersandgovernors.Unfortunately,Dr.TahaHusaynhasdefendedsuchtraitors, whowerepagesofshameanddisgraceinrespectoftheArabandIslamiccommunity. AlWaleedispunished SomereformativeKufanshurriedtoYathribtotellUthmanaboutalWaleedscrimeandhis violatingthesacrednessofIslam.Theytookwiththemhisring,whichtheytookfromhimwhilehe wasdrunk.WhentheyarrivedinYathrib,theymetUthmanandborewitnessbeforehimthatal Waleedhaddrunkwine,butherebukedthemandsaid: Whathasmadeyouknowthathehaddrunkwine?Itwasthewinewedrankduringthepre Islamicperiod,theyreplied.ThentheyshowedhimalWaleedsring.However,Uthmanbecame excited,[1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,pp.9495. puthishandontheirchestsandpushedthembackwards,andsaidtothemthebitterestwords. Accordingly,theywenttoImamAli(a.s)[1]andtoldhimabouttheaffair.TheImamwentto Uthmanandsaidtohim:Youhaverefutedthewitnessesandcancelledtheprescribed punishments.Whatdoyouthink?askedUthman. Ithinkthatyoumustsendforyourfriend,saidtheImam,iftheybearwitnessbeforehim,and hegivesnoproof,thenyoumustpunishhim.Uthmanfoundnoescapefromyieldingand respondingtotheImamswords,sohewrotealettertoalWaleedandcommandedhimtocome tohim.WhenUthmansletterreachedalWaleed,heleftKufaforYathrib.Uthmansummonedthe witnesses,andtheyborewitnessagainstalWaleed.InthemeantimealWaleedgavenoproofto defendhimself.Thosewhoattendedthemeetingrefrainedfrompunishinghimduetohiskinship toUthman.Accordingly,ImamAli(a.s)tookthewhipandapproachedalWaleed.AlWaleed abusedtheImam,saying:Youaredefectiveandoppressive!AqeelbinAbuTalibhurriedto answeralWaleed,sayingtohim:OBinAbuMaeet(alWaleed),youarespeakingasifthatyou donotknowwhoyouare!YouareaninfidelfromSaforiya![2] AlWaleeddodgedtheImam.However,theImamtookhim,knockedhimdown,andfloggedhim. Uthmanbecameexcitedandangry,andsaidtotheImam:Youhavenorighttodothat! Yes,retortedtheImam,andworsethanthisifheactssinfullyandpreventsAllahsrighttobe

takenfromhim.ImamAlipunishedalWaleed.Therefore,UthmanhadtosendalWaleedfarand nottobringhimnear,thatalWaleedandthoseotherthanhimmightrefrainfromcommitting abominabledeeds,andcorruption.Butshortlyafter [1]InhisbookalAghani,vol.4,p.179,AbualFarajhasmentioned:Mostsurelythepeoplewent toAaishaandsoughtprotectionwithher.WhenUthmanwokeup,heheardfromherroomrough voiceandwords.Hesaid:HavetheIraqirenegadesandsinnersnotfoundarefugeeexceptthat ofAaisha?Whensheheardthat,sheraisedthesandalsofAllahsApostle(a.s.)andsaid:The Sunna(practices)ofAllahsApostle,theownerofthesesandals(a.s.)hasbeenneglected.The peopleheardfromeachotherandtheycame,totheextentthatthemosquewasfilledwiththem. Someofthemsaid:Welldone!Andsomeofthemsaid:Thewomenhavenorighttodothat! Theyhiteachotherwithsandalsandsmallstones.Accordingly,agroupofthecompanionsof AllahsApostle(a.s.)visitedUthmanandsaidtohim:FearAllah!Donotcanceltheprescribed punishments!Andremoveyourbrother! [2]SaforiyawasavillagebetweenAkkaandalLajoon.ItwasinJordanandbelongedtoTabariya. AlWaleedsfather,Dhakkwan,wasaJewfromthere. thathehadmercyonhimandappointedhimovertheendowmentsofKalbandBulqayn.[1]How wasthisdissolute,sinfulguyentrustedwiththeMuslimsendowmentsandproperties? ThenewandoldMuslimcitieswereinhabitedbybothArabsandnoArabswhoemigratedfrom theirowncountriestoseeklivelihood,andtheprisonersofwarwhoresidedwiththeconquerors. AllthosepeoplewerenewMuslims.TheyexpectedthattheCaliphandRuleroftheMuslims wouldappointoverthemsomepeoplewhohadpiety,righteousness,andothergoodqualities, thattheymightbemodelsandguidesforthem.However,UthmanpreferredtheUmayyadsand AbuMaeetsfamilytoothersinrespectofthegovernment,whiletheyrepresentednothing exceptluxury,prostitution,unemployment,leisuretime,rushinguponpleasureanddissoluteness. SaeedBinalAas WhenalWaleedcommittedthatabominablecrime,Uthmanreluctantlyremovedhimfromthe authorityoverKufa.Itwasexperctedthathewouldentrustthegovernmenttooneoftheleading companions(oftheProphet),whoshowedextremecourageinIslam.Butheintentionally appointedSaeedbinalAasasgovernoroverthisgreatcity.TheKufansreceivedhimwithhatred anddissatisfaction,forhewasluxuriousyoungmanwhodidnotrefrainfromcommittingsinsand tellinglies.[2]InrespectofbreakingthefastattheendoftheMonthofRamadan,IbnSadhas narratedthatSaeedbinalAashadsaidafterhewasappointedasgovernoroverKufa:Whohas seenthecrescent?

HashimbinUtba,agreatcompanion,roseforhimandsaid:Ihaveseenit. HoweverSaeedbinalAassaidtohimbitterandseverewords:Haveyouseenitwiththisblind eyeofyours?Hashimbecamesadandsaidtohim:Doyourevilemebecauseofmyeye,which wasgougedoutforAllahssake?Itisworthmentioningthathiseyewasgougedoutduringthe BattleofalYarmuk. AsforHashim,hebrokethefastaccordingtothedeedofAllahsApostle(a.s)whosaid:Fast whenyouseeit(themoon),andbreakthefastwhenyouseeit.Thepeoplebrokethefastdueto hisbreakingthefast.SaeedbinalAasheardofthat,andhesentforhim,hithim,andburnthis house.ThroughthisflagrantaggressionagainstaleadingMuslim,hemadethepeopleangrywith him. [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.142. [2]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.5,p.21.IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.6,p.135.<br ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman Part2 Ithasbeenreportedfromhimthathesaid:AlSawad(Kufa)isagardenbelongstoQuraysh! MalikalAshtarroseforhimandsaid:DoyouregardthepositionsofourspearsandwhatAllah hasgiventousasagardenbelongstoyouandyourpeople?ByAllah,ifsomeonedesiredit,he wouldbestruckviolentlyuntilhecried!TheKufanrecitersoftheQuranandjuristsjoinedal Ashtarandconfirmedhisstatement.However,thecommanderofthepolice,becameangrywith themandrudelytreatedthem.Theyroseandseverelyhithim,totheextentthathefainted.They lefthisgathering,criticizedhim,mentionedUthmansdefects,theevildeedsofQuraysh,andthe crimesoftheUmayyads.SaeedwrotealettertoUthmanandtoldhimabouttheaffairofthese people,andherespondedtohimthathehadtobanishthemtoSham(Syria).Meanwhilehe wrotealettertoMuawiyaandcommandedhimtoreformthem. Themostimportantthingisthatthesepeoplehadcommittednosinorcorruption,norhadthey committedacrime,thattheymightdeservesuchapunishmentandbanishment;rather,they criticizedtheirgovernorbecausehedeviatedfromtherightway,andsaidsomethingotherthan thetruth.ItisworthmentioningthatIslamgavethecitizensafullfreedom,andgavethemthe righttocriticizetherulersiftheyfollowedawrongwayandturnedawayfromthestraightpath.

HowwasitrightforUthmantobanishthesepeoplefromtheirhomelandswhiletheydidnot disobeyhimandnotseparatethemselvesfromthecommunity?Anyway,Saeedviolentlydrove themawayfromtheirhomelandandsentthemtoalShamwhichwasnotfamiliartothem.There Muawiyareceivedandmadethemliveinachurchandgavethemsomefood.Hedebatedwith themandpreachedtothem,buthedidnotsucceedinconvincingthem. WhichaqualitydistinguishedQurayshfromtherestofthepeoplethatalSawad(Kufa)might belongtothem?Whichanachievementissuedfromthemthattheymighthaveexcellenceover therestoftheArabsandMuslims?WhenMuawiyawasdisappointedofthem,hewrotealetter toUthmanandaskedhimtoexempthimfrompermittingthemtostayinalShamlesttheyshould moveitspeopleagainsthim.Uthmanexemptedhimfromthatandcommandedhimtorepatriate themtoKufa.TheyreturnedtoKufawhiletheyinsistedoncriticizingthethengovernment.They releasedtheirtonguestomentionthedefectsofSaeed,Muawiya,andUthman.AgainSaeed wrotealettertoUthmanandaskedhimtobanishthesemenfromhiscity.Uthmanresponded andcommandedhimtobanishthemtoHamsandalJazira,andhedrovethemawayfromtheir homeland.There,AbdurrahmanbinKhalidbinalWaleed,thegovernorofMuawiyaoverHams, treadedthembadly. Hetorturedthem,andsaidtothemobsceneanduglywords.Whenherode(hishorse),he orderedthemtowalkaroundhimtodisplaytheirhumiliationandabasementandtourgethe peopletodisparagethem.Whentheysawsuchrudeness,theyshowedobedienceandannounced repentance.Theyaskedhimtoforgivethemtheirsins.Heforgavethemandwrotealetterto Uthmanandaskedhimtobepleasedwithandpardonthem.Uthmanrespondedtohimand commandedtorepatriatethemtoKufa.SaeedwenttoYathribonataskandhefoundthepeople therecomplainingtoUthmanofhimandaskingtodeposehim(Saeed).ButUthmanrefusedto respondtothemandcommandSaeedtogobacktohiswork.Accordingly,thepeoplehadgone backhomebeforehim.TheyhadoccupiedKufaandswornbyAllahthatSaeedwouldnotenterit aslongastheycarriedtheirswords.ThenMalikalAshtarheadedthemandwenttoalJura. There,theywaitedforSaeed.Whenhecame,theypreventedhimfromenteringthecity.They forcedUthmantoremovehimfromofficeandtoappointsomeoneotherthanhim.Uthman unwillinglyrespondedtothem.[1] TheimportantthingisthatUthmanseverelypunishedthosewhocriticizedSaeedbinalAas, whiletheyweretherecitersoftheQuranandjuristsofthecity.Hebanishedthemfromtheir homelandsandwenttoofarinexhaustingthemforthesakeofafoolishyoungmanwhowas amonghisrelativesandfamily.Thisaffairbroughtaboutgrumblingagainsthim,displeasure,and hatredofthecommunitytowardhisgovernment. AbdullahBinAamir

UthmanremovedAbuMusaalAsharifromtheauthorityoverBasrahandappointedhiscousin AbdullahbinAamirbinKurayz.[2]Heappointedhimoveritwhilehewastwentyfourorfiveyears old.[3]AbuMusaalAshariheardofthat,andhesaidtothepeople:Theboywhospendslavishly willcometoyou.Hisgrandmothersandauntsarehighborn.Thetwocitieswillbeentrustedto him.[4] TheimportantthingisthatUthmanappointedhimoverthisgreatcity(Kufa),whilehewasstilla youngman.Hehadtoappointedoveritamanfromamongthegood,trustworthycompanionsof theProphet,thatthepeoplemightmakeuseofhisguidanceandrighteousness.Howeverhe intentionally [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,pp.3943.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.88.AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.168. [2]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.5,p.282.InthebookithasbeenmentionedtheUthmansmother wasArwa,daughterofKurayz. [3]AlIstiab,vol.2,p.253. [4]AlKamil,vol.3,p.38. chosethisyoungman,forhewashiscousin.Duringhisauthority,AbdullahbinAamirfolloweda wayofluxuryandlavishness.Hespentlavishly,justasAbuMusaalAsharihadsaid.Hewasthe firsttowearsilkgarmentsinBasrah.Heworeadarkjubbah,andthepeoplesaid:TheEmirhas wornabearsskin!Sohechangedhisgarmentsandworearedjubbah.[1]AamirbinAbdullahal Tamimi,anasceticworshipper,criticizedhimforthatandforhispolicy.HealsoblamedUthman forthat.AlTabarihasnarrated:SomeMuslimsheldameetinganddiscussedUthmansdeeds andwhathehaddone.Thentheydecidedtosendamantohimtotalkwithhimandtellhim abouthisdeeds.TheysenttohimAamirbinAbdullah.Whenhemetwithhim,hesaidtohim: SomeMuslimsheldameetingandcarefullyconsideredyourdeeds.Theyhavecometoknowthat youhavecommittedseriousactions.Therefore,fearAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,turntohimin repentanceandgiveup.HoweverUthmandisrespectedhim,forhiswordshurthim.Hesaidto thosearoundhim:Lookatthisperson!ThepeopleclaimthatheisareciteroftheQuran.Then hehascometotalkwithmeaboutthedisrespectful.ByAllah,hedoesnotknowwhereAllahis! SoAamirsaidtohim:IdonotknowwhereAllahis?Yes,repliedUthman.MostsurelyIknow thatAllahiswatching,saidAamir.Uthmansentforhisadvisersandhisgovernors.Hediscussed theaffairwiththem.AbdullahbinAamiradvisedandsaidtohim:Mypinion,OCommanderof thefaithful,isthatyoumustmakethembusythroughwagingjihad,thattheymayyieldtoyou, andhavenoconcernexcepttheirs! Otherpeopleadvisedhimtofollowsomethingotherthanthat.Howeverherespondedto Abdullahsviewpoint.Hereturnedhisgovernorsandcommandedthemtoconfinethepeople undertheirauthorities,andtosendthemtowagejihad.Moreover,hedecidedtodeprivethemof theirsalaries,thattheymightobeyandbeinneedofhim.[2]

WhenAbdullahbinAamirarrivedinBasrah,heintendedtopunishAamirbinAbdullah.He commandedhishirelingsandfollowerstobearwitnesswithhimthatAamirhadopposedthe MuslimsinrespectoftheaffairsthatAllahhadmadelawful,thathedidnoteatmeat,didnot marry,anddidnotattendtheFridayprayer.[3]HesentalettertoUthmaninthisrespect,who orderedhimtobanishthemantoalShamonacamelsback.AamirwascarriedtoSham. MuawiyamadehimliveatalKhadraandsentaslavegirltospyonhim. [1]UsdalGhaba,vol.3,p.192. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.94.IbnKhaldun,Tarikh,vol.2,p.39. [3]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.116. TheslavegirlcametoknowthatAamirperformedprayersduringthenight,wentoutintheearly morningandcamebackintheevening,didnoteatanythingofthefoodsentbyMuawiya,puta pieceofbreadintowater,anddranksomeofthatwater.ShetoldMuawiyaofthat,andhewrote aletterinrespectofAamirsaffair.UthmanorderedMuawiyatogifthim.[1] TheMuslimsharboredmaliceagainstUthman,forhehadbanishedarighteousMuslim[2]from hishomelandandfamily,justbecausehehadcriticizedhisgovernors.Itisworthmentioningthat therulerhasnoauthoritytocarryoutsuchbanishment,forithasbeenlegislatedforthosewho waragainstAllahandhisApostleandcausemischiefintheland. AnywayAbdullahbinAamirremainedasagovernoroverBasrahuntilUthmanwaskilled.When heheardofUthmansmurder,hetookthemoneyinthepublictreasuryandwenttoMecca.He gaveittoTalha,alZubayr,andAisha.Hejoinedthemandsuppliedtherebelswithmoney.The rebelshaddecidedtogotoalSham,butAbdullahturnedthemawayfromthatandadvisedthem togotoBasrah.[3] MuawiyaBinAbiSufyan MuawiyabinAbiSufyanwasthegreatestofUthmansgovernorsinluck,influence,and precedenceinauthority.Besides,hispeoplewerethemostpeopleinobedienceandloyaltyto him.Theylovedhim,andhelovedthem.Umarhadendowedhimwithauthorityandsupported himwithallkindsofsupport.Heraisedhisimportanceandexaltedhisposition.Hereckonedhis governorseveryyearandsharedthemtheirpropertieseveniftheyhadearnedthemthrough tradingorlegalways.ButheexcludedMuawiyafromthat.Hedidnotreckonedhim,nordidhe sharehim(hisproperties),nordidheaskhimabouthisaffairs.Ratherhepraisedandlaudedhim. Hewenttoofaringuidingandapologizingtohim.PeoplesaidtoUmar:Muawiyawearssilk garmentswhiletheyareforbiddeninIslam.Hespendslavishlywhilesuchadeediscontraryto theadministrativeregulationsIslamhasbrought,fortheyrequiregovernorstobemoderateand

notspendlavishlyfromtheMuslimsproperties. ThepeopletoldUmaraboutsuchdeeds,buthejustifiedthemonbehalfofMuawiya,saying:He istheKhosrauoftheArabs!Supposehewassuch,thenwasitlawfulforhimtowearunlawful garmentsandspendlavishlyfrom [1]AlIsaba,vol.3,p.85. [2]AlIqdalFarid,vol.2,p.261. [3]UsdalGhaba,vol.3,p.192. theMuslimsmoney?Umarwasnotsatisfiedwiththislaudationandsupportonly,butheblew intohimthespiritofambitionandopenedforhimthedoortothehopeforthecaliphate.Hesaid tothemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee:Ifyouenvyeachother,neglectoneanother,are hostiletoeachother,andhateoneanother,thenMuawiyabinAbiSufyanwillovercomeyoufor this(caliphate).MuawiyawasthenagovernoroveralSham.[1]Thaturgedhimtothinkofthe caliphateandtouseallmeanstowinit.Accordingly,hemutiniedagainstthegovernmentofImam Ali(a.s)andbattledagainsthim.Wewillmentionthatindetailsinthebook. Anyway,MuawiyawasagovernoroveralShamthroughoutthecaliphateofUmar.Hebehaved whateverhewished.Healonepossessedtheproperties,boughttheconsciencesandsurrounded himselfwithfollowers.Therewasnosupervisoroverhim,andnoneblamedhimforhisdeeds. RatherUmarguidedandlaudedhimandwaspleasedwithhisacts.AfterUmarsdeath,Uthman appointedhimasgovernorandincreasedhisauthority.HeaddedtohimPalestineafterthedeath ofitsgovernorAbdurrahmanbinAlqamaalKinani.HealsoaddedtohimHamswhenitsgovernor UmarbinSadalAnsariaskedhimtoaccepthisresignation.Throughthat,Muawiyacontrolledall thelandofalSham,andbecamethegreatestofallgovernorsinpowerandinfluence.Hiscountry becamethemostimportantofalltheIslamiccountries,thestrongest,andthegreatestin calmnessandstability. WithoutdoubtUthmanhadincreasedMuawiyasinfluence,expandedtheregionofhispower, andpavedthewayforhimtomovethecaliphatetoAbuSufyansfamily.DrTahaHusaynhas mentionedthat,saying:WithoutdoubtitwasUthmanwhopavedthewayforMuawiyatomove thecaliphatesomedaytoAbuSufyansfamilyandfixitamongtheUmayyads.SoitwasUthman whoexpandedMuawiyasauthority.HeaddedPalestineandHamstohisauthority.He establishedforhimaSyrianunitywithdistantbordersandmadethefourcountriesyieldtohim. ThereforehisarmieswerethestrongestofalltheIslamicarmies.Thenheextendedhisauthority throughouthiscaliphatejustasUmarhaddone.HereleasedhishandinalltheaffairsofalSham morethanUmarhadreleasedit.Whenthediscordhappened,Muawiyalookedandsuddenly foundthathewastheoldestofthegovernorsinauthority,thestrongestoftheminsoldiers,and thegreatestoftheminpossessingthesubjectshearts.[2]Mostsurely,Uthmanhadpavedthe

wayforhimandgavehimanopportunitytobattleagainstImamAli(a.s)tocommit [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,NahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.187. [2]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.1,p.120. horrible,abominablethingsandseriousoffences.Hepavedthewayforhimtokilltherighteous, trustworthyMuslimssuchasHajrbinAdiandhisbelievingbrethren,andtocommitmoresinsand crimes. AbdullahBinSad UthmanendowedhisfosterbrotherAbdullahbinSadwiththeauthorityoverEgyptandgavehim thepoweroverthisgreatcountry.Heentrustedtohimtheaffairofitslinksanditslandtax.[1] Beforethathehadgivenhimenormouspropertiesandgrantedhimtheonefifthofthebootiesof Africa,whilehewasnotworthyofthem,forhehadablackhistoryfullofsinsandoffenses.That waswhenhebecameanapostateandapolytheistafterhehadbecomeMuslim.Hewentto QurayshinMeccaandbegandisparagingtheProphetandsaidtothem:Icanmakehimgo whereverIwish!TheProphetoutlawedhimontheDayofConqueringMeccaevenifhewas foundclingingtothecurtainsoftheKaaba.SohewenttoUthmanandsoughtprotectionwith him,andhehidhim. WhenthepeopleofMeccabecametranquil,UthmanbroughthimtotheProphet(a.s).The Prophetkeptsilentforalongtime,andthenhegavehimsecurityandpardonedhim.When Uthmanwentaway,theProphet(a.s)said:Ikeptsilentfornothingexceptforthatoneofyou wouldriseandbeheadhim.SoamanfromtheAnsarsaidtohim:Whydidyou,OAllahs Apostle,notbeckontome?Andhereplied:Mostsurely,theProphetmustnothavestealthy looks.[2]AverseoftheHolyQuranwasrevealedinrespectofhisdisbeliefanddispraisinghim. Theverseis:AndwhoismoreunjustthanhewhoforgesalieagainstAllah,orsays:Ithasbeen revealedtome;whilenothinghasbeenrevealedtohim,andhewhosays:Icanrevealthelikeof whatAllahhasrevealed?[3]TheinterpretersoftheQuranhaveunanimouslyagreedonthatthe versemeanthim.ThereasonforthatisthatwhentheverseandcertainlyWecreatedmanofan extractofclay,theProphetsummonedhimandrecitedittohim.Whenhereachedthesewords ofHimthenWecausedittogrowintoanothercreation,Abdullahbecameastonishedatthe detailsaboutthecreationofman.Hesaid:SoblessedbeAllah,thebestofthecreators.The Prophetsaid:Inthismanneritwasrevealedtome.HoweverAbdullahhaddoubtandsaid:If Muhammadwastruthful,thenitwasrevealedtomeasitwasrevealedtohim.Ifhewas untruthful,thenIsaidjustashesaid.Accordingly,hewithdrewfromIslamandjoinedthe polytheists.[4] [1]AlWilatwaalQudat,p.11.

[2]AlQurtubi,Tafseer,vol.7,p.134.AlShawkani,Tafseer,vol.2,p.134.AbiDauwd,vol.2,p. 220. [3]Quran,6,93. [4]AlRazi,Tafseer,4:96.AlKhazin,Tafseer,vol.2,p.37.AlKashif,vol.1,p.461. Whywassuchanapostate,whodisparagedtheProphet,appointedagovernorovertheMuslims? WhywastheleadershipoverMuslimsentrustedtohim?Andwhywasheentrustedwiththeir securityandproperties?ByAllah,mostsurelythisisthebreakingmisfortune,whichmeltshearts andsoulswithsorrowandregret!WhywastheauthorityovertheMuslimsgiventotheenemies andopponentsofIslamwhosparednoefforttoaggressandschemeagainstIslam?However,to AllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn! AnywayAbdullahbinSadremainedasagovernoroverEgyptforsomeyears.Heforcedthe Egyptianstodowhattheycouldnotdo.Heruledthemwithapolicyofviolenceandtyranny.He showedprideandarrogance,sothepeopleweretiredofhimandofhisgovernment.Theywent toUthmanandcomplainedtohimofAbdullah.Hesenttohimaletterandthreatenedhimwith removinghimfromtheofficeofgovernmentunlesshewouldreturntoreason.Howeverhe refusedtorefrainfromwhatUthmanprohibitedhim.Heseverelypunishedthosewho complainedtoUthmanofhim,totheextentthathekilledthem.Accordingly,sevenhundred EgyptianswenttoYathribandenteredthemosque.Theycomplainedtothecompanionsofthe ProphetofwhatIbnAbiSarhhaddonetothem.TalhawenttoUthmanandseverelytalkedwith him.Aishasentsomeonetohimandaskedhimtotreatthepeoplewithjusticeinrespectoftheir governor.ImamAli(a.s)visitedUthmanandsaidtohim:Thepeoplehaveaskedyoutoreplace themanwithanotherone.Theyhaveclaimedthathekilledaperson.Therefore,depose.Ifaright isdueonhim,thentreatpeoplewithjusticeinrespectofhim. Uthmanrespondedtothatandsaidtothepeople:Chooseamantoappointhimasagovernor overyou.ThepeopleadvisedhimtoappointMuhammadbinAbiBakr,andhewrotehis appointmentoverEgypt.HesentwithhimsomepeoplefromamongtheMuhajireenandthe AnsartodiscusswhathadhappenedbetweenthepeopleandIbnAbiSarh(AbdullahbinSad).[1] TheyleftYathrib.WhentheyarrivedattheplacedcalledHams,theysawamancomingfrom Medina.TheycarefullyconsideredthemanandcametoknowthathewasWarsh,Uthmans servant.Whentheycheckedhim,theyfoundthathewascarryingaletterfromUthmantoIbnAbi Sarh.IntheletterUthmanhadcommandedhimtopunishthepeopleseverely.Theycarefullyread theletter,andtheycametoknowthatitwaswrittenbyMarwan.Asaresulttheyreturnedto YathribanddecidedtoremoveUthmanorkillhim. MostsurelyUthmanhadplannedhisdeathbyhimself,drawnthetribulationagainsthimself, subjectedthecommunitytomisfortunesanddisastersforthe [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,26.

sakeofhisfamilyandstrengtheningtheirentity.IfhehadrespondedtoImamAlisviewpointand ofthosewhoadvisedhim,andifhehadremovedtheUmayyadsfromtheofficesofgovernment, hewouldhavebeensafefromthatrevoltthatbroughtabouthisdeath,openedthedoorsto discordsamongtheMuslims,dividedtheirunity,andmadethemintoparties.Eachpartywas delightedwiththatwhichwiththem.WiththistopicwewillendourspeechaboutUthmans governorsandrulerswhomhehadappointedfornothingexceptoutofpreferenceandfavoritism. HisPunishingtheProphetsCompanions Uthmanseverelypunishedthegood,righteousMuslimswhoshowedextremecourageforIslam andtookpartinbuildingit.Thatwasbecausetheyhadcriticizedhimforhispolicyandaskedhim tofollowtherightwayandtheProphetsSunna.Howeverhedidnotrespondtotheirteachings andtheiradvice,sotheyseverelyopposedhim.Asaresulthewreakedhiswrathuponthem, wenttoofarinoppressingandexhaustingthem.Theyareasfollows: 1.AbdullahBinMasud AbdullahbinMasudwasthemostsimilarofallthepeopletoAllahsApostle(a.s)inguidanceand behavior.[1]InrespectofhimAllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:Whoeverwantstobepleasedin recitingtheQuranasfreshasithadbeenrevealed,thenlethimreciteitaccordingtothe recitationofIbnUmmAbd.[2]SomepeoplepraisedAbdullahbinMasudinthepresenceof ImamAli.Sohe(a.s)said:Isayastohimjustastheyhavesaid:Heisthebestofthosewho recitetheQuran,followthelawfulthingsinit,andrefrainfromtheunlawfulthingsinit.Heisa juristinreligionandknowledgeableintheSunna.[3]Hewasamongthoseconcerningwhomthis versewasrevealed[4]:(Asfor)thosewhoresponded(atUhud)totheCallofAllahandtheApostle afterthewoundhadbefallenthem,thoseamongthemwhodogood(toothers)andguard (againstevil)shallhaveagreatreward.[5]Heisalsoamongthoseconcerningwhomthisversewas revealed[6]:AnddonotdriveawaythosewhocallupontheirLordinthemorningandthe evening.TheydesireonlyHisfavor;neitherareyouanswerableforanyreckoningoftheirs,nor arethey[1]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.5,p.389.HulyatalAwliya,vol.1,p.126.KanzalUmmal,vol.7, p.55. [2]SafwatalSafwa,vol.1,p.156.IbnMaja,Sunan,vol.1,p.63. [3]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.315. [4]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.3,p.108. [5]Quran,3,172. [6]AlTabari,Tafseer,vol.7,p.128.AlDurralManthur,vol.3,p.13. answerableforanyreckoningofyours,sothatyoushoulddrivethemawayandthusbeofthe

unjust.[1]MostsurelyAbdullahbinMasudwasamongtheleadingMuslimsinhisguidance, righteousness,piety,andclingingtothereligion.UmarsenthimalongwithAmmarbinYasirto Kufa.InrespectofhimhewrotealettertotheKufans.Hehasmentionedintheletter:Ihave sentAmmarbinYasirasanEmirandAbdullahbinMasudasateacherandhelper.Theyarefrom amongthehighborn,fromamongthecompanionsofAllahsApostle,fromamongthemenof(the Battleof)Badr.Therefore,follow,obey,andlistentothem.Ihavepreferredyoutomyselfin respectofAbdullah.[2] AbdullahbinMasudstayedinKufathroughouttheCaliphateofUmar.Heexplainedtothe Muslimstheirreligion,taughtthemtheBookofAllah,gavethemknowledgeofIslam,andguided themtotherightpath.Meanwhilehewasatreasurer.WhenUthmanbecamecaliphandsental WaleedasagovernoroverKufa,awarmargumenttookplacebetweenhimandAbdullahbin Masud.WehavementionedtheargumentwhenwetalkedaboutalWaleedsauthorityover Kufa.TheheatedargumentrequiredAbdullahbinMasudtoresignhisoffice.HestayedinKufa foratime,andthenheleftit.TheyKufansescortedhimandshowedsorrowathisdeparture. Whentheysawhimoff,theysaidtohim:MyAllahrewardyougood!Youhavetaughtour ignorantones,fixedourlearnedones,madeusrecitetheQuran,andmadeusunderstandthe religion.Therefore,youarethebestbrotherinIslamandthebestbosomfriend! Thentheysawhimoffandwentaway.AsforAbdullahbinMasud,hecontinuedtravelingto Yathrib.Whenhearrivedthere,UthmanwassittingonthepulpitofAllahsApostle(a.s)and deliveringasermon.WhenUthmansawhim,heindicatedwithhishandtohimandsaidtothe Muslims:Anevilsmallreptilehascometoyou! WhyweresuchbitterwordssaidtothecompanionofAllahsApostle(a.s)?WhydidUthman receivehimwithsuchestrangementforthesakeofalWaleed,whobetrayedAllahandHis Apostle,andplunderedtheMuslimsproperties? AbdullahbinMasudansweredhim,saying:Iamnotsuch,butIamthecompanionofAllahs Apostle(a.s)ontheDayofBadrandoftheHomageofthegoodPleasure(BayatalRidwan). [1]Quran,6,52. [2]UsdalGhaba,vol.3,p.258. Uthmanswordsmadethepeopleangry,soAishahurriedtosay:OUthman,whydoyousaythis tothecompanionofAllahsApostle?However,Uthmancommandedhispolicementotakethe greatCompanionoutofthemosqueviolently.AbdullahbinZamaroseandknockedhimdown.It wassaidthatYahmum,Uthmansservant,knockedhimdownandbrokehisrib.Asaresult,Imam Ali(a.s)becameexcited.HeopposedUthmanandsaidtohim:OUthman,whyhaveyoudone thistothecompanionofAllahsApostle(a.s)accordingtothespeechofalWaleedbinAqaba?

IhavedonethisnotaccordingtoalWaleedswords,repliedUthman,butIhadsentZubaydbin alSaltalKinditoKufa,and(Abdullah)binMasudsaidtohim:Mostsurelyitislawfultoshed Uthmansblood.YouhavedependedonZubaydwithnocertainty,retortedtheImam.[1] ImamAli(a.s)carriedAbdullahbinMasudtohishouseandlookedafterhimuntilhegotwell.As forUthman,heturnedawayfromandabandonedhim.HedidnotpermithimtoleaveYathrib.He alsostoppedhispay.AbdullahbinMasudbecameillandwasabouttodie,soUthmanvisitedand askedhim: Ofwhatyouarecomplaining? Mysins. Whatdoyouwant? MyLordsmercy. ShallIcalladoctorforyou? Thedoctorhasmademeill. ShallIorderapaytobegiventoyou? YoudeprivedmeofitwhenIwasinneedofit,andyouwanttogiveittome,whileIaminno needofit! Itwillbegiventoyourchildren. Allahundertakestheirlivelihood. AskAllahtoforgiveme,OAbuAbdurrahman. IaskAllahtotakemyrightfromyou. Uthmanwentawayanddidnotobtainhisgoodpleasure.WhenAbdullahbinMasudbecame criticallyill,heorderedthepeopletopreventUthmanfromprayingoverhimandtoaskhis companionAmmarbinYasirtoperformtheprayeroverhim.Whenhepassedaway,somegood companionsofhisburied [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.36. himinthecemeteryofalBaqeeanddidnottellUthman.Whenheknewofthat,hebecame angryandsaid:Youprecededme!AmmarbinYasiransweredhim,saying:Hehad recommendedthatyouwouldnotprayoverhim!IbnalZubayrsaidtohim:Iknowthatyouwill mournformeafterdeath,whileyouhavenotsuppliedmewithmyfoodduringmylifetime! UthmanwreakedhiswrathuponAbdullahbinMasud.Heabused,abased,abandonedandhim, andstoppedhispay,commandedhispolicementohithim,imposedonhimahousearrestin Yathrib,anddidnotpayattentiontohissimilaritytotheProphetinhisguidanceandbehavior,his greatjihadandextremecourageforIslam.Heharboredmaliceagainsthimbecausehehad criticizedhimforhisgivingtheMuslimspropertiestoalWaleed,whilehewasentrustedwith

them.Andhe(Abdullah)foundnojustificationforthisplayingwiththepublictreasury,sohe, accordingtohisreligionandfaith,criticizedandcondemnedUthmanforhisbehavior. 2.AbuTharr AbuDharristhegreatestpersonalitytheIslamicHistoryhaseverknown.Alltheabilities, elements,andfundamentalsofIslamwereembodiedinhim.Hewasfullyawareoftheessence andrealityofIslam.HewasfromthefirstonestoembraceandbelieveinIslam.[1]Heopenly announcedtheshahada[2]beforeQuraysh.ThetyrannicalmenfromQurayshseverelyflogged him,totheextentthathewasabouttodie.[3]Howeversuchapunishmentdidnotturnhimaway fromhisfaith;ratherhebravelysummonedhispeopletobelieveinIslamandtoabandonidols. HewasthemostprominentoftheProphetscompanionsinknowledge,piety,andclingingtothe religion.IthasbeennarratedfromAllahsApostle(a.s)thathehassaidinrespectofAbuTharr: NoneundertheskyandonearthismoretruthfulthanAbuTharr.Whoeverwantstobepleased atlookingattheasceticismofIsabinMaryamhastolookatAbuTharr.[4] AbuTharrwasthebestofpeopleinrenouncingtheworldlypleasures,theleastofthemintaking careoftheprofitswherein,andthegreatestofthemin [1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.4,p.161.IthasbeenmentionedinthebookontheauthorityofAbu Dharr:IwasthefifthtobelieveinIslam. [2]Shahadaissaying:IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,Whoisuniqueandwithout partners,andIbearwitnessthatMuhammadisHisservantandHismessenger. [3]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.5,p.174.MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.329. [4]IbnMaja,Sunan,vol.1,p.68. fearofAllahandturningawayfromthefalsethingsinlife.AllahsApostle(a.s)trustedhimwhen hetrustednoneandconfidedsecretstohimwhenheconfidednosecrettoanyone.[1]AbuTharr wasamongthethreepersonswhomAllahlovedandorderedHisProphettolove.[2]Heisalso oneofthethreepersonsforwhomtheGardenyearns.[3] WhenthediscordstookplaceandUthmanandtheUmayyadsalonepossessedtheMuslims properties,heapedthemforthemselves,boughtmanycountryestates,andbuiltmanypalaces, AbuTharr,theherooftheMuslimcommunity,criticizedandthreatenedUthman.Hesummoned theMuslimstorevoltagainstUthman,totopplethegovernment,andreturntheIslamicregime fullofalltheelementsofadvancementandprogressive,andapplyitsconstructivepolicytothe reallife.

MostsurelyAbuTharrsoutcrywasanoutcryofanawaremanwhounderstoodIslam,knewits objectives,andencompasseditsreality.ItisnotanactofIslamthattheMuslimspropertiesare selfishlyused,giventotheprominentpersonstoenjoyandtospendthemlavishly,whilepoverty prevailedtheMuslims,hunger,neediness,andunemploymentdominatedtheircountries.Asa result,AbuTharropposedsuchactsandrushed,accordingtohisfaith,toannouncehisoutcry thatstunnedUthmanandwhichhisexploitativefollowersdenied.ProfessorSayyidQutubhas said:MostsurelyAbuTharrsoutcrywasagushoftheIslamicessencewhichthose,whosehearts werecorrupt,denied.Thelikeofthemfromamongthemountsofexploitationarestilldenyingit duringthesedays.Thisoutcrywastheawarenessofaconsciencewhichtheambitionsdidnot deceivebeforeanexcessiveinflationinwealththatdividedtheMuslimgroupsintoclassesand destroyedthefoundationswhichthisreligionhasestablished.[4] AbuTharrwentouttocontinuehiscriticizingandopposingthestandinggovernmentpayingno attentiontoitandtoitssevereterrorismandrudeness.HestoodinfrontofthosewhomUthman endowedwithhisgiftsandrecitedthisQur'anicverse:And(asfor)thosewhohoardupgoldand silveranddonotspenditinAllahsway,announcetothemapainfulpunishment.[5]Marwanbin alHakamtoldUthmanaboutthisactofAbuTharrs.UthmansentsomeonetoAbuTharrto prohibithimfromsayingthisverse,buthesaid: [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.8,p.15. [2]MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.330. [3]Ibid. [4]AlAdalaalIjtimaiya,p.211. [5]Quran,9,34. DoesUthmanpreventmefromrecitingAllahsBook?ByAllah,ifIpleaseAllahthrough displeasingUthmanismorelovableandbettertomethandispleasingAllahthroughpleasing him! Uthmanbecameangrywithhim,butherestrainedhisrage.AbuTharrsaffairfatiguedUthman whowasunabletostandit. UthmanbanishesAbuTharrtoalSham ThecompanionofAllahsApostlewentonpropagatinghismessage.Hedidnotflatternordidhe showfavoritism;ratherhewantedthetruthandsoughtAllahsfavorandgoodpleasure.However UthmanbecameangrywithhimandorderedhimtobebanishedtoSham.Narratorshavesaid: MostsurelythereasonforthatisthatUthmanaskedthosewhoattendedhisgathering:Isit permissibleforonetotake(money)fromthepublictreasuryandreturnitwhenhebecomes

rich? KabalAhbaranswered:Ithinkthatthereisnoharminthat. WhenAbuTharrcametoknowthatKabalAhbarintervenedintheaffairsofthereligion,while hewasJewishintendency,andhaddoubtofhisfaithinIslam,hebecameangrywithhimandsaid tohim:OsonoftheJewishparents,doyouteachusourreligion?Accordingly,Uthmanbecame excitedandsaidtohim:Howgreatyourharmis!Howfondof(troubling)mycompanionsyou are!IwillwritealetterconcerningbanishingyoutoSham! AbuTharrwenttoSham.WhenhereacheditandcametoknowofMuawiyasabominableacts andinnovations,hecriticizedhim,censuredtheUmayyadpolicy,andspreadUthmansevildeeds andbehaviorwhichwasfarfromthatoftheProphetandhisSunna.HewasangrywithMuawiya whenhesaid:ThewealthisAllahs.Sohesaidtohim:ThewealthbelongstotheMuslims.He criticizedhimforhisbuildinghispalacealKhadra,sayingtohim:OMuawiya,ifthishousewas builtthroughfromAllahswealth,thenitisatreason,andifitwasfromyourmoney,thenthisis extravagance. AbuTharrwakenedthepeopleandurgedthemtorevoltagainstMuawiya.HesaidtotheSyrians: ByAllah,somethingshappenedthatIhaveneverknown.ByAllah,theactsarenotavailablein AllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisApostle.ByAllah,Icanseethatthetruthisextinguished, falsehoodisgivenlife,truthfulnessisrefuted,andpreferencewithoutfearofAllah,andother thingsarepreferredtorighteousness.[1] [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.52. PeoplelistenedtoAbuTharrsspeechandbelievedhistalk.Muawiyawasafraidofthat,andhe wrotealettertoUthmanandtoldhimaboutthisdangerinSham.AccordinglyUthman commandedhimtosendAbuTharronrough,rudecamel.MuawiyasentAbuTharrwithsome peoplewhodidnotknowhisposition,nordidtheyrespecthisrank.Theybroughthimbynight,to theextentthathisthighssloughed,andhewasabouttodie.WhenAbuTharrarrivedinMedina, hecontinuedpropagatinghismessage.HeseverelycondemnedUthman,sayingtohim:Youhave appointedboysasgovernors,protectedyourrelatives,andshowedfavortothechildrenofthe releasedones.[1] HeexplainedtotheMuslimswhathehadheardfromAllahsApostle:WhentheUmayyads becomethirtymen,theywillseizeAllahsland,enslaveAllahsservants,andspoilAllahsreligion. Uthmanprohibitedthepeoplefromsitting,speaking,andassociatingwithAbuTharr.

UthmanbanishesAbuTharrtoAlRabatha AbuTharroverburdenedUthman,andhewasunabletostandhim.Hearousedthepeopleand madethemaware,totheextantthattheywerereadytorevoltagainstUthmanandtopplethe standingregime,whichgavethemoneyofthestatetotherichanddidnotspenditonthepublic interests.Accordingly,therewasnobalanceintheeconomiclife,andpovertyandhangerspread alloverthecountry.Uthmanthoughtthatthebestwaytogetridofthisdangerthreateninghim wasthroughbanishingAbuTharrfromYathribandtherestoftheMuslimcities.Hedecidedto banishhimtounknownvillagewithfewpeople.Hesentforhim.WhenAbuTharrcame,hesaidto him:Woeuntoyou,OUthman!HaveyounotseenAllahsApostle,AbuBakr,andUmar?Have youcometoknowthattheybehavedinsuchamanner?Mostsurelyyouaregoingtopunishme severely! Uthmaninterruptedandshoutedathim: Leaveourcity![1]HehasreferredtoUthmansactwhenhegaveallthepasturesaroundMedina totheUmayyads.HepermittedtheirsheeptograzeinthemandpreventedtheMuslimsones fromgrazinginthem.ThisdeediscontrarytotheSunnathatregardsallthepastureswithout ownersaspropertyforallMuslims,forsuchpasturesareamongtheoriginallawful,things.Allahs Apostle(a.s.)hassaid:Peoplearepartnersinthree(things):grass,water,andfire. AreyougoingtodrivemeawayfromthesanctumofAllahsApostle(Medina)? Yes,inspiteofyou! ShallIgotoMecca? No! ToBasrah? No! ToKufa? No! WhereshallIgo? ToalRabathauntilyoudiethere. HeorderedMarwantoexilehimimmediatelyfromMedinainahumiliatinganddisrespectful manner.HepreventedtheMuslimsfromescortingandseeinghimoff.Howeverthemenoftruth disobeyedUthman.ImamAli(a.s)alongwithAqeel,AbdullahbinJafar,alHasan,andalHusayn hurriedtoseehimoff.MarwansaidtoalHasan:OHasan,didyounotknowthatUthman

preventedfromspeakingwiththisman?Ifyoudidnotknow,thenknowthat!Accordingly,Imam Ali(a.s)rebukedhimandhithiscamelontheears.Heshoutedathim,saying:Setaside!May Allahmakeyouheadforthefire!MarwanescapedtoUthmanandtoldhimaboutwhathad happened. ImamAli(a.s)sawAbuTharrandsaidsomewordstohimthatcomfortedhiminthatbarrenarea throughouthislifetime.Hesaidtohim:OAbuTharr,youshowedangerforAllah;therefore,have hopeinHimforWhomyoubecameangry.Thepeoplewereafraidofyoufortheirworld,while youfearedthemforyourreligion.Thenleavetothemthatforwhichtheywereafraidofyouand getawayfromthemtakingawaywhatyoufearthemabout.Howneedyaretheyforwhatyou dissuadethemfrom!Andhowneedlessyouaretowardthatfromwhichtheyhavepreventedyou! Youwillshortlyknowwhothegaineristomorrow(ontheDayofResurrection)andwhoismore enviable.EveniftheseskiesandearthwereclosedonsomeindividualandhefearedAllah,then Allahwouldopenthemforhim.Onlyrightfulnesswillattractyouwhilewrongfulnesswilldetract you.Ifyouhadacceptedtheirworldlyattractions,theywouldhavelovedyou;andifyouhad sharedinit,theywouldhavegivenyouasylum. Inthesewonderfulwords,ImamAlihasspecifiedthegreatattitudeAbuTharrtooktoward Uthman.Hehasindicatedthathisattitudewasnotformaterial,norwasitfortherestofthe otherconsiderationswhoseaffairreturnstoearth.Ratheritwasfortheoriginaldoctrinesandthe idealsIslamhasbrought,andthatrequiresrulersandtheresponsiblenottopossessalonethe Muslimsproperties.HoweverUthmanturnedawayfromthatandfollowedaspecialpolicybased onpreferenceandfavoritism.ForthisreasonAbuTharrrevoltedandbattledagainsthim.Uthman fearedhimforgovernmentandauthority,whileAbuTharrfearedhimforhisreligionandfaith. ImamAlihadcommandedAbuTharrtoleavethatwhichwasintheirhandsandtoescapealong withhisreligion,thathemightbesafefromthepeopleswickednessandsins. InhiswordstheImamhasalsoindicatedAbuTharrsdirectionandtendencies.Hehasmentioned thatnothingattractedhimexceptrightfulness,andnothingdetractedhimexceptabominableacts andwrongfulness.IfAbuTharrhadchangedhisdirection,madepeacewiththepeople,andhad beenfriendlytothem,theywouldhavelovedhim,beenloyaltohim,spentlavishlyonhim,and givenhimenormouswealth. ImamalHasanhurriedtoAbuTharrtoshakehandwithhimandseehimoff.Hesaidtohimsome wordsresultedfromhisheartshowingsorrowatthisseparation.Hesaidtohim:Ouncle,theone whoseesoffshouldkeepsilentandsayshortwordsthoughsorrowislong!Thepeoplehave broughtyouwhatyousee.Leavetheworldbyrememberingitsgoingtobefinished,andits calamitiesthroughhopingforthatwhichisafterit.BepatientuntilyoumeetyourProphetandhe ispleasedwithyou.

ImamalHasan(a.s)orderedAbuTharrtobepatienttowardthemisfortunesthepeoplehad poureduponhim,thathemightmeetAllahsApostle(a.s)whilehewaspleasedwithhim. AbuTharrlookedattheProphetsHouseholdwithalookfullofpain,sorrow,andregret.Hesaid tothemsomewordsshowingthathisheartwasmeltedbythatbitterseparation:MayAllahhave mercyonyou,Ohouseholdofmercy!WhenIseeyou,IrememberthroughyouAllahsApostle (a.s).IhavenoneinMedinaotherthanyou.IhaveoverburdenedUthmaninalHijazjustasIhad overburdenedMuawiyainSham.Uthmanhatedtoletmeneighborhisbrotherandhiscousinin thetwodistricts.[1]HeisafraidthatImightmovethe [1]ThetwocitieswereBasrahandEgypt.AbdullahbinAmir,Uthmanscousin,wasthegovernor overBasrah.AbdullahbinSadbinAbiSarh,Uthmansuncle,wasthegovernoroverEgypt. peopleagainstthem.Accordingly,hewantstobanishmetoanareawhereIhaveneither supporternorprotectorexceptAllah.ByAllah,Idonotwantanyonetobeasafriendexcept Allah,andIfearnolonelinessalongwithAllah.AbuTharrwentawayasanoutlawedinthe deserts.HewasexiledfromthesanctumofAllahandofHisApostle.Theblindpolicysenthimfar andseparatedhimfromtheProphetsHouseholdforwhomheshowedsincereloveforthesake ofhisbelovedOneandhisCompanion,AllahsApostle(a.s).AbuTharrwenttoalRabathatodie thereoutofhunger,whileUthmanhadthegoldoftheearth.HespentitontheUmayyadsand AbuMaeetsfamilyanddeprivedthelikeofJesusthesonofMaryinguidance. ImamAli(a.s)andhissonssawoffAbuTharrandreturnedhome.Theyweresad.Somepeople ImamAli(a.s)andtoldhimthatUthmanwasangrywithhim,forhehaddisobeyedhiscommands andwentouttoseeAbuTharroff.HowevertheImamsaid:(Like)theangerofhorseswiththe bridles![1]UthmansaidtotheImam:Whatmadeyouopposemymessenger! AsforMarwan,heopposedmeandIopposedhim.Asforyourcommand,Ididnotdisobeyit. DidyounotknowthatIpreventedthepeoplefromescortingAbuTharr? IstheobediencetoAllahinallthatwhichyoucommandus(tofollow),whilethetruthisin opposingit?Wehavefollowedyourcommandinrespectofit. DidyoupunishMarwan? HowdidIpunishhim? Youfloggedhiscamelontheears.Asformycamel,itisoverthere.IfhewantedtoflogitasI hadfloggedhiscamel,lethimdo.ByAllah,ifhecursedme,Iwouldcurseyouinturnwith somethingofwhichIwasnotaccusedoflying,andIsaynothingexceptthetruth.Andwhywould henotcurseyou?ByAllah,youarenotbetterthanhiminmyviewpoint!ImamAlibecameangry withUthmanbecausehemadehimequaltoMarwan,whilehewasinthesamepositionwith respecttotheProphetasAaronwasto[1]Thisstatementisgivenasproverbforhimwhogets angryfornothing.

Moses.ItisworthmentioningthatMarwanwasawickedmanandwascursedbyAllahsApostle (a.s)whenhewasinhisfathersback.ImamAlisaidtoUthman:Areyousayingthesewordsto me?Areyoumakinghimequaltome?ByAllah,Iambetterthanyouare.Myfatherwasbetter thanyours,andmymotherwasbetterthanyours.Uthmankeptsilent.AsfortheImam,hewent away,whilehewasgrievedandsad,forUthmanhadnotrespecthispositionwhenhemadehim equaltoMarwan. 3.AmmarBinYasir Ammarwasaunique,great,andleadingMuslimfigure.HewasthecompanionofAllahsApostle (a.s).HeperformedgreatjihadandshowedextremecourageforthesakeofIslam.Heandhis parentssufferedtoomuch.TheQurayshityrantsdeemedthemasweak.Theypoureduponthem alotofpainfultorture.Theyfoggedthem,putheavyrocksontheirchests,andpoureduponthem water.WhentheProphet(a.s)passedbyAmmarandhisparents,hesawthemsufferingfrom severetorture,sohissoulmeltedoutofsorrowandsadness.Hesaidtothem:OYasirsfamily, bepatient;youarepromisedtheGarden![1] Sadnessexhaustedhim,andhesaid:OAllah,havemercyonYasirsfamily.[2]Thisfamily,who sacrificedtheirlivesforAllah,remainedundertortureandfatigue.Theypaidnoattentiontothe painful,severetorture.Theyinsistedontheirfaith,propagatedthemessageofMuhammad(a.s), anddisparagedtheidolsofQuraysh.Accordingly,AbuJahlburstwithanger.HestabbedSumayas heartwithhisspear,andsheimmediatelydiedasthefirstmartyrinIslam.Thenthissinfulperson (AbuJahl)intentionallykilledYasir. AsforAmmar,heremainedundertorture,totheextentthathebecameexhausted.Asaresult, QurayshaskedhimtocursetheProphet,andhereluctantlyrespondedtothem.Theypardoned him,andhewenttoAllahsApostle(a.s)weeping.AllahsApostle,rubbedhiseyesandsaidto him:Ifthey(Quraysh)returnedtoyou(tocursemeagain),repeattothemwhatyouhadsaid. Allah,theMostHigh,hasrevealedthisverseinrespectofhim:HewhodisbelievesinAllahafter hishavingbelieved,nothewhoiscompelled [1]KanzalUmmal,vol.6,p.85.MajjmaalZawaid,vol.9,p.293. [2]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.1,p.62. whilehisheartisatrestonaccountoffaith.[1] AmmarssoulwasfulloffaithinAllah;thereligionwasapieceofhisnatureandanelementto straightenhismood.AllahhasrevealedotherversesintheQuraninrespectofhim.Alltheverses havepraised,lauded,andglorifiedAmmar.Allah,theExalted,hasmeanthiminHiswords:What!

Hewhoisobedientduringhoursofthenight,prostratinghimselfandstanding,takescareofthe hereafter.[2]TheHolyVersehasbeenrevealedinrespectofhim:IshewhowasdeadthenWe raisedhimtolifeandmadeforhimalightbywhichhewalksamongthepeople.[3]Concerning praisinghimanddispraisingalWaleed,thisVersehasbeenrevealed:IshetowhomWehave promisedagoodlypromisewhichheshallmeetwithlikehimwhomWehaveprovidedwiththe provisionsofthisworldslife,thenonthedayofresurrectionheshallbeofthosewhoarebrought up?[4] TheProphet(a.s)tookgreatcareofAmmar.Heraisedhisimportance,laudedhim,andpreferred himtoothers.HecametoknowthatKhalidspokerudelytohim,soheburntwithgriefandsaidto him:WhoeverishostiletoAmmarishostiletoAllah,andwhoeverdetestsAmmardetests Allah.[5]AheatedargumenttookplacebetweenapersonandAmmar.Thepersonsaidto Ammar:Iwillhityouwiththisstickonyournose!WhenAllahsApostle(a.s)heardofthat,he becameangryandsaid:ThereisagreatdifferencebetweenthemandAmmar.Ammarsummons themtotheGarden,andtheysummonhimtothefire.[6]Hehasalsosaidinrespectofhim: WhenAmmarismadetochoosebetweentwoaffairs,hechoosesthewiserone.[7] TheProphetwentontakingcareofAmmarandrespectinghim,forheknewthatAmmarwas loyal,andhadrenouncedtheworld,andlovedthetruth. [1]Quran,16,106.ThereasonforrevealingthisverseinrespectofAmmarhasbeenmentioned byIbnSadinhisTabaqat,vol.3,p.178,alWahidiinhisAsbabalNuzool,p.212,alTabariinhis Tafseer,vol.14,p.122,andthelike. [2]Quran,39,9.ThereasonforrevealingthisverseinrespectofAmmarhasbeenmentionedby alQurtubiinhisTafseer,vol.1,p.239,andIbnSadinhisTabaqat,vol.3,p.178. [3]Quran,6,122.ThereasonforrevealingthisverseinrespectofAmmarhasbeenmentioned byalSayutiinhisTafseer,vol.3,p.43,andIbnKuthayrinhisTafseer,vol.2,p.172. [4]Quran,28,61.ThereasonforrevealingthisverseinrespectofAmmarandalWaleedhas beenmentionedbyalZamakhshariinhisTafseer,vol.2,p.386,andalWahidi,AsbabalNizool,p. 255. [5]Ahmed,Musnad,vol.4,p.89. [6]IbnHisham,vol.2,p.114. [7]IbnMaja,Sunan,vol.1,p.66.MasabihalSunna,vol.2,p.288.

AmmarfoughtalongwiththeProphetatalltheBattlessuchasBadrandUhud.Hetookpartin buildingthePropheticMosque.EachMuslimcarriedabrick,whilehecarriedtwoandsaid:We, theMuslims,buildmosques.TheProphetrepeatedsomeofhiswords,saying:AlMasajid(the mosques)!Healsotookpartindiggingthetrench,andtheProphetrubbedthedustfromhim.In suchamannerwasAmmarontopofthecompanionsoftheProphet(a.s)inhisfaith,loyalty, extremecourage,andeffortforthesakeofIslam.WhentheProphetpassedaway,Ammar followedImamAli.Hewassincereinshowingloveforhim.Hethoughtthatnonewasworthierof thecaliphatethanhim.ForthisreasonhedidnotpledgeAllegiancetoAbuBakrandheprotested againsthim.Wehavepreviouslymentionedthat.WhenUthmanbecameacaliphanddeviated fromtherightpath,Ammarwasdispleasedwithhim,severelyopposedhim,andcriticizedhim. Accordingly,Uthmanseverelypunishedhim,transgressedagainsthim,andsaidtohimobscene words.Thatwasinvarioussituationsofwhicharethefollowing: 1.WhenUthmanalonepossessedtheornamentsinthepublictreasuryandadornedwiththem someofhiswomenfolk,ImamAli(a.s)criticizedhimforthat.AsforAmmar,hesupportedhis oppositiontohim,aswehavealreadymentioned.Uthmansaidtohim:Howdareyousaysucha thing,OsonofalMatkaa?[1]Thenhecommandedhispolicementotakehim,andtheytookhim andmadehimcameintohim.UthmanhitAmmarbinYasir,totheextentthathefainted,while hewasaweak,oldman.AmmarwascarriedtothehouseofUmmSalama,theProphetswife.He didnotrecoverconsciousnessduetotheintensehitting,totheextentthathecouldnotperform thenoonandafternoonprayers.Whenherecoveredconsciousness,heperformedtheritual ablutionandperformedtheeveningprayerandsaid:PraisebelongstoAllah!Thisisnotthefirst daywhenweareharmedforthesakeofAllah!ForthisreasonAishabecameangry.Shetookout somehairofAllahsApostle,agarmentofhis,andasandal,andthenshesaid:Howquicklyyou haveabandonedtheSunnaofyourProphet!Thesearehishair,garment,andsandal!Theyhave notwornoutyet!Accordingly,Uthmanbecameangry,totheextentthathedidnotknowwhat tosayandhowtoapologizeforhisaction.[2] 2.TheprominentcompanionsoftheProphetwrotealettertoUthman.Inthelettertheytoldhim abouthisbadactions,hispolicycontrarytothatoftheSunna,thattheywouldbattleagainsthim ifhedidnotrepentandchangehisplan.ItwasAmmarwhohandedhimtheletter.Uthmantook theletter.When [1]alMattkaaisabigbelliedwomenwhocannotcontrolherurine. [2]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.48. hereadthefirstlines,heburstwithangerandsaid: Haveyoucometomeontheirbehalf? MostsurelyIamthemostloyaltoyouofthem.

Youhavetoldalie,OsonofSumayya! ByAllah,IamthesonofSumayyaandYasir! Anyway,UthmancommandedhisboystoknockAmmardown,andhekickedhimonthetesticles andcausedtohimahernia.AsAmmarwasweak,hefainted.[1] 3.WhenUthmanexiledAbuTharr,thecompanionofAllahsApostle(a.s),toalRabatha,andhe diedtheirastranger,andthenewsofhisdeathreachedYathrib,Uthmansaidbeforesome companionsoftheProphet:MayAllahhavemercyonhim! Ammarhurriedtosay:Yes,mayAllahhavemercyonhimfromalloursouls!Accordingly, UthmanbecameangryandsaidobscenewordstoAmmar:DoyouthinkthatIhaverepentedof banishinghim?ThenhecommandedhisboystopushAmmarandtofatiguehim.Healso orderedhimtobebanishedtoalRabatha.WhenAmmarwasreadytosetout,theBanu(tribe0f) MakhzumwenttoImamAli(a.s)andaskedhimtogotoUthmantospeaktohiminrespectof Ammarsaffairs.TheImamwentandsaidtoUthman:FearAllah!Youhavealreadybanisheda righteousMuslim(AbuTharr)andhediedduetoyourbanishinghim.Nowyouareintendingto exilehisequal. UthmanbecameangryandsaidtotheImam:Youareworthierofbeingbanishedthanheis! Dothatifyouwish!retortedtheImam.TheMuhajireenmetwithUthman.Theycriticizedand blamedhimforthat.HerespondedtothemandpardonedAmmar.[2]Uthmanwenttoofarin persecutingandexhaustingAmmar.Heseverelyhithimandrudelyspoketohim.Hepaidno attentiontohisextremecourageforIslamandhissupportingtheProphetinallthebattlesand situations.HepaidnoattentiontothattheProphettookcareofhisaffairsandpreferredhimto [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.49.AlIqdalFarid,vol.2,p.272. [2]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.54.AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.150. others.HewashostiletoAmmarandharboredmaliceagainsthim,forhe(Ammar)askedhimto followjustice,thecleartruth,andtobemoderateinhispolicy. WiththismatterwewillendourspeechaboutUthmansseverepunishmentsagainsttheleading companionsoftheProphet.ItisworthmentioningthattheProphetscompanionswereamong thosewhowereearlytobelieveinIslamandtheygreatlystruggledforit.Withoutdoubttheyhad nodesireforthegovernmentoversomeMuslimcitiesandregionsorforobtainingsomemoney. AllthesethingsdidnotmovethemtoblameUthman.RathertheycametoknowthatUthman performedsomedeedsnotavailableinAllahsbooknorintheSunnaofHisProphet.Theycameto knowthatthetruthwasextinguished,falsehoodwasgivenlife,truthfulnesswasrefuted, preferencewasgiventootherswithoutfearofAllah,asAbuTharrsaid.Forthesethingsthey

openlycriticizedandblamedhim,askedhimtofollowtheclear,straightpathandtheProphets Sunna. FabricatedLiesagainstImamalHasan SomehistorianshavespokeevilofImamalHasan.TheyhaveclaimedthathewasUthmaniin inclination,thatheharboreddeeplove,friendship,andloyaltytoUthman,andthatheshowed greatsorrowathisdeath.AmongthemisDr.TahaHusayn,whohassaid:AlHasandidnot separatehimselffromhissorrowatUthman.HewasUthmaniintheexactmeaningofthisword. Howeverhedidnotdrawaswordtoavengehisblood,forhethoughtthathehadnorighttodo that.PerhapshewenttoofarinfollowingUthman,totheextentthathesomedaysaidsome wordsthathisfatherdidnotlike.Narratorshavereported:Alipassedbyhissonwhilehewas performingtheritualablutionandsaidtohim:Performtheritualablutionproperly!SoalHasan answeredhimwiththisbitterstatement:Yesterdayyoukilledthemanwhoproperlyperformed theritualablution.Aliincreasednothingmorethansaying:MayAllahprolongyoursadnessover Uthman.[1] MostsurelythepolicythatUthmanfollowedandthedangerousdeedsissuedfromhimmadehim withoutabosomfriendinthecountry.AlltheMuslimsweredispleasedwithhim.Theywere afraidofhimfortheirreligion.AishatookoutthegarmentsofAllahsApostle(a.s)andsaidto thosewhovisitedher:ThisisthegarmentofAllahsApostle.Ithasnotwornoutyet,while Uthmanhaswornouthis(theProphet)Sunna!Talha,alZubayr,AbdurrahmanbinAwf,and otherthanthem,fromamongthose,uponwhomUthmanlavishlyspent,harboredmaliceagainst him.Uthmanhadnofriend [1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.2,pp.193194. andnonetodefendhimexcepttheUmayyadsandAbuMaeetsfamily.AlltheMuslimsharbored maliceagainstUthman,sohowwasalHasan,whofollowedtheguidanceofhisgrandfather,the Apostle,Uthmaniintheexactmeaningofthisword,asDr.TahaHusaynsays?Mostsurelyal HasanwasamongthosewhoharboredmaliceagainstUthmanandoneofthosewhocriticized him,forhesawwhatthecompanionsofhisfathersuchasAbuTharr,Ammar,andAbdullahbin MasudmetfromUthman.Hesawwhathisfatherhimselfmetfromhimsuchasmakinglightof hisrightandtheaggressionagainsthimwhenhewentouttoseeAbuTharroff.Afterthese things,howwasalHasanUthmaniorexcessiveinshowingloveforUthman?Whichexpressionof depressionandsadnessappearedonalHasansfaceafterUthmansmurder?Wasitduringhis heroicroleinmovingthepeopleandsendingthemtotheBattleofalJamal?Itisworth mentioningthattheBattleofalJamalwasmovedtoavengethebloodofUthman.Ammarbin Yasirsupportedhiminallthoseattitudes.HeblamedUthmanandaccusedhimofhisreligionand saidinrespectofhim:WekilledUthmanbecausehewasanunbeliever.[1]AlHasansupported

himandconfirmedhiswords.DidsadnessforUthmanappearonalHasansfaceattheBattleof SiffinwhichwascreatedbyMuawiyatoavengethebloodofUthman?Therefore,inwhich attitudeImamalHasanshowedhissadnessandsorrowatUthman?Asforthenarrationonwhich Dr.TahaHusayndependedtoconfirmhisspeech,itwasreportedbyalBalathiriontheauthority ofalMadaini[2],whowasfamousforshowingenmitytowardAhlulBaytandfabricating narrationsinrespectoftheUmayyads.[3]Thereasonforfabricatingthisnarrationisthathe wantedtogiveagarmentofsacrednesstoUthmanandtomakehimabalanceofloveinthesouls ofthegoodMuslims.Thenarrationisweak,besidesitfacesthefollowingcriticisms: 1.MostsurelyImamAli(a.s)waskindtohissonalHasanwhenheaddressedhim,explainedto himthereligiousprecept,anddidnotfacehimwithbitterwords.ThereforewhatmadealHasan facehimwiththosebitterwords,whilehewastheinheritoroftheProphet(a.s)andsimilarto himinhisnoblemoraltraits,andnoblenatures? 2.MostsurelyImamalHasanwasamongthosewhodefendedUthman,ashesaid,andthatwas accordingtoanorderfromhisfather;therefore,howdidheaccusehimofkillingUthman? [1]AlBaqillani,alTamhid,p.220. [2]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.81. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.4,p.240. 3.MostsurelytherewasnorelationshipbetweenImamAliandthemurderofUthmanandthe plotagainsthim.Rather,Uthmansdeedskilledhim,andtheeventsthathedidfinishedhimoff; thereforehowdidalHasanaccusehisfatherofkillingUthman? Aswehaveunderstoodwhatwehavementioned,thenarrationhasnovalueinrespectofits chainofauthoritiesandinitsmeaning.ItisstrangethatDr.TahaHusayndependedonitwithout consideringitcarefullynordidhecarefullyconsidertheothernarrationswhichwereintentionally fabricatedbythosewhoinclinedtotheUmayyadsandthehirelingsoftheauthority. TheRevolt IntheirgatheringstheMuslimstalkedaboutUthmansevildeeds,hisevents,dictatorshipin respectoftheiraffairs,wastingtheirwealth,punishingthegood,prominentcompanionsofthe Prophet,theplayofMarwanandtheUmayyadswiththeaffairsofthestate,andotherheavy events.Displeasureandgrumblingspreadalloverthecountry.Accordingly,theinfluentialpeople andtheearlyMuslimsheldameeting.Theywroteletterstothecitiesandaskedthemforhelp andtosendsomearmedforces,thattheymightoverthrowthethengovernment.Thetextof theirnotetotheEgyptiansisthefollowing:

FromtheearlyMuhajireenandtheremainderoftheConsultativeCommittee.Tothosefrom amongthecompanions(oftheProphet)andthesuccessorsinEgypt.Well,cometousandset rightthesuccessionafterAllahsApostlebeforeitsmenaredeprivedofit.TheBookofAllahhas beenaltered,theSunnaofHisApostlehasbeenchanged,andtheregulationsofthetwocaliphs havebeenaltered.Therefore,weadjurebeforeAllahtheremainderofthecompanionsofAllahs Apostleandtheirgoodsuccessorswhoreadourletter.Cometous,taketherightforus,andgive ittous.CometousifyoubelieveinAllahandtheLastDay.Establishthetruthaccordingtothe clearmethodofyourProphetandofthecaliphs.Ourrighthasbeenovercome,ourFayhasbeen controlled,andwehavebeenpreventedfromour(rightof)authority.Thecaliphateafterour Prophetwasthecaliphateofprophethoodandmercy,whiletodayitbelongstoatyrannical monarchy;whoeverovercomesathing,he(theking)takesthething.[1] ThisletterhasmentionedthedangerouseventswithwhichtheIslamicworldwasafflicted becauseofthethengovernment.Theyareasfollows: [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.35. 1.TheBookofAllahwasalteredanditsjustlawswerecancelled. 2.TheSunnaoftheProphet(a.s)waschangedandwhatwasreportedfromhimintheworldof governmentandpolicywasneglected. 3.UthmanturnedawayfromthebehaviorofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar). 4.TheauthorityalonepossessedalFayandspentitonitsprivateinterests. 5.TheIslamiccaliphatewasturnedawayfromitsconstructiveprecepts,anditsrichabilities.It wasundertakenbyamonarchwhodidnottakecareoftheobjectivesandinterestsofthe community. Ofcourse,theseeventsshooktheIslamicentityandthreatenedtheIslamiclifewithdestruction. SothosewhoharboredmaliceagainstUthmanwentonwagingtheirstruggleagainsthim.They sentanotherlettertothosestationedinthefortifiedborderlinecitiesfromamongthe companionsoftheProphet.TheyaskedthemtogotoYathribtosetrightthecaliphate.The followingisthetextoftheirletter:Mostsurelyyouhavegoneouttowageholyjihadforthesake ofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.YouhavesoughtthereligionofMuhammad(a.s).However,the religionofMuhammadhasbeenspoiledbyyourcaliph;therefore,setitright!TheMuslimsinthe Islamiccitiesrespondedtothisletter.TheysentdelegationstoYathribtounderstandthesituation andtostudytheattitudeandthetreatmentitneeded.ThedelegationswhowenttoMedina were: A.theEgyptiandelegation TheMuslimsinEgyptsentadelegationoffourhundredpeople,anditwassaidthatthenumber

wasmorethanthat.ThedelegationwasheadedbyMuhammadbinAbiBakrandAbdurrahman binUdaysalBalawi. B.theKufandelegation TheMuslimsinKufasentadelegation.ThedelegationwasheadedbyMalikalAshtar,Zaydbin SohanalAbdi,ZiyadbinalNadhralHarithi,andAbdullahbinalAssamalAamiri.Theyallwere headedbyAmrbinalAhtham. C.TheDelegationofBasrah TheMuslimsinBasrasentadelegationofahundredmen.HakeembinJabalahheadedthe delegation.Thenfiftymenfollowedthem.AmongthemwereDhurayhbinAbbadalAbdi,Bishr binShurayhalQaysi,IbnalMuhrish,andthelikeofthemfromamongtheprominentfigures. Thecompanions(oftheProphet)welcomedthedelegations.Theyreceivedthemwithdelightand theythankedthem.TheymentionedtothemUthmansactions,whichapparentlyandreallydid notagreewiththeIslamicreligion.Theyurgedthemtoattackandfinishhimoff,thatthe communitymightgetridofhisgovernmentquickly.HowevertheEgyptiandelegationthought thattheyhadtosubmitanotetoUthmantoaskhimtoturntoAllahinrepentanceandtofollow astraightpolicy.Theywrotethenoteasfollows:Well,knowthatsurelyAllahdoesnotchange theconditionofapeopleuntiltheychangetheirowncondition.Therefore(fear)Allah!Then(fear) Allah!Thatisbecauseyouareinworld;therefore,completewithitthehereafter.Donotforget yourshareinthehereafter.Donotadmiretheworld.KnowthatwehavebecomeangryforAllah andarepleasedforHim.Wewillnotremoveourswordsfromourshouldersuntilyousincerely turntoAllahinrepentance.Thisisourstatementandaffairtoyou.MayAllahexcuseusinrespect ofyou.Withgreetings.[1] Uthmanbecamedisordered.Hecarefullyreadtheletter.Therevolutionistssurroundedhim.Al Mughirahurriedtohim.Heaskedhimtopermithimtospeaktothem.Hepermittedhim,andhe wenttothem.Whentheysawhim,theyshoutedathim:Ooneeyed,goback!Odissolute,go back!Osinner,goback! Heunsuccessfullywentback.ThenUthmansummonedAmrbinalAasandaskedhimtospeak withthepeople.Hewenttoandgreetedthem.Theydidnotreplytohisgreetingsandsaidtohim: OenemyofAllah,goback!OsonofalNabigha(whore),goback!Wedonottrustyou! Accordingly,UthmancametoknowthathehadnonetoresorttoexceptImamAli.Hesoughthelp fromhimandaskedhimtoaskthepeopletoclingtoAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisApostle. TheImamrespondedtohim,buthestipulatedthathehadtogivetohimAllahspromiseand covenant,thathemightfulfillwhathehadsaid.UthmangavethattotheImam.SotheImam

wenttothepeople.Whentheysawhim,theysaidtohim: Goback! No,butforward!YoukeeptoAllahsBookandblamehim(Uthman)forthatwithwhichyouare displeased.HetoldthemaboutwhatUthmanhadsaid. Doyouguaranteethatonhisbehalf? Yes. Wearesatisfied. [1]AlAnsab,vol.5,p.6465.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,pp.111112. TheleadingpersonalitiesofthepeoplewentwithImamAli.TheycameintoUthman.They blamedhimforhisdeeds,andheapologizedtothemforthem.Theyaskedhimtowritethema documenttoobligehimselftofollowAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphetandtosecureal FaytotheMuslims.Herespondedtothemandwrotethemthefollowingdocument:Thisisa letterfromtheservantofAllah,Uthman,thecommanderofthefaithful,tothebelieversandthe Muslimswhohavebecomedispleasedwithhim.IstipulatetoyouthatIshouldactamongyou accordingtoAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Ishouldgive(money)tothedeprived, givesecuritytothefearful,repatriatetheexiled,notsendarmies,andsecurealFay.AlibinAbi TalibwillguaranteemetowardthebelieversandtheMuslims.Uthmanshouldfulfillwhatisinthis letter. ThepeoplewhoborewitnessastotheletterwerealZubayrbinalAwwam,TalhabinAbdullah, SadbinAbiWaqqas,AbdullahbinUmar,ZaydbinThabit,SahlbinHunayf,andAbuAyyubKhalid binZayd.ThedocumentwaswritteninThillQida,intheyearthirtyfiveA.H.Thepeopletookthe documentandwentaway.[1]ImamAli(a.s)askedUthmantogoouttothepeopleandannounce tothemthathehadrespondedtothepeopleandaccomplishedtheirrequests.Uthmandidthat andpromisedthepeoplethathewouldbehaveamongthemaccordingtoAllahsBookandthe SunnaofHisProphet,securetothemalFay,andnotpreferanyofhiskin.TheEgyptianswent backhome.ThenMarwancameintoUthmanandsaidtohim:Talkandmakethepeopleknow thattheEgyptianshavecomeback,andthatwhattheyhaveheardinrespectoftheirImamwas false.Thatisbecauseyoursermonwillspreadthroughoutthecountrybeforethepeoplecometo youfromtheircities;therefore,hewhomyoucannotrepelwillcometoyou. MarwanaskedUthmantoannouncesomethinguntruthfulandsaysomethingotherthanthe truth.InthefirstplaceUthmanrefrainedfromrespondingtohimbuthefinallyyieldedtohis speech.Hewentoutandwentuponthepulpitandsaid:Well,surelythosepeoplefromamong theinhabitantsofEgypthadheardanaffairabouttheirImam.Whentheycametoknowthatthe affairwasfalse,theywenthome. HowevertheMuslimsblamedhimforthat.UmarbinalAassaidtohim:FearAllah,OUthman!

Youandwehavefolloweddestructivethings.Therefore,turntoAllahinrepentance,andsoshall we. HoweverUthmanrebukedhimandshoutedathim:Areyouthere,sonofal [1]AlAnsab. Nabigha?YourjubbahhasbecomeliceinfestedsinceIremovedyoufromthework!Fromallthe sidesoftheMosque,theMuslimsshoutedinonevoice:FearAllah,OUthman!Accordingly,his abilitiescollapsed,andhefoundnoescapefromturningtoAllahinrepentanceforsuchalie.He wentdownthepulpitandwenttohishouse.[1] ThisattitudeindicatesthatUthmanwasweakandhadaweakwill,thatMarwanplayedwithhis policyandcontrolledallhisaffairs,thathe(Uthman)hadnoabilitytodisobeyandtoovercome him. HisSeekingHelpfromtheCities Whentherevolutionistsbecameactiveandbesiegedhiminhishouse,hesoughthelpfrom Muawiyaandcalledhimforhelp.Hewrotehimthisletter:SurelythepeopleofMedinahave disbelieved,violatedtheobedience(tome),andbrokenthepledgeofallegiance.Therefore,send meSyrianfightersoneverycamel.[2] WhenMuawiyareadtheletter,hewaited.Hedidnothurrytohelporrespondtohim.Heforgot thefavorsthatUthmanhadrenderedtohimandhisfamily. AsMuawiyawaslateinrespondingtoUthmanandhedidnottakeameasuretohelphim, UthmansentalettertoYazidbinAsadbinKarzandthepeopleofSham.Heaskedandurgedthem togooutforhelpinghim.Whentheletterreachedthem,theyhurriedtogoouttohelphimunder theleadershipofYazidalQasri.HoweverMuawiyacommandedhimtocampatThiKhashaband nottoexceedit.TheArmystayedtheiruntilUthmanwaskilled.Muawiyawantedtousethe murderofUthmanasmeansthattheUmayyadsmighttakethereinsofthecaliphate.Mostsurely MuawiyawasamongthosewhoschemedagainstUthman.AbuAyyubalAnsarihasreferredto thatduringhisspeechwithMuawiya:Mostsurely,itwasyouwhowaitedfor(themurderof) UthmananddiscouragedYazidbinAsadfromhelpinghim. Anyway,Uthmanwrotemanyletterstothecitiesandtothosewhoattendedtheseasonofthe hajjinMecca.Heaskedthemtohelphim. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.110.AlAnsab,vol.5,p.74. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.152.IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.5,p.67.

TheDayoftheHouse TheEgyptiandelegationreturnedhome.Butwhentheycametoknowoftheplotplannedagainst them,theycameback.TheybesiegedUthmanshouse,demandedoverthrowingandremoving himfromtherule.HoweverMarwancameouttothem.Hecursedanddefamedthem.Hesaidto them:Whatisthematterwithyou?Itisasifthatyouhavecometoplunder.Mayyourfacesbe disfigured!Doyouwanttotakeourauthorityfromourhands?Goaway! Thesewordsinflamedthefireoftherevoltintheirsouls.TheysurroundedUthmanandwantedto killhim.UthmansoughthelpfromImamAli,andhewenttohim.ImamAlihadheardofMarwans wordssohesaid:YouarenotsatisfiedwithMarwan,norishesatisfiedwithyouexceptthrough deviatingyoufromyourreligionandyourreason.Heislikethecameloftravelwhichisled whereveritisdriven.ByAllah,Marwanhasnoopinionofhisreligionandofhisownsoul.ByAllah, Icanseethathewillleadyoubutnotreleaseyou.Iwillnotreturnafterthiscomingofmineto blameyou.Yourhonorhasbeentakenaway,andyouraffairhasbeenovercome. MostsurelyitwasMarwanandtheUmayyadswhokilledUthman.Thishasbeenmentionedby Naila,Uthmanswife,whenshesaidtotheUmayyads:ByAllah,youhavekilledhimand orphanedhischildren.SheadvisedherhusbandnottoobeyMarwan,saying:Ifyouobey Marwan,hewillkillyou! Uthmantookagreatpartinkillinghimself.Heknewthathewasweakwilled,hadnoabilityto overcometheevents,theUmayyadshadcontrolledhisaffairs,andtheMuslimshatedhim. Therefore,itwasincumbentonhimtoleavetheauthoritytosomeoneotherthanhim,toresign hisoffice,andnottodistressthecommunitythroughhismurder.Therevolutionistsweresure thattherewasnoroomtoreformhim.Ifhedecidedsomething,Marwanwouldcancelit. Accordingly,theyinsistedthathehadtoremovehimselffromthecaliphate,butherefusedand said:ThecaliphateisagarmentthatAllahhasclothedmewith!Reallyitwasagarmentwhich UmarandAbdurrahmanbinAwfhadclothedhimwith. Anywaythefiresoftherevoltbrokeoutandtheirheatreachedthehead.Thatwaswhenthe revolutionistsdecidedtokillhimafterhehadrefusedtoremovehimselffromthecaliphate.Asa result,Talhawithdrewthewaterfromhimandcontrolledthepublictreasuries.The revolutionariessurroundedhispalace.Someofthemclimbedthewalls,throwstonesathim,and wenttoofarincursinghim. ImamalHasansAttitude SomehistorianshaveclaimedthatImamalHasandefendedUthmanontheDayoftheHouse

(youmaldaar)accordingtohisfathersorder,andthatheshowedextremecourageinthis respect,totheextentthathewasstainedwithhisblood.Withoutdoubtthisisamongthethings fabricatedbytheUmayyads.ThatisbecauseImamalHasan(a.s)andtherestoftherighteous MuhajireenandoftheAnsarisolatedthemselvesfromUthman;rathertheywereamongthose whoharboredmaliceagainsthim.NonewaspresenttodefendhimexcepttheUmayyadsand someopportunists.IfUthmanhadhadanypopularbaseinthesociety,therevolutionistswould nothavebeenabletokillhim. AllthecompanionsoftheProphetdesertedhim.Noneofthemhurriedtohelpandsupporthim; rathertheyglorifiedtherevoltagainsthimandurgedtherevolutionists.Accordingtothese attitudes,howwasitpossibleforImamalHasantoviolatetheunanimousresolutionandgoto defendUthman?AnywayalAmini,aresearcher,hasfalsifiedsuchareportandregardeditas amongthefabricatedones.[1] Uthmanisfinishedoff TherevolutionistsfinishedUthmanoff.Hewaskilledbysomerevolutionistsonwhoseheadwas MuhammadbinAbiBakr,whowasthegreatestoftheminshowingmaliceagainstUthman.He drewtheswordbeforehimandsaidtohim: Whichreligionhaveyoufollowed,ONathal? TheIslamicreligion!IamnotNathal.IamtheCommanderofthefaithful! YouhavechangedAllahsBook! AllahsBookisbetweenyouandme! Hetookhimbyhisbeard.Hedrewhimtowardsthegroundandsaidtohim:OntheDayof Resurrectionitwillnotbeacceptedfromusthatwesay:OourLord,surelyweobeyedourleaders andourgreatmen,sotheyledusastrayfromthepath.ThenthepeopleattackedUthman.They killedhim,andhewelteredinhisblood.Theylefthimasamotionlessbody.[2]Theydidnotbury himnordidtheyallowanybodytoburyhim.Someofhisspecialassociatestalkedwith [1]AlGhadir,vol.9,pp.218247. [2]UthmanwaskilledonFriday,ThilHijja18th,intheyear36A.H.Hiscaliphatelastedfortwelve yearsbuttwelvedays.Hewaseightytwoyearsold. ImamAli(a.s)aboutburyinghim.TheImamintercededforthemwiththerevolutionists,andthey permittedthemtodothat.HowevertheydidnotallowthemtoburyhiminalBaqeecemetery, sotheyburiedhiminHashKawkab.[1]

TheMuslimswereseverelytriedinrespectofUthmansaffair.Hismurdercausedthemheavy sufferings.Duringthedaysofhisgovernmentandafterhismurderopportunistpartieswere formed.Thepartiespaidattentiontonothingexceptreachingthegovernment,thattheymight useitasmeansforobtainingwealth.Theycausedmischiefintheland.Theyplottedagainstthe Muslimsinterests.Theydestroyedtheirunity,andcreatedinthesocietydifficultiesandproblems totheextentthatitwasdifficultforImamAli(a.s)duringhisgovernmenttosetrightthethen situations,andreturntheProphetsSunnaandbehavioramongthepeople.Thoseproblems becamemoredifficultduringthetimeofImamalHasan.Hebelievedthathehadnoplanbetter thanmakingpeacewithMuawiya.Wewillmentionthatindetailinthefollowingchapters. WiththismatterwewillendourspeechaboutthetimeofUthman.Wehaveelaboratedonhis affairsandspokenatgreatlengthabouthispolicy.Itisworthmentioningthathispolicykindled thefireofthemostdangerousdiscord,andopenedthedoortothedisagreementsanddisputes amongtheMuslims.ItpavedthewayfortheUmayyadstointerveneintheMuslimsaffairs,usurp theauthority,gotoofarinkillingtherighteousandpursuingthereformers,anddestroyallthe rulesthereligionhadbrought. WehavealsomentionedsomecriticismsonDr.TahaHusaynsresearchesonUthmanand justifyinghispolicy.We,Allahknows,havementionedthatnotbecauseoffanaticismand harboringmaliceagainstUthman.Ratherourpioneerisloyaltytothetruthonlyandtoservethe Islamiccase.Thatisbecausemanymodernwritershavetriedtojustifythoseeventswithsomefar explanationsnotconfirmedbyproofandevidence.WeareinurgentneedofstudyingtheIslamic historyasitisandponderingontheeventshappenedduringtheearlyIslamictimes,thatwemay understandthegoodpeoplewhoservedIslamandhoisteditsflag.Andthatwemaydistinguish thosewhomtheauthorityandwealthdeceived,andtheyturnedawayfromtheirreligionand communityforthesakeoftheirowninterests.Wehopethattheseresearches,whichwehave exactlyandhonestlyplanned,haveexplainedtoustheeventsthattookplaceduringthosetimes. [1]HishKawkabwasanameofagardenwheretheJewsburiedtheirdead.
ChapterVIII:TheIdeals HighqualitiesandnobleidealswereavailableinImamAbuMuhammad(alHasan).TheIslamic abilities,elements,andfundamentalsembodiedinhim.Accordingtohisabilitiesandtendencies, hewasamongthehumanuniqueminds,oneoftheidealsofthemankindsperfection,and

amongthegreatMuslimfigures.ImamalHasanreachedthetopinhismerits,achievements, genuineopinion,exaltedthinking,strongfearofAllah,abundantclemency,goodmanners,and thelikeofhistalentsonwhichMuslimspridethemselves.Wewillmentionsomeofthemas follows: HisImamate ThemostprominentqualityinhimwastheImamate,fortheImamaterequiredidealsandabilities thatwerenotavailablebutinthosewhomAllahhaschosenfromamonghisservants.Allahhad endowedhimwithit.ThenobleProphetannouncedthatwhenhesaidinrespectofhimandhis brother:AlHasanandalHusaynaretwoImamswhethertheyriseorsitdown.Itisnecessary forustopausetoexplainthemeaningoftheImamateandsomeaffairsconcerningit,forthey displaytheImamshighpositionandhisgreatimportance.Wementionthathere: ThemeaningoftheImamate Theologianshavedefinedimamatesaying:Imamateisthegeneralleadershipofahumanbeing overtheaffairsofthereligionandtheworld.ThereforetheImam,accordingtothisdefinition,is thegeneralleaderandfollowedheadwhohasanexclusiveauthorityoverpeopleinrespectof theirreligiousandworldlyaffairs. PeopleareinneedofImamate TheImamateisamongthenecessitiesoflifethatnoneisinnoneedofitunderallcircumstances. Throughitthecrookedregulationoftheworldandthereligionissetright,thegreatestjustice Allahwantsonhisearthisestablished,securityandpeaceamongpeopleareachieved,turmoilis repelledfromthem,andthestrongarepreventedfromcontrollingtheweak.Themostimportant reasonfortheexistenceofanImamisthathehelpspeopleworshipAllah,spreadHislawsand teachings,andsupplysocietywiththespiritoffaithandpiety,thatmanmaybefarfromeviland headforgood.SoitisincumbentonthecommunitytoyieldtotheImamandobeyhisorders,that hemaysetrightitsdeviation,uniteit,andguideittothestraightpath. TheImamsDuties TheImamshoulddothefollowing: 1.Heshouldkeepthereligion,guardIslam,andprotectitfromthosewhomakelightofgood mannersandvalues. 2.Heshouldcarryoutthereligiousprecepts,putanendtodisputes,andtaketherightofthe oppressedfromtheoppressive.

3.HeshouldprotecttheMuslimcountriesfromtheoutsideinvasion,whethertheinvasionis militaryorculturallikethatwhichisinthesetimeswhensomedestructivedoctrineshaveinvaded ourcountriesandtriedtodestroythefoundationsIslamhasestablished. 4.Heshouldadministertheprescribedpunishmentsandputanendtoallthecrimesthatbring aboutunhappinesstoman. 5.Heshouldfortifytheborderlinecities. 6.Heshouldwagetheholyjihad. 7.Heshouldcollectpropertiessuchaszakat,landtaxes,andotheraffairstheIslamiclawhas determined. 8.Heshouldemploytrustworthypersonsinthegovernment.Heshouldnotemploythemoutof favoritismorpreference. 9.Heshouldsupervisethesubjectsaffairs.Heshouldnotdependonotherstosupervisethem, forthatisamongthesubjectsrightsonhim.[1] 10.Heshouldputanendtounemployment,spreadinclusivewelfarethroughouttheregionsof thecommunity,andsavethemfrompovertyanddeprivation. ThesearesomeaffairstheImamshouldputintoeffect.Wehaveindetailexplainedtheseduties inourbookTheAdministrativeRegulationsinIslam [1]AlSiyasaalShariya,p.7. HisQualities TheImamshouldhavethefollowingqualities: 1.Justiceinallitsexclusiveconditionssuchasrefrainingfromcommittinggreatsinsandinsisting onsmallones. 2.Knowledgeofwhatthecommunityneedsinallfields,thereasonsoftherevelationandthe religiousprecepts. 3.Soundsensessuchastheears,theeyes,andthetongue,thathemaythroughthemundertake whatherealizes.Theothersensesshouldhavenodefect. 4.Theopinionleadingtorulingthesubjectsandmanagingthegeneralinterests. 5.Courage,help,abilitytoprotecttheentityofIslam,andwagingholyjihadagainstenemies. 7.Lineage;itisthattheImamshouldbelongtoQuraysh.AlMawardiandIbnKhaldunhave mentionedtheseconditions.[1] 8.Infallibility;theologianshavedefinedinfallibilityas:ItisamercyAllahhasgiventothemost perfectofHisservants,andthroughwhichhe(theImam)refrainsfromcommittingcrimesand offensesintentionallyorunintentionally.TheShiahaveunanimouslyagreedonthattheImam shouldbeinfallible,andthattheproofofitisHadithalThaqalayninwhichAllahsApostle(a.s) hascomparedtheQurantohisfamily.AstheQuranisinfallibleoferrorsandslips,andsoarethe Prophetsfamily;otherwisethecomparisonandequalitybetweenthemisincorrect.Wehave

alreadyexplainedthat. NonehassuchqualitiesexcepttheImamsfromAhlulBayt,whoembracedIslam,protectedit,led peopletothegoodpleasureofAllahandtotheobediencetoHim.AlKumayt,thepoet,has describedthem,saying: Theyareclosetogenerosityandfarfromtheinjusticeinthetiesoftheprecepts. Theygiverightanswertothematteroverwhichpeoplediffer.Theyhaveestablishedtherulesof Islam.Theyaresufficientprotectorsatwarwhenitbecomeshot.Theyarelikerainwhenthe peoplesufferfromdrought.Theyarelikeashelterforthenursemaidoforphans. [1]AlAhkamalSultaniya,p.4.AlMuqaddama,p.135. Theyareoverweighinginopinion,havingperfectjusticeinbehavior,andknowledgeableofheavy affairs.Theyareleaders,buttheyarenotlikethosewhorulepeopleandsheepinthesame way.[1]MostsurelytheImamsfromtheAhlulBayt,peacebeonthem,havedisplayedtheir infallibilityoferrorsandslipsthroughtheirbehaviorandguidance.Theeventshaveprovedthat andindicatedthattheyareuniqueinthehistoryofmankind,fortheyhadgreatmerits,fearof Allah,andcommitmenttothereligion. HisAppointment TheShiahavebelievedthatthecommunityandtheinfluentialhavenorighttoappointtheImam. TheyhavealsobelievedthatelectingtheImamisinvalidandchoosinghimisimpossible. Therefore,Imamateissimilartoprophethood.Asmanhasnorighttofindandformprophethood, hehasnorightinfindingandformingtheImamate.Thatisbecausenoneknowstheinfallibility, whichisamongthequalitiesoftheImam,exceptAllah,Whoknowsthethingshiddeninsouls. ThishasbeenexplainedandindicatedbyImamalMehdi(a.s)throughhistalkwithSadbin Abdullah,whoaskedhimaboutthereasonforpreventingmenfromelectinganImamoverthem. He(a.s)saidtohim: Dothey(people)chooseareformeroramischiefmaker? Areformer. Isitpossibleforthemtochooseamischiefmaker,fornoneknowstherighteousnessor corruptioncomestothemindofsomeoneotherthanhim? Yes. ShallIgiveyouthereasonthroughaproofthatyourreasontrusts?Tellmeabouttheapostles Allahhadchosen,towhomHehadrevealedtheBooks,supportedwithinspirationandinfallibility. Theywerethegreatfiguresofthenationsandthemostrightlyguidedtobechosen.Examplesof themareMosesandJesusChrist.Wasitpossibleforthem,inspiteoftheirabundantreasonand

perfectknowledge,tochooseahypocritewhiletheyhadthoughtthathewasabeliever? No. ThisisMoses,theonewhotalkedwithAllah.Althoughhehadanabundant [1]AlHashimiyat. reason,perfectknowledge,andthattheRevelationcamedowntohim,hechoseforthe appointedplaceandtimeofhisLord,seventymenfromamongtheleadingpersonalitiesofhis peopleandtheprominentmenofhistroops.Hehadhadnodoubtoftheirfaithandloyalty. However,hechosesomehypocrites.Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,hassaid:AndMusachose outofhispeopleseventymenforOurappointmentWewillnotbelieveinyouuntilweseeAllah manifestly,sothepunishmentovertookthem.WehavefoundthatthechoiceofonewhomAllah hadchosenforprophethoodfellunderthemischiefmakerotherthanthemostrighteous,while hehadthoughtthattheyweretherighteous.Sowehavecometoknowthatnonehastherightto chooseexceptHimWhoknowswhatchestsandconscienceshide.[1] Mostsurelymansabilitiesfallshortofrealizingthemostrighteouspersonwithwhomthe communityishappy.Manhasnorighttochoosehim;ratherAllah,Whoknowshiddenaffairs, chooseshim.ThisisanoutlineoftheImamate.Whoeverwantsmoredetailsaboutthistopicfinds theminthebooksoftheology. HisNobleMorals Somesociologisthassaid:Nationscontendforsuperiorityduringtheconditionofnomadism throughstrength.Iftheyadvance,theycontendforsuperioritythroughscience.Thenifthey reachanobjectiveofprogress,theycontendforsuperioritythroughnoblemoraltraits.Therefore goodmannersaretheutmostofwhatmanreachesinhishighness,perfection,andeducation.If soulisdisposedbynaturefornoblemoraltraits,itisimpossibleforittodeviatefromthestraight pathorselfishnessreplacesunselfishnessortemptationsanddefectscontrolit.Forthisreason noblemoraltraitsarethemostimportantelementsonwhichindividualandsociallifeisbuilt; likewise,theyarethestrongestreasonsforthesurvivalofnations,andcontinuationoftheir civilizationsandoriginality. Mostsurelythestrongestcausefortheappearanceoftheheavenlylawsandthecontinuationof theirspiritualauthorityistheirtakingcareofnoblemoraltraits,educatingsouls,andbringing themupwithgoodinclinations.TheProphettookgreatcareofthemandregardedthemas amongthemostprominentreasonsforwhichhehadbeenappointedasaprophet.He(a.s)has said:Ihavebeensentasaprophettocompletenoblemoraltraits.Throughhisnoblemoral traitshewasabletoenlightenmankind,establishthe [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.13,p.127.

foundationsofthecivilizationintheworld,andtochangethecourseofhistory.Thatwaswhenhe reconciledthehearts,unitedfeelingsandsentiments,gatheredthepeopleinthefieldofloveand brotherhood.Becauseofhisgreatmanners,theProphetwasanexampleoftheDivinemercythat fillsthemiserable,sadheartswithhopeandmercy.HevisitedthepoorMuslims.Hevisitedthe sickfromamongthem.Hewitnessedtheirfunerals.Herespondedtotheinvitationsofthosewho invitedhim.Herefusedneithertheinvitationofaslavenorthatofapoorperson.[1]When someonesatwithhim,heremainedtalkingwithhimuntilthatsomeonehimselfleft.When someoneshookhandwithhim,heneverdrewhishandfromhimuntilitwashewhowould releasehishand.Hetookgreatcareofgladdeningpeopleandavoidedmistreatingthem. ThesenoblemoraltraitswereavailableinImamalHasanduetohisinheritancefromhisgreat grandfather.Historyhasmentionedmanyexamplesofhisnoblemoraltraits.Wewillmention someofthemasfollows: 1.Somepoorpersonscollectedsomepiecesofbreadfromthestreets.Theyputthemonthe groundandbeganeatingthem.ImamalHasanpassedbythem,andtheyinvitedhim.He respondedtothemandsaid:MostsurelyAllahdoesnotlovethearrogant!Afterhehadhad food,heinvitedthem.Thenheentertainedthemandgaveclothestothem.[2]Heshoweredthem withhisboonsandkindness. Humblenessisaproofonthatthesoulisperfect,high,andnoble.Ithasbeenmentionedinthe tradition:Mostsurelyhumblenessaddstotheservant(nothing)excepthighness;therefore, behavehumbly,mayAllahhavemercyonyou![3] 2.Whilesomeboyswerehavingfood,ImamalHasanpassedbythem.Theyinvitedhim,andhe respondedtothem.Thenhetookthemtohishouse.Heshoweredthemwithhiskindnessand charityandsaid:Theyhavethefavor,fortheyhadnothingotherthanthatwhichtheygivetome asfood;whilewefindwhatwegivetothem.[4] 3.Heoverlookedthosewhomistreatedhimandhekindlytreatedthem.Hehadaewe.Oneday hecametoknowthattheeweslegwasbroken.He(a.s)askedhisservant: [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.2,p.466. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.24. [3]NihayatalIrabfiFununalAdab,vol.3,p.443. [4]AlSabban,p.176. Whohasdonethat? I.

Whyhaveyoudonethat?Togrieveyou!TheImam(a.s)smiledandsaidtohim:Iwilldelight you!Hesethimfreeandgavehimmanygifts.[1] 4.Once,hewassittinginsomeplace.Whilehewasgoingtoleave,apoormancame.He welcomedthepoormanandtreatedhimwithkindness.Hesaidtohim: YoucamewhenIwasreadytoleave.Doyoupermitmetogo? Yes,OsonofAllahsApostle! Mostsurelyrespectingtherightsoftheonewhositswithyouisamongthesocialgoodmanners whichbringaboutloveandfriendship,findcooperationandstrongrelationshipsamongpeople. ForthisreasonIslamhasorderedandurgedMuslimstoclingtothem.5.Therewasapersonfrom amongthosewhomMuawiyamadeharborhatredandmaliceagainstAhlulBayt.TheImam passedbytheperson,andheabusedhimseveraltimes.AsfortheImam,hekeptsilentand refutednothingofthepersonswords.Afterthepersonhadfinishedabusing,theImamturnedto himandaddressedhimwithsoftwords.TheImamsmiledathimandsaid:OSheikh,Ithinkyou areastranger?Ifyouaskus(formoney),wewillgiveyou.Ifyouaskusforguidance,wewillguide you.Ifyouaskustomaintainyou,wewillmaintainyou.Ifyouarehungry,wewillgiveyoufood.If youareinneed,wewillgrantyourneed.Ifyouarehomeless,wewilllodgeyou.TheImam(a.s) wentontreatingtheSyrianmanwithkindness,thathemightuprootevilandenmityfromhim. TheSyrianoldmanbecamesoastonishedattheImamsbehaviorthathewasunabletorefute theImamsspeech.Hewasperplexedandashamed.Hethoughtofawaytoapologizetothe Imamandtorepairhissin,sohesaidtotheImam:AllahknowswhereHeplacesHis message![2] InthismannertheImam(a.s)wasamodelofnoblehumanityandsymbolof [1]AlKhawarizmi,MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.147. [2]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.149.AlMubarrad,alKamil,vol.1,p.190.Ithasbeen mentionedinit:TheBedouinwentawaywhilehewassaying:ByAllah,noneonthesurfaceof theearthismorelovabletomethanhe! greatmanners.Angerdidnotexcitehim,andthedetestedthingsdidnotbotherhim.Heput beforehiseyesthesewordsofAllah,theExalted:Andnotalikearethegoodandtheevil.Repel (evil)withwhatisbest,thenlo!hebetweenwhomandyouwasenmitywouldbeasifhewerea warmfriend.[1]Hetreatedwithkindnessallthosewhomistreatedhimandharboredmalice againsthim.Hewaspatientwiththemandhepardonedthem,totheextentthathisbitter enemy,MarwanbinalHakam,admittedhishighclemencyandnoblemoraltraits.Thatwaswhen theImamjoinedtheMostHighComrade(Allah).Marwanhurriedtocarryhiscoffin.SoImamal

Husayn,themasterofmartyrs,askedhim: Todayyouarecarryinghiscoffinwhileyesterdayyoubotheredhim? Ididthattowardhimwhoseclemencywasequaltomountains![2]ImamalHasanwassimilarto hisgrandfather,theProphet,inhisabundantclemency,greatgoodmanners,andpardoningthose whomistreatedhim.Historyhasmentionedmanyexamplesofhisnoblemoraltraitsindicating thathewasontopofthemoralistsandthosewhotookpartinbuildingethicsandgoodmanners intheworldofArabsandMuslims. HisGenerosity Whoeverisgenerous,openhanded,farfromallkindsofmiserlinessisgood,hasgreatconfidence inAllah,greatsoulandself.AllahsApostle(a.s)hastalkedaboutthisnobleaspect,saying:Allah lovestwoqualities;goodmannersandgenerosity.Hehasalsosaid:Generosityisfromfaith. Mostsurelygenerosityindicatesgoodheart,showspsychologicalmerits,anddisplaysmans mercyandkindness.Ofcoursegenerosityissowhenitisdoneoutofgoodandkindness,notout ofreputation,praise,laudation,andotherpurposeswhichhasnothingtodowithkindness. Historyhasmentionedmanyexamplesofthosewhogavethousandsof(dinars)tothosewho visitedthemandentertainedguests.However,thepeoplequicklycametoknowthatthey performedsuchdeedsoutofaffection,notoutofgenerosityandkindness.Thesedeedsare similartoMuawiyasgivingandgiftstothosewhovisitedhim.Suchdeedswerenotbecauseof kindness;theywereforbuyingconsciencesforthesakeofholdingthereinsofgovernment. Mostsurelyrealgenerosityisdoinggoodforgood,andkindnessforkindness.Thishighquality wasavailableinImamAbuMuhammadalHasan [1]Quran,41,34. [2]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.5. (a.s)totheextentthathewasgiventhenicknameofKareemAhlulBayt(theGenerousOneofthe Prophetshousehold).TheImamtookthisqualityfromhispuregrandfathers,whowerefamous forgenerosity,gooddeeds,helpingtheweak,kindnesstothepoorandthedeprived.Thepoet hassaidinrespectofhisancestor: Amr,thehighestone,crumbledandsoppedbreadinbrothforhispeople,whilethemenofMecca werepoorandlean!AsforalHasan,heexceededhisancestorinrespectofgenerosity.He thoughtthatmoneywasinsignificantandnotimportantunlessitshouldbeusedforsatisfyingthe hungry,clothingthenaked,helpingthegrieved,andpayingthedebtofadebtor.Mostsurely

generositywasamonghisselfnessandoneofthefundamentalsofhismood.Ithasbeennarrated fromhimthatheneversaidnotoabeggar.Hewasasked:Whydoyounotrefusetherequest ofabeggar?[1]Heanswered:MostsurelyIbegAllahanddesireforHim.IfeelshamethatI refuse(therequestofabeggar)whileIbeg(Allah).Allahhasmademeusedtothatheshowers mewithHisboons,andIhavemadeHimusedtothatIshowerthepeoplewithHisboons. ThereforeIfearthatifIstoppedthehabit,Hewoulddeprivemeofthehabit. Thenhebeganreciting: Whenabeggarcomestome,Isaywelcometohimtowardswhomkindnessisaquickreligious dutyonme.AndHewhosefavorisafavoronallthegenerous;andthebestdaysofmanare whenheisbegged.[2]Somepoetrylineshavebeenascribedtohim.Hehascomposedthemon generosity,saying: MostsurelygenerosityisareligiousdutyonpeopleforAllah;itisrecitedinthefirmBook.Allah haspromisedgenerouspeopleHisgardens,andHehaspreparedtheHellfireforthemiserly. WhoeverdoesnotgivegenerouslyisnotaMuslim. [1]AlSharani,alTabaqatalKubra,vol.1,p.23.AlQaraghuli,JawhartalKalam,p.112. [2]NooralAbsar. AlHasanhasalsosaid:Thecreatureshavebeencreatedthroughapower.Someofthemare generous,andsomeofthemaremiserly.Asforthegenerous,theyareatease.Andasforthe miserly,they(sufferfrom)longsadness.[1]ThepoorandtheneedycrowdedbeforeImamal Hasan,andheshoweredthemwithhischarityandgavethemgenerously.Historyhasmentioned manyexamplesofhisgenerosity.Wewillmentionsomeofthemhere:1.Oneday,aBedouin cameandbeggedtheImam,andtheImam(a.s)said:Givehimwhatisinthestrongbox.Ten thousanddirhamswereinthestrongbox.TheBedouinaskedhim:Omymaster,whyhaveyou notletmementionmyneedandspreadmypraise?TheImamansweredhim: Wearethepeoplewhosegivingisfresh;thehopefulenjoyit. Oursoulsgivegenerouslybeforebegging,forfearthat(thebeggar)mayloseface.Iftheseacame toknowtheexcellenceofourgiving,itwoulddecreaseafteritsoverflowoutofshame.[2] 2.ImamalHasan(a.s)passedbyablackboy.Therewasaloafofbreadbeforetheblackboy.He waseatingapieceofitandgivinganothertohisdog. TheImamaskedhim:

Whathasmadeyoudothat?IfeelshamewhenIeatwithoutfeedingit. TheImamcametoknowthattheblackboyhadthemostlovablequalitytohim.Hedecidedto rewardhimandrewardhiskindnesswithkindness.ImamalHasan(a.s)saidtotheboy:Donot leaveyourplace!Thenhewenttotheboysmasterandboughthimfromhim.Healsobought thegardenwhereheworkedandmadehimownit.[3] 3.Oneday,hewalkedthroughthestreetsofMedinaandheardamanaskingAllahtogivehimten thousanddirhams.Sohewenthomeandimmediatelysentsuchanamounttotheman.[4] [1]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.156. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,pp.8990. [3]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.38. [4]AlSharani,alTabaqatalKubra,vol.1,p.23.AlSabban,p.177. 4.Once,amanshowingpovertyandneedinesswenttotheImam.TheImam(a.s)saidtotheman: Thiswillnotfityourrequest.Itisgreat,asIknow,thatwhichyoudeserve.Anditisdifficultfor mewhenmyhandfallsshortofgivingyouthatofwhichyouareworthy.Andthemuchforthe sakeofAllahislittle.ThereisnofulfillmentforyourthankfulnessinwhatIhave.Therefore,ifyou acceptthatwhichavailablewithusandrelievefromustheburdenofthewelcomeandthecare,I woulddo.Themansaidtohim:OsonofAllahsApostle(a.s)Iwillacceptthelittleandthank youforthegivingandwillexcuseyouifyoudonotgiveany.TheImam(a.s)broughthisdeputy andsaidtohim:Bringtheremainder!Theremainderwasfiftythousanddirhams.Hegavethem totheman.Theimam(a.s)wasnotsatisfiedwiththat.Rather,hesaidtohisdeputy:Whathave youdonewiththefivehundreddinarsthatwerewithyou?Theyarewithme,repliedthe deputy.Heorderedhimtobringthem.Thenhegavethemtothemanandapologizedtohim.[1] Mostsurelyhisstatement:ThemuchforthesakeofAllahislittleindicatesthatthisgivingwas forthesakeofAllah,theMostHigh,andthathedidnotwantanyrewardorthankfulnessfrom anyone. 5.ImamalHasan(a.s),hisbrotheralHusayn(a.s),andtheircousinAbdullahbinJafar[2]wentto theSacredHouseofAllah(theKaaba).Ontheirwayto [1]AlBustani,DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.39.AlGhazali,IhyaalUloom,vol.3,p.171.Inithehas added:He(alHasan)saidtotheman:Bringsomeonetocarrytheseproperties.Sohebrought himtwoporters.He(alHasan),peacebeonhim,givehisgarmenttothetwoportersasawage. Accordingly,hisfollowerssaidtohim:OsonofAllahsApostle,wehavenotanydirham!He, peacebeonhim,saidtothem:IhopethatIhaveagreatrewardwithAllah!

[2]AbdullahbinJafarbinAbiTalibalHashimiwhosemotherwasAsma,daughterofUmaysal KhathamiyawasborninalHabasha.Thatwaswhenhisfatheremigratedtoit.Whenhisfather Jafarwasmartyred,theProphetrubbedonAbdullahsheadandsaid:OAllah,compensateJafar inrespectofhischildren.He(a.s.)hassaidconcerningAbdullah:Heissimilartomeinformand goodmanners.He(a.s.)sawAbdullahsellingalongwithsomeboys.Sohesaid:OAllah,blesshis sellingorhisbargain!Abdullahisamongthefamous,generouspeople.Manystorieshavebeen narratedinrespectofhisgenerosity.ConcerninghimAbdullahbinQaysalRuqayyathassaid: Iwas(nothing)exceptthelikeofthegenerousone(Abdullah)binJafar. Hethoughtthatmoneydidnotstay;so,hehasretainedhisname.ConcerninghimalShammakh binDhirarhassaid:Mostsurelyyou,OsonofJafar,arethebestyoungmanandthebestshelter ofthenightcomer.Manyaguest,whocomestothedistrictbynight,findsfoodandthetalkhe likes. Mecca,theybecamehungryandthirsty.Theirluggagehadprecededthem(withthecaravan). Theywenttoahouseinthedesert.Whentheyreachedthehouse,theyfoundnonethereexcept anoldwoman.Theyaskedherforfoodandwater.Thewomanrespondedtothemoutofher generoussoul,saying:Yes. Whensoulisdisposedbynatureforgoodandgenerosity,itgivesallthatwhichithasfor exaltednessandglory.Theoldwomanhadnothingexceptaewe.Shebroughttheewewithher ownhandandsaidtothem:Takethisewe.Milkit,anddrinkthemilk!Whentheydidthat,the oldwomansaidtothem:Iappealtoyoutoslaughtertheewe.Iamgoingtopreparesome firewood,thatyoumaygrillit.Theydidthat,andtheoldwomanpreparedthewood.Afterthey hadhadthefood,theydecidedtodepartandintroducethemselvestotheoldwoman,thatthey mightrewardherforherfavorwhentheycamehome.Theysaidtoher:OservantofAllah,we aresomepeoplefromQuraysh.WearegoingtomakethepilgrimagetotheSacredHouseof Allah.Whenwesafelycomeback,cometous,thatwemayrewardyouforthisfavor. Thentheywentaway.Whenthesunwentdown,theoldwomanshusbandcameasusual.The oldwomantoldhimaboutthestory,andhebecameangryfortheyhadnothingexceptthatewe. Asaresulthesaidtoher:Woeuntoyou!Whydidyouorderedtheewetobeslaughteredfor somepeoplewhomyouhadnotknown?ThenyousaythattheyarefromQuraysh! Thetimepassed.Oneyearpassed,andanotheronecame.Astrongcrisisbefellthedesert.The skyhadpreventeditsrainfromcomingdown,totheextentthatthesourcesoflivelihoodwere over.Accordingly,theoldwomanandherhusbandleftthedesertandresidedinMedina.They couldfindnoworktolivewithexceptcollectingdungfromstreetsandroads.Theyadoptedthat asajob.Oneday,whiletheywerepracticingtheirwork,ImamalHasan(a.s)sawtheoldwoman andrecognizedher.Itwastimeforhimtorewardherforherfavor.He(a.s)orderedhisservants

tobringher.Whenshestoodbeforehim,he(a.s)askedher: Haveyourecognizedme,OservantofAllah? No. AbdullahbinJafardiedintheyeareightyA.H.TheyearwhenhediedwascalledtheYearofthe Flood.ThatwasbecauseafloodhappenedinMecca.Thefloodsweptawaythepilgrimsandthe camelscarryingcargoes.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookalIsaba,vol.2,pp.289290. Iwasamongyourguestsontheyearsoandso! Ihavenotrecognizedyou! Ifyouhavenotrecognizedme,thenIhaverecognizedyou. ThenImamalHasan(a.s)orderedhisservantstobuyherathousandsheepandgiveathousand dinarstoher.He(a.s)orderedoneofhisservantstotakehertohisbrotheralHusayn(a.s)andto makehimrecognizeher.Theservanttookher.Whenshecamein,alHusayn(a.s)recognizedher. Heaskedtheservant:Howmuchdidmybrothergivetoher?Theservanttoldhimabouthis brothersgiving,andhe(a.s)gavehermoneyequaltothatwhichhisbrotherhadgiventoher. ThenalHusaynsenttheoldwomantoAbdullahbinJafar.Whenshecameintohim,heordereda thousandsheepandathousanddinarstobegiventoher.Theoldwomantookallthosethings andwentaway.[1]Herconditionchangedfromabjectpovertyintorichesandwealth.Allthat happenedduetoalHasanscharityandfavor. 6.Oneday,ImamalHasan(a.s)boughtagardenfromtheAnsarforfourhundredthousand (dinars).Heheardthattheywereinneedofthatwhichwasinthehandofthepeople,sohe returnedthegardentothem.[2]Mostsurelysavingthesepeoplefromtheabasementofbegging andreturningtheirhonortothemwasthebestkindofmunificenceandthehighestrankof generosity. 7.Once,hisslavegirlgreetedhimwithabouquetofbasil,andhe(a.s)saidtoher:Youarefree forthesakeofAllah!Anasblamedhimforthat,andhe(a.s)saidtohim:Allahhasbroughtusup whenHehassaid:Andwhenyouaregreetedwithagreeting,greetwithabetter(greeting)thanit orreturnit.Thebetterthanitisreleasingher.[3] 8.MarwanbinalHakamsaid:IaminterestedinalHasansmule.Whocanbringittome?Ibn AbiAteeqsaidtohim: Iwillbringittoyouprovidedthatyoushouldgrantmethirtyneeds.Iwillgrantthat. IbnAbiAteeqsaidtoMarwan:Whenthepeoplegatherbeforeyoutonight,Iwillmentionthe

achievementsofQurayshandrefrainfrommentioningthoseofalHasan.Blamemeforthat. Whenthepeoplegathered,IbnAteeqbegan [1]AlGhazali,IhyaalUloom,vol.3,p.173.AlBustani,DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.39. [2]AlSabban,p.176. [3]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.23. mentioningthelaudabledeedsofQurayshandrefrainedfrommentioningthoseofImamalHasan (a.s).Marwansaidtohim:WhyhaveyounotmentionedthemeritsofAbuMuhammad(al Hasan)whilehehasinthisrespectthatwhichnoneofushas?IbnAbiAteeqsaid:Wehave mentionedthenobility.Ifwehadmentionedtheprophets,wewouldhavementionedthemerits ofAbuMuhammad(alHasan)WhentheImam(a.s)wentout,IbnAbiAteeqfollowedhim.When alHasan(a.s)lookedathim,hesmiledathimandcametoknowofthepurposeforhispraising. He(a.s)askedhim:Doyouhaveaneed?Yes,hereplied,Ihaverememberedthemule.The Imam(a.s)dismounteditandgaveittohim.[1] 9.Somemanaskedtheimam(a.s)togivehimsomething,andhe(a.s)saidtohim:Mostsurely beggingisnotrightbutinaheavydebtorabjectpovertyorbloodmoney.Ihavecomeforone ofthem,repliedtheman.TheImam(a.s)orderedonehundreddinarstobegiventohim.Then themanwenttoalHusayn(a.s)andaskedhimasheaskedhisbrother,andhegavehimninety ninedinars,forhehatedtobeequaltohisbrotheringiving.ThenthemanwenttoAbdullahbin Umarandaskedhimformoney.Abdullahgavehimsevendinars,andhesaidtohim:Ihadgone toalHasanandalHusayn.Herelatedtohimwhathadhappenedbetweenthem,soIbnUmar saidtohim:Woeuntoyou!Doyouwanttomakemeequaltothem.Theyhavebeensupplied withknowledgeandmoney.[2] 10.Whenhe(a.s)boughtagardenfrompeople,andtheybecameinneedofthegarden,he returnedittothemoralongwiththecost.[3] 11.Apoormanwenttohim.Thepoormancomplainedtohimofhiscondition.Onthatday,the Imamhadnomoney.Hefoundtheaffairdifficultandfeltshyofrefusingtherequestofthepoor man.He(a.s)said:MostsurelyIwillguideyoutosomethingfromwhichyougetgood.Whatis it,OsonofAllahsApostle?askedthepoorman.He(a.s)said:GototheCaliph.Hisdaughter hasdiedandhehasshowedsorrowatherdeath.Hehasneverheardaneloquentconsolation fromanyone.Therefore,condolehimwiththesewords,andyouwillgetgoodfromhim.Oson ofAllahsApostle,retortedthepoorman,makemememorizethem.TheImam(a.s)said:Say tohim:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohascoveredherthroughyoursittingbyhergraveandnot violatedherthroughhersittingbyyourgrave.Thepoormanmemorizedthesewordsandwent totheCaliph.Hecondoledhimwith

[1]AlMubarrad,alKamil,vol.2,p.13. [2]IbnQutayba,UyunalAkhbar,vol.3,p.140. [3]AlSharani,alTabaqatalKubra,vol.1,p.23. thesewords.TheCaliphbecamehappy,soheorderedagifttobegiventothepoorman.Thenhe askedhim:Dothesewordsbelongtoyou? No,theybelongtoImamalHasan. Youareright,forheistheoriginofeloquence.Thenheorderedanothergifttobegivento him.[1] BiographershavementionedmanyexamplesofImamalHasanscharityandkindnesstothepoor, thathemightsavethemfromneedinessandpovertyandmakethemleadalifeofeaseand welfare.AllthecharitiesthattheImamrenderedwereforthesakeofAllah.Theywerenotmixed withanyotherpurpose.Hehadgiventhepoorgiftsandcharitiesbeforetheymentionedtheir needs,praise,andlaudation,lesttheyshouldloseface. HisWorshipandFearofAllah WhenevermanknowsAllahmore,hisfaith,obedience,andloveforHimincreases,andhemakes everyefforttomakehimclosertoHim.AsforImamalHasan,hewassuppliedwithgenuine knowledge,originalfaith,andrealreligion.Hisidealswereimpressedinhisinnerself.Accordingly, hewasthebestofallpeopleinfaith,loyaltyandobediencetoAllah.Narratorshavetalkedabout hisobedience,saying:DuringallthetimeshewasseenmentioningAllahcontinuously.[2]When herememberedtheParadiseandtheFire,hebecamedisorderedasonestungbyascorpiondid. HeaskedAllahfortheGardenandsoughtrefugewithHimfromtheFire.Whenheremembered deathandtheresurrectionafterit,heweptbitterly.[3]Whenherememberedthestandbefore Allah,hesobbedandfainted.[4]Hewasthebestofpeopleinlearningalessonfromdeath.When heattendedafuneralceremony,hebecamecalmforseveraldays.Whenaneighborofhisdied, hewailedandlamentedasthoseinthehouseofthedeadonedid.[5]Theseaffairsindicatehis greatobediencetoAllahandhisfearofHim.Wewillmentionsomeaspectsofhisworshipas follows: [1]NooralAbsar,p.111. [2]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.108. [3]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.11. [4]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.108. [5]Warim,Majjmua,p.317. HisRitualAblutionandPrayers

WhenImamalHasanwantedtoperformtheritualablution,hisconditionchanged,andhehad strongfear,totheextentthatheturnedpaleandheshookalloverwithfear.Hewasaskedabout thereasonforthat,andheanswered:ItisincumbentononewhostandsbeforetheLordofthe Thronetoshakeallover(withfear)andturnpale. Whenhehadfinishedperformingtheritualablutionandwantedtoenterthemosque,hesaid loudly:OAllah,YourguestisatYourgate!OGooddoer,theevildoerhascometoYou! Therefore,overlookthebadthatIhavethroughthegoodthatYouhave!OGenerous![1]When heintendedtoperformhisprayers,submission,reverence,andfearappearedonhisface,tothe extentthatheshookallover.[2]WhenhefinishedtheMorningPrayer,hesaidnotingexceptthe remembranceofAllahuntilthesunrose.[3] HisPerformingtheHajj Anexampleofhisworship,hisgreatloyaltyandobediencetoAllahisthatheperformedthehajj totheKaabaonfootfortwentyfivetimes,whilethegoodhorsesweredrivenbeforehim.[4]He wasaskedaboutthenumberofthepilgrimageshemadetoMeccaonfoot,andheanswered:I feelshameofmyLordwhenIdonotgoonfoottoHisHouse![5] RecitingtheQuran ImamalHasancarefullyrecitedtheQuran.Whenherecitedaverseaddressingthebelievers,he said:HereIam!OAllah,hereIam![6]EachnightherecitedtheSuraofalKahf.[7] GivinghisPropertiesasAlms ForthepleasureofAllah,theImamsacrificedallhisexpensiveandpreciouspossessions.Hegave thelandtaxesofhispropertiestwice.ForthesakeofAllahhemadethepeopleequallyshared himhispropertiesthreetimes,totheextentthathegavehispairofsandalsandretained another.[8] [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.93.AlSaduq,alAmali,p.108.RoudatalWaizeen. [2]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.108. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.93. [4]AlLuma,ChapteronHajjandtheShiitegreatFigures.Itwassaidthatheperformedthehajj fortenorfifteentimes.InhisbookalAmali,alSaduqhasmentionedthatImamalHasanmight gobarefootedtotheHouseofAllah. [5]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.11. [6]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.108. [7]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.37.

[8]UsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.13.BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.94. HisAsceticism ImamalHasanrefusedallthepleasuresoflife.Herenouncedworldlypleasuresandcomforts.He headedfortheEverlastingAbodethatAllahhaspreparedforthepiousfromamonghisservants. He(a.s)hastalkedabouthisrenouncingtheworldandhissatisfactionwiththelittle,saying: Mostsurelyapieceofbadbreadsatisfiesme,andadrinkofwatersufficesme. Apieceofthinclothsufficesmewhenalive,andwhenIdieitisenoughformeasashroud.[1]He engravedinhisringtwoversesofpoetryindicatinghisgreatasceticism:Performforyourselfpiety asfaraspossible,Mostsurelydeathwillbefallyou,Oman!Youhavebecomehappyasifyouhad notseenthatyourbelovedoneswereDecayedinthecemeteries.[2] Healwaysrecitedthispoetry: Oyouwhoenjoytheworldlypleasureswhichdonotlast;mostsurelytheDeceptioninatransient shadeisfoolishness.[3]Thefollowingpoetryinrespectofthedeceivedbytheworldandwhoare fondofitareascribedtohim: Saytohimwhoisresidentinotherthantheabodeofresidence: Itistimeforyoutoseeoffthebelovedones. Thosewhomyoumetandwithwhomyouassociatedhavebecomeearthinthegraves.[4]Among theaspectsofhisasceticismisthatwhichhasbeennarratedbyMudrikbinZiyad,whohassaid: WewereinthegardensofIbnAbbas.AlHasan,alHusayn,andalAbbasssonscameandwalked throughthegarden.Thentheysatdownatthebanksofabrook.AlHasansaid:OMudrik,doyou haveanyfood?Yes,Ireplied.ThenIfetchedhimsomebread,salt,andtwobundlesof vegetables.Heatesomeofitandsaid:OMudrik,whatdeliciousthisfoodis! [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.94. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.219. [3]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.162. [4]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.145. Afterthat,thefoodwasbrought.Thefoodwasdeliciousandgood.HoweverImamalHasan(a.s) turnedtoMudrikandaskedhimtocalltheboysandgivethefoodtothem.Mudrikinvitedthem. Theyatesomeofthefood,buttheImamdidnoteatanythingofit.Mudrikaskedhim:Whydo younoteatany?He(a.s)said:Thatfoodwasmorelovabletome[1],foritisthefoodofthe

poorandthedeprived. YetanotherexampleofhisasceticismisthatherenouncedtheauthorityforAllahspleasureand forfearthattheMuslimsbloodwouldbeshed.AbouttheImamsasceticism,Muhammadbin BabawayhalQummi[2]haswrittenabookandcalleditZhudalHasan(theAsceticismofal Hasan).ThebiographershaveunanimouslyagreedonthatImamalHasanwasthemostascetic andbestofallthepeoplewiththeexceptionofhisgrandfatherandhisfather.
HisDignityandVeneration ImamalHasanspersonalityfilledtheeyesanddominatedtheheartsduetothefactthatallthe elementsoftheprophethoodandtheImamategatheredinhim,andthedignityoftheProphet presenteditselfinhim.WasilbinAtaa[3]hasnarrated:Thesignsoftheprophetsandgloryof kingsappearedonthefaceofalHasan.[4] IbnalZubayrhassaid:ByAllah,womenhaveneverbornanyonesimilartoalHasanbinAliin dignityandishighposition.[5] [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.212. [2]MuhammadbinAlibinalHusaynbinMusabinBabawayhalQummiisamongthegreatShiite figuresandheadofthetraditionists.NoneamongthepeopleofQumwassimilartohiminhis memorizingandabundantknowledge.HewastheteacherofalSheikhalMufid.Hehaswritten threehundredbooks.HediedinalRay,intheyear381A.H.Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook alKunawaalAlqab,vol.1,p.212. [3]WasilbinAtaaalBasriwasadeclamatory,eloquenttheologian.Helispedtheletterr.Ithas beennarratedfromhimthatheabandonedandavoidedtheletterrduringhisorations.Ithas beensaidinrespectofhim: Hechangedalbir(wheat)intoqamh(wheat)duringhisadaptationAndheopposedalraa,tothe extentthatheemployedtricksinpoetry. Hewasnotable(topronouncetheword)matar(rain),sohesoughtprotectionwithalghayth (rain)outoffear(ofsayingtheword)almatar.Hehaswrittenseveralbooksofwhichare:Asnaf alMurjia,alTawba,andMaanialQuran.Hehaddoubtaboutthejusticeofthosewhotookpart attheBattleofalJamal.HewastheSheikhoftheMutazilitesandwasamongtheirgreatfigures.

HewasborninYathrib(Medina)intheyear80AH.Hediedintheyear131A.H.Thishasbeen mentionedinthebookLisanalMizan,vol.,6,p.214. [4]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.12.AlManaqibin [5]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.37. ImamalHasanwassodignifiedthatsomerugswerespreadatthedoorofhishouse.Whenhe wentoutandsatdown,nonewouldwalkthroughthestreetbecauseallthepeoplesatdownout ofadmirationandrespectforhim.Whenhenotedthat,heenteredhishouse.[1]ImamalHasan wassosolemnandhehadagreatsocialrankinthesoulsofMuslims.Whenheandhisbrotheral HusaynpassedbysomeridersduringtheirgoingtomakethehajjtotheKaaba,theriders dismountedasasignofadmirationandrespectforthem.Themassesofhajjisfounditdifficultto performthehajjonfoot.SotheytalkedtoSadbinAbiWaqqasinthisrespect,andhewentto ImamalHasanandsaidtohim:OAbuMuhammad,thehajjishavefounditdifficulttoperform thehajjonfoot.Whentheyseeyou,theyarenotpleasedwithridingtheircamels.Ifyouplease ride(acamel)asasignofshowingmercytowardsthem TheImamanswered:Wewillnotride,forwehavemadeacovenantwithAllahthatwegotoHis Houseonfoot,butwewillavoidthepublicway.[2]ImamalHasanputonanexcellentgarment, rodeabriskmule,andwalkedthroughastreetofYathrib.Hisholyfaceshonewithlight.His servantsandretinuesurroundedhim.AstupidJewsawhimandsaidtohim: OsonofAllahsApostle,Ihaveaquestion.Whatisit? Yourgrandfather,AllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:Theworldistheprisonofabelieverandgarden ofanunbeliever!YouareabelieverandIamunbeliever.Theworldisbutagardenforyou.You enjoyit,whileyouareabeliever.Asforme,itisjustaprison;itsheathasdestroyedme;andits povertyhasexhaustedme.InthehereafterAllahhaspreparedformeandbelieversthingsof whichnoeyehaseverseen,noearhaseverheard,andthatwhichhasnotcometosomeones mind.Ifyoulookedatthat,youwouldcometoknowthatIhadbeeninprisonduringthis conditionandbeforemymovingtoit.AndifyoulookedatthatwhichAllahhadpreparedforyou andtheunbelieversinthehereaftersuchastheflameoftheHellfire,severe,everlasting,and painfulchastisement,youwouldseethatyouwereinawidegardenandaninclusiveblessing.[3] ThentheImamwentaway,whiletheJewwasburstingwithrageandmalice. [1]AlamalWarafiAlamalHuda,p.125. [2]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.142.AyanalShia,vol.4,p.20. [3]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.161. Astupid,spitefulpersonsawtheImamsvenerationanddignity,andthenhesaidtohim:You

havegreatness(haughtiness)!TheImamansweredhim,saying:Ihavemight(honor)!Thenhe recitedthesewordsofHim,theExalted:AndtoAllahbelongsthemightandtoHisApostleandto thebelievers.[1][2] AlHasanwassimilartohisgrandfathertheProphet(a.s)inhisveneration,righteousness,and noblenatures. HisScientificTalents ImamalHasan(a.s)wasfromthesourcesofintellect,andthefountsofwisdomandknowledgein Islam.Hepracticallyandpositivelyhadparticipatedinformingthehumanreasonanddeveloping thescientificandintellectuallifeinhisage.Itwasnarratedthat,AlHasanandalHusaynpoured knowledge[3]BiographersagreedthatImamalHasan(a.s)wasfromtheauthoritiesoffatwas intheIslamicworld.TheProphetscompanionscrowdedtolistentohisspeechandladlefromhis sciences.Manynarratorsnarratedfromhim.Wewilltalkaboutthismatterinoneofthefollowing chapters.Thewonderfulscientificheritagetransmittedfromhisisthebestproofonhisabundant knowledge. HisgoodStyleandEloquence AlltheperfectqualitiespresentedthemselvesinImamAbuMuhammad(alHasan),andhisnoble personalitywasdistinguishedbythem.Fromamonghiswonderfulqualitieswaseloquenceand goodstyleinspeech.He(a.s)wasthemostskillfuloftheeloquentinsayingcorrectspeeches duringtheceremonies,theablestoftheminabridgement,inimitability,andcreativityofspeech. Indeedhewassuch,forhebranchedfromthetreeofthegoodstyle,eloquence,andsound judgment.Hisgrandfather,AllahsApostle(a.s)wasthemosteloquentofthosewhospokeArabic, andhisfather,ImamAli,wasthemasteroftheeloquentandeloquence. ImamalHasan(a.s)wassimilartohisfatherinhisgoodstyleandeloquence.He(a.s)hasleft behindhimanexcellentinheritanceandeloquent,wisesayingscontainingtheprinciplesofsocial morals,advice,guidance,andimmortalpreachments.Theyhavebeeninlaidwithpretty pronunciationandhighmeaning.Wewillmentionsomeofthem. [1]Quran,63,8. [2]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.149. [3]AnNihayabyIbnulAtheer. Socialmanners ImamAli(a.s)askedalHasansomequestionsrelatedtotheprinciplesofmoralsandvirtues,and

he(a.s)answeredhimwithspontaneousintuitionsandthoughts.Hisanswerswereamongthe signsofeloquenceandinimitability.ImamAli:Omylittleson,whatisrightness?AlHasan:O father,rightnessisrepellingevildeedswithgooddeeds. Whatishonor? Itischoosingatribeandavoidingguilt.Whatismanhood?Itischastity,andthatmanshould setrighthisproperty.Whatisvice?Itislookingintothesmallandpreventingtheinsignificant. Whatismeanness?Manheapsupmoneyforhimselfanddegradeshishonor.[1]Whatis munificence?Itisgivinggenerouslyingooddaysandbaddays.Whatisstinginess?Itisthatyou seewhatisinyourhandasanhonorandwhatyouspendaswaste.Whatisbrotherhood?Itis loyaltyduringhardshipandease.Whatiscowardice?Itisaudacitytowardthefriendand recoilingfromtheenemy.Whatisgain?Itisthewishforpietyandrenouncingtheworld.What isclemency?Itissuppressingrageandcontrollingself.Whatisriches?Itisthatthesoulis satisfiedwithwhatAllahapportionsevenifitislittle,forrichesisthatofthesoul.Whatis poverty?Itisthatthesoulisgreedytowardallthings. [1]AlBustani,DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.39.Whatispower? Itisstrongcourageandfightingwithstrongpeople.Whatishumiliation?Itisthefearduring tellingthetruth.Whatisboldness?Itistheagreementwiththeassociates.Whatishardship?It isthatyouspeakinrespectofthatwhichdoesnotconcernyou.Whatisglory?Itisthatyou shouldpaydebtandpardon(someones)sin.Whatisreason?Itisthatitmemorizesallthat whichyouwantittomemorize.Whatisfoolishness?Itisthatyoushowenmitytowardyour Imamandraiseyourvoicebeforehim.Whatislaudation?Itisthatyoudofavorsandgiveupthe ugly.Whatisdetermination?Itispatience,leniencytowardgovernors,andcautionofpeople throughmistrust.Whatishonor?Itistheagreementwithbrothers(friends).Whatis impudence?Itisfollowingthemeanandmakingfriendswiththemisguided.Whatis inattentiveness?Itisthatyouabandonthemosqueandobeythemischiefmaker.Whatis deprivation?Itisthatyourefuseyourluckwhenitisputbeforeyou.Whatisamaster?A masterishewhotakescareoftheaffairsofthetribe.[1] ThesoulstandsperplexedbeforethesespontaneousanswersofImamalHasan.Heanswered withoutaffection.Hehasknowledgeofthemeaningof[1]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.39. theseimportantquestions.Therefore,thesoulcannotbutadmires.Ithasagoodimpression, admitsthisgreatness,andyieldstothesescientifictalents. NobleMoralTraits Jabirhassaid:IhaveheardalHasan(a.s)saying:Noblemoraltraitsareten.Theyarethe

truthfulnessofatongue,thetruthfulnessofcourage,givingtothebeggar,goodmanners,the rewardforafavor,retainingkinship,protectingtheneighbor,regardingtherightofafriend, entertainingaguest,andtheheadofthemismodesty.[1]OnedayMuawiyaturnedtoImamal Hasan(a.s)andsaidtohim: OAbuMuhammad,Ihavefoundnonetogivemeanansweraboutthreequalities.Whatare they? manhood,generosity,andcourage.Asformanhood,itisthatmanshouldsetrighttheaffairof hisreligion,undertakehispropertieswell,spreadalsalaam(greetings),andshowaffectionto people.Asforgenerosity,itisthatmanshouldgivebeforeheisasked,dofavorwillingly,andgive foodattheappropriatetime.Asforcourage,itisthatmanshoulddefendhisneighbor,resist duringamisfortune,andbepatientduringhardships.AmancametoImamalHasanandasked him: OsonofAllahsApostle(a.s)whoisthebestofpeople? Hewhotakespeopleaspartnersinhislivelihood. Whoisthewickedestofpeople? Hewhotakesnoneaspartnerinhislivelihood.[2] Vices ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaid:Three(vices)destroypeople:haughtiness,greediness,andenvy.As forhaughtiness,itdestroysthereligion;andIbliswascursedbecauseofit.Asforgreediness,itis theenemyofsoul;andbecauseofitAdamwastakenoutoftheGarden.Asforenvy,itisthe pioneer [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.201. [2]Ibid.,p.202. ofevildeeds;andbecauseofitQabil(Cain)killedHabil(Abel).[1]Withoutdoubtthesevices, whichImamalHasanhasurgedpeopletoavoidandofwhosedamageshehasgivensome examples,aretheoriginsofcrimesandmothersofvices. UrgingtoseekKnowledge ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaidtohischildren:Seekknowledge,foryouaretheyoungofthepeople andtheirgrownupstomorrow.Whoeverofyoudoesnotmemorize,thenhemustwrite down.[2]He(a.s)hassaid:Teachpeopleandlearntheknowledgeofotherthanyou,andthen youmustmasteryourknowledgeandhaveknownwhatyouhadnotknown.[3]He(a.s)hassaid:

Agoodquestionisthehalfofknowledge.[4] TheExcellenceofReason He(a.s)hassaid:Whoeverhasnoreasonhasnogoodmanners.Whoeverhasnodetermination hasnocordiality.Whoeverhasnoreligionhasnomodesty.Theheadofreasonisassociatingwith peopleinagoodmanner.Thehappinessinthetwoabodes(thisworldandthehereafter)are obtainedthroughreason;whoeverisdeprivedofreasonisdeprivedofthemall.[5] TheExcellenceoftheQuran He(a.s)hassaid:MostsurelytheQuranhasthelampsoflightandcureofhearts;therefore, manshouldpurifyhisheartwithitandtiethisqualitytohisheart,forthinkinggiveslifetoheart endowedwithinsightjustasonewalksthroughtheshadowsofdarknessusinglight.[6] SupplicationHe(a.s)hassaid:WhenAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,opensforsomeonethedoor torequest,Hedoesnotclosethedoortoresponse.WhenHeopensforsomeonethedoorto deed,hedoesnotclosethedoortoacceptance.WhenHeopenstosomeonethedoortogiving thanks,Hedoesnotclosethedoortoanincrease.[7] [1]NooralAbsar,p.110. [2]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.142. [3]AlIthnaAshariya,p.37. [4]NooralAbsar,p.110. [5]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.88. [6]KashfalGhumma,p.171. [7]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.88. Politics SomeoneaskedImamalHasanabouthisviewpointofpolitics,andheansweredhim:Politicsis thatyoushouldtakecareofAllahsrights,therightsoftheliving,andtherightsofthedead.As forAllahsrights,theyarethatyoushouldperformwhatHehascommanded,andrefrainfrom whatHehasprohibited.Asfortherightsoftheliving,theyarethatyoushouldfulfillyour obligationstowardsyourbrothers.Youshouldnotfallshortofservingyourcommunity.You shouldbeloyaltotheruleraslongasheisloyaltohiscommunity,andshoutatthetopofyour voicewhenhedeviatesfromthestraightpath.Asfortherightsofthedead,theyarethatyou shouldmentiontheirgooddeedsandoverlooktheirevildeeds,fortheyhavetheLordWhowill reckonthem.[1] MuawiyaaskedImamalHasan:

Whatisobligatoryonusinrespectofourauthority? ThatwhichSulaymanbinDawud(ProphetSolomon)hassaid. WhathasSulaymansaid? Hehassaidtoacompanionofhis:Didyouknowwhatisobligatoryonthekinginrespectofhis power?HeshouldfearAllahsecretlyandopenly.Heshouldbejustduringangerandpleasure.He shouldeconomizeduringpovertyandriches.Heshouldnottakethepropertiesbyforce,nor shouldhespendthemwastefully.[2] Thisisthecorrectpolicy.Ifrulersfollowedit,theywouldremainforever,andpeopleswouldlead alifeofeaseandcomfort.ImamalHasan(a.s)statedthesevaluableopinionsbeforehisopponent Muawiyaforthesakeofpublicinterests,thathisopponentmightfollowthelightofthetruth. ACompanion ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaid:ShallItellyouaboutafriendwhowasthegreatestofpeopleinmy sight?Theheadofthatwhichmadehimgreatinmysightwasthattheworldwasinsignificantin hissight.Hewasawayfromthepowerofhisstomach.Hehadnodesirefortheunlawful,nordid heheapupwhathefound.Hewasoutsidetheauthorityofignorance,sohedidnotstretchouta handunlesshewassurethatitwasforaprofit.Hedidnotcomplainnordidhegrumble.He alwayskeptsilent.Whenhespoke,hesurpassedandovercamethespeakers.Hewasweakand wasdeemedasweak. [1]AlUrfanMagazine,vol.40,part3. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.202. Whenseriousnesscame,hewasarunninglion.Whenscientistsgathered,helistenedmorethan hespoke.Whenhisspeechwasovercome,hissilencewasnotovercome.Hedidnotsaywhathe didnotdo,nordidhedowhathedidnotsay.Whentwoaffairsoccurredtohim,andhedidnot knowwhichofthemwasnearertothetruth,heponderedonthecloserofthemtohisdesireand heopposedit.Hedidnotblameanyoneforanythingforwhichhemightapologize.Hesaid nothingunlesshesawajustjudgeandwitness.[1] He(a.s)hassaidtoasonofhis:Omylittleson,donotmakefriendswithanyoneunlessyou knowhismanners.Thecloseoneishewhomaffectionmakesclose,andthefaroneishewhom affectionmakesfarevenifhislineageisclose.Amanaskedhimtomakefriendswithhimandsit withhim,andhe(a.s)saidtohim:Bewareofpraisingme,forIammoreknowledgeableofmy selfthanyouare.Bewareofaccusingmeoflying,foraliarhasnoopinion.Bewareofbackbiting someoneinmypresence.Accordingly,themansaid:Permitmetogoaway!Hesaidtohim:

Yes,ifyouwish.[2] MunificenceandgoodDeeds WhileImamalHasan(a.s)wascircumambulatingtheKaaba,amanaskedhimaboutthemeaning ofgenerousone.Heansweredhim,saying:Mostsurelyyourspeechhastwomeanings:Ifyou areaskingaboutthecreature,thenthegenerousoneishewhoperformswhathasbeenmade obligatoryonhim,andthemiserishewhowithholdsfromperformingwhathasbeenmade obligatoryonhim.AndifyouareaskingabouttheCreator,thenHeisGenerousifHegives,and HeisGenerousifHedeprives.IfHegivesaservantsomething,Hegiveshimthatwhichdoesnot belongtohim,andifHedepriveshim,Hedepriveshimofsomethingwhichdoesnotbelongto him.[3]He(a.s)hassaid:Thegooddeedisthatwhichisnotprecededbypostponementandnot followedbyreminding,andthegivingbeforeaskingisthegreatestkindofrighteousness.[4] [1]IbnQutayba,UyunalAkhbar,vol.2,p.55.Othershavementioneditinadifferentexpression. [2]TuhafalUqool,p.55. [3]MajjmaalBahrain,ChapteronMunificence. [4]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.88. Miserliness ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaid:Miserlinessincludesbaddeedsanddefects,andcutsoffaffection fromhearts.He(a.s)wasaskedaboutmiserliness,andheanswered:Miserlinessisthatman regardswhathespendsaswastefulnessandwhathewithholdsashonor.[1] Humbleness He(a.s)hassaid:Themostknowledgeableoneofhisbrothersrightsandthebestincarrying themoutisthebestofthemtoAllah.Whoevershowshumblenesstowardhisbrothersinthis worldisnearAllahamongtheverytruthfulandamongthefollowersofAlibinAbiTalib(a.s).[2] RelyingonAllahItwassaidtohim:AbuTharroftensaid:Povertyismorelovabletomethan richesandillnessismorelovabletomethanwellbeing.Hesaid:MayAllahhavemercyonAbu Tharr.Asforme,Isay:WhoeverreliesonAllahsgoodchoosingdoesnotdesireforacondition otherthanthatwhichAllahhaschosenforhim.[3] RefutingCompulsion ThepeopleofBasrasentalettertoImamalHasan(a.s)andaskedhimtogivehisviewpointabout compulsion[4],andhe(a.s)replied:WhoeverdoesnotbelieveinAllah,Hisdecree,andHis determinationisanunbeliever.WhoeverascribeshisownsintohisLordisdissolute.Mostsurely

Allahisnotobeyedunwillingly,norisHedisobeyedoutofovercoming.HepossesseswhatHehas madethempossessandthePowerfuloverthatwhichHehas [1]NihayatalIrabfiFununalAdab,vol.3,p.398. [2]Warram,Majjmua,p.312. [3]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.8,p.39. [4]Theresearchoncompulsion(jabr)andauthorization(tafwidh)isamongthemostimportant anddifficulttheologianproblems.Inrespectofthemthescientistsviewpointsaredisorderlyand different.Thethoughtofcompulsion(jabr)wasfamousinBasrabecauseofalHasanalBasriand AbualHasanalAshri,thegrandsonofAbuMusaalAshri.Generallyspeaking,thethoughtof compulsion(jabr)isthattheactionissuesfromaservantisnotcreatedbyhimorher;ratheritis createdbyAllah,theMostHigh.Theservantsintentionandabilityhavenothingtodowith findingactionwhetheritissuesfromhimwillinglyorunwillingly.AayatAllah,professor,Sayyid AbualQasimalKhui,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasfullydiscussedthesubjectmatter.He hasindicatedthatcompulsion(jabr)andauthorization(tafwidh)arecorrupt.Hehasestablished thattheintermediateposition,whichtheShiitesmaintain,iscorrect.I(theauthor)havewritten whathe,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasmentionedinaseparatebook. madepowerful.Thereforeiftheyactwithobedience,Hedoesnotcomebetweenthemandwhat theydo.Iftheydonotdo,thenitisnotHeWhocompelsthemtodothat.IfAllahcompelledthe creationtoobeyHim,thenHewoulddropfromthemreward,andifhecompelledthemto disobeyHim,thenhewoulddropfromthempunishment.Ifheneglectedthem,thentherewould befeeblenessinHiscapability.ButHehasinthemthewillHehasmadeabsentfromthem. Thereforeiftheyperformedtheactsofobedience,thenHedidakindnessforthem,andifthey performedtheactsofdisobedience,thenHehadtheproofagainstthem.[1] FearofAllah ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaid:MostsurelyAllahhasnotcreatedyouinvain,norwillHevainly leaveyou.Hehasdeterminedyourtermsofdeathandapportionedamongyouyourlivelihoods, thateveryownerofapositionmaycometoknowhisposition,andthatwhatHedecreesforhim befallshim,andwhatHeturnsawayfromhimdoesnotbefallhim.Hehassufficedyoutheburden oftheworld,givenyoufreetimetoworshipHim,urgedyoutothankHim,madeobligatoryon yourememberingHim,commandedyoutofearHim,andmadethefearofHimtheutmostofHis pleasure.FearofAllahisadoortoallkindsofrepentance,headofwisdom,andhonorofdeeds. ThroughthefearofAllahtheAllahfearinghavesucceeded.Allah,theBlessedandExalted,has said:Surelyforthosewhoguard(againstevil)isachievement.[2]AndHehassaid:AndAllah shalldeliverthosewhoguard(againstevil)withtheirachievement;evilshallnottouchthem,nor shalltheygrieve.[3]Therefore,fearAllah,OservantsofAllah.Youshouldknowthatwhoever fearsAllah,Allahwillfindforhimawaytogetoutofdiscords.Hewilldirecthiminrespectofhis

affairs,prepareforhimguidance,andmakehimsuccessfulinhisproof.Hewillwhitenhisface, givehimhiswishtobewiththoseuponwhomAllahhasbestowedfavorsfromamongthe prophetsandthetruthfulandthemartyrsandthegood,andagoodlycompanionarethey.[4] PreachingandGuidance ImamalHasan(a.s)hassaid:OsonofAdam,refrainfromthethingsmadeprohibitedbyAllah, andyouareaworshiper.BesatisfiedwithwhatAllahapportions,andyouarerich.Neighborwell thosewhoneighboryou,andyou [1]RasailJamharatalArab,vol.2,p.25. [2]Quran,78,31. [3]Ibid.,39,61. [4]TuhafalUqool,p.55. areaMuslim.Associatewithpeopleinthesamemanneryouwantthemtoassociatewithyou, andyouarejust.Thepeoplebeforeyoucollected(money)verymuch,builthouses,andhopedfor thefarfetchedthings,buttheircollectinghasbecomewaste,theirdeedshavebecomevainglory, andtheirgraveshavebecometheirhouses.OsonofAdam,youhavedemolishedyourlifetime sinceyouwereborn.Thereforegivegenerouslyfromthatwhichisinyourhands.Abeliever makesprovision,andanunbelieverenjoys.Afterthisspeechofhis,ImamalHasan,usedto recitetheseQuranicverse:Andmakeprovision,forsurelypietyisthebest(kind)ofprovision.[1] Andhe(a.s)hassaid:OservantsofAllah,fearAllah,beearnestinrequesting(gooddeeds),and hurryto(performgood)deedsbeforedeath,fortheeaseintheworlddoesnotlast,thetragedies whereincancomeanytime,andtheevildeedswhereinarenotavoided.It(theworld)isa changeabledeceptionandaninclinedpillar.Therefore,OservantsofAllah,learnfromthe lessons,takeanexamplefromtheProphetictraditions,berestrainedbythefavors,andmakeuse ofthesermons.SufficientforaplaceofprotectionandhelperisAllah!Sufficientforanarguerand opponentistheBook!SufficientforarewardistheGarden!Andsufficientforpunishmentand harmistheFire![2] ImamalHasan(a.s)consoledamanforthedeathofarelativeofhis.Hesaidtohim:Ifthis misfortunebroughtaboutalessontoyouandmadeyougainareward,thenitisgoodandwell; otherwiseyourmisfortuneinrespectofyourownselfisgreaterthanyourmisfortuneinrespect ofyourdeadone.[3] ArichmanwenttoImamalHasanandsaidtohim:OsonofAllahsApostle,Iamafraidof death.Thatisbecauseyouhavedelayedyourproperty,repliedtheImam(a.s)ifyou advancedit,thenyouwerepleasedtofollowit.[4]ImamalHasan(a.s)passedbysomepeople

playingandlaughingonthedayofEidalFitr.He(a.s)stopped,turnedtothem,andsaid:Allah hasregardedthemonthofRamadanasafieldwhereHiscreaturescompetewitheachotherfor obeyingHimtoobtainhispleasure.Somepeopleprecededandsucceeded.Someotherpeople fellshortandfailed.Therefore,Ifullywonderatonewholaughsandplaysonthedaywhengood doersarerewarded,andevildoers [1]Quran,2,p.197. [2]TuhafalUqool,p.56. [3]Warm,Majjmua,p.411. [4]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.202. lose.ByAllah,ifthecover(betweenthemandtheunseen)wasremoved,theycametoknowthat thegooddoerisbusyperforminghisgooddeeds,andtheevildoerisbusyperforminghisevil deeds.Thenhe(a.s)leftthemandwentaway.[1]He(a.s)hassaid:IadviseyoutofearAllahand thinkcontinually,forthinkingisthefatherofthefreeandtheslave.He(a.s)hassaid:Whoever knowsAllahlovesHim,andwhoeverknowstheworldrenouncesit.Abelieverdoesnotplaylest he(orshe)shouldbecomeinattentive.Whenhe(orshe)thinks,he(orshe)becomessad.[2]He (a.s)passedbyadeadpersonpreparedforburialandsaid:Mostsurelytheaffairwhoseendis this,itsbeginningisworthyofrenunciation.Andtheaffairwhosebeginningisthis,itis appropriate(forone)tofearitsend.[3] He(a.s)hassaid:Peopleareintheabodeofinattentionandheedlessness.Theyworkbuttheydo notknow.Whentheyreachthehereafter,theywillreachthetrueabodewheretheyknowbut theydonotwork.[4] SeekingLivelihood He(a.s)hassaid:Donotstriveforlivelihoodwiththestrivingofthevictor,anddonotrelyon fatewiththerelianceofthesubmissive.Seekinglivelihoodisrecommended,andmoderationin respectofseekinglivelihoodisofchastity.Chastitydoesnotrepellivelihood,nordoesgreediness bringitabout,forlivelihoodisapportioned,andusinggreedinessissimilartousingsins.[5] MosquesHe(a.s)hassaid:Whoeverfrequentlygoestomosquesobtainseightqualities:afirm (clear)verse,usefulbrotherhood,originalknowledge,expectedmercy,awordleadinghimto guidanceorpreventinghimfrommisguidance,andgivingupsinsoutofshynessorfear.[6] [1]JaamialSaadat,vol.3,p.376.TuhafalUqool,p.56.Warm,Majjmua,p.54. [2]Warm,Majjmua,p.37. [3]AlJahiz,alMahasinwaalMasawi,p.256. [4]AlIthnaAshariya,p.37. [5]TuhafalUqool,p.55.

[6]IbnQutayba,UyoonalAkhbar,vol.3,p.3. ThemannersofHavingFood He(a.s)hassaid:Washingthehandsbeforehavingfoodremovespoverty,andafteritremoves worry.[1]He(a.s)hassaid:Therearetwelvequalitiesinrespectofhavingfood.Itisincumbent uponaMuslimtoknowthem.Fourofthemareobligatory,fourarerecommended,andfourare moral.Asfortheobligatoryqualities,theyare:knowledge,satisfaction,sayinginthenameof Allah,theBeneficent,theMerciful,andgivingthanks.Asfortherecommendedones,theyare: performingtheritualablutionbeforehavingfood,sittingontheleftside,eatingwiththree fingers,andlickingthefingers.Asforthemoralones,theyare:eatingfromthefoodwhichisin frontofyou,makingthebitesmall,chewingitwell,andlittlelookingatthepeoplesfaces.[2] DevotiontotheAhlulBayt AmansaidtoImamalHasan:OsonofAllahsApostle,IamfromyourShia.TheImam(a.s)said: OservantofAllah,ifyouobeyourcommandsandprohibitions,thenyouaretruthful.Ifyouare contrarytothat,thendonotincreaseyoursinsthroughclaimingahighpositiontowhichyouare notentitled.DonotsaythatyouareamongourShiaites;rathersaythatyouareamongthose whosupportus,showloveforus,andshowenmitytowardourenemies,andyouareingoodand willbetogood(end).[3] WarningagainstthosewhodistortAllahsBook He(a.s)hassaid:Opeople,whoeverisloyaltoAllahandusesHiswordsasaguideforguidance towardthatwhichisthemoststraight,Allahgrantshimsuccessforguidanceandshowhimthe waytogood.TheneighborofAllahissafeandguarded,andhisenemyisfearfulanddeserted. ThereforeguardagainstAllahthroughrememberingHimtoomuch,fearAllahthroughpiety,and seeknearnesstoHimthroughobeyingHim,forHeisNearandAnswering.Allah,theMostHigh, hassaid:AndwhenMyservantsaskyouconcerningMe,thensurelyIamverynear;Ianswerthe prayerofthesuppliantwhenhecallsonMe,sotheyshouldanswerMycallandbelieveinMethat theymaywalkintherightway.[4]Therefore,respondtoAllahand [1]AlIthnaAshariya,p.37. [2]AbdullahShubbar,MasabeehalAnwarfiHalMushkilatalAkhbar,vol.2,p.271. [3]Warm,Majjmua,p.301. [4]Quran,2,186. believeinHim,forwhoeverknowsHisGreatnessshouldnotshowgreatness(beforeHim).Indeed thehighnessofthosewhoknowAllahsmightisthattheyshouldbehumble(beforeHim).Those

whoknowAllahsgreatnessshouldlowerthemselves(beforeHim),andthesafetyofthosewho knowAllahspoweristhattheyshouldyieldtoHim,norshouldtheydenytheirownselvesafter theknowledge(ofHim),norshouldtheygoastrayaftertheguidance.Youcertainlyshouldknow thatyoudonotknowpietyunlessyouknowthequalityofguidance.Nordoyouholdfasttothe covenantoftheBookunlessyouknowhimwholeavesit,nordoyourecitetheBookwithatrue recitationunlessyouknowhimwhodistortsit.Ifyouknowthat,youknowinnovationsand affection,youseefabricatingliesagainstAllah,andseehowhefallswhofalls.Donotletthose, whodonotknow,makeyouignorant.Seekthatfromitspeople,fortheyareaspeciallightfrom whomlightissought,andtheyareImamswhoarefollowed.Throughthemknowledgelivesand ignorancedies.Itistheywhoseclemencytellsyoutheirknowledge,wisespeech(tellsyou)of theirsilence,andtheiroutward(tellsyou)oftheirinward.Theydonotopposethetruthnordo theydifferoverit.PrecedencefromAllahinrespectofthemhaspassed,andadecreefromAllah inrespectofthemhaselapsed.Mostsurelyinthatthereisaremindertothemindful.And understanditwhenyouhearitwiththeunderstandingofcarefulness,anddonotunderstandit withtheunderstandingofnarration.ThenarratorsoftheBookaremany,butthosewho understanditarefew.AndweseekhelpfromAllah.[1] AlShahidandalMashhood AmanwenttotheMosqueofAllahsApostle(a.s)toaskaboutthemeaningofthesewordsof Him:WaShahidunwaMashhood.Themansawthreepersonssittinginthemosque.Agroupof peoplesurroundedeachofthem,andtheytoldaboutwhattheyhadheardfromAllahsApostle (a.s)suchasthereligiouspreceptsandgoodmanners.Themanwenttooneofthemandasked himabouthisquestion.Hesaidtohim:AlShahidisFriday,andalMashhoodistheDayof Arafat.Thenthemanwenttothesecondpersonandaskedhimthesamequestion.Hesaidto him:AlShahidisFriday,andalMashhoodistheDayofImmolation.Thenthemanwenttothe thirdpersonandaskedhimhisquestion. [1]TuhafalUqool,p.53. Hesaidtohim:AlShahidisAllahsApostle(a.s),andalMashhoodistheDayofResurrection.He confirmedhisspeechwithsomeproofs,saying:HaveyounotheardAllahsayinHisHolyBook:O Prophet,surelywehavesentyouasawitness(shahid),andabearerofgoodnewsandasa warner.AndHe,theMostHigh,hassaid:Andthisisadaythatshallbewitnessed(mashhood). Themanaskedaboutthefirstperson,anditwassaidtohimthathewasAbdullahbinAbbas.[1] Heaskedaboutthesecondperson,anditwassaidtohimthathewasAbdullahbinUmar.[2] [1]HisfullnameisAbdullahbinAbbasbinAbdalMuttalibbinHashim,theuncleoftheProphet (a.s.).HismotherisUmmalFadhl,daughterofalHarithalHilali.Hewasbornthreeyearsbefore theemigration,anditwassaidthathewasbornfiveyearsbeforeit.AllahsApostle(a.s.)

supplicatedAllahforhim,saying:OAllah,makehimunderstandthereligionandteachhimthe interpretation.Andhe(a.s.)hassaid:OAllah,increasehiminknowledgeandunderstanding. SoheduetotheblessingofthesupplicationofAllahsApostle(a.s.)wasamongthegreat religiousscholars.Masruqhassaid:WhenIsawAbdullahbinAbbas,Isaidhewasthemost handsomeofthepeople.Whenhespoke,Isaidhewasthemosteloquentofthepeople.Whenhe talked,Isaidhewasthemostknowledgeableofthepeople.ItwassaidthatifthePersians,the Romans,andtheTurkshadheardhisspeech,theywouldhavebeenMuslims.Hebecameblindat theendofhislifetime,sohesaid: IfAllahhastakenthelightofmyeyes,thenIhavelightoftheminmytongueandmyheart.My heartisclever,mymindissound,andinmymouththerearesayingsassharpasthesword. HediedinalTaifintheyear68A.H.ThatwasduringthedaysofIbnalZubayr.Hewasseventy yearsold.Itwassaidthathewasseventyoneyearsold,anditwassaidthathewasseventyfour yearsold.MuhammadbinalHanafiyaperformedtheprayeroverhimandsaidthetakbeer(Allah isgreat!)overhimfourtimes.Hesaid:Todaythedivinepersonofthiscommunityhasdied.This hasbeenmentionedinthebookalIstiab,vol.2,p.350. [2]HisfullnameisAbdullahbinUmarbinalKhattab.Hewasbornthreeyearsbeforetheday whentheProphetwasappointedasaprophet.Hediedintheyear84A.H.Otherthanthathas beensaid.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookalIsaba,vol.2,p.347.Ithasbeenmentionedin thebookalIstiab,vol.2,p.343:He(AbdullahbinUmar)didnotfollow(Imam)Ali.Herefrained from(payingallegiancetohim),buthefeltremorseforthat.Whenhewasabouttodie,hesaid:I findinmysoul(nothing)exceptthatIdidnotfightalongwithAlibinAbiTalibagainstthe rebelliousgroup.InhisbookMurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.238,alMasudihasmentioned:Some peopledidnotpayallegiancetoAli.HehasmentionedAbdullahbinUmarasamongthem.The reasonfortheirrefrainingfrompledgingallegiance(toAli)wasasarebellionagainstthepower andasanappositiontoAli,peacebeonhim. Heaskedaboutthethirdperson,anditwassaidtohimthathewasalHasanbinAli.[1] SomeofalHasansSermons ImamalHasan(a.s)wasaneloquentorator.Hewasthemostskillfulandcapableoforatorsin improvisingandcreatingspeeches.Wewillmentiontonoblereaderssomeofhissermons. He(a.s)hassaid:WearethesuccessfulpartyofAllah,andtheclosestfamilyofthemessengerof Allah(toAllah),andhispure,goodhousehold.Weareoneofthetwoweightythings(Thaqalayn) thatAllahsApostle(a.s)hasleftbehindhim.ThesecondisAllahsBook,inwhichtherearedetails aboutallthings,falsehoodshallnotcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrombehindit[2],and

dependedon.Wedonotmakemistakesininterpretingit;ratherwearesureofthefactsinit. Thereforeobeyus,fortheobediencetousisobligatoryifitiscoupledwiththeobedienceto Allah,theApostle,andthoseinauthority.Thenifyouquarrelaboutanything,referittoAllahand theApostle.[3]IftheyreferredittotheApostleandthoseinauthorityfromamongthem,then thosewhoconcludeitfromamongthemwouldknowit.IwarnyouagainstlisteningtoSatans call,forheisyourclearenemy,lestyoushouldbelikehisfriendstowhomhehassaid:Noone canovercomeyouthisday,andsurelyIamyourprotector.Butwhenthetwopartiescamein sightofeachother,heturneduponhisheels,andsaid:SurelyIamclearofyou,surelyIseewhat youdonotsee.[4]Therefore,youthrowstrengthbeforethespears,slaughteringbeforethe swords,errorsbeforeintention,andatargetbeforethearrows.Thenitsfaithshallnotprofita soulwhichdidnotbelievebefore,orearngoodthroughitsfaith.[5]AndAllahismore knowledgeable. OnedayImamAlifellill,andheorderedImamalHasantoleadthepeopleintheFridayPrayer. He(a.s)wentuponthepulpit,praisedandlaudedAllah,andthensaid:Allahdidnotsenda prophetunlesshechoseforhimaself(associate),agroup,andahousehold.ByHimwhosent MuhammadwiththeTruth,whensomeonedecreasessomethingofourright,Allahdecreaseshis lifetimeequaltothat.Whenthetimeturnsagainstus,theendwillbetous.Andmostcertainly youwillcometoknowaboutitafteratime.[6][7] [1]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.160. [2]Quran,41,42. [3]Quran,4,59. [4]Ibid.,8,48. [5]Ibid.,6,158. [6]Quran,38,88. [7]AlMasudi,MurujalThahab,vol.2,p.306. Hisshort,wiseSayings Deathhasexposedtheworld.[1] Bewithyourbodyinthisworldandwithyourheartinthehereafter. Regardthatwhichyouseekintheworldanddonotobtainaslikethatwhichdoesnotcometo yourmind. Whenpeopleconsulteachother,theyreachtheirrightness. Whoeverseeksworshipmustpurifyhimselfforit. Jokingspoilsrespect.Thesilentgetmoregravity. Theboonsareignoredwhentheylast.Whentheygo,theyareknown. Promiseisanillnessinthegenerous,anditscureisinfulfillingit. Anaskedoneisfreeuntilhepromises,andheisenslavedbypromiseuntilhefulfillsit.

Donothastensinwithpunishment,andmakebetweenthemawayforapologizing. Definiteknowledgeistheexcuseofthelearned. Certaintyistherefugeofsafety. Thewisedonotcheatwhoeverconsultsthem. Whensuperfluousprayersharmobligations,thenleavethem. Opportunityquicklypassesandslowlycomesback. Someoneaskedhimaboutsilence,andhe(a.s)said:Itcoverstirednessandadornshonor.Its doeriscomfortable,andhiscompanionissafe. Missingsomethingisbetterthanrequestingitfromunworthypeople. Badmannersareworsethanmisfortune. Whoeverremembersadistanttravelgetsready. Acloseoneishewhomaffectionmakescloseevenifheisfarinlineage,andafaroneishewhom affectionmakesfarevenifheiscloseinlineage. He(a.s)saidtoamanwhorecoveredfromhisillness:Allahremembered [1]Warram,Majmua,p.201.KhalidbinSafwanhassaid:Themosteloquentofpeopleisal HasanbinAliduetohissayingthisgoldenstatementrepresentinginimitability,creation,and conciseness. you,sorememberHim,andheforgaveyou,sothankHim.Ifyoursouldoesnotobeyyouinthat whichyouforceittodowhatitdislikes,thendonotobeyitinthatwhichitforcesyoutodowhat itlikes.Whoeverstartsspeakingbeforegreeting,donotreplytohim.Disgraceiseasierthanthe Fire.He(a.s)hassaidtohiscompanions:Haveyoueverseenanoppressorasoppressed?How isthat,OsonofAllahsApostle?theyasked.Theenvier,hereplied,forheistired,andhe whomheenviesiscomfortable.Thegenerosityofcontentmentandsatisfactionisgreaterthan thatofgiving.Completingfavorisbetterthanbeginningit. HiscomposingofPoetry Asforhiscomposingofpoetry,itislittle.Inthepreviouschaptersofthebook,wehave mentionedsomepoetryascribedtohim.However,IbnRasheeqhasnumberedImamalHasan (a.s)asamongpoets.HehasmentionedthepoetrythattheImamsaidwhenhewasdressedin black:Weblackenthetopofthem(hair),buttheiroriginsrefusethat.Iwishthattheirorigins becameblack.[1] InthebookAyanalShiaithasbeenmentionedthathe(a.s)hassaidinrespectofpreaching: Leavethetroublesofdays.Mostsurelytheirclearnesswentalongwiththebygonedaysof delight.Howdoestimedeceivehimbetweenwhomandnightstherearefirmexperiences?Inthe bookalManaqibithasbeenmentionedthathe(a.s)hassaid:

Ifatimesaddenedme,Iwoulddeterminetobepatient;andeverytribulationthatdoesnotlastis easy.Andifitdelightedme,Iwouldnotrejoiceatitsdelight;andeverydelightthatdoesnotlast ismean.WiththissubjectmatterwewillendourtalkaboutImamalHasansinheritanceand ideals. [1]AlUmda,vol.1,p.21.
ChapterIX:AttheTimeofImamAli TheMuslimmassesreceivedthecaliphateofImamAli(a.s)withdelight,rejoicing,hopes,and expectations.TheyweresurethattheImamwouldreturntothemtheplunderedfreedoms, destroythepillarsofslaveryestablishedbythedemolishedUmayyadgovernment,andreturnto themthebrillianttimeoftheProphethoodwhenmercy,justice,andhopespread.Theythought thattheywould,withoutdoubt,leadalifeofcomfortunderhisjustgovernment,whichdidnot knowpreference,andselfishness,anddidnotmakeadistinctionbetweenonecommunityand another.TheyweresurethattheImamwouldachievetothemthenobleobjectivesforwhich theyhadyearnedsuchassocialandpoliticaljustice,theprinciplesandregulationsthatIslamhad brought,andputtinganendtoallthedifferencesanddistinctionsthatUthmanhadbrought. They,fromallclasses,hurriedtotheImamandcheeredhisname.Theyannouncedtheirurgent wishthathehadtoundertaketheiraffairs,thathemightleadthemtothecleartruthandthe straightpath.Wewillputbeforedearreadersabriefpictureofthepledgeofallegianceandthe eventsthataccompaniedit. ThePledgeofAllegiance TheMuhajireen,theAnsar,therevolutionaries,therestofthemasses,Talha,andalZubayrhelda meeting.ThentheyhurriedtoImamAli(a.s)whoisolatedhimselfinhishouse.Theysurrounded himfromallsidesandsaidtohim:OAbulHasan,thisman(Uthman)hasbeenkilled,andthereis noescapefromthatthepeopleshouldhaveanImam.Todaywefindnoneworthierofthismatter (thecaliphate)thanyou,norolderinprecedence,norcloserinkinshiptoAllahsApostle(thanyou are). HowevertheImamrefrainedfromrespondingtothemandhesaidtothem:Iaminnoneedof yourmatter.Iwillbepleasedwithwhomeveryouchoose.Yettheyallsaid:Wewillchoosenone

otherthanyou! ThemassesverymuchinsistedontheImam,buthedidnotrespondtothem.Sotheylefthim withnouse.Themilitaryforcesheldaspecialmeetingwheretheydiscussedthedangerous eventsthatfacedthecommunityifitremainedwithoutanImam(leader)tomanageitsaffairs.As aresulttheydecidedtobringthepeopleofMedinaandforcethemtoelectanImamoverthe Muslims.Theysaidtothem:Youarethepeopleofconsultation.YouappointtheImam.Your decisionisvalidamongthecommunity.Therefore,thinkofamantoappointhim(asanImam). Wewillfollowyou.Wehavegivenyouadaytodecide.ByAllah,ifyoudonotdo,wewillkillAli, Talha,alZubayr,andagroupofpeople.[1] AfterthiswarningandthreateningthepeopleofMedinahurriedtoImamAli.Theyallsaid: Allegiance!Allegiance!HaveyounotseenwhathasbefallenIslamandthatwithwhichwehave beenafflictedbythevillagers?TheImamcalmlyansweredthem:Leavemeandlookfor someoneelse! Thenhetoldthemwhyherefrainedfromundertakingthecaliphate,saying:Opeople,wewill faceanaffairhavingdifferentfacesandcolors.Theheartswillnotundertakeitnorwilltheminds maintainit![2] TheImam(a.s)knewtheevilthatcreptintothesoulsofpeople,andthedesiresthatprevailed theirleaders,especiallyasitconcernsUthmansgovernors,hisfamily,andrelatives.Hecameto knowthattheywouldopposehim,comebetweenhimandachievinghiswideobjectives,and broughtabouttohisgovernmentproblemsandhardships.Forthisreason,heinsistedon refrainingfromundertakingthecaliphate.TheImamthoughtabouttheaffairandsaidtothem:If Irespondedtoyou,thenIwouldleadyouaccordingtomyknowledge.Ifyouleftme,Iwouldbe asoneofyouandbethebestofyouinlisteningandobeyinghimwhomyouwouldappointasa ruler.Howevertheyallsaid:Wewillnotleaveyouuntilwepledgeallegiancetoyou! TheImam(a.s)hasdescribedtheircomingtohimandtheirstronginsistenceonhim,saying:At thatmoment,nothingtookmebysurprise,butthecrowdofpeoplerushingtome.Theyadvanced towardsmefromeverysidelikethemaneofthehyenasomuchsothatalHasanandalHusayn werecrushedandboththeendsofmyshouldergarmentweretorn.Theygatheredaroundme liketheherdofsheep.TheImampostponedthemtothefollowingdaythathemightreflecton thematter.Theyseparatedfromhimaccordingtothat.ThenightspreadoverMediaandits houses.ThepeopleofMedinarestlesslyspentthenight.Whenthemorningcame,thepeople gatheredintheGreatMosque.TheImamcameandwentupthepulpit.Hedeliveredaspeech, saying:OPeople,nonehastherighttoundertakethisaffairofyoursexceptonewhomyouhave invested

[1]IbnalAtheer,Tarikh,vol.3,p.80. [2]SharhNahjalBalagha,MuhammadAbda,vol.1,p.182. withauthority.Yesterday,weseparated(fromeachother).Ihatedyourrequest,butyourefused exceptthatIwouldbeanImamoveryou.Therefore,Ihavenorighttotakeadirhamwithoutyou. Ifyouwished,Iwouldundertakeyou;otherwise,Iwouldbeblamedfornone.Themassessaid: Weareinsistingonwhatwehadagreedonwithyouyesterday!OAllah,bearwitness, retortedtheImam.Thepeoplepushedeachotherlikechoppywaves.Talhawalkedtowardsthe Imamandpledgedallegiancetohimwiththathandthroughwhichhequicklybrokethecovenant withAllah.[1]AfterhimalZubayrcameandpledgedallegianceashisfriendhaddone.The EgyptianandtheIraqidelegationspaidhomagetohim.Thecommonpeoplepledgedallegianceto him.Noneofthepreviouscaliphshadwonsuchageneralpledgeofallegiance.AlltheMuslims werehappy. ImamAlihasdescribedthepeoplesdelight,saying:Thepeopleweresopleasedwiththeir allegiancetomethattheyoungweregladwithit,theoldshambledtoit,thesickforced themselves(tocome)toit,andtheheelswerebaredforit.TheMuslimsrejoicedattheirpledge ofallegiancetotheguardianofAllahsApostle.Joysspreadalloverthecountry,forthe governmentofjusticeandequalitytoweredovertheworldofexistence.Thecaliphatewas undertakenbythetrueImam,whowasthesupporteroftheoppressedandfatheroftheorphans. Hetookpartinthehungerandordealsofthepoorandthedeprived.Hesaidduringtheperiodof hisgovernment:ShallIbesatisfiedwithmyownsoulthatitissaid(tome)thecommanderofthe faithfulandIdonotassociatewiththeminthemisfortunesofthetimeorbeanexampletothem inthecoarselife? Onthatimmortalday,thegreatflagsofjusticewerespread,andthegenuineobjectivesthatIslam wantedwereachieved.Therewerenoselfishness,nodeception,nodictatorship,andnoyielding toinclinationsandsentiments.AllthesethingswereachievedbyAlibinAbiTalibduringthe periodofhiscaliphate. [1]Talhashandwasparalyzed,sotheImamsawanevilomeninitandsaid:Heisworthyof breaking(hispledgeofallegiance).Thathappenedashehadpredicted.Thishasbeenmentioned inthebookAlIqdalFareed,vol.3,p.93. TheProphetsCompanionssupporttheImam ThegreatcompanionsoftheProphetandtheleadingMuslimsfromamongthose,whobelievedin therightofImamAli(a.s)ofauthoritysincethedeathoftheProphet,weresodelightedwiththis pledgeofallegiance.Theyfullysupportedhisgovernment,andurgedtheMuslimstostrengthen it.Theyareasfollows:

1.ThabitBinQays ThabitbinQays,theoratoroftheAnsar,roseandaddressedImamAli,saying:ByAllah,O commanderofthefaithful,iftheyhadprecededyouinauthority,theyhadnotprecededyouin thereligion.Iftheywereaheadofyouyesterday,youhavecaughtupwiththemtoday.They wereandyouwere.Yourplacewasnothiddenandyourpositionwasnotignored.Theywerein needofyouinrespectofthatwhichtheydidnotknow,whileyouwereinnoneedofanyone becauseofyourknowledge. 2.KhuzaymaBinThabit ThegreatcompanionoftheProphet,KhuzaymabinThabit,theoneoftwotestimonies,said:O commanderofthefaithful,wearenotrightinchoosinganyonetothisaffairofoursexceptyou, andourreturnwasnottoanyoneexceptyou.Ifwebelieveoursoulsinrespectofyou,thenyou arethefirstofpeopleinfaith,themostknowledgeableinAllah,andthemostappropriatefor AllahsApostle(a.s).Youhavewhattheydonothave,andtheydonothavewhatyouhave. Thenherecitedsomepoetrythroughwhichheaddressedthepeople,saying: IfwepledgeallegiancetoAli;therefore,enoughforthefuturetroubleswefearisAbulHasan.We havefoundhimthemostappropriateofpeopleforpeople;heisthemostlearnedofQurayshin theBookandtheSuna.AndthatQurayshisunequalledtohimwhenhesomedayrunsonthe slendercamels.Hehaswhattheyhavefromamongallthegood,andtheydonothavewhathe hasofanygood.[1] [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.115.InhisbookalFusoolalMukhtara,AlSayyidalMurtada hasmentionedanadditiontothepoetrylineasfollows: TheguardianofAllahsApostlewiththeexceptionofhisfamily;andhewashisknightinthe bygonetime.Hewasthefirstofallthepeopletopraywiththeexceptiontothebestofwomen;3. SasaaBinSouhan SasaabinSouhanroseandsaidtotheImam:ByAllah,Ocommanderofthefaithful,youhave adornedthecaliphate,whileithasnotadornedyou.Youhaveraisedit,whileithasnotraised you.Itisinneedofyou,whileyouarenotinneedofit.[1] 4.MalikalAshtar ThegreatleaderMalikalAshtaraddressedtheMuslims,saying:Opeople,thisistheguardianof

guardians(Ali).Heistheinheritoroftheprophetsknowledge,thegreatinbravery,andthegood intoil,forwhomAllahsBookhasbornewitnessinfaith,andHisApostleintheGardenofal Ridwan.Itishewhosemeritsareperfect.Neitherthefirstnorthelasthavedoubtabouthis precedence,knowledge,andexcellence. 5.UqbaBinAmr UqbabinAmrroseandpraisedtheImamsoutstandingmerits,saying:Itishewhohasadaylike thedayofalAqaba,pledgeofallegiancelikethatofalRidwan,themostrightlyguidedImam, whoseinjusticeisnotfeared,andthelearnedwhoseignoranceisnotfeared.[2]Thecompanions successivelylaudedAbualHasansmerits,mentionedhislaudabledeedsandhisachievements, andurgedtheMuslimstosupporthisgovernment. QurayshbecomessilentwithFear QurayshandtherestofthedeviousforcesreceivedthecaliphateofImamAli(a.s)withfear, worry,anddisorder.TheImamhadwarredagainstthemforIslamandkilledmanyoftheirleading personalities.HekilledtheprominentpersonsofUmayyasuchasUtbabinRabeea(Muawiyas grandfather),alWaleedbinUtba(hisuncle),andHanzala(hisbrother).Hekilledotherthanthem fromamongthechiefsandpillarsofthepolytheistsandtheatheists.Thiskindledrancorintheir heartsandarousedspitestowardhim.Besides,theandAllahisthepossessoroffavors. Hewastheescapegoatofthepeopleateverybattlewherethesoulofthebravewasatthechin. Thatwashethroughhisnamethesmallfingerswerebent;(he)wastheirImamuntilhewasmade absentintheshroud. [1]InthismeaningAhmedbinHanbalhassaid:MostsurelythecaliphatedidnotadornAli, ratherAliadornedit.ThishasbeenmentionedbyIbnalJawziin(hisbook)ManaqibAhmed,p. 163. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.155. Imamspolicyopposedtheirinterestsandadvantages.Hewarredagainstpreferenceandselfish use.UnderallcircumstancesImamAli(a.s)didnotacceptthepolicyofplunderingandfavoritism thatUthmanhadfollowed.Forthisreason,Qurayshmutiniedagainsthisgovernment.AlWaleed announcedallthesethingswhenheandtheUmayyadswereforcedtopayhomagetotheImam. Hesaidtohim:Youhadwrongedus.Asforme,youkilledmyfatherattheBattleofBadr.Asfor Saeed,youkilledhisfatherattheBattleofBadr,whilehisfatherwasabrilliantQurayshi.Asfor Marwan,youcursedhisfather,andyoucriticizedUthmanwhenhejoinedhimtohim.Wepledge allegiancetoyouprovidedthatyouremovefromuswhathadbefallenus,letushavethatwhich inourhands,andkillthosewhokilledourcompanion(Uthman).

TheImamrefusedhisspeech.Heansweredhimsaying:Asforthatwhichyouhavementionedin respectofmykillingyourmen,itisthetruththathaskilledthem.Asformyremovingthatwhich wereinyourhands,IhavenorighttoremoveAllahsright.Asformylettingyouhavethatwhich inyourhands,justiceencompassesyouinrespectofthatwhichbelongstoAllahandtheMuslims. AsformykillingthosewhokilledUthman,ifitisincumbentuponmetofightagainstthemtoday, itisincumbentuponmetofightagainstthemtomorrow.ButitbelongstoyouthatImustincite youtofollowAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.Whoeverisannoyedwiththetruthis moreannoyedwiththefalsehood.Andifyouwish,youcanfollowyourancestors.[1] QurayshintendedtobargainwiththeImaminrespectofthepropertiesofthecommunity.They wantedhimtodeviatefromhisstraightplanseekingthepublicinterests,andguidingthepeople tothecleartruthandthestraightpath.HowevertheImamhadpromisedAllahandtheMuslims toputintopracticetheQuranicprecepts,givenewlifetotheIslamicfeatures,andbehaveinthe lightoftheSunnaoftheProphet(a.s).Hehadpromisedthemnottoyieldtotheeventsand circumstanceswhateverhardandseveretheywere,towatchallthosewhowrongedtheMuslims andaggressedagainstthem.Forthisreason,Qurayshharboredstrongmaliceagainsthis government.They,theirallies,andtheirchildrenannouncedmutinyanddisobedience.IbnAbial Haddeedhasdescribedtheirdisorderandworry,saying:Theirstatewasasifthatthecaliphate reachedhimonthedeathofhiscousin.Theyshowedwhatwasintheirsoulsandtheirexcitement ofthatwhichwasintheirhearts.TheyallbecamedisorderedeventhealliesfromQurayshand theyouthswhodidnot [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.155. witnesshisbattlesandattacksagainsttheirancestorsandforefathers.Theydidthatofwhichthe ancestorsfellshortiftheywereliving. TheImamwasseverelytriedbythosetyrantswhoseheartsandfeelingsIslamdidnotpenetrate, andwhosesoulswerefullofmaliceagainsthim.ItwasbecausehestoodbesidetheProphet(a.s) toprotecthismessage,andprotecthimfromtheaggressionofthetraitorsandtheaggressors, andbecausehecutofftheheadsoftheinfidelsandtheatheists.Heexpressedhisstrong displeasurewiththem,saying:ThereisagreatdifferencebetweenmeandQuraysh.Ikilledthem becausetheywereinfidels,andIwillkillthembecausetheyaretroublemakers.ByAllahIwill splitopenthefalsehoodthatthetruthmayappearfromitswaist.SosaytoQuraysh:Letthem clamortheirclamor! MostsurelyQurayshwereangrywithImamAliandcamebetweenhimandhisrightafterthe deathoftheProphet(a.s).Theyturnedthecaliphateawayfromhim.Theyonetimehandeditover toTaym(AbuBakr),onetimetoAdiy(Umar),andonetimetoUmayya(theUmayyads).Theywere

earnestinmakingriotandmutiny,thattheymightputanendtohisgovernment.Theyshowed thatduringthebattlesofalJamalandSiffin. AlQuaad SomepersonsrefrainedfrompayinghomagetoImamAli.AlMasudihasnamedthemal Quaad.[1]AbualFidahasgiventhemthenameofalMu;tazila.[2]ImamAliwasaskedabout them,andheanswered:Thosearethepeoplewhotarriedthetruthanddidnotrisefor falsehood![3]TheywereSadbinAbiWaqqas,AbdullahbinUmar,HassaanbinThabit,Kaabbin Malik,MuslimabinMukhalad,AbuSaeedalKhidri,MuhammadbinMuslima,alNumanbin Basheer,ZaydbinThabit,RafibinKhudayj,FudhalabinUbayd,KaabbinAjra,Abdullahbin Salam,SuhaybbinSinan,SalamabinSalama,UsamabinZayd,QudamabinMadhun,andal MughirabinShuba.[4]Theydeviatedfromthetruthandlosttheway.TheMuslimsagreed unanimouslyonthepledgeofallegiancetotheImam.Theyhadnoexcuseforrefrainingfrom payinghomagetohim.TheirrefrainingviolatedtheMuslimconsensusandmutiniedagainstthe communityswill.Throughthattheyopenedadoortorebellionandmutinyagainstthe governmentoftheImam,andtheykindledthefireofthediscordinthecountry.SadbinAbi [1]MurujjalDhahab,vol.6,pp.7879. [2]AbialFida,Tarikh,vol.1,pp.178179. [3]AlIstiab,vol.3,p.55. [4]IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.3,p.74. WaqqaswasoneofthetenpersonsgivengoodnewsoftheGarden,astheysay.Howeverhe apologizedforisolatinghimselffromtheImamandtheUmayyadsduringthedaysofthegreat discord,saying:Iwillnotfightuntiltheybringmeaknowing,wise,speakingswordtotellmethis isaMuslimandthisisanunbeliever.Thisisasillyapologywhichneitherspeechnorproof support.ThepledgeofallegiancetotheImamwaslawfulintheexactmeaningoftheword.The Imamundertookthecaliphate.TheMuslimmassespaidhomagetohim.Thepledgeofallegiance tohimwasnotfalta(mistake)likethatofAbuBakr,norwasitaccordingtothedeclarationofone manlikethatofUmar,norwasitbasedonacertaingroupofpeoplelikethatofUthman. Therefore,thegroupofpeople,whomutiniedagainsthim,wrongfullyacted.Itwasincumbenton theMuslimstofightagainstit,forAllahhadcommandedthemtodothat,saying:Andiftwo partiesofthebelieversquarrel,makepeacebetweenthem.Butifoneofthemactswrongfully towardtheother,fightthatwhichactswrongfullyuntilitreturnstoAllahscommand.[1] HoweverSadharboredmaliceagainsttheImam.ItwashewhogavehisvotetoAbdurrahmanbin AwftoweakenthesideoftheImam.Wehavepreviouslyexplainedthatwhenwetalkedabout theConsultativeCommittee.Atlastherepentedofhisdeedandwishedthathewaswiththe Imam.LikewiseAbdullahbinUmarfeltremorseforthat.Hesaidwhenhewasabouttodie:Most

surelyIamgoingtoleavetheworld.Ihavenoregretinmyheartexceptmyrefrainingfrom (payinghomageto)Ali.Allahtookvengeanceonhim.Heshowedhimabasementanddisgrace duringthelastdaysofhislifetime. HemadehimlivetothetimeofAbdalMalik.WhenalHajjajcametotakethepledgeof allegiancetoAbdalMalik,Abdullahcameattheendofthepeoplelestsomeoneshould recognizehim.HoweveralHajjajrecognizedhim.Hedisrespectedhim,madelightofhim,and saidtohim:WhydidyounotpayhomagetoAbuTurab(ImamAli),whileyouhavecomeatthe endofthepeopletopayhomagetoAbdalMalik?Youaretoolowtostretchoutmyhandtoyou! Mylegisinfrontofyou,sopayhomage! Hestretchedouttohimhislegwithhissandals,andhepaidhomagetoit.Mostsurelythosewho refrainedfrompledgingallegiancetotheImamcametoknow,withoutdoubt,thatthetruthwas withAli,andthathewasthemostappropriatefortheauthority.HehadprecedenceinIslam, knowledge,understanding,andclingingtothereligion.Butthelowdesiresandvainglorymade thosepeoplefarfromtheirreligion,andtheyshowedenmitytowardthefamilyoftheirProphet andremovedthemfromtheirrankswhereAllahhadplacedthem.ToAllahwebelongandtoHim isourreturn! [1]Quran,49,9. ConfiscatingtheplunderedProperties</b >ThebeginningofthedeedsthatImamAli(a.s)performedwasthatheissuedhisdecisive decisioninrespectofreturningthelandsthatUthmanhadgranted,thepropertieshehad possessedalone,andthepropertieshehadgiventohisrelatives,fortheywereunlawfully taken.AllUthmanspossessionswereconfiscatedevenhisswordandhisbreastplate. Concerningthat,alWaleedhassaidwhenheaddressedtheHashimites: OBanuHashim,returntheweaponofyournephewanddonotplunderit.Itisnotlawfultoloot it. OBanuHashim,howdoesleniencytakeplaceamonguswhilehisbreastplateandhis outstandingthingsarewithAli? OBanuHashim,howdoyoushowaffectionwhiletheclothesandwartoolsofIbnArwaare withyou? OBanuHashim,ifyoudonotreturn(thesethings),thenweregardasthesamethosewhokilled himandthosewholooted(hispossessions). OBanuHashim,weandthatwhichissuedfromyouarelikethecrackofalSafa;noreformer willsetrightthecrack. Youkilledmybrother,thatyoumightreplacehim,justashisguardsonedaybetrayedKhosrau.

AbdullahbinAbiSufyanbinalHarithrefutedhimwithsomepoetrylinesofwhicharethe following: Donotaskusaboutyoursword.Mostsurelyyourswordhasbeenlost,anditsownerthrewit downoutoffear. YouhavelikenedhimtoKhosrau,andhewaslikeKhosrauinhisconductandhis(collecting) taxes. ThesejustproceduresmovedthedispleasureofthosewhoplunderedtheMuslimsproperties andenjoyedtheworld.AmrbinalAaswrotealettertoMuawiya.Hehasmentionedinthe letter:Dowhatyouwanttodo.(Ali)binAbiTalibhasstrippedyouofyourpossessionsasa stickisstrippedofthebark.[1] Talha,alZubayr,andthelikefromamongthose,whomUthmanhadgrantedlandsandgiven enormousproperties,wereafraidofthatwhatwasintherehandwouldbeconfiscated. Accordingly,theyshowedoppositionandaggression,andtheyannouncedmutinyagainstthe Imam. [1]AlGhadir,vol.8,p.288. DeposingtheGovernors ImamAliwentonestablishingtheproceduresofjusticeinthecountry.HeorderedUthmans governorstoberemovedfromtheirofficesonebyone,fortheyhaddisplayedtyrannyand corruptionintheland.Herefusedtoletthemstayinthegovernmentevenforonemoment. Lettingthemstaymeantacceptingoppressionandtyranny.Soheimmediatelyremoved Muawiyafromhisoffice.SomeloyalpersonsadvisedtheImamtoletMuawiyagoon practicinghisworkuntiltheconditionswentwellwithhim.Howeverherefusedthatand refrainedfromflatteringinhisreligion.ZiyadbinHandhalacameintohimtoknowhis viewpointaboutMuawiya,andhesaidtohim: Getready,OZiyad. Forwhat,OCommanderofthefaithful? ToinvadealSham. Leniencyandpatiencearebetter. SotheImamansweredhim:Whenyougatheracleverheart,asword,andazealousnose, oppressionswillavoidyou.AsaresulthemobilizedhistroopstoinvadealShamthathemight putanendtotheUmayyadgovernmentrulingthere.Buthewassurprisedbythemutinyof Talha,alZubayr,andAisha.Hewasbusywithputtinganendtotheirrebellion.Wewillexplain thatindetailinthefollowingchapters.

AnnouncingEquality ThePioneerofthegreat,socialjusticeontheearth(ImamAli)announcedjusticeandequality amongtheMuslims,whetheringivingoranyotherthing.Hewasblamedforthat,andhesaid: DoyouaskmetoseeksupportthroughoppressingthoseoverwhomIhavebeenappointedas ruler?ByAllah,Iwillnotdosoaslongastheworldgoeson,andaslongasonestarleads anotherinthesky.Evenifitweremyproperty,Iwouldequallydistributeitamongthem,then whynotwhenthepropertyisAllahs?Beware,mostsurelythatgivingofwealthwithoutany rightiswastefulnessandlavishness.Itraisesitsdoerintheworldbutitlowershiminthenext world.IthonorshimbeforethepeoplebutitdisgraceshimbeforeAllah.[1] TheequalitythattheImamannouncedaimedatfindingasocietywhereracismandnationalism wouldneverprevail,therewouldbeneithermiserable[1]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjal Balagha,vol.2,p.10. nordeprivednoroutofworkpeople,andtherewouldbeneitheroppression,nortyranny, dictatorship,orselfishness.CertainlytheequalitythattheImamappliedduringhisrulewas basedontheIslamicconstructiveconceptsaimingatputtingintopracticepoliticalandsocial justice,andputtinganendtoallkindsofoppression,tyranny,andautocracy.Accordingly,the opportunistsopposedthemastheyopposedtheProphetsprinciplesandobjectives. SpreadingofJustice ImamAli(a.s)achievedjusticeinallitshorizons.Herealizedthesocialandpoliticaljustice,and ruledpeoplewithrightpolicywithnoanybitofpartialityorcrookedness.Hetriedhisbestto achievejusticeanddenyallselfishpleasuresandlimitedinterests.Historianssaythathewas thefirstoneinIslamtobuildahouseforcomplaints(court)wheretheoppressedandthe wrongedofferedbooksinwhichtheyexplainedthewrongandaggressiontheyreceived.Imam Ali(a.s)himselfwasinchargeofthistask.Hetooktheirrightsbacktothemanddefendedthem againstinjusticeandaggression.[1] Itwasnevermentionedthatoncehepreferredoneofhischildren,family,orrelativeswith anythingfromthetreasuryofthestate.Once,heenteredthetreasurytodividethewealth.One ofalHasanoralHusaynschildrencameandtooksomethingfromit.Whenhesawthat,he followafterthechild,openedherhand,andtookitfromher.Hiscompanionssaidtohim,O AmeerulMo'minin,shehasarightinit(thetreasury).ImamAli(a.s)said,Whenherfather takes(hisright)fromit,lethimgiveherwhateverhelikes[2] HistorianssaythatKhalidbinMamaradDousinarrated,Oneday,IintercededwithAmeerul

Mo'minintoincreasealittlethegiftofalHasanandalHusaynthattheymightsomehow improvetheirdifficultliving.Hedenied,becameangry,andrefusedtodoanything.[3]Al Hakamsaid,Once,IsawthatAlibroughtsomevesselsofhoneyandinvitedtheorphanstoeat, untilIwishedthatIwereanorphan.Healsosaid,Once,Isawhimwhensomepomegranates werebroughttohimandhedividedthemamongpeople.Theshareofourmosquewasten pomegranates.[4] [1]SubhalAsha. [2]AnsabalAshraf,vol.1p.160. [3]SharhNahjolBalagha,vol.10p.250. [4]Ansabalashraf,vol.1p.161. ImamAli(a.s)wasutmostpiousinhisreligiousandpoliticalbehavior.Hemadehispolicy submittohisreligiousandmoralvalues,andconsequentlyhetiredhimselftoomuch. AlAswadbinQayssaid,AliofferedfoodtopeopleinKufaintheyard(ofthemosque).When hefinished,hewenthometohavefoodthere.Oneofhiscompanionssaid,Ithoughtthat AmeerulMo'mininateathomefoodbetterthanwhatheofferedtopeople.Onthatday,Idid noteatwithpeopleandIwentwithhim(ImamAli).Heaskedme:didyouhavedinner?Isaid: no.Hesaid:thencomewithme!Iwentwithhimtohishouse.Whenwewereinsidethehouse, hecalledout,OFidhdha!She(hisservant)cameandhesaidtoher,Bringusfood!She fetchedsomepiecesofbreadandavesselofyogurt.Shepouredtheyogurtintoaplateandcut thebreadintopiecesandmixeditwiththeyogurt.Therewasbraninit.Isaidtohim,O AmeerulMo'minin,youmayordertheflourtobesievedforyou!ImamAli(a.s)begancrying andthensaid,ByAllah,IhavenotknownthattherewasasieveinthehouseoftheMessenger ofAllahatall.[1] ThebooksofhistoryandHaditharefullofstoriesaboutthejusticeofImamAli(a.s)thathave astonishedthemindsandconfusedthereasons.Idonotthinkthatthehistoryofmancanfind anequaltohiminpiety,sensitiveconscience,andfearofAllahinallhisdeeds. GeneralFreedoms ImamAli(a.s)grantedfreedomtoallthecitizens.Hegrantedthemthefreedomofspeech,of thought,andcriticizingtherule.Hegrantedthemthepoliticalfreedominthefullsenseofthe word.Hedidnotforceanyonetopayhomagetohim.HepermittedTalhaandazZubayrto leaveYathrib(Medina),anddidnotimposeonthemhousearrestthoughheknewthatthey wouldrenouncethehomage,fightagainsthim,andcauseseparationamongtheMuslims. Hesawthatallpeoplewerefreeintheirthoughtsandbeliefs,andthatthegovernmenthadno

righttopreventthemonconditionthattheywouldnotcauseseditionormischiefintheland. Historiansmentionedtoomanyexamplesonthepoliticalfreedomthathehadgrantedto peopleeventohisopponentsandenemies.TheymentionedthatAbuKhaleefaatTaiy narrated,Whenwecamebackfrom(thebattleof)anNahrawan,wemet,beforereachingal Madain,AbulAyzaratTaiywhobelievedintheKharijites.HesaidtoAdiybinHatim,OAbu Tareef,areyou [1]AnsabalAshraf,vol.1p.168. (afterthebattle)safeandsuccessfulorsinfuloppressive? Adiysaid,Butsafeandsuccessful.Themansaid,Itisuptoyou.AlAswadbinYazidandal AswadbinQayssuspectedhim.Theyarrestedhimandsaid,Youdidnotsaythatexceptoutof evil.WeknowthatyoubelieveintheKharijites.TheytookhimtoImamAli(a.s)andtoldhim whathappened. ImamAli(a.s)askedthemWhatshallIdotohim?Theysaid,Youkillhim,TheImamsaid, ShallIkillonewhodidnotfightme?Theysaid,Youimprisonhim.ImamAli(a.s)said,Hehas committednocrime.Sethimfree![1] Hedidnotimposeanythingonanyone.Hedidnotforceanyonetoobeyhim,andhedidnot obligepeopletodowhattheydidnotlike. HisRecommendationstohisSonalHasan ImamAli(a.s)gavehissonalHasansomeeducationalcommandmentsfullofhighvalues,and noble,humanitarianideals.Themostimportantofthemwashiscommandmentthathehad writtenatHadhireen[2]whenheleftSiffin.Itisfullofvaluablelessonsandsocialmanners. IndeedMuslimsmustwritethemonthepagesoftheirheartsandregardthemasaconstitution forthemduringtheirindividualandsocialbehavior.Wewillmentiontogentlereaderssomeof them: Fromthefatherwhoisabouttodie,whoacknowledges(thehardshipsof)thetime,hasturned awayfromlife,hassubmittedhimselftothe(calamitiesof)time,whodispraises(theevilsof) theworld,whowillliveintheabodesofthedead,andwhoisgoingtoleaveit(theworld) tomorrow.Tothesonwhoyearnsforwhatisnotachieved,followsthepathofthosewhohave diedwhowerethevictimofailments,entangledinthe(worriesofthedays),atargetof hardships,asalveoftheworld,atraderofitsdeception,adebtorofwishes,aprisonerof mortality,anallyofworries,aneighborofgrief,avictimofdistresses,whohasbeen overpoweredbydesires,andwhoisasuccessorofthedead.

[1]TareekhBaghdad,vol.14p.364365. [2]HadhireenwasavillageinSiffin. InthesegoldenwordsImamAlihasannouncedhissubmissiontothetimeandturningaway fromtheworld.Whenhewrotethesecommandments,hewasoversixtyyearsold.Thisisthe ageofonewhoisabouttoleavetheworldandgoestothenextworld.TheImamhasdescribed allthosewhoarebornintheworldasyearningforthatwhichisnotachievedwhiletheyfollow thewayoftheperishable,arethevictimsofailments,andalliesofworriesandsorrows. Afterthis,theImam(a.s)hasmentionedthereasonswhyhehaswrittenthesecommandments: Now(youshouldknowthat)whatIhavelearntfromtheturningawayofthisworldfromme, thedisobedienceofthetimetome,andtheadvancingofthenextworldtowardsmeisenough topreventmefromrememberinganyoneexceptmyselfandfromthinkingbeyondmyself.But whenIconfinedmyselftomyownworriesleavingtheworriesofothers,myintelligencesaved meandprotectedmefrommydesires.Itclarifiedtomemyaffairsandledmetoseriousness whereintherewasnotrickeryandtruthwhichwasnottarnishedbyfalsehood.Here,Ifound youapartofme,ratherIfoundyoumywhole,somuchsothatifanythingbefellyou,itwasas ifitbefellme,andifdeathcametoyou,itwasasifitcametome.Consequently,youraffairs meanttomewhatmyownmattersmeanttome.SoIhavewrittenthispieceofadvice(toyou) asameanofseekinghelpthroughit,whetherIremainaliveforyouorceasetoexist. AftertheImamhadmentionedthefactorsthaturgedhimtowritethesecommandments,he beganexplainingtheperfectidealstowhichhissonhadtocleaveandfollow.Hehassaid: IadviseyoutofearAllah,abidebyHiscommands,fillyourheartwithrememberingHim,and toclingtohopefromHim.Noconnectionismorereliablethantheconnectionbetweenyouand Allahprovidedthatyoushouldtakeholdofit.Enlivenyourheartwithpreaching.Killitby renunciation,strengthenitwithfirmbelief,enlightenitwithwisdom,humiliateitbyrecalling death,makeitbelieveinmortality,makeitseethemisfortunesofthisworld,andmakeitfear theassaultofthetimeandtheseverityofsomechangesduringthenightsandthedays.Place beforeittheeventsofthepastpeople,recalltoitwhatbefellthosewhowerebeforeyouand walkamongtheircitiesandruins,thenseewhattheydidandfromwhattheyhavegoneaway andwheretheyhavegoneandstayed.Youwillfindthattheydepartedfromtheirfriendsand remainedinloneliness.Shortly,youtoowillbelikeoneofthem.Therefore,planforyourplace ofstayanddonotsellyournextlifeforthisworld. Giveupdiscussingwhatyoudonotknowandspeakingaboutwhatdoesnotconcernyou. Keepoffthetrackfromwhichyoufeartogoastraybecauserefrainingwhenthereisfearof strayingisbetterthanembarkingondangers.Askotherstodogood,andyouwillthusbe

amongthegooddoers.Desistevilwithyouractionaswellasyourspeechandkeepawayfrom whoevercommitsit.StruggleforAllahasisHisdue,andtherevilingofarevilershouldnot deteryouinmattersofAllah.Leapintodangersforthesakeofrightwhereveritbe.Acquire insightintoreligiouslaw.Habituateyourselftoendurehardshipssincethebesttraitof characterisenduranceinmattersofright.InallyouraffairsresignyourselftoyourLord, becauseyouwillthusberesigningyourselftoasecureshelterandastrongprotector.You shouldaskonlyfromyourLordbecauseinHishandisallthegivinganddepriving.Seekgood (fromAllah)asmuchasyoucan.Understandmyadviceanddonotturnawayfromit,because thebestsayingisthatwhichbenefits.Knowthatthereisnogoodinthatknowledgewhichdoes notbenefit,andifknowledgeisnotuseful,thenitsacquisitionisnotjustified. Mostsurelythesewisecommandmentsthatthisspeechhasincludedaretheprogramsof happiness,andtheextractofwisdom,morals,andeducation.Inhisfollowingwords,theImam (a.s)hasindicatedthathebecameanoldman,andthathefearedthatdeathwouldsurprise himwithoutsayingthesewisecommandmentstohisson.Hehassaid: Omylittleson,whenInoticedthatIwasofgoodlyageandnoticedthatIwasincreasingin weakness,Ihastenedwithmywillforyouandwrotedownsalientpointslestdeathshould overcomemebeforeIdivulgedtoyouwhatIhaveinmyheart.Orlestmywitshouldbe affectedasmybodyhasbeenaffected,ortheforcesofpassionsorthemischiefoftheworld overtakeyoumakingyoulikeastubborncamel.Certainly,theheartofayoungmanislike uncultivatedland.Itacceptswhateverisstrewninit.SoIhastenedtomouldyouproperly beforeyourhearthardenedupandyourmindbecameoccupied,sothatyoumightbereadyto acceptthroughyourintelligencetheresultsoftheexperienceofothersandbesavedfromgoing throughtheseexperiencesyourself.Inthisway,youwouldavoidthehardshipofseekingthem andthedifficultiesofexperimenting.Thus,youaregettingtoknowwhatwehadexperienced andeventhosethingsarebecomingcleartoyouwhichwemighthavemissed. WhentheImamwasadvancedinyears,hewantedtoplaceinhissonssoulwhathadsettledin hisownholysoulfromamonggoodmannersandperfection.Hewantedtosupplyhimwith wisesayings,toteachhimthemostimportantlessonsthattookplaceintheworldofexistence, whoseextractthewiseandthemenofexperiencehadtaken.Hewantedtoputbeforehisson allthesethingsthathemightcometoknowallthings,andespeciallyasitconcernedthe importantextractofthem.ThenthewiseImamwentonsayinghiscommandments: Omylittleson,eventhoughIhavenotreachedtheagewhichthosebeforemehadreached, yetIlookedintotheirbehaviorandthoughtovertheeventsoftheirlives.Iwalkedamongtheir ruinstillIwasasoneofthem.Infact,byvirtueofthoseoftheiraffairsthathavebecomeknown tomeitisasthoughIhavelivedwiththemfromthefirsttothelast.Ihavethereforebeenable todiscerntheimpurefromthecleanandthebenefitfromtheharm.

Ihaveselectedforyouthechoicestofthosemattersandcollectedforyoutheirgoodpoints andhavekeptawayfromyoutheiruselesspoints.SinceIfeelforyouaffairsasalivingfather shouldfeelandIaimatgivingyoutraining.Ithoughtitshouldbeatatimewhenyouare advancinginageandnewonthestageoftheworld,possessinguprightintentionandclean heartandthatIshouldbewiththeteachingsofAllahsBook,itsinterpretation,lawsand preceptsofIslam,thelawfulandtheunlawful.Ishouldnotgobeyondthatforyou.ThenI fearedlestyoushouldgetconfusedasotherpeoplehadbeenconfusedonaccountoftheir passionsand(difficult)views.Therefore,inspiteofmydislikeforyourbeingsowarned,I thoughtitwasbetterformetomakethispositionstrongratherthanleavingyouinaposition whereIdonotregardyousafefromfallingintodestruction.IhopedthatAllahwouldhelpyou inyourstraightforwardnessandguideyouinyourresoluteness.Consequently,Iwrotethis pieceofmywillforyou. Omymaster,Ocognizantoftheconditionsofpeople,knowingoftheclearandunclearaffairs, versedintheessenceofthings,tellusaboutthemostlovablethingstoyouandthemost importantoftheminyourviewpoint: Youshouldknow,Omylittleson,thatwhatIlovemostforyoutoadoptfrommywillistofear Allah,toconfineyourselftowhatAllahhasmadeobligatoryonyou,andtofollowtheactionsof yourforefathersandthevirtuouspeopleofyourhousehold,becausetheydidnotfallshortin seeingforthemselveswhatyouwillseeforyourself,andtheydidabouttheiraffairsasyou wouldliketothink(aboutyouraffairs).Thereafter,theirthinkingledthemtodischargethe obligationstheycametoknowofandtodesistfromwhattheywerenotrequiredtodo.Ifyour heartdoesnotacceptthiswithoutacquiringknowledgeastheyacquiredit,thenyoursearch shouldfirstbebywayofunderstandingandlearningandnotbyfallingintodoubtsorgetting entangledinquarrels. Andbeforeyouprobeintothis,youshouldbeginbyseekingyourAllahshelpandturningto Himforcompetenceandkeepingalooffromeverythingthatthrowsyouintodoubtorflingsyou towardsmisguidance.Whenyouhavemadesurethatyourheartiscleanandhumbleandyour thoughtshavecometogetherandyouhaveonlyonethoughtwhichisaboutthismatter,then youwillseewhatIhaveexplainedtoyou.Butifyouhavenotbeenabletoachievethatpieceof observationandthinkingwhichyouwouldliketohave,thenknowthatyouareonlystamping thegroundlikeablindshecamelandfallingintodarknesswhileaseekerofreligionshouldnot gropeinthedarkorcreateconfusion.Itisbettertoavoidthat. Therefore,accept,Omylittleson,myadviceandknowthatHeWhoistheMasterofdeathis alsotheMasteroflife,thattheCreatorcausesdeathaswell,thatHeWhodestroysisalsothe Restoreroflife,andthatHeWhoinflictsdiseaseisalsotheCurer.Thisworldcontinuesinthe

waythatAllahhasmadeitwithregardtoitspleasures,trials,rewardsontheDayofJudgments, andallthatHewishes,andyoudonotknow.Ifanythingofthisadviceisnotunderstoodbyyou, thenattributeittoyourignoranceofit,becausewhenyouwerefirstbornyouwereborn ignorant.Thereafter,youacquiredknowledge.Therearemanymattersofwhichyouare ignorantandwhichyoursightfirstwondersandyoureyewonders,thenafterthisyousee them.Therefore,clingtoHimWhohascreatedyou,youreagernessshouldbetowardsHimand yourfearshouldbeofHim. Afterthis,ImamAli(a.s)beganmentioningtheOnenessofAllahandgivingproofsonit.Having finishedthat,heexplainedthesocial,goodmanners,saying: Omylittleson,makeyourselfthemeasure(fordealings)betweenyouandothers.Thus,you shoulddesireforotherswhatyoudesireforyourself,andhateforotherswhatyouhatefor yourself.Donotoppressasyoudonotliketobeoppressed.Dogoodtoothersasyoulikegood tobedonetoyou.Regardasbadforyourselfwhateveryouregardasbadforothers.Accept fromothersthatwhichyoulikeotherstoacceptfromyou.Donottalkaboutwhatyoudonot knoweventhoughwhatyouknowisverylittle.Donotsaytootherswhatyoudonotliketobe saidtoyou. Youshouldknowthatselfadmirationiscontrarytopropriety(ofaction)andisacalamityfor themind.Therefore,increaseyourstrivinganddonotbeatreasurerforothers(whowillinherit you).Whenyouhavebeenguidedintherightpath,humbleyourselfbeforeAllahasmuchas youcan. Ifmanfollowedthesewisesayings,hewouldbethehighestexampleofeducation,highness, andperfection,fortheyhavethefundamentalsofjustice,andthebasicsofvirtueand perfection.Someoftheseimmortal,wisesayingsare: Youshouldknowwithcertaintythatyoucannotachieveyourdesireandcannotexceedyour destinedlife.Youareonthetraceofthosebeforeyou.Therefore,behumbleinseekingand moderateinearningbecauseoftenseekingleadstodeprivation.Everyseekeroflivelihooddoes notgetit,noriseveryone,whoismoderateinseeking,deprived.Keepyourselfawayfrom everylowthingeventhoughtheymaytakeyoutoyourdesiredaims,becauseyouwillnotget anyreturnforyourownrespectwhichyouspend.Donotbetheslaveofothers,forAllahhad madeyoufree.Thereisnogoodingoodwhichisachievedthroughevil,andnogoodincomfort thatisachievedthrough(disgracing)hardship. Beware,lestbearersofgreedshouldcarryyouandmakeyoudescenddowntothespringsof destruction.IfyoucanmanagethattherebenowealthypersonbetweenyouandAllah,doso, becauseinanycaseyouwillfindwhatisforyouandgetyourshare.AlittlefromAllah,the

Glorified,isgreaterthanthemuchfromHiscreatures,althoughallisfromAllah. Itiseasiertorectifywhatyoumissbysilencethantosecurewhatyoulosebyspeaking. Whateverisinapotcanberetainedbyclosingthelid.Ishouldpreferyoutoretainwhatisin yourhandsratherthantoseekwhatisinothershands.Bitternessofdisappointmentisbetter thanseekingfrompeople.Manuallaborwithchastityisbetterthantherichesofaviciouslife.A manisthebestguardofhisownsecrets.Oftenamanstrivesforthatwhichharmshim.Hewho speaksmuchspeaksnonsense.Whoeverpondersperceives.Associatewiththepeopleofvirtue, andyouwillbeoneofthem.Keepalooffromthepeopleofvice,andyouwillremainsafefrom them.Theworstfoodisthatwhichisunlawful.Oppressingtheweakistheworstofoppression. Whereleniencyisunsuitable,harshnessislenience.Acuremaybeanillness,andanillness maybeacure.Anillwishermaygivecorrectadvicewhilethewellwishercheats.Donot dependonhopesbecausetheyarethemainstayoffools.Itiswisetopreserveones experience.Yourbestexperienceisthatwhichteachesyoualesson.Makeuseofleisurebefore itchangesintogrief.Noteveryseekerachieveswhatheseeks,andnoteverydeparterreturns. ToloseprovisionandearnevilfortheDayofJudgementmeansruin.Everymatterhasa consequence.Whatisdestinedforyouwillshortlycometoyou.Atraderundertakesarisk. Perhapsasmallquantityismorebeneficialthanalargequantity.Thereisnogoodinanignoble helper,norinastingyfriend.Belenientwiththetimeaslongasitisinyourgrip.Donotrisk somethingexpectingmorethanit.Bewareofimportunacylestitmakesyougoastray. Retainkinshipwithyourbrotherifhecutsit,whenheturnsawayfromyou,bekindtohimand drewneartohim,whenhewithholdsspendforhim,whenhegoesaway,approachhim,when heisharshbelenienttohim,whenhecommitsanerror,findanexcuseforhiserror,asifyou arehisslaveandhehasafavoronyou.Buttakecarethatthisshouldnotbedone inappropriately,andthatyoushouldnotbehavesowithanundeservingperson.Donottake theenemyofyourfriendasafriendbecauseyouwillthusantagonizeyourfriend.Givetrue advicetoyourbrother,beitgoodorbitter.ControlyourangerbecauseIdidnotfindathing sweeterthanitinendandnothingmorepleasantinthefinalresult.Belenienttoonewhois harshtoyou,foritislikelythathewillshortlybecomelenienttoyou.Treatyourenemywith favors,forthisissweeterofthetwosuccesses(thesuccessofrevengeandthatofdoingfavor). Ifyouintendtocutrelationswithyourfriend,leavesomescopeforhiminyourselfthathe maycomebacktoyousomeday.Ifanyonehasagoodideaaboutyou,proveittobetrue.Do notwasteyourbrothersinterestsdependingupontherelationbetweenyouandhim,forheis notyourbrotherifyoudisregardhisinterests.Yourhouseholdshouldnotbecomethemost miserablepeoplethroughyou.Donotleantowardsonewhoturnsawayfromyou.Letyour brothernotbemoreinhisdisregardofkinshipthanyouinretainingkinship,andyoushould exceedindoinggoodtohimthanhiseviltoyou.Donotfeeltoomuchtheoppressionofa

personwhooppressesyou,forheisonlybusyinharminghimselfandbenefitingyou.The rewardofonewhopleasesyouisnotthatyoudispleasehim.
ChapterX:InBasra AlltheIslamiccountriespaidhomagetoImamAliexceptalSham.TheMuslimsbelievedinthe genuineobjectivesthatthenewgovernmentsought.TheyweresurethattheImamwouldreturn tothemthemercyandjusticeofIslam,andthathisgovernmentwasanextensiontothatofthe Prophet(a.s)andhisbehavior.Fromthefirstdayofhisrule,theImamappliedthegreat,Islamic justiceandachievedtheinclusiveequalityamongtheMuslimswhetheringivingorother proceduresinallfields.HedestroyedthedifferencesanddistinctionsthatUthmanhadfoundin thearenaoftheIslamiclife.HeconfiscatedtheplunderedpropertiesthatUthmanhadgrantedto hisfamilyandrelatives. Withthatheputanendtothesocialinjusticeandoppression.HeprotectedtheMuslimsfrom selfishnessanddictatorship,keptthemfromdeteriorationandincline.Theseprinciplesand objectivesmovedthedispleasureoftheopportunistsandthedevious.Somedayslater,they showedthesignsofaggressionanddiscord,announcedmutinyandrebellion.Thentheydeclared theirmilitaryaggressiontooverthrowthethengovernmentandtoreturnthepolicyofplundering andstarving.Asfortheheroesofthisplot,theywereAisha,Talha,andalZubayr.Theydeclareda violentwarfortheircheapambitions.TherehappenedtheBattleofBasrathatdividedtheunity oftheMuslims,spreadsadnessandmourningintheirregions.Wehavetoconsiderthestagesof thatgreattragedy,whichspreadtroublesanddisastersthroughouttheIslamicworldthatwemay cometounderstandthemotivesandreasonsforthem. TalhaandalZubayrsmutinyagainsttheImam ManyMuslimswereliabletothemeansofdiscordsandthereasonsforvainglory.Someevents befellandmadethemfarfromtheirreligion.Thereasonforthatwasthattheyweretriedwith authorityandwidewealth.AmongthemtherewereTalhaandalZubayr,whowenttoImamAli (a.s)andsaidtohim:Didyouknowwhywepledgedallegiancetoyou? TheImamlookedatthemandsaidtothem:Yes.(Youhadpledgedallegiancetome)tohearand obey,andaccordingtothatforwhichyouhadpaidhomagetoAbuBakr,Umar,andUthman.No. Wepaidhomagetoyouthatwemightbeyourpartnersinauthority.No.Butyouaremypartners

insaying,righteousness,andhelpduringfeeblenessandcrookedness. TheythoughtthattheyhadpaidhomagetotheImamaccordingtosomematerialobjectives.They soughtauthorityandbargainedwiththeImamforpower.ButtheImamthoughtthattheywere hispartnersinrighteousnessandinestablishingjusticeamongtheMuslims.Whentheycameto knowthathewouldnotentrustthemwithanything,theycomplainedtothepeopleofhimand announcedtheirrebellionagainsthim.AlZubayrsaidbeforesomeQurayshipeople:Thisisour rewardfromAli.WesupportedhiminrespectofthematterofUthman,totheextentthatwe provedthathewasguiltyandbroughtabouthismurder,whilehewassittinginhishouse,andthe matterwasover.Howeverwhenhe(ImamAli)obtainedthroughuswhathehadwanted,he appointedotherthanus(asgovernors). AsforTalha,hesaid:Theblame(isfornothing)exceptthatwewerethreepersonsofthe ConsultativeCommittee;oneofushatedhim.Wepaidhomagetohim.Wegavehimthatwhich wasinourhands,whilehehasdeprivedusofthatwhichinhishand.Therefore,wehavemade mistakeinrespectofthatwhichwehadhoped.[1] WhentheImamheardtheirsayings,hesummonedAbdullahbinAbbasandaskedhim: Haveyouheardthesayingsofthetwomen(TalhaandalZubayr)?Yes,Ithinktheyhaveliked authority;thereforeappointalZubayr(asgovernor)overBasra,andappointTalhaoverKufa. However,theImamrefutedIbnAbbassviewpointandexplainedtohimthatappointingthemas governorswouldbringaboutsomedangers,saying:Woeuntoyou!Therearemenand propertiesinthetwocities.Whentheyrulethepeople,theywillattractthefoolishthrough greediness,striketheweakwithanaffliction,andbepowerfuloverthestrongthroughauthority. IfIappointedsomeoneasgovernoroutofhisharmandprofit,thenIwouldappointMuawiyaas governoroveralSham.WereitnotforthatIcametoknowthattheyshowedcravingafter authority,thenIwouldhaveanotheropinionofthem.[2] ThisinitiativeindicatesthatTalhaandalZubayrwereverydesirousforpowerandauthority,that theymovedthedispleasureofthepeoplewithUthmanoutofambitionforthecaliphateand government,andthattheywere [1]HemeantSadbinAbiWaqqas,whorefrainedfrompayinghomagetotheImam,andwas amongthemembersoftheConsultativeCommittee.Thereasonwasthathehadharboredmalice againsttheImamandhatedhim,asTalhasaid. [2]AlImamwasalSiyasa,vol.1,p.52. notmovedbythegeneralinterests,andloveforadvisingtheMuslims.Accordingly,theylostthe bargainandtheireffortswereinvain.ThatwaswhenImamAli(a.s)becameacaliph.Thepivoton whichhispolicyturnedwasfollowingthereligion,andactingaccordingtotheIslamicprinciples,

whichdidnotaccept,underallcircumstances,tograntofficesduetoselfishnessandfavoritism, forthatisregardedasatreasontowardthecommunity.TheImamhasexplainedthereasonsthat urgedhimnottoappointthemasgovernorsoverthetwocitiesasfollows: 1.Theywouldattractthefoolthroughadvantagesandambitions. 2.Theywouldshowertheweakwithtortureandaffliction. 3.Theywouldselfishlyusetheirinfluenceandauthorityandhavepowerthroughthemoverthe strong. AsImamAlicametoknowtheseobjectives,hedidnotappointthemasgovernorsoverthe MuslimsandmakethembehavefreelyintheMuslimspropertiesandblood.ShafeeqJabrihas criticizedtheImamforthatandregardedtheirbeingdeprivedofauthorityasamistakemadeby him,accordingtohischeapstatement.[1] MostsurelyShafeeqJabrihasbelievedinthewesternpolicy,whichregardsallmeanslawfulfor reachingtheruleeveniftheyareunlawful.AsforIslam,itdoesnotacceptsuchapolicyatall.It hasbuiltitscreativepolicyonbelievinginhumansrights,avoidingcunninganddeceptionevenif victoryandsuccessdependonthem.AlibinAbiTalib,thepioneerofthegreatsocialjusticeinthe earth,followedthisjustpolicy.Thereisnorelationshipbetweenthepolicythatkingsandthose wholovekingdomandauthorityhavefollowedandtheImam.Itdoesnotagreewithhishigh objectives.TheImam(a.s)hasexplainedthereasonsforthat,saying:WereitnotforfearofAllah andpiety,IwouldbethemostcunningoftheArabs. FearofAllahandpietystoodbeforehimandpreventedhimfromfollowinganywaytheIslamic lawdoesnotaccept.Besides,theinterestrequiredthathehadnottoappointTalhaandalZubayr asgovernorsoverBasraandKufa.Theyhadthereintwopartiesandfollowers.TheImamwassure thattheirinfluencewouldincludealltheIslamicstate. Anyway,whenTalhaandalZubayrcametoknowthattheylosttheirhopeandthattheywould winnoplaceinthethengovernment,theywenttoImam[1]AlAnasiralNafsiya.Manyauthors havediscussedShafeeqswrongviewpoints. AliaskinghimforapermissiontogotoMecca,saying:Doyoupermitus,OCommanderofthe faithful?Where?Wewant(togotoMeccatoperform)alUmra(minorhajj).TheImamlooked atthemforawhile.Heunderstoodthehiddenthingsintheirsoulsandsaidtothem:ByAllah, youdonotwant(togotoMeccatoperform)alUmra!Ratheryouwanttobetraymeandbreak theallegiance!Theytookastrongoaththattheywouldnotbreakthepledgeofallegiance,and thattheywouldperformtheminorhajjintheMecca.Theyknewthattheytookafalseoathbut theyfoundnowaytoreachtheirobjectiveexceptinmakingafalseoath.TheImamturnedto them,whilehissoulwasfullofdoubt,andsaidtothem:

Paythehomagetomeagain! TheydidthatwithoutanyhesitationandescapedtoMecca.Itwasasifthathereleasedthem fromaprisonorapunishment.TheyjoinedAishaandmovedhertorevoltagainsttheImam. TheyknewhermaliceandenmityagainsttheImam. AisharebelsagainsttheImam AishawasinthevanguardofthosewhokindledthefireoftherevoltagainstUthman,andshe saidthebitterestandseverestwordsinrespectofhim.ShegavehimthenameofNathal.Some sourceshaveascribedthereasonforthattothathedecreasedwhatUmarhadgiventoherand regardedherasequaltotheotherwivesoftheProphet(a.s).[1]Shewenttoofarindefaminghim andprovokingpeopletokillhim.Whentherevolutionistssurroundedhim,shewenttoMecca. Whenshehadperformedtheceremoniesofthehajj,shequicklyreturnedtoMedina,thatshe mightknowUthmansnews.ShearrivedinSaraf.[2]Onherwaytothere,anuncleofhercalled UbaydillahbinAbiSalamawascomingfromMedina.Hemether,andshehurriedtoaskhim: Whathashappenedthere? [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.132. [2]SarafwasaplacesixmilesfromMecca,anditwassaidthatitwasmorethanthat.Atitthe Prophet(a.s.)marriedMaymoona,daughterofalHarith,whodiedthere.Thenarratorsofal Bukharihavesaid:ThenameofthePlacewasSharaf.ThishasbeenmentionedinMujamal Buldan,vol.5,p.71. TheyhavekilledUthman! Whathavetheydone,then? TheyhaveunanimouslyagreedonpayinghomagetoAli.Allaffairshavegonewellwiththem. Accordingly,shebecameverysadandupset.Shewasangry.Shelookedtowardstheheavensand theearthandsaid:ByAllah,Iwishthatthis(heaven)wouldfallonthis(earth)iftheaffairwent wellwith(Ali)binAbiTalib.Uthmanhasbeenunjustlykilled.ByAllah,Iwillavengehisblood! Ubaydansweredherwithcondemnationandsneering:Andwhy?ByAllah,youwerethefirstto changehisname!Youhadsaid:KillNathal,forhehasbecomeanunbeliever!WhydidAisha showsadnessandimpatience,whileIslambecamefreshthroughthegovernmentoftheImam, andtheMuslimsobtainedwhattheyhadwished? Aishaansweredheruncle,saying:Theyhadaskedhim(Uthman)toreturntoAllahin

repentance,andthentheykilledhim.Isaid,andtheysaid.Mylastsayingisbetterthanmyfirst one!WasAishapresentwhentheyaskedhimtoturntoAllahinrepentance?Didsheknowhow herepentedtoAllah?However,shemadethatuptojustifyherattitude.Ubaydansweredher, saying: Thebeginningisfromyou,andthechangeisfromyou. Thewindisfromyou,andtherainisfromyou. Andyouhadcommanded(people)tokilltheImam(Uthman)andsaidtousthathehadbecome anunbeliever. Andweobeyedyouinrespectofkillinghim;andhiskilleriswithusamongthebitterestthings. Theceilingabovedidnotfall,nordidoursunandmooneclipse. Thepeoplepaidhomagetotheonewithdetermination,whosetrightthedetestedthingsand crookedness. Hewearswargarments;andtheloyalisnotlikethedisloyal. SheturnedawayfromhimandreturnedtoMecca.[1]Sadnessanddepressiondominatedher. Sorrowandastonishmentsurroundedher. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.454.Othershavementionedthat. TheReasonsforherMutiny ThereisnothingweakerthanthesayingthatAishahadrevoltedagainstImamAli(a.s)toavenge Uthmansblood,foritwasshewhoinvokedtheMuslimstokillhim(Uthman)andoverthrowhis rule.AhmedShawqi,apoet,hassaid:DidavengingUthmanmakehersadorapangwhosesorrow wasnotremoved?Itwasaripthatdidnotcometomind;womensplottingundermines mountains.Yes,AishausedUthmansbloodasapretextandmeanstodeclarerebellionand mutiny.SheusedthattoprovokethesimplemindedandsendthemtofightagainstImamAli(a.s) ThekillingofUthmanwasnottherealreason,inanycase,thatmadeherrevoltagainstthethen legalrule.Ratherthereasonsarethefollowingasresearcherssay: 1.HersoulwasfullofrageandhatredtowardImamAli,hiswifeFatima,andtheirchildren.She knewthattheProphettookgreatcareofthem,andshowedloveandaffectiontowardthem,to theextentthatnonetookpartinthat.[1]AsforAisha,shedidnotenjoysuchatreatmentand loveatall.Rather,theProphettreatedherverynormally.Heoftencriticizedher.He,once,saton hispulpitandindicatedwithhishandtoherhouse,saying:Fromhere,therewillbethesedition! Fromhere,therewillbethesedition!Fromhere,therewillbethesedition,whereSatanwill appear![2]Morethanonetimehethreatenedherwithdivorcebecausehesufferedfromher. Onetimeshebecameangry,andshesaidtohim:Oyou,whoclaimthatyouareaprophet![3]

Whenheperformedtheprayer,shestretchedoutherleginfrontofhim.Shedidnotmoveher leguntilhelookedatherangrily.Whenhelookedather,shemovedherleg.Whenheroseto continuepraying,shestretcheditoutagain.[4]AishaknewthattheProphettookgreatcareof Fatimaandherhusband,andthatheturnedawayfromher.Thisthingmovedthehiddenspitesin hersoul.SheconfrontedAllahsApostle(a.s)throughthat.WhenAbuBakr(Aishasfather)asked permissiontoenterthehouseofAllahsApostle,heheard[1]Atthebeggingofthebookwehave indetailtalkedaboutthetraditionsnarratedfromtheProphetinrespectofhisloveforhis household.[2]AlBukhari,vol.2,p.125,ChapteronObligatoryOneFifth(Khums).Muslim, Saheeh,vol.2,p.503.Ithasbeenmentionedinitthathe(a.s.)hassaid:Theheadofunbelief (willissue)fromherewhereSatanshornappears. [3]IhyaalUloom,vol.2,p.35,ChapteronMoralsofMarriage. [4]AlBukhari,Saheeh,vol.1,p.143. Aishaspeakingloudlyandsayingtohim:ByAllahIhavecometoknowthatAliisthemost lovabletoyouofmeandmyfather.Shesaidthattwiceorthreetimes![1]Nothingmoves womansfeelingsandleavespsychologicalcomplexesinherexceptthatsheseessomeoneis moreloveabletoherhusbandthanher.Moreover,AishacouldnotbearachildfromtheProphet (a.s)justastheotherwivescouldnot.Accordingly,theProphetadoptedthechildrenofhisonly daughter.Hehadtowardthemthedeepestkindofloveandloyalty.Thesethingsmovedthe hiddenenvyinhersoultowardImamAliandhiswife.SheusedallherabilitiestofaceImamAli (a.s)andtoturnthecaliphateawayfromhim.ShenominatedherfatherforleadingtheMuslims inprayerduringtheProphetsillnesslestthattheImamshouldleadthem.Afterthedeathofthe Prophet,sheplayedamajorroleinnominatingherfatherforthecaliphateanddeprivingImamAli ofit.ShewasspitefultotheextentthatwhentheProphetsdaughterdied,theProphetswives wenttotheHashimitestocondolethemexcepther(Aisha).Ithasbeennarratedthatshesaid somewordsindicatingherdelightandrejoicing.[2] WhentheImambecameacaliph,shebecameangryandrushedtoresisthimanddeclarethewar againsthisgovernment.TheImam(a.s)hasdescribedherdetestandspiteagainsthimsaying:As forsoandso(Aisha),shewasovercomebywomensweakopinion,andaspiteboiledinher chestlikeablacksmithsboiler.Ifshehadbeensummonedtoharmsomeoneotherthanme,she wouldnothavedone. AmongthestrongestfactorsthatmovedhertoresisttheImamwasthespitesandhatredshehad harboredagainsthim.Shecouldnothidethem.Shebecameverypleasedanddelightfulwhenshe heardofhismartyrdom.SheforgotthathewasthebrotheroftheProphet,hisguardian,andthat hewastohimasAaronwastoMoses.SheturnedawayfromwhattheProphet(a.s)hadsaidin respectofhim:OAllah,befriendwhoeverbefriendshim,behostiletowhoeveropposeshim, supportwhoeversupportshim,anddesertwhoeverdesertshim.Certainlysheheardand

understoodthat.SheknewallthetraditionsthattheProphethadsaidconcerningtheImamand hischildren. 2.AmongthereasonsofherwarwasthatsheexpectedthatthecaliphatewouldreturntoTaym (thetribeofherfather),andthathercousinwouldundertaketherule,asalAqqadsees.[3]She propagatedforandlaudedhim.ShewasinMecca.WhensheheardaboutUthmansmurder,she said:The [1]ImamAhmed,Musnad,vol.4,p.275. [2]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha. [3]AbqariyatalImamAli,p.87. worthiestofpeopleinthismatter(thecaliphate)isthemanofthefinger(Talha).Thenshe quicklycamebacktoMedina.Shehadnodoubtthathewouldbethecaliph.Sheusedtosay: AwaywithNathal(Uthman)!Omanofthefinger!OAbuShibl!Omycousin!Theyhavefound Talhaasequaltoit(thecaliphate).ItisasifIseehisfinger[1] Shebehavedinsuchamanneroutofpartisanshipandtribalism.Shedidnotthinkofthe communitysinterests.Sheintendedtoreturntheglorytoherfamilyagain,tospreadher influence,andpossessalonetheproperties.Andthatwouldnotbeachievedexceptwhenthe caliphatewouldreturntothetribeofTaym. 3.ProfessoralAlailithinksthatthereasonforhermutinywasthepartisanshipprevailingthat time,saying:Historyhasnottolduswhysherebelledagainst(Imam)Aliwhileshesawnothingof hispolicy.Asfortheclaimthatsherevolted(againsthim)toavengeUthman,itisanimagination, forshewasnotignorantoftheIslamicLawthatrequiredhertoleavethemattertobedecidedby thegeneralruler.Iftherewasnogeneralruler,thenitisdecidedbytheheirs.Asforher,shewas notamonghis(Uthman)heirs.[2] Therefore,AisharevoltedagainsttheImamnottoavengeUthman,butforanotherthingwhich historyhasnotmentionedfrankly.Therightthinginmyopinionconcerningthisaffairisthat partisanshipwassostrongthatitincludedtheProphetswives.Forexample,UmmSalamawas amongthepartyoftheconservatives(Alisparty).AsforAisha,shewasamongthepartyofTalha andalZubayr,asIhavementionedintheintroductiontothefirstseries.Theyweresoduringthe timeoftheProphet.UmmSalamawastheheadofagroupoftheProphetswives,andAishawas theheadofanothergroup.Withoutdoubt,thispartisanshipcreatedintheirownsoulsahistorical spiterelatedtotheirgeneralbehavior.[3] ThesearesomeofthereasonsthatmovedAishatomutinyagainsttheImamsgovernment,and she,throughthat,openedadoortomutinyandrebellion.Shepavedthewayfortheforces

deviatedfromthetruthtouniteinablocandcometogethertofightagainstAlibinAbiTalib. Accordingly,shedrownedthenationintoaseaofdisastersandmisfortunes. [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.76. [2]TheIslamicLawrequiresthatthebloodheirisatfirsttheguardian.Iftherewasnobloodheir, thenthereligiousjudgeistheguardian,forheistheguardianofthosewhohavenoguardian. [3]TheLifeofalHusayn,parttwo,p.267. TheDeclarationoftheRebellion Aishadeclaredtherebellionandrevoltagainstthethengovernment.Thatwasinthespeechshe madeinMecca.Shesaid:Opeople,themobsfromthepeopleofthedistricts,andtheslavesof Medinamettogether.Themobscriticizedtheonewhowaskilledyesterday(Uthman)for deception,trick.Sohefollowedthemandrepentedofhisdeedsforthesakeofthem,thathe mightsetthemright.Whentheyfoundneitheraproofnoranexcuse,theybecamedisordered andhurriedtoshowaggressionagainsthim.Theirdeedsdisagreedwiththeirwords.Accordingly, theyshedtheforbiddenblood,violatedtheSacredCity(Medina),andtheSacredMonth (Ramadan).ByAllah,Uthmansfingerisbetterthanasmuchastheearthlikethem.[1] Herspeechisfulloffallaciesanderror.Shehasmentionedthatitwasthemobswhocriticizedand slanderedUthman.Howeverthisopinioniscontrarytothereality.Itwastheleadingcompanions oftheProphetwhocriticizedandcensuredhimforhiserrors.Besides,itwasAishawhowasthe firsttorevoltagainsthim.Shehassaidherfamousstatementinrespectofhim:KillNathal (Uthman),forhehasdisbelieved!Itwassheandothersfromamongthegreatfiguresandthe headswhokilledhim.Theothershadnorelationshipwithsheddinghisblood. InherspeechshehasmentionedthatUthmanrefrainedfromhispreviousdeedsandfollowedthe revolutioniststosetthemright,andthatwhentheyfoundnoproofagainsthim,theyshedhis blood.Thisalsodisagreeswiththereality.Uthmanannouncedtherepentanceandshowedregret forthedeedshehadperformedbutheatlastannouncedbeforethepeoplethathesaidthatdue tothepressureoftherevolutionistsagainsthim,andthathewouldcontinuethepolicyhehimself hadplanned.Aftertheplothehadplannedagainstthem,therevolutionistscamebackandasked himtoresignfromhisoffice.Howeverherefusedtorespondtothem.Theyfoundnoescapefrom killinghim,aswehavementionedindetail.ThisdoesnotagreewithwhatAishahasmentionedin herspeechthattheydidnotfindaprooftokillhim. AnywayAishasspeechwasthefirstdeclarationfortherebellion,themutiny,andthe disagreements.ProfessorAbdulFattahMaqsudhassaid:Afterthisspeechofher,people separatedinparties.ItwasbetterforthemtouniteinthatdifficultafflictionthatbefellIslam. Withwhatdidthemotherofthefaithful(Aisha)summonthemtoday?Forwhichpurposedidshe

intendtoleadthem?Forthebattleagainstthemobs?ToadvancetowardsMedina [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.468. wheretherewasthelawfulrulerofthenation?[1]Throughherrevolt,Aishabroughtabout divisionanddisagreementsamongtheMuslims,plantedtheseedsofenmityandtroublesallover thecountry. WithUmmSalama AishasoughtthehelpoftheProphetswivesandsummonedthemtorevoltagainstImamAli.She heldameetingwithUmmSalamandtriedtodeceiveher,saying:OdaughterofAbuUmayya, youwerethefirstwifeoftheProphetstoemigrate(toMedina).Youaretheeldestofthe mothersofthefaithful.AllahsApostleapportionedtousfromyourhouse.Gabrieloftenwasin yourhouse.UmmSalamahadadoubtaboutherspeech,andsheaskedher:Haveyousaidthis speechforacertainpurpose?Aishaansweredherwithwhatshewanted,saying:Mostsurely thepeopleaskedUthmantorepent.Whenherepented,theykilledhimwhilehewasfasting duringtheSacredMonth(Ramadan).Asaresult,IhavedecidedtogotoBasraalongwithal ZubayrandTalha;therefore,comewithus,thatAllahmightsetrightthisaffairthroughourhand. UmmSalamarefutedherstatement,guided,andadvisedher,saying:Yesterdayyouprovoked peopletokillUthmanandsaidthewickedestwordsabouthim.Hehadnonamewithyouexcept Nathal.YouknowAlispositionwithAllahsApostle.ShallIremindyou? Yes. Doyourememberthedaywhenhe(theProphet)came,andwewerewithhim?Whenhecame downthenorthernway,hewasalonewithAli.Hetalkedwithhimforalongtime.Youwantedto attackthem,butIpreventedyou.Howeveryoudisobeyedmeandattackedthem.Shortlyafter thatyoucamebackweeping.Iaskedyou:Whatisthematterwithyou?Yousaid:Iwentto themandfoundthemtalkingwitheachother.IsaidtoAli:Ihaveoneoutofninedayswith AllahsApostle!Therefore,doyounotletmeenjoymyday,OSonofAbiTalib?AllahsApostle walkedtowardsmewhilehisfacewasredwithangerandsaidtome:Goback!ByAllah,noone hateshim(Ali)unlessheisoutoffaith!Soyoucamebackwithregretanddisapointment! Yes,Irememberthat. [1]ImamAli,vol.2,p.267. shallIremindyou?Yes. YouandIwerewithAllahsApostle,andheaskedus:Whichoneofyouwillbetheriderofthe

hairycamel,atwhomthedogsofalHawabwillbark,andbedeviousfromthestraightpath?We said:WeseekrefugeinAllahandHisApostlefromthat.Hepattedonyourbackandsaid: Bewareofbeingthatone,OHumayra! Yes,Irememberthat. shallIremindyou?Yes. YouandIwerewithAllahsApostleduringatravelofhis.AsforAli,hetookcareofAllahs Apostle.Hemendedhissandalsandwashedhisclothes.His(theProphet)sandalwasbored,soAli tookittorepairit.Hesatintheshadeofatree.YourfatherandUmarcame.Theyaskeda permissiontocomeintohim(theProphet).Wewentintothetent.Theycameinandtalkedwith himaboutwhattheywanted.Thentheysaid:OAllahsApostle,wedonotknowhowlongyou willbewithus.Ifyouletusknowwhomyouwillappointasacaliphoverus,thathemightbea resortforusafteryou.Hesaidtothem:Asforme,Icanseehisplace.IfIdid,youwould separateyourselvesfromhimjustasthechildrenofIsraelseparatedthemselvesfromAaronthe sonImran.Theykeptsilent,andthentheywentout.Whentheywentout,wewenttoAllahs Apostle.YouweretheboldestofustoaskAllahsApostle:Whomwillyouappointasacaliph overthem?TheProphet(a.s)said,Theonewhoisrepairingthesandals.Wecamedownand sawAli.Soyousaid:OAllahsApostle,IcanseenoneexceptAli.Hesaid:Heisthat(the caliph).Yes,Irememberthat. Therefore,afterthis,whichrevoltyouaregoingtodeclare? Iamgoingtorevolttosetrightthepeopleandhopeforarewardbecauseofit. Ishallleaveyouwithyourownopinion. Then,UmmSalamawentawayandwrotealettertoImamAli(a.s)aboutthat.[1]Shecompletely advisedAishaandremindedherofwhatshehad[1]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.79.Inhisal Faiq,vol.1,p.290,alZamakhsharihasmentionedaspeechsimilartothat. forgottenfromamongthemeritsoftheCommanderoftheFaithfulandhisachievements. However,Aishafollowedherownspitesandsentiments. TheAdvancetowardsBasra AllthemenofthepreviousgovernmentrespondedtoAishassummons.Theywerefromamong Uthmansgovernors,relatives,theambitiouswhothoughtthatImamAlisgovernmentwould dispersetheirdreamsinthepoliticalinfluence,thedeceived,andthesimplepeoplewhomthe propagandachangedhoweveritwilled.AllthesepeoplewereaffectedbyAishassummonsand propaganda.Theyyieldedtohercommands.Theleadersoftheseditiondiscussedthethatwhich

countrytheyhadtoinvade.TheypreviewedMedinabuttheyrefrainedbecausetherewasinit thelawfulCaliphwhohadmilitaryforces,andtheyhadnoabilitytofacethem. ThentheythoughtofalShamandconcludedthattherewereinitmen,wealth,andUthmans cousin,whowasthegovernoroverit.Theyknewthatitwasthefirstcountrytorespondtothem. HowevertheUmayyadsdidnotrespondtothem,fortheyhadplacedalShamundertheircontrol andhadfearforitfromdivision.Accordingly,theyunanimouslyagreedoninvadingBasrabecause theyhadtherehelpersandsupporters.ThecallercalledinMecca:Opeople,themotherofthe faithful(Aisha),Talha,andalZubayraregoingtoBasra.WhoeverwantstoreinforceIslam,fight againstthosewhojustifiedthemurderofUthman,andtoavengeUthman,buthasneitheran amountnorequipment,thenthisishisequipmentandexpense. Theysuppliedthetroopswithweapons.YalabinUmayya[1]helpedthemwithfourhundred thousands(dinar)andsuppliedseventymen.AsforAisha,shemountedhercamelcalledAskar. ShewassurroundedbytheUmayyads.Sheledthelargecrowd.SheledthemtodividetheIslamic unityandtofightagainstthelegalgovernment.WhenshearrivedatDhiQaar,Saeedbinal [1]YalabinUmayyabinAbiUbaydaalTamimiwasthegovernoroveradistrictinYemen.Hewas appointedtherebyUmar.AndhewasappointedasagovernoroverSanaabyUthman.Al Madainihassaid:YalawasanEmiroverthetroopsinYemen.Whenheheardofthemurderof Uthman,hecametosupporthim.Buthefelloffhiscamelandbrokehisleg.Thenhewentto Mecca.Whenthe(ceremoniesof)thehajjwereover,hemetwiththepeopleandprovokedthem todemandUthmansblood.SohehelpedalZubayrwithfourhundredthousands(dinars),carried seventymenfromQuraysh,andcarriedAaishaonthecamelcalledAskar,onwhichshe witnessedthebattle.WhentheBattleofalJamal(Camel)failed,hejoinedImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,andwasamonghiscompanions.Hewaskilledat(theBattleof)Siffin. Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.138. Aas[1]metandaskedher: Whereareyougoing,Omotherofthefaithful? ToBasra. Whatareyougoingtodothere? ToavengeUthman. Hesneeringlylaughedandsaidwithastonishment:ThesearethepeoplewhokilledUthman.She turnedherfaceawayfromhim,forshehadnoprooftodefendherselfwith.Thenheleftherand wenttoMarwan.Hesaidtohim:DoyouwanttogotoBasra,too? Yes.Whatdoyouwant?ToavengeUthman.ThepeoplewhokilledUthmanarewithyou.He

indicatedwithhishandtoTalhaandalZubayr.Hesaid:Mostsurely,itwasthesetwomenwho killedUthman.Theywanttheauthorityforthemselves.Whentheywereovercome,theysaid: Wewillwashthebloodwithbloodandthesinwithrepentance.[2]Thisdebatewasuseless,and theysetoffinsistingonerrorandaggression. AlHawab Aishascaravansetoffandcoveredthedesert.ItpassedbyaplacecalledalHawab.[3]Thedogs ofthedistrictreceivedthecaravanwithgrowlandhowl. [1]SaeedbinalAasalUmawiwasbornintheYearofEmigration.Hisfatherwaskilledby(Imam) AliattheBattleofBadr.HewasamongtheeloquentofQuraysh.Uthmanappointedhimasa governoroverKufa,andthenhedeposedhim.ThenheappointedalWaleedasagovernoroverit. SotheKufanswrotehimaletter,saying:WeareinnoneedofSaeedandalWaleed.Hewas arrogant,strict,andrude.WhenUthmanwaskilled,Saeedconfinedhimselftohishouseand isolatedhimselfduringthebattlesofalJamalandSiffin.Hewitnessednoneofthosebattles. WhentheaffairswentwellwithMuawiya,heappointedhimasagovernoroverMedina.Thenhe appointedMarwanbinalHakamoverit.Thenhealternatedthemintheauthorityoverit.Hedied duringthecaliphateofMuawiyaintheyear59.AlIstiab,vol.2,p.8. [2]AlImamwaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.63. [3]AlHawabistheplaceofwidevalleysandbighills.Itwasaplaceontheroadto Aishawasafraidofthatbarkingwhichthedogsmadeatthecaravan.SheaskedMuhammadbin Talha[1]:Whichwellisthis?AlHawabwell.Shewasafraid,andherheartmeltedwithsorrow andregretbecauseofwhatshehaddone.Shesaid:Icandonothingbuttogoback.Why,O motherofthefaithful?IheardAllahsApostlesayingtohiswives:ItisasifthatIseealHawab dogswillbarkatoneofyou.Bewareofbeingyou,OHumayra(Aisha)![2] Goahead!MayAllahhavemercyonyou.Leavethisstatement! AsforAisha,shewasnotsatisfiedandsheinsistedonwithdrawing.WhenTalhaandalZubayr knewofthat,theyquicklycametoher.IfshehadisolatedherselffromtheArmy,theirhopes wouldhavebeeninvain.Theytalkedtoherontheaffair,butsheinsistedonwithdrawing.They broughthersomemenwhoborewitnessthatitwasnotalHawabwell,andthiswasthefirst falsewitnessinIslam.[3]Throughthisforgedwitnesstheycouldchangehermind.However,it wasincumbentonhertoreturnhomeandnottoleadBasrah.AbuMansurhassaid:AlHawabis theplaceofawellwherethedogsbarkedatAaishawhenshewenttoBasrah.Hecomposed, saying:ItisnothingbutadrinkinalHawab;therefore,ascendafteritoraim!Mujamal Buldan,vol.3,p.355.[1]MuhammadbinTalhaalQarashi,alTamimiwasbornduringthelifetime

oftheProphet(a.s.).Itwashe(theProphet)whonamedhimMuhammadandgavehimthekunya ofAbualQasim.HewaskilledattheBattleofalJamal.Heinclinedto(Imam)Ali.TheImam passedbyhimafterhisdeathandsaid:Thisishewhowaskilledbyhisobediencetohisparents. Hisparentscommandedhimtogotothebattle.Hewent,tookoffhisbreastplateandthrewit betweenhislegs.Hestoodonit.Wheneveramanpassedbyhim,hesaidtohim:Iadjureyou withHaMeem.Amanattackedandkilledhim. ItwassaidthathewaskilledbyKaabbinMudlij,itwassaidhewaskilledbyMuawiyabin Shaddad,anditwassaidotherthanthem.AlIstiab,vol.3,p.349. [2]AbdullahbinAbbasnarratedontheauthorityofAllahsApostlethathesomedaysaidtohis wives:Whichoneofyouwillbetherider(onthehairy)camel.AlHawabdogswillbarkather. Manypeoplewillbekilledatherrightandleft(hand),andtheywillbeallinthefire.Andshewill besafeafterwhatshewillplot.SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.497.Thistraditionisamongthe thingspredictedbytheProphet. [3]MurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.342.AlYaqubi,Tarikh. thetroopstofightagainstthebrotherofAllahsApostle.
IntheQuartersofBasra AishascaravanmovedandcoveredthedesertandwasabouttoenterBasra.Whenthegovernor ofBasra,UthmanbinHunayf[1],knewthat,hesentAbualAswadalDualitohertoaskherabout hercoming.WhenAbualAswadmetwithher,heaskedher:Whathasmadeyoucome,O motherofthefaithful?ToavengeUthman!NoneofthosewhokilledUthmanisinBasra!You areright,buttheyarealongwithAlibinAbiTalibinMedina.Ihavecometoarousethepeopleof Basratofightagainsthim.DowedefendyoufromUthmanswhip,andnotdefendUthmanfrom yourswords? Heansweredher: Thereisnorelationshipbetweenyouandthewhipandthesword.YouarethewifeofAllahs Apostle(a.s).HeorderedyoutostayatyourhomeandtoreciteyourLordsBook.Thereisnois moreappropriatethanyouandcloserthanyoutotheProphetinkinship.TheyareAbdManafs

children.IwillnotgoawayuntilIachievewhatIhavecomefor.Doyouthink,OAbualAswad, thatthereissomeonewhodarestofightagainstme?ByAllah,theywillfightagainstyouwitha fightingtheleastofwhichissevere! ThenheleftherandwenttoalZubayr.HeremindedhimofhispastrelationshipwithImamAli (a.s)saying: [1]UthmanbinHunayfalAnsariwasfromalAwstribe.HewasappointedasagovernorbyUmar. ThenImamAliappointedhimasagovernoroverBasra.WhentheImamleftit,heremovedhim fromitandappointedoveritAbdullahbinAbbas.ItwassaidthatUmarbinalKhattabconsulted thecompanionsinrespectofthemanhewantedtosendtoIraq,andtheyunanimouslyagreedon UthmanbinHunayf,saying:Ifyousendhimforsomethingmoreimportantthanthatbecausehe isamanendowedwithinsight,reason,knowledge,andexperience.Accordingly,Umarhurried andappointedhimoverIraq.UthmanimposedasataxadirhamandaQafiz(acertain measurement)offoodoneveryJarib(ameasurement)ofland,whetheritwascultivatedor flooded.SothetaxesimposedonthelandofKufaamountedahundredmillionsandsomeone yearbeforeUmardied.AftertheeventinBasrah,heresidedinKufaandstayedthereuntilthe timeofMuawiya.AlIstiab,vol.3,p.79.OAbuAbdullah,peopleknewthatonthedaywhenthe allegiancewaspledgedtoAbuBakr,youwerecatchingyourswordandsaying:Noneismore appropriateforthismatter(thecaliphate)than(Ali)binAbiTalib.Thereisagreatdifference betweenthisattitudeandthat.WeavengeUthman. Youandyourfriendhadappointedhimasacaliph,aswehaveheard. AlZubayryieldedtoAbualAswadsspeech.Hesawinitadviceandguidancebutheaskedhimto meetwithTalhaanddiscussthematterwithhim.AbualAswadquicklywenttohimand discussedthematterwithhim,buthedidnotrespondandinsistedonerrorandaggression.[1] AbualAswadsetofftoUthmanbinHunayfandtoldhimaboutthepeoplesintentionandtheir insistenceonfighting.Hegatheredhiscompanionsandaddressedthem,saying:Opeople,you pledgedallegiancetoAllah.ThehandofAllahisabovetheirhands.Thereforewhoeverbreaks(his faith),hebreaksitonlytotheinjuryofhisownsoul,andwhoeverfulfillswhathehascovenanted withAllah,Hewillgranthimamightyreward.[2]ByAllah,ifAliknewthattherewassomeone moreappropriatethanhimforthismatter,hewouldnotacceptit,andifthepeoplehadpledged allegiancetosomeoneotherthanhim,hewouldhavepaidhomageandobeyedthatone. HeisinnoneedofthecompanionsofAllahsApostle,andnoneisinnoneedofhim.Hehastheir goodqualities,buttheydidnot.Thesetwomen(TalhaandalZubayr)paidhomagenotforthe sakeofAllah.Theyhurriedforweaningbeforesuckling,andsucklingbeforebirth,andbirth beforepregnancy.TheysoughttherewardofAllahfromthepeople.Theyhaveclaimedthatthey

unwillinglypaidhomage.Iftheyhadbeenforcedbeforetheirpledgeofallegianceandwerefrom Quraysh,thentheywouldhavetosay,andnottobecommanded.Mostsurelytheguidanceis thatwhichthemajorityfollowed;andthemajorityhadpaidhomagetoAli.Therefore,whatdo youthink,Opeople? HakeembinJabalahsaid:Wethinkthatiftheycameintous,wewouldfightagainstthem.Andif theystopped,wewouldreceivethem.ByAllah,IdonotworryifIfightagainstthembyonly myselfeventhoughIlovelife.InthewayofthetruthIfearnoloneliness,nochange,andnobad returntotheResurrection.Theonewhoiskilledduringthissummonismartyr,andtheonewho remainsaliveissuccessful.AndgoingquicklytoAllahbeforetherewardisbetterthanthedelayin theworld.Andthisis(thetribeof)Rabeea.Theyarewithyou.[3] [1]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.8. [2]Quran,48,10. [3]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.6465. Afterthatthepeopledecidedtoresisttheaggressionandtoreturninkindiftheyhadaggressed againstthemandnottostartthemwithfightingiftheydidnotstartthemwithfighting. TheConclusionoftheTruce Someviolentclashestookplacebetweenthetwopartiesandledtokillingsomepeopleand woundingothers.AsforUthmanbinHunayf,hehadintendedtomakepeacewiththemandto fightagainstthepeoplebeforehereceivedacommandfromImamAli.Accordingly,hestopped fightingandconcludedatimelytruceuntilheknewtheImamsviewpoint.Thisisthetextofthe truce:ThisisforwhichUthmanbinHunayfalAnsariandthebelieversfromamongtheShiaof theCommanderoftheFaithful,AlibinAbiTalib,havemadepeacewithTalha,alZubayr,the believers,andtheMuslimsfromamongtheirfollowers. ThethingsthatbelongtoUthmanbinHunayfaretheHouseofGovernment,thecourtyard,the mosque,thepublictreasury,andthepulpit.AndasforthethingsthatbelongtoTalha,alZubayr, andthosewiththem,theyarethattheyhavetherighttoresidewherevertheywishinBasra. Theyshouldnotharmeachotheronaroad,atagap(ofariver),inamarket,throughalaw,or throughapublicutilityuntiltheCommanderofthefaithful,AlibinAbiTalib,comes.Iftheylike, theywillfollowthatwhichthecommunityhasfollowed.Andiftheylike,everypeoplehavethe righttofollowtheirownopinion,orfighting,peace,departure,orresidence.Concerningthat whichtheyhavewritten,thetwopartiesshouldconformtoAllahspromiseandcovenant.They shouldalsoconformtothestrongpromiseandcovenantAllahhadtakenfromHisprophets. Thetwopartiessignedthetruce.AsforUthmanbinHunayf,hewenttotheHouseofGovernment

andcommandedhiscompanionstolaydowntheirweaponsandgototheirhouses. TreacheryandTreason TalhaandalZubayrsentletterstotheprominentandnotablepeople.Theysummonedthemto avengeUthmananddeposeImamAli,anddismissUthmanbinHunayf.ThetribesofalAzd, Dhabbah,Qays,andAylanrespondedtothem.Manysimplepeopleandtheambitiousfollowed them,too.Whentheaffairswentwellwiththem,theybetrayedandbrokethetrucetheyhad concluded.TheyattackedUthmanbinHunayfintheHouseofGovernmentinthedarknight.They arrestedandpunishedhim.Theypulledoutthehairofhishead,hisbeard,andhiseyebrows.[1] Theylootedthatwhich [1]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.50.Ithasbeenmentioned:Theydismissed wasinthepublictreasury.Whenthetimeoftheprayercame,TalhaandalZubayrdisputedwith eachotheraboutleadingthepeopleinprayer.Eachoneofthempreventedhiscompanionfrom leadingtheprayer,totheextentthatthetimeoftheprayerpassed,andpeopleshoutedatthem. AishainterruptedthedisputebetweenthemandsaidthatMuhammadbinTalhahadtoleadthe peopleinprayeroneday,andAbdullahbinalZubayroneday.[1]IbnalZubayrwenttoleadthe peopleinprayer,butMuhammadbinTalhadrewhimandtriedtoleadthepeopleinprayer,but IbnalZubayrpreventedhim.Allpeoplethoughtthatthebestwaytoendthedisputewastodraw lots.Theydrewlots,anditwasMuhammadbinTalhawhowouldleadthepeopleinprayer.He recitedthisQuranicverse:Onedemanding,demandedthechastisementwhichmustbefall[2].[3] Mostsurelythepeopleweremovedbythemotiveofthereignandsupremeauthority.Ifthe affairhadgonewellwiththem,theywouldhavekilledeachother,fortheywereatthebeginning ofthewaywhiletheyshowedthesignsofdivisionanddisagreement.TheymutiniedagainstImam Alisgovernmentfornothingexceptsomematerialadvantages.IbnalZubayradmittedthat. WhensomemanwenttohiminBasraMosqueandasked:IadjureyoubeforeAllahinrespectof yourtravel,hadAllahsApostlepromisedyouanythinginrespectofit? AsforTalha,hekeptsilent.AlZubayransweredhim:No,butwehaveheardthatyouhavesome dirhams,andwehavecometoparticipateinthem.[4] AlZubayrspecifiedtheirmutinyagainstImamAli.Itwasonlyforambitionsandadvantages.There wasnopromisefromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectofthat. Anyway,Basrafellintotheirhands,andtheirtroopsoccupiedalltheplacesthere.AsforAisha, sheorderedUthmanbinHunayftobekilled,butaladyregardedthatasagreatsinandsaidto Aisha:IadjureyoubeforeAllah,Omotherofthefaithful,inrespectofUthmanandhis

companionshipwithAllahsApostle.Asaresult,shechangedheropinionandorderedhimtobe UthmanbinHunayf,andhejoinedAli.Whenhesawhim,heweptandsaidtohim:Ileftyouwhile Ihadhair,andIhavecometoyouwithouthair.SoAlisaid:ToAllahwebelongandtoHimisour return!Hesaidthatthreetimes. [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.157. [2]Quran,70,1. [3]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.5,p.39. [4]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.183. imprisoned.[1]Thensheorderedthepolicemenandtheguardsofthepublictreasurytobe killed.Theirnumberwasseventypersons.Theywerefromamongthegood,righteousMuslims.[2] Themotherofthefaithful(Aisha)paidnoattentiontosheddingtheirbloodnordidshepaid attentiontocommittingsinsinrespectoforphaningchildren,andspreadingsadnessand mourningamongtheirfamilies.SheturnedawayfromwhatAllahhadcommandedinrespectof refrainingfromsheddingbloodwithnoright. TheMurderofHakeemBinJabalah WhenHakeembinJabalahheardofwhatthepeopledidtoUthmanbinHunayf,andthekillingof thepolicemenandthetreasurers,hewentoutalongwiththreehundredmenfrom(thetribeof) AbdQays[3].ThepeoplewentoutandcarriedAishaonacamel.ThatdaywascalledtheMinor DayoftheCamel,andherbattleagainstImamAli(a.s)wascalledtheMajorDayoftheCamel.The twopartiesengagedinaswordfight.Hakeemandhisfaithfulcompanionsshowedextreme courage.AmanfromalAzdfromAishascampattackedHakeemandcutoffhisleg.Asfor Hakeem,hesatdownontheground.Hetookhisamputatedleg,hitalAzdiwhohadcutitoff,and killedhim.Hewentonfightinginspiteofhisamputatedlegandsaying: Omyleg,donotbeafraid!Mostsurelymyarmiswithme;Iprotectmylegwithit. Hewasstillinsuchastateofextremeheroismandbravery,defendingthethoughtanddoctrine untilhisbloodbled.Hesetofftothemanwhocutoffhislegandleanedagainsthim,whilehewas dead.Apersonpassedbyhimandasked:Whohasdonethistoyou?Myrelatives,hereplied. ThenSaheemalHamadani[4]killedhim,histhreebrothers,andallhiscompanions.[5]Thatpure bloodwhichwasshed,thenoblesoulswhichwerekilledforthesakeofdefendingthereligionof AllahandImamAli,areintheprotectionofAllah. ImamAliseekstheHelpofKufa

ImamAli(a.s)wasreadytoinvadealShamwhereMuawiyahaddeclaredthemutinyagainsthis governmentandrefusedtopayhomagetohim.Whilehewasearnestinmanagingtheaffair,he wassurprisedbythenewsofthat [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.178. [2]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.50. [3]Inanothernarrationitisthathewentoutalongwithsevenhundredofhiscompanions. [4]UsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.40. [5]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.51. thepeopleofMeccawereexcitedtoavengeUthmanoutoftheprovocationofTalha,alZubayr, Aisha,andtheirUmayyadfollowers.Accordingly,theImamfearedthattheMuslimswillbe divided.HethoughtthattheirdangerwasstrongerthanthatofMuawiya,andtheirwickedness wasstrongerthanthatofhis.Ifhehadnothurriedtoputanendtothattrouble,itwouldhave beenabouttobewider,andmutinyanddisagreementbegreater.Sohepreparedhimselftogoto them.TherighteousfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsarhurriedtosupporthim. Theyquicklywentouttocatchupwiththembeforetheycouldenteracitylesttheyshould corruptit.WhentheyarrivedinalRabadha,theyknewthatthey(theenemy)hadenteredBasra andsomeeventshadtakenplacethere.TheImamstayedatalRabadhaforsomedaystomake firmhisaffairs.HesentforthepeopleofKufaseekingtheirhelpandsupporttoputanendtothe discord.HedelegatedtothemMuhammadbinAbiBakrandMuhammadbinJafar.[1]Hesupplied themwithaletterinwhichhesaid:Ihavechosenyouoverthecities.Ihavehurriedtoyou becauseofwhathashappened.Therefore,behelpersandsupportersforthereligionofAllah. Supportusandrisewithus.Whatwewantisrighteousness,thatthecommunitymaybebrothers. Whoeverlikesthatandprefersitlikesthetruth,andwhoeverdeteststhatdetestsandoverlooks thetruth.[2] ThetwomessengerscoveredthedesertandarrivedinKufa.TheyshowedtheImamsletterto AbuMusa,thegovernorofthecity.Howevertheydidnotfindanyresponsefromhim.Rather, theyfoundthathehadunusualattitude.Hediscouragedthepeople,weakenedthetroops,and preventedthemfromrespondingtotheImamscall.Thetwomessengersseverelytalkedwith him.Heansweredthemthroughjustifyinghisstubbornness,saying:ByAllah,thepledgeof allegiancetoUthmanisatrustwithmeandwithyourleader.Therefore,ifthereisnoescapefrom fighting,wewillnotfightagainstanyoneuntilweputanendtothosewhokilledUthman! [1]MuhammadbinJafarbinAbiTalibalHashimiwasthefirstemigranttobegiventhenameof Muhammad.ItwassaidthathewasborninalHabasha.HemarriedUmmKulthum,daughterof ImamAli.ItwassaidthathewasmartyredinTastur,anditwassaidthathewasmartyredat(the Battleof)Siffin.HefoughtagainstUbaydillahbinUmar,andtheykilledeachother.AlIsaba,vol.3,

p.372.IthasbeenmentionedinthebookUsdalGhaba,vol.4,p.313,thatwhenthenewsofthe deathofJafarreachedAllahsApostle,hewenttoJafarshouseandsaid:Fetchmethechildren ofmybrother,Jafar!Abdullah,Muhammad,andOunwentouttohim.Heputthemonhisthigh andprayedforthem,andthenhesaid:Iamtheirguardianintheworldandinthehereafter. Thenhesaid:AsforMuhammad,helookslikeouruncleAbuTalib. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.3,p.393. ThetwoMuhammadssentthenewstotheImamandinformedhimofthemutinyofAbuMusa andhisdiscouragingthepeople.TheImamsentHashimalMirqaltoundertaketheleadershipand suppliedhimwithaletterinwhichhehasmentioned:IhavesentHashimtoundertakethe matterofMuslimsonmybehalf.Therefore,returnthepeopletohim.Ihaveentrustedyoutobe amongmyhelpersforthetruth. HashimwentandarrivedinKufa.HeknewthatAbuMusawasinsistentonhismutinyandgoing toofarinhismaliceandenmity.Theytriedtoconvincehimandreturnhimtothetruewaybut withnouse.AbuMusasentforSaibbinMalikalAshqaritoconsultwithhimaboutthematter, andheadvisedhimtofollowtheImamandcarryouthisorders.However,hedidnotpay attentiontotheadviceandremainedinsistentonhisrebellionandstubbornness.Asaresult, HashimsenttheImamaletterinwhichheinformedhimofhisfailureinhistaskandmediation. ImamAlidelegatesalHasan ImamAlidelegatedhissonalHasanalongwithAmmarbinYasir.Hesuppliedhimwithaletterin whichhedeposedAbuMusafromhisofficeandappointedQurdhabinKaab[1]insteadofhim. Thefollowingisthetextofhisletter:IthinkyoushouldwithdrawfromthismatterinwhichAllah hasplacednoshareforyouthroughyourrefrainingfromcarryingoutmycommand.Ihavesent alHasanbinAliandAmmarbinYasirtourgethepeople.IhavealsosentQurdhabinKaabasa governoroverthecity.Therefore,withdrawfromourwork(whileyouare)dispraisedand expelled.Ifyoudonotdo,thenIhavecommandedhimtodeclarewaragainstyou. ImamalHasanarrivedinKufa,andthepeoplegatheredaroundhiminmasses.Theyexpressed theirsubmissionandobediencetohim,andshowedhimfriendshipandloyalty.Inthemeantime ImamalHasanannouncedthedeposaloftherebelliousgovernorfromhisofficeandthe appointmentofQurdhainhisplace.However,AbuMusaremainedinsistentonhisdeceptionand error.HewenttoAmmarbinYasirandtalkedtohimaboutUthmans[1]QurdhabinKaabbin ThalabaalAnsarialKhazrajiwaspresentwiththeProphet(a.s.)attheBattleofUhdandother battles.DuringthetimeofUmarbinalKhattab,Allahconquered(manycountries)athishand.He wasamongthetenpersonsUmarsenttoKufatoteachitspeoplereadingandwriting.TheImam appointedhimasagovernoroverKufa.WhenhewentoutfortheBattleofSiffin,hetookhim

withhim.AndheappointedoveritAbuMasudalBadri.QurdhabinKaabwaspresentwithImam Aliduringallhisbattles.HediedinthehousehehadbuiltinKufaduringtheImamscaliphate.The Imamprayedoverhim.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)alIstiab,vol.3,p.266. affairthathemightfindawayinhisspeechtoaccusehimofthemurderofUthman,andthathe mightusethatasmeanstomakethepeopledeserttheImam.Hesaidtohim:OAbulYaqdhan, haveyouwrongedtheCommanderoftheFaithful(Uthman)asthosewhowrongedhim,and placedyourselfamongthesinners? Ididnotdo,repliedAmmar,whyhaveyouaccusedmeofevil?AlHasanknewAbuMusas purpose,soheinterruptedtheargument,sayingtohim:OAbuMusa,whyhaveyoudiscouraged thepeople?ImamalHasantalkedwithhimwithkindnessandleniency,thathemightuprootthe spiritofwickednessandobstinacyfromhissoul,saying:OAbuMusa,byAllah,wehavewanted nothingexceptrighteousness,andnonefearstheCommanderoftheFaithful(ImamAli)fora thing.AbuMusabecameastonished.Hecouldnotstandhisobstinacyandtyranny,sohesaidto theImam:Youareright,maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!However,theadviseris trustworthy. Yes. IhaveheardAllahsApostlesaying:Therewillbeasedition.Theonewhositsdownduringitis betterthantheonewhostandsup.Theonewhostandsupisbetterthantheonewhowalks.The onewhowalksisbetterthantheonewhorides.Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,hasmadeus brothersandmadeitunlawfulforustoplunderourpropertiesandshedourblood.Hehassaid: Oyouwhobelieve,donotdevouryourpropertyamongyourselvesfalsely,exceptthatitbe tradingbyyourmutualconsent;anddonotkillyourpeople.SurelyAllahismercifultoyou.[1] AndHe,theGreatandAlmighty,hassaid:Andwhoeverkillsabelieverintentionally,his punishmentishell.[2] AsforAmmar,heconfrontedhim,refutedhisfalsesayingsanddeception,saying:Haveyou heardthatfromAllahsApostle? Yes,andthesearemyhands(readytobecutoff)forwhatIsaid.Ammarturnedtothepeople andsaidtothem:Mostsurely,AllahsApostlemeantAbuMusawiththat.Forwhenhesitsdown isbetterthanwhenherises. [1]Quran,4,29. [2]Ibid.,4,93. Ammarsspeech,andalHasanskindnessandlongpatiencewereuselesstothisrude,rebellious

person,whodidnotyieldtoanythingexceptseverityandforce.Heremainedinsistingon discouragingthepeopleandmakingthemwithdrawfromgoingtosupportImamAli. TheProphetsgrandson(alHasan)beganarousingthedeterminations,activatingthesouls,and motivatingthemforjihad.Headdressedthem,saying:OPeople,Youhaveknownwhatfor CommanderoftheFaithful,AlibinAbiTalibjhasmarched.Wehavecometoyoutoseekyour help,foryouarethefrontoftheAnsarandheadsoftheArabs.YouhaveheardthatTalha,al Zubayr,andAishahavegoneout(tofightagainstImamAli)aftertheirpledgeofallegiance.And youknowthatwomensfeeblenessandweakopinionvanish.Forthisreason,Allahhasregarded menascaretakersoverwomen.ByAllah,ifnoneofyousupportshim,Ihopethatthose,who havecomewithhimfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,willbesufficient;therefore,help Allah,andHewillhelpyou. ThenAmmarroseandbeganurgingthepeopleforjihadandheexplainedtothemtherealityof thestateinrespectofUthmansaffair,saying:OpeopleofKufa,ifournewsareabsentfromyou, thenouraffairshavereachedyou.MostsurelythosewhokilledUthmanhavenotapologizedto thepeopleforkillinghimnorhavetheycondemnedthat.TheyhaveplacedAllahsBookbetween themandtheirarguments.Allahhasmadesomeliveandsomeothersdie.AndasforTalhaand alZubayr,theywerethefirsttostab(Uthman)andthelasttocommand(thepeopletoavenge him).Andtheywerethefirsttopayhomage(toImamAli).Butwhenwhattheyhopedmissed them,theybroketheirallegiancewithoutanyreason.Andthisisthesonofthedaughterof AllahsApostle.Youknowhim.Hehascometoseekyourhelp.AndAlihas(cometoyou)withthe Muhajireen,theBadris,andtheAnsarwhohaveheadedtheabodeandfaith. Afterthem,QaysbinSadroseandsummonedthepeopletocarryouttheirreligiousdutyand supportAmeerulMo'minin(ImamAli),saying:IfwehadfacedthemenoftheConsultative Committeewiththematter,thenAliwouldhavebeenthemostappropriateforit,andthefight againstthosewhorefusedhimwouldhavebeenlawful.Withagreaterreasontheproofisagainst TalhaandalZubayr.Theyhadwillinglypaidhomagetohim.Buttheyhaveopposedhimoutof envy.AlihascometoyoualongwiththeMuhajireenandtheAnsar. Anyway,AbuMusawentoninsistenceonhistyranny.Hediscouragedpeopleandsummoned themtodesertAmeerulMo'minin(theCommanderofthefaithful)andnottohelphim.Hepaid notattentiontoallthatwhichheheardfromalHasanandtheorators,totheextentthatalHasan becametiredinspiteofhisclemency.Heshoutedathimwithexcitementandviolence.Hesaidto him:Withdrawfromourwork,Oman,andleaveourpulpit! AlHasanwentonurgingthepeopletogotojihadandhelphisfather.Heroseamongthemand said:Opeople,respondtothesummonsofyourcommanderandgotoyourbrothers,forthere willbethosewhohurryforthismatter.ByAllah,ifmenwithreasonundertakeit,itwillbebetter

fortheminthesooner,thelater,andtheend.Respondtooursummonsandhelpuswiththat withwhichyouandwehavebeenafflicted.TheCommanderofthefaithful(AmeerulMo'minin) saystoyou:Ihavegoneout(tofight)whetherIamanoppressororoppressed.IremindofAllah themanwhotakescareofAllahsrightthathemayhurryforjihad.IfIamoppressed,thenhe shouldhelpme,andifIamanoppressor,heshouldpunishme.ByAllah,TalhaandalZubayrwere thefirsttopledgeallegiancetomeandwerethefirsttobetrayme.HaveIpossessedaloneany propertyorchangedanyreligiousprecept?Hurrytojihad,enjointhegood,andforbidtheevil. PeoplerespondedtoalHasanwithlisteningandobediencetohissummons.Buttheleader,Malik alAshtar,thoughtthattheaffairwouldnotgowellunlessthatAbuMusashouldbebroughtout asdisrespectedanddegraded.Sohealongwithagroupofhispeoplewentandsurroundedthe palace.WhenAbuMusasservantslookedatthem,theyquicklywenttohim.Fearandterror prevailedthem,sotheysaidtohim:OAbuMusa,thisis(Malik)alAshtar.Hehasenteredthe palace.Hehashitandbroughtusout. Accordingly,therogue(AbuMusa)cameoutofthepalace.Astonishmentdominatedhim.Malik alAshtarshoutedathim:Getoutofourpalace,mayyourmotherloseyou! AbuMusaalAsharyhesitatedforawhile,butMalikshoutedathimagain:Getout!MayAllah bringoutyoursoul!ByAllah,youareamongthehypocrites!AlAsharysaidwithafaint,weak voice:Postponemeforthisnight! Youshallhaveit,anddonotspendthenightinthepalace.Thepeopleenteredthepalacetoloot AbuMusaspossessionsandproperties.However,MalikalAshtardidnotturnawayfromhis opponent.Hetookanobleattitudetowardshim.Hepreventedpeoplefromlootinghis belongingsandfrompunishinghim.Hesaidtothem:Ihavepostponedhimforthisnight.Ihave drivenhimaway,sorefrainfromhim. Accordingly,peoplerefrainedfromhim.Inthemorning,thisaggressivesinner(AbuMusa)went outofthepalaceindisgrace.TheaffairswentwellwithImamalHasan.Hetalkedtopeopletogo outforjihad,saying:Opeople,Iwillleaveearlyinthemorning,sowhoeverlikestogooutwith meonthebacksofmountsoronwatercandothat.ThepeoplerespondedtotheImams summons.WhenQaysbinSaadsawthat,hebecamegladanddelighted,andherecitedsome poetry.Asaresult,Kufawasfullofmujahideen.ManythousandsofthemleftforJihad.Someof themembarkedships,andsomeothersrodemounts.Theywerepleasedandsatisfied.AlHasan headedthem.WhentheyarrivedinThiQaar[1],theymetImamAli(a.s)whohadstayedtheir.He waspleasedwithhissonssuccess.Hethankedhimforhisgreatefforts.

FabricationagainstImamalHasan InhisbookalTarikh(history),alTabarihasnarratedafabricatedtraditioninwhichthereare somefabricationsagainstImamalHasan.Wewillmentionthetraditiontoreaders,andthenwe willexplainthatwhichrefutesthefabricationstherein.HehasmentionedthatalHasanwalked towardshisfatherafterthemutinyofTalhaandalZubayrandsaidtohim: Ihadcommandedyou,butyoudisobeyedme.Youwillbekilledtodayinloss,andyoushallhave nosupporter. Youstillyearns(forUthman)justasaslavegirldoes.Whathadyoucommandedmewith,andI disobeyedyou? IcommandedyoutoleaveMedinaonthedaywhenUthmanwassurrounded,thathemightbe killedwhileyouwerenotthere.Onthedaywhenhewaskilled,Icommandedyounottoaccept thepledgeofallegianceuntilthedelegationsandtheArabsfromthecitieswouldcometoyou. Whenthesetwomen(TalhaandalZubayr)haddonewhattheydid,Icommandedyoutosit downinyourhouseuntiltheymadepeacewitheachother.Iftherehadbeencorruption,itwould havebeendonethroughthehandofsomeoneotherthanyou.Youhaddisobeyedmeinallof that. Omylittleson,asforyourstatementifIhadgoneoutofMedinawhenUthmanwas surrounded,weweresurroundedasUthmanwassurrounded.Asforyourstatementdonot acceptthepledgeofallegianceuntilthepledgeof [1]ThiQaarwasawater(well)belongedtoBakrbinWail.ItwasnearKufa.ItwasbetweenKufa andWasit.(Thishasbeenmentionedin)MujamalBuldan,vol.7,p.8. allegianceofthecitieswillcome,mostsurelytheaffairbelongedtothepeopleofMedina,and wehatedtoletthisaffairgetlost.AsforyourstatementwhenTalhaandalZubayrmutinied, thatwasaweaknessagainstthemenofIslam.ByAllahIhavebeendefeatedsinceIwas appointedasaruler,andwsadeprivedthatIcouldnotreachanythingIwanted. Asforyourstatementsitdowninyourhouse,whatshallIdoinrespectofthatwhichis obligatoryonme?Orwhatdoyouwantmetodo?Doyouwantmetobelikeahyenawhichis surroundedanditissaidtoit:Comeout!Comeout!?[1]Itisnothereuntilitshockappears,and thenitcomesout.IfIdonotreflectonwhatisincumbentonandconcernsme,sowhowillreflect

onit?Therefore,refrainfromme,Omylittleson.[2]AlTabarihasnarratedthistraditiononthe authorityofSayfbinUmaralAsadialTamimi.Thetraditionisamonghisfabricationsandthe thingscreatedbyhim.ReliabletraditionistshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatSayfwasweakand nonehasreliedonhistraditions,forhewasfamousforlying,fabricating,andmakingup traditions. Someofthemhaveaccusedhimofbadreligion.Theyhaveexplainedhisconditionandreality. Theyhavealsoshowedhisfabricationsandthenewscreatedbyhim.Amongthemisthereligious scholarAllamaSayyidMurtadaalAskari.HehasmentionedthatinhisbookAbdullahBinSaba Whatclearlyshowsthatthetraditionhasbeenfabricatedisthatithasbeenmentionedinitthat ImamalHasanhassaidtohisfather:Ihadcommandedyou,andyoudisobeyedme.Thisisthe ugliestandbitterestspeech.HowdidalHasanreceivehisfatherwiththat,whilehewas knowledgeableofhisrealityandhisgreatposition?Andhehadalreadysaidinrespectofhim: Thefirstdidnotprecedehim,nordidthelastreachhimthroughadeed.Withoutdoubtthis speechiscontrarytothemoralitiesofImamalHasan,whoavoidedevildeedsandnonsenseeven iftowardhisenemiesandopponents.Therefore,howdidheaddresshisfatherwiththat. AbdulWahabalNajjarhascommentedonthisfabricatedtradition,saying:ItisasifthatIhear him(ImamAli)sayUthmansstatementinrespectofthisaffair:Iwillnottakeoffthegarment thatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,hasclothedmewith!Thisistheexcusewhichonewhowants safetyforhimandtheMuslimsdoesnotaccept.Oritisliketheexcuseofthecolonialist [1]Dubabisawardsaidtoahyena,thatitmaycomeout. statesthatsaythatthereisnoescapefromundertakingtheaffairsofthenationswhichthey occupyanddominate,andcontroltheirpublicutilitiesandtheelementsoftheirlife.[1] AbdulWahabalNajjarisfamousforhissidingwiththeUmayyadsandhisturningawayfromAhlul Bayt(theProphetsHousehold).Heisunsuccessfulinmanyofhisresearches.Hehasdependedon thefabricatedtraditions.Hehasnotconsideredthemcarefully.Throughtheseseverewordshe hasshowedimpudencetowardsImamAli.Hehaslikenedhimtotheoppressivecolonialiststates thatspreadtyrannyandoppressionintheearth.AsforImamAli(a.s),heestablishedjusticeand equality,spreadallhumanitarianidealsduringtheperiodofhisgovernment.Thehistoryof mankindhasneverknownarulerlikehiminhisjusticeandrighteousness,andthathewasnot deceivedbytheappearancesofpowerandauthority.WhiletheImamwasmendinghissandals withhisownhands,AbdullahbinAbbascameintohim.TheImamaskedhim: OsonofAbbas,howmuchdoyouvaluethem?

Theyhavenovalue.ByAllah,theyaremorelovabletomethantheseaffairsofyoursbutforthe factthatImustestablishwhatistrueandwardoffwhatisfalse.ThisistheImamsviewpointof government.Inhisviewpointthegovernmentwasameremeansforestablishingwhatwastrue andwardingoffwhatwasfalse.Ifhewantedgovernment,Uthmanwouldnothavewonit.We havementionedthatwhenwetalkedabouttheConsultativeCommittee.Thenhowisitcorrect thattheImamiscomparedtotheinfidelcolonialiststates,whilehewasastheProphetsself,his guardian,andtheGateofthecityofhisknowledge? TheTwoPartiesmeet TheImamsregimentsmovedfromThiQaar.TheyhurriedandarrivedinalZawiya.[2]TheImam stoppedthereandofferedfourrakas.Havingfinishedhisprayer,hecoveredhisowncheekwith dustwhilehewasweeping.ThenheraisedhishandstosupplicateAllah,saying:OAllah,Lordof theheavensandwhattheyshade,oftheearthandwhatitcarries,andLordoftheGreat [1]AlKulafaalRashidun,p.414.AlSayyidSaeedalAfghanihasindetailrefutedhiminhisbook AaishawaalSiyasa,p.96. [2]AlZawiyaisaplacenearBasrah.ThefamousbattlebetweenalHajjajandAbdurrahmanbin MuhammadbinalAshathtookplaceatit.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)Mujamal Buldan,vol.4,p.37. Throne!ThisisBasra.Iaskyou(tograntme)someofitsgood.IseekrefugewithYoufromitsevil! OAllah,settleusinthebestabode!OAllah,mostsurely,thesepeoplehavedisobeyedme, aggressedagainstme,andbrokenthepledgeofallegiancetome!OAllah,sparetheMuslims blood![1] WhentheImam(andhistroops)settleddown,heimmediatelysentUbaydillahbinAbbas,and ZaydbinSouhantoAishatosummonhertosparethebloodandunifytheMuslims.Hesaidto them:Saytoher:Allahhascommandedyoutostayinyourhouseandnottogoout.Surelyyou knowthat,butagroupofpeoplehasdeludedyou.Soyouhavegoneoutofyourhouse,andthe peoplehavefallenintothetribulationandthetirednessduetoyouragreementwiththem.Itis betterforyoutogohomeandnottohoveraboutdisputeandfighting.Ifyoudonotgohomeand thisdiscordisnotextinguished,itwillbringaboutfighting,andmanypeoplewillbekilledbecause ofit.Therefore,fearAllah,OAisha,andreturntoAllahinrepentance.Allahacceptsthe repentancefromHisservantsandpardonsthem.BewareofthattheloveforAbdullahbinal ZubayrandthekinshiptoTalhawillmoveyoutoanaffairleadingtothefire. IfAishahadunderstoodthisadviceandgivenupherplot,shewouldhavebroughtaboutgeneral goodforthecommunity.Butshepaidnoattentiontothat.Shesaidtothetwomessengers:Ican

notrefuteAlibinAbiTalibwithspeechbecauseIcannotreachhimthrougharguing.[2] Shecouldnotrefutehimwithspeechbecauseshehadnoprooftodefendherself.ThentheImam sentTalhaandalZubayraletterinwhichhesummonedthemtomakepeaceandleave disagreement.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Youhavecometoknow,evenifyouhaveconcealed, thatIdidnotgotothepeopleuntiltheycametome,andthatIdidnottakeallegiancefromthem untiltheypledgedallegiancetome.Youwereamongthosewhocameandpaidhomagetome. Thepopulacedidnotpledgeallegiancetomeforavictoriousauthoritynorforanoffer.Ifyou willinglypaidhomagetome,thenreturnandturninrepentancetoAllahassoonaspossible.If youunwillinglypledgedallegiancetome,thenyouhaveplacedformeawayagainstyouthrough yourshowingobedienceandkeepingdisobedienceasecret.Bymylife,youwerenotworthierof theMuhajireenintheprecautionarydissimulationandconcealing.Ifthisaffairhadmovedyouto enteritbefore,thenitwaswidertoyouthanyourcomingoutofitafteryouracknowledgingit. YouclaimthatIhavekilledUthman,thenbetweenyouandmeisonewho [1]MurujalThahab,vol.2,p.254. [2]IbnAthem,Tarikh,p.175. fellbehindyouandmefromamongthepeopleofMedina.Thenitisincumbentoneachoneas muchashestands.Giveup,OtwoSheikhs,foryourgreatestaffairisnowdisgrace,beforethe disgraceandthefirethatwillcometogether.[1] However,theydidnotrespondtothecallofthetruth;rather,theyinsistedoncorruption,mutiny, andaggression.TheydeclaredresistanceandfightingagainsttheImam. IbnalZubayrsSpeech AbdullahbinalZubayrwastooextremeininstigatingdiscordsandsheddingblood.Hespoiledall themeansthatImamAli(a.s)madetomakepeace.HeaddressedthemassesofBasraandurged themtofightagainsttheImam.Thisishisspeech:Opeople,mostsurely,AlibinAbiTalibkilled thetrueCaliph,Uthman.Thenhehaspreparedthearmiestoattack,controlyou,andtakeyour city.Therefore,bemenofavengingthebloodofyourcaliph,tokeepyoursacredthings,andfight onbehalfofyourwomen,children,ancestries,andlineage.Areyousatisfiedthatthepeopleof Kufaenteryourcountry?Beangry,foryouhavebeenmadeangry!Fight,foryouhavebeen fought.Alicanseenoneotherthanhiminthismatter.ByAllah,ifhewonavictoryoveryou,he woulddestroyyourreligionandyourworld. IbnalZubayrsspeechisfulloffallacies,lies,andprovokingofreligiousfanaticismandpartyspirit againstImamAli.Heknew,withoutdoubt,thathetoldlies.Howeveritwashisownsoulthat enticedhimtodothatoutofcravingafterpowerandauthority.

AlHasansSpeech WhenImamAli(a.s)heardalZubayrsspeech,hecommandedhissonalHasantorefutehim. ImamalHasanroseandmadeaspeech.HepraisedandlaudedAllah,andthenhesaid:Wehave heardIbnalZubayrsspeechinrespectofmyfatherandhissayingthathe(ImamAli)hadkilled Uthman.You,OpeopleoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsarandotherMuslims,havecometoknow IbnalZubayrsspeechaboutUthmanandwhathisnamewaswithhimandtheblameheunjustly laidonhim.Onthatday,Talhahoistedhisflagonhis(Uthman)publictreasurywhilehewasstill alive.Therefore,howdotheyaccusemyfatherofkillinghimanddispraisehim?Ifwewishedthe speechagainstthem,wewouldsay. [1]NahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.122. AsforhisspeechthatAlihasextortedtheaffairofthepeople,itisthegreatestproofofhis fatherthatheclaimedthathepledgedallegiancetohimwithhishandandnotwithhisheart. Certainlyheadmittedthepledgeofallegiancewhileheclaimedtheinnermostthoughts. Therefore,hemustgiveaproofonwhathehasclaimed.Andhowcanhedothat?! AsforhiswonderatthecomingofthepeopleofKufatothepeopleofBasra,thenwhatishis wonderatthepeopleofthetruthwhencomingtothepeopleoffalsehood?Asforthe supportersofUthman,wehaveneitherwarnorfightingagainstthem,butwefightagainstthe riderofthecamelandherfollowers[1]CertainlyImamAbuMuhammad(alHasan)has confutedIbnalZubayrsclaimsandrefutedhisfabrications.ItwasIbnalZubayr,Talha,and Aisha,whokindledthefireoftheseditionagainstUthman.AsforImamAli(a.s),hehadnorolein that.Wehavealreadyexplainedthat. TheSummonstoAllahsBook ImamAlisparednoefforttostrengthenpeace,avoidwar,andsummonpeopletoputinto practicewhatAllahsBookhadcommanded.HeraisedtheQuranwithhisrighthandandwalked throughhiscompanions.Hehadarayofhopeinmakingpeace.Hesaidtothem:Whichoneof youcanshowthemtheQuranandwhatthereisinit?Ifhishandiscutoff,hemusttakeitwith theother.Ifitiscutoff,hemusttakeitwithhisteeth.Hewillbekilled. AKufanyoungmanrosezealouslyandnoblyandsaidtohim:Iwilldo,OAmeerulMo'minin. TheImamturnedhisfaceawayfromhimforawhile.Hewalkedthroughhiscompanionsand askedthemtoachievethistask.Butnonerespondedtohimexceptthatnobleyoungman.Sohe gavehimtheQuranandsaidtohim:ShowthemthisQuran,andsaythatitisbetweenyouand us.YoushouldtakeAllahintoconsiderationconcerningourandyourbloods.

Theyoungmanproudlysetoff.Neitherfearnorterrorwasinhisheart.HewavedtheQuran beforeAishastroops.HesummonedthemtodoaccordingtotheQuran.Inthemeantimehe summonedthemtoclingtobrotherhoodandpeace.However,theyturnedawayfromhim.Their selfishnessandtheirhatingthetruthmovedthemtoattackhim.Theycutoffhisrightarm,andhe tooktheQuranwithhislefthandandsummonedthemtofollowAllahsBook.Theyattackedhim againandcutoffhislefthand,andhetookthe [1]AlJamal,pp.158159. Quranwithhisteeth.Hedrownedinblood.Inthemomentsofhislife,hesummonedthemto peaceandtosparetheirblood,saying:YoushouldtakeAllahintoconsiderationinrespectofour andyourblood.Nevertheless,theyattackedhimandinsistedontheirerrorandobstinacy.They showeredhimwitharrows,andhefelltothegroundamartyr.Afterthisexcuse,theImamfound nomeansexceptwar.Hesaidtohiscompanions:Now,itislawfulforyoutofightagainstthem anditisgoodforyoutostrikethem![1] TheDeclarationoftheWar Afterthemurderofhismessenger,ImamAlisummonedtheleadersofhisarmy.Hespecifiedfor themtheirplaces.Hemobilizedthefightersforwar.Thenhegavethemsomemoralinstructions onvirtue,mercy,andjustice.Hesaidtothem:Opeople,ifyoudefeatedthem,donotfinishoff thewounded,donotkillthecaptives,donotfollowthosewhoturnback,donotseekthosewho retreat,donotdiscloseprivateorgans,donotmaimakilledone,donotviolateanhonor,donot approachtheirbelongingsexceptthatwhichyoufindintheircampssuchasweapons,horses, mules,slaves,andbondmaids.Otherthanthatisinheritancebelongstotheirinheritorsaccording toAllahsBook. AisharodehercamelcalledAskar.Sheaskedhermentogiveherahandsomeofpebbles.She threwthesepebblesagainstImamAlisfollowersandsaid,Howuglyfaces!AmanfromImam Aliscompanionscriedather,OAisha,andyoudidnotsmitewhenyousmote,butitwasSatan whosmote.Shewasthecommanderinchief.Itwasshewhoorganizedthetroopsandgave commands.HertroopsaimedtheirarrowsatImamAliscamp.Theykilledsomeofhis companions.Afterthat,theImamfoundnoescapefromfightingagainstthem.Hegirdedhimself withhisownswordandgavethestandardtohissonMuhammad[2].HesaidtoalHasanandal Husayn:IhavegiventhestandardtoyourbrotherandleftyouduetoyourpositionwithAllahs Apostle.Muhammadsetofftothefieldofthebattlewithafirmdetermination.Hesought successandvictory,butthepeopleshoweredhimwiththeirarrowsfromalldirections. [1]AlTabari,vol.5,p.204. [2]MuhammadbinAlibinAbiTalibalHashimi,knownasIbnalHanafiya.HismotherwasKhawla

alHanafiya,daughterofJafar.IbrahimbinalJunaydhassaid:Wenotknowthatthereisanyone betterandmoreaccuratethanMuhammadinnarratingtraditionsontheauthorityofAli.Abu Naeemhassaid:He(Muhammad)diedintheyear80A.H.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthe book)TahdhibalKamal,p.21. ImamAliattackedthepeoplewhilehewascarryingthestandardinhislefthandandshowedin hisrighthandhisswordThulFaqar,withwhichhefoughtagainsttheinfidelsandthepolytheists, andwithwhichtodayhefoughtagainstthosewhorenegedtheirreligionanddeviatedfromIslam. TheleadingMuhajireenandAnsarsurroundedhim.Alltheenemiesbeforethemwerelikeashes onwhichthewindsblowhardonastormyday. AlZubayriskilled ImamAli(a.s)wentoutunarmoredamongthetroopsandshoutedatthetopofhisvoice:Where isalZubayr?AlZubayrwalkedtowardshimwhilehewasheavilyarmed.WhentheImamsaw him,heembracedhimandsaid:OAbuAbdullah,whathasmadeyoucomehere?Ihavecometo avengeUthman!TheImamlookedathimandasked:AvengeUthman? Yes. MayAllahkillwhoeverkilledUthman! TheImamgentlybegantalkingwithhimandremindedhimofhissupporttohim,saying:Iadjure youbeforeAllah,OZubayr!DidyouknowthatyouandAllahsApostle(a.s)passedbyme,while hewasleaningonyourhand?AllahsApostlegreetedandsmiledatme.Thenheturnedandsaid toyou:OZubayr,youwillunjustlyfightAli!AlZubayrbowedhishead.Hisfaceturnedpale.His heartmeltedoutofsorrowandregret.Hefeltremorseforwhathehadneglected.Hesaidtothe Imam: OAllah,yes!Then,whydoyoufightagainstme?Ihaveforgottenit,byAllah!IfIhadknownit,I wouldnothavefoughtagainstyou.[1] [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.73. Return!HowcanIreturnwhilethemisfortunehasbecomegreatandthematterhasbecome intense?Gobackbeforethatthedisgraceandfirecometogether!AlZubayrdecidedtowithdraw fromthisdiscord,buthewantedtogetridofitpeacefully.SohesaidtoAisha:Omotherofthe faithful,byAllah,Ididnottakeasituation,unlessIknewwheretoputmyfootexceptthisone.I donotknowwhetherIamcomingforwardsorgoingbackwards!Aishaknewhishidden intentionandwhathewantedthroughhisspeech.Sheunderstoodthathewantedtowithdraw. Shesneeringlysaidtohim:OAbuAbdullah,youareafraidoftheswordsofthechildrenofAbdul Muttalib.Thismockeryplayedwithhissoul,andhiswickedsonAbdullahincreasedhisupsetand

worry,andmadehimcomebacktothebattlefield.Hesaidtohim: Youwereawareofyourcomingout,butwhenyousawthestandardsof(Ali)binAbiTaliband knewthatdeathisbehindthem,youhavebecomecowardly.Hissonaccusedhimofweakness andcowardicewhichwasadisgrace,abasement,andadefect.Thefathersaid:Woeuntoyou!I swore(byAllah)beforehim(ImamAli)thatIshouldnotfightagainsthim!Expiateyouroathby settingfreeyourslaveSarjas.Sohefreedhisslave[1].Thenhewanderedinthebattlefieldto showhisbraverytoAishaandtohisson.Hewantedtoshowthemthathepaidnoattentionto death.HeattackedtheleftwingoftheArmy.Thenhereturnedandattackedthemiddleofthe Army.Thenhereturnedtohissonandsaidtohim:Istheonewhodoessocowardly? ThenhewenttoWadialSiba.AlAhnafbinQaysandhispeoplehadbeenthere.Hispeoplesaid tohim:ThisisalZubayr.Hehaspassed.Andhesaid:WhatshallIdotoalZubayr?Hehas broughttogethertwogreatgroupsofpeopleandmadethemkilleachother.Somepeoplefrom thetribeofTamimfollowedhim.AmrbinJarmuzprecededthemtohim.AlZubayrstoppedto performtheprayerandsaidtoAmr:Shallyouleadme(inprayer) [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.200. orshallIleadyou?AlZubayrledhim,andAmrbinJarmuzkilledhimwhilepraying.[1]Theendof alZubayrslifewasmixedwithtreachery,treason,andmutinyagainstthetruth.Unfortunately, hehadabrilliantpastfullofgooddeedsandmerits.HewastheleaderofHilf(alliance)alFudool whosesloganwassupportingtheoppressed.Then,whatwasthematterwithhimduringthat periodoftime?HeturnedawayfromImamAliandforgotthepersecutionsthathesuffered.That waswhenTaymusurpedhisrightforthefirsttime,Adiforthesecondtime,andUmayyaforthe thirdtime.Andthenhe(alZubayr)cametousurphisright.Unfortunately,alZubayrhadsuch painfulendthoughhehadnobleattitudes.Throughhisswordheremovedthesadnessfromthe faceofAllahsApostle(a.s).AftertheProphet(a.s)hestoodbesideImamAli.Heprotectedhis sideandannouncedhismeritsandgavehimprecedenceoverothers.Sowhatmadehimrebel againsttheimam?DidAlibinAbiTalibpossessalonetheMuslimsproperties?Didhesaveup somethingforhimselfandhisfamily,thatalZubayrmightfightandmutinyagainsthim? Aishaissurrounded SomeArabtribesregardeddeathasgoodanddeliciousforthesakeofAisha,sotheyoffered sacrificesforher.Theywenttoofarinprotectinganddefendingher.Theyareasfollows: AlAzd ThetribeofalAzdadoredAishaandsacrificedtheirlivesforher,totheextentthattheytookher camelsdungandsmeltit.Theysaid:Thesmellofthedungofourmotherscamelislike

musk.[2]Theyhurriedtodefendherdeathdefying.TheysurroundedhercamelAskarand caughtitsbridle.Aishawasastonishedandsheasked:Whoareyou? WearealAzd.Shebeganmovinginsidethemthespiritofenthusiasmandsheurgedthemtodie forher,saying:Thefreearepatient.IstillseethatvictorycomesfromtheBanuDhabba!These wordskindledthefireoftherevoltinthemselves,andtheyrushedtodeathandfoughtseverely forhersake.[3] [2]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.97. [3]Ibid.,vol.2,p.81. BanuDabba BanuDabbawerefromthemeanandlowArabs.Theyhadrudeheartsandnatures.Theirsouls werefullofthebadcustomsandvicesofthepreIslamicera.Theycheaplysacrificedtheirlivesfor Aisha.Theysurroundedhercameldeathdefying.Theystoodsteadfastlytotheextentthattheir handsandheadswerecutoff.Onthatday,theyusedUthmansbloodasasloganforthem.Forty menfromthemwerekilledaroundAishascamel.InthisrespectAishasaid:Mycamelwas standinguntilIlostthevoicesofBanuDhabba.BanuNajiyaFromamongthetribeswhowere fondofAishawastheBanuNajiya.Theyhurriedtothefieldofdeathforhersake.Theyheldthe bridleofhercamel,andsheaskedaboutthem,anditwassaidtoher:WearetheBanuNajiya. Sheurgedthemandthrewthemintheflameofthewar,saying:Bepatient,OBanuNajiya!I knowthatthequalitiesofQurayshareavailableinyou![1]Thesearesomeofthetribeswho offeredmanysacrificesforthesakeofAisha.Certainly,theirmother(Aisha)deludedthemand threwthemintoaseditionbecauseofherambitionsandspites. TheCameliskilled Aviolentbattletookplacebetweenthetwoparties.ThecompanionsofImamAli(a.s)wantedto protecttheImamoftheMuslimsandtheguardianoftheirProphet,whilethecompanionsof Aishawantedtoprotecttheirmotherandtodieforherthatmanyofthemwerekilled.ImamAli (a.s)thoughtthatthebattlewouldnotendaslongasthecamelwasthere.Accordingly,he summonedAmmarandMalikalAshtar.Whentheywerepresentbeforehim,hesaidtothem: Goandkillthatcamel,fortheflameofthebattlewillnotgooutaslongasitisalive!Theyhave useditasaqibla(direction)forthem. MalikalAshtar,Ammar,andsomeyoungmenfromMuradsetoff.Ayoungmannamed MuammarbinAbdillah[2]wenttothecamel.Hehititonthehock.Thecamelfelltotheground andcriedinawaywhichnonehadeverheard.

[1]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.2,p.81. [2]Anditwassaidthatsomeoneotherthanhimkilledthecamel.Inanothernarrationitwas mentionedthatImamAlisummonedhissonMuhammadbinalHanafiya.Hegavehimaspearand saidtohim:Goandkillthecamelwiththespear.Hewent,butthepeoplecamebetweenhim andthecamel.Sohecamebackandwasunsuccessful.ThenalHasantookthespearfromhis hand.Hewenttothecamelandstabbedit. Aishascompanionsscattered.Theidol(thecamel)forwhichtheyofferedsacrificeswas destroyed.Then,ImamAliorderedthecameltobeburntandtobescatteredintotheairlest someofitshouldremainandthesimplepeoplemightbefondofit.Havingfinishedthat,hesaid: MayAllahcursethisanimal!ItissimilartothecalfofthechildrenofIsrael!Thenhelookedat theashesofthecamelthatthewindtook.ThenherecitedthisQuranicverse:Andlookatyour godtowhoseworshipyoukept(solong);wewillcertainlyburnit,thenwewillcertainlyscatterit a(wide)scatteringinthesea.[1] Aishaispardoned ImamAli(a.s)receivedAishawithkindnessandpardoning.HesenttoherbrotherMuhammadto askheraboutherconditions.Muhammadwenttoher.Heenteredhishandintoherhowdah.She wasafraidofhim,sosheshoutedathim,saying:Whoareyou?Themosthatedoneofyour familytoyou!Sherecognizedhimimmediately.Shesaidtohimwhilehersoulwasfullofhatred andmalicetowardshim:ThesonofalKhathamiyya?Yes,yourdutifulbrother!Undutiful!She turnedherfaceawayfromhim.Butheturnedtoherandaskedherwithkindnessandleniency: Hasanythingabominablebefallenyou?Anarrowthathasnotharmedme! Heremovedthearrowfromher.Atthelastpartofthenight,heledhercamelandtookherto Safiyya,daughterofalHarith[2]inthehouseofAbdullahbinKhalafalKhazai[3].Shestayed thereforsomedays. [1]Quran,20,97. [2]Safiya,daughterofalHarithbinTalha.HerfatherwaskilledasinfidelattheBattleofBadr.She wasthewifeofAbdullahbinKhalafandwasthemotherofTalhaalTalhat.AlIsaba,vol.4,p.346. [3]AbdullahbinKhalafbinAsadalKhazaiwasthefatherofTalhaalTalhat.AbuUmarhassaid:I donotknowthathehadcompanionship(withtheProphet).Hewas TheAmnesty ImamAligaveageneralamnestytoallofhisenemiesandopponents.AsforAisha,sheaskedthe ImamtogivesecuritytohernephewAbdullahbinalZubayr,whowasthebitterestenemyofthe Imam.TheImamrespondedtoherforthat.AlHasanandalHusayntalkedtohimaboutMarwan,

andhegavesecuritytoandpardonedhim.Hiscallercalled:Thewoundedshouldnotbefinished off,thosewhoturnbackshouldnotbechased,thosewhoretreatshouldnotbestabbed,those wholaydowntheirweaponswillbesafe,andthosewhostayintheirhousewillbesafe.Thenhe gavesecuritytothoseblackandred,asalYaqubisays.[1]Hedidnotpunishanyofhisopponents. InthismannerpeacespreadandtranquilityincludedallthequartersofBasra. Aishaisreleased ImamAli(a.s)sentAbdullahbinAbbastoAishatoaskhertoleaveBasraforMedina,thatshe mightstayinherhouseasAllahhadcommandedher.AbdullahbinAbbasaskedpermissionto enterherhouse.Butsherefusedtopermithim.Hecameintoherhousewithoutpermissionand tookapillowfromherluggageandsatonit.Shewasangrywithhimandsaidtohim:ByAllah,O IbnAbbas,Ihaveneverseen(anyone)likeyou.Youhaveenteredourhouseandsatonour cushionwithoutourpermission. AbdullahbinAbbassaid:ByAllah,itisnotyourhouse.YourhouseisthatwhichAllahhas commendedyoutostayin,butyoudidnotdo.AmeerulMo'minincommandsyoutogobackto yourcountrywhichyouhadgoneoutof.Sheshowedherhiddenmaliceandhatredtowardsthe Imam,saying:MayAllahhavemercyontheCommanderoftheFaithful,UmarbinalKhattab. Yes,andthisistheCommanderofthefaithful,AlibinAbiTalib.Irefuse!Irefuse! Yourrefusalwasbuttooshort,andthenyoubecameinastatethatyouneithergonorcome,and neitherordernorprevent!thescriptofUmarbinalKhattabovertheDivanofalBasrah.Hewas killedattheBattleofalJamal.HebelongedtoAaishasparty,andhisbrotherUthmanwas amongthecompanionsofImamAli.AlIsaba,vol.2,p.303. [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.159. Hiswordshurther,andshewept.Thenshesaidtohim:Yes,Iwillgobackbecausethemost abominablecountrytomeisthatinwhichyouare!IbnAbbasbecameexcitedbyherspeech,and hesaidtoher:ByAllah,thisisnottobeourrewardfromyouwhenwehaveregardedyouasthe motherofthebelieversandyourfatherastruthfultothem!Sheansweredhimwiththesilliest speech,saying:Doyouremindmeof(thefavor)ofAllahsApostle?Howfarthisspeechisfrom faith!HaditnotbeenforAllahsApostle,shewouldbenothing?BecauseoftheProphet(a.s),her starwenthigh,andshehadareputation.IbnAbbassaid:Weremindyouofhim.Ifhehada positionwithyousimilartohis(theprophet)positionwithus,youwouldremindusofhim(as favor)! Thenheleftherandwentaway.HetoldImamAliabouthisdialoguewithherandherresponseto hisspeech.TheImamthankedhimforthat.[1]WhenAishadecidedtodepart,ImamAlisupplied herwiththebestofsupplyandpreparedforherafullcaravanthatlackednothing.Ontheday

whenshewastotravel,he,alHasan,andalHusayn,cameintoher.Whenthewomensawthe Imam,theycriedandshoutedbeforehim.Safiya,theownerofthehouse,saidtohim:Oyou whohavekilledthebelovedones!Oyouwhohavedividedthecommunities!MayAllahmake yourchildrenloseyoujustasyouhavemadethechildrenofAbdullahorphans! TheImamansweredher:IfIweretheonewhokilledthebelovedones,thenIwouldkillthose whowereinthishouse.Heindicatedwithhishandtoaroomwheresomeofhisenemiesand opponentswerehiddenthere.ThosewhowerewiththeImamwantedtoattackthem,buthe preventedthemfromdoingthat.ThenaspeechtookplacebetweenAishaandtheImam.She saidtohim:Iwanttostaywithyou,thatImaygotofightagainstyourenemy!However,the ImamrefusedandcommandedhertostayinthehousewhereAllahsApostlehadlefther.Ifthe Imamwantedthetimelypolicy,hewouldrespondtoherforthat.However,hewasthesourceof pietyandfaith.HewantedtobehavetowardheraccordingtotheIslamiclaw,whichmakesit incumbentonwomantoconformtoherhijabandtoeducateherownsoulandtosetrighther house;andshehasatallnorighttoenterpartyaffairsorpoliticalbattles.Atlast,AishaleftBasra aftershehadfilleditshouseswithlostorphans,sadness,tears,terrifiedMuslims,andmurder everywhere.Thenumberofthevictimsbecauseofherwastenthousands;halfofthemwas [1]AlIqdalFarid,vol.3,pp.103104. fromthecompanionsofImamAli,andtheotherhalfwasfromhercompanions.[1]Throughher rebellionagainstImamAlishedestroyedtherelationshipsamongtheMuslims,blewupthelinks ofbrotherhoodthethatProphethadestablished,openedadoortodiscordsandevilamongthe communityofMuhammad(a.s).Besides,shepavedthewayforMuawiyaandtheUmayyadsto mutinyagainsttheImam.ShealsopavedthewaytothemtouseUthmansbloodasmeansto obtaingovernment,toenslave,andabasetheMuslims.TheulamaoftheMuslimshave unanimouslyagreedonthatthosewhomadesuchmutinyweresinners,thattheyhadno justificationatalltodothat. Theyhavealsodescribedthemastheoppressive.Theyhavesaidthatthereligiousdutyrequired fightingagainstthemaccordingtothisQuranicverse:Andiftwopartiesofthebelieversquarrel, makepeacebetweenthem.Butifoneofthemactswrongfullytowardtheother,fightthatwhich actswrongfullyuntilitreturnstoAllahscommand.[2]AbuHanifasays:Nooneeverfought againstAli,unlessAliwasworthierofthetruththanhim.WereitnotforwhatAlifollowedamong them,noonewouldknowhowtodealwiththeMuslims.Withoutdoubt,AlifoughtagainstTalha andalZubayraftertheyhadpaidhomagetohimandthentheybroketheirhomage.Andatthe BattleofalJamal,Alitreatedthemwithjustice.HewasthemostawareofMuslims,andthe Sunnahasdecidedtofightthemenofoppression.[3] IbnHajarhassaid:ThepeoplewhotookpartintheBattlesofalJamalandSiffinaccusedAliof colludingwiththosewhokilledUthman,whilehewasinnocentofthatandwasfarfromit.He

added:ItisincumbentontheImamtofightagainsttheoppressive.Thecompanions(ofthe Prophet)hadunanimouslyagreedonhim.Hehadnottofightagainstthemunlessheshouldsend tothemsomeonetrustworthy,clever,andloyal.Heshouldaskthemaboutthereasonwhythey hadharboredmaliceagainsttheImamjustasAlididwhenhesentAbdullahbinAbbastothe KharijitesatalNahrawan.[4] AlHuwaynihassaid:AlibinAbiTalibwasatrueImaminrespectofappointinghimasaruler. Andthose,whofoughtagainsthim,wereoppressive.[5] [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.5,p.224.Ithasbeensaidthatthenumberofthekilledwasmorethan that. [2]Quran,49,9. [3]AlKhawarizmi,ManaqibAbuHanifa,vol.2,pp.8283. [4]AlNawawi,TuhfatalMuhtajj,vol.4,p.110. [5]AlIrshadfiUsoolalItiqad,p.433. TheIslamiclawrequirestheImamofMuslimstofightagainstthosewhorebelagainstthe religiousauthority,fortheirmutinydividestheunityoftheMuslimsanddestroystheir brotherhood. ImamalHasanwitnessedthisterribleevent,anditmadehimknowthepeopleshatredandspites towardhisfather.Duringthatevent,hewasauniqueheroandanexperiencedleader.Hecould urgethepeopletofightagainsttheforceswhomutiniedagainsthisfather.Withthispointwewill endourtalkabouttheproblemthattookplaceinBasrathatwemaymeetwithhimatSiffin.
ChapterXI:AtSiffin Part1 Someeventshappenintheworldofexistenceandgowithoutleavinganimportanteffectthat historymaymentioneveniftheyhavegreatimportanceduringtheirtime.Someotherevents happeninthefieldoflifeandtheyremainasimmortalastimebecausetheyleavebehindthema socialeffectbringingaboutgeneralgoodtoman.Someothereventshappeninthearenaoflife andfilltheworldwithtragediesandmisfortunes,andbringabouttomanunhappinessand enslavement.Amongthesetragiceventsandpainfulmisfortunesistheeventthattookplaceat

Siffinwheretheconflictwasbetweengoodandevil,justiceandinjustice,lightanddarkness.The religiouscaliphateaimedatmansinterestsandhappinessandthechaoticgovernmentaimedat nothingexceptselfishnessandtradingwithpeoplesinterests. TheIslamicnationdidnotdecideitsfatedecisivelyatthebattleofSiffin,sosuchanattitudeled thenationtoenslavement,abasement,submission,oppression,andtyranny.ProfessorMalikal JazairihasreferredtothatwhenheexplainedthecorrectfoundationsthattheBandong Conferencehasadopted.Hehassaid:AndcertainlytheIslamichistoryhascometoknowofa momentlikethis(i.e.,selfdetermination)attheBattleofSiffin.Thisbattlewasasorrowfulevent fromwhichresultedthehesitationinchoosing;thedecisivechoosingbetweenAliandMuawiya, betweenMedinaandDamascus,betweenthedemocraticruleofthecaliphateandthefamily rule.Duringthatdecisivepointinitshistory,theIslamicsocietychosethewaythatledfinallyto colonialism.[1] Indeed,theMuslimpeoplewereforsakenattheBattleofSiffin.Theydidnotdecidetheirdecisive fate.SotheydesertedImamAliandforcedImamalHasanafterhimtoacceptthepeace(with Muawiya).Accordingly,theUmayyadsundertooktheleadershipofthecountryandwenttoofar inkillingthegood,chasingtherighteous,andspreadingoppressionandtyrannyintheland. Therefore,wehavetoexplainthestagesofthistragedybrieflyandreflectonitshorrible conclusions,whichareasfollows: MuawiyasMutiny MuawiyadeclaredmutinyagainstImamAlisgovernment.Herefusedtopayhomagetohimand tofollowwhattheMuslimshadfollowed.Asforthereasonsforhisrebellion,theyareasfollows: [1]TheconceptofAfroAsiaticinthelightoftheBandongConference\111. A.MuawiyaknewthatImamAliwouldnotallowhimtoremaininhisoffice,andtherewasno escapefromthathewoulddeprivedhimofallhispropertiesthathehadembezzledfromthe Muslimspublictreasury.Ifhehadcometoknowthathe(ImamAli)wouldallowhim(Muawiya) topracticehisoffice,lavishness,andextravagance,hewouldnothavedeclaredmutinyand rebellionagainsthim.ImamAlididnotflatterhiminrespectofhisreligion,nordidheseekvictory throughtyranny,nordidheacceptoppressionthatdestroyedtheoppressiveandaggressors. Therefore,howwasitpossiblefortheImamtoallowMuawiyatoundertaketheofficeofa governorwhileheknewthathehadneitherrealitynorcommitmenttothereligion?Onthefirst dayofhiscaliphate,ImamAlideposedMuawiyafromhisoffice.Muawiyawrotealettertohim askinghimtoallowhimtoremainashewasortoappointhimasaruleroverEgypt,buttheImam refusedtorespondtohim. MuawiyaandhisrelativesknewImamAlisinclinationsandaimsofestablishingjusticeinthe

country,puttinganendtosocialoppression,andremovingtheoppressivefromtheiroffices. Besides,theyknewthattheywouldbeunknownduringImamAlisgovernmentjustastheyhad beenduringthetimeoftheProphet.Forthisreason,theydeclaredaggressionagainsttheImam thattheymightkeeptheirinterests. B.MuawiyaknewthathehadtheabilitytoresistImamAliandfightagainsthimbecauseofhis influenceandpositioninthecountry.Muawiyadidnotbehaveinhisdistrictasjustagovernor, buthewasambitioustoobtainthatwhichwasbeyondhisdistrict.Hedidasaleaderwhowould foundastateandhesupportedthestateforhimselfandhisownchildrenafterhim.Accordingly, hegatheredleadingpeople,purchasedsupporters,surroundedhimselfwithpower,wealth,and wasreadytostayforalongtime.[1] C.FromamongthethingsthatmovedMuawiyatomutinyagainstImamAliwastherevoltledby Aisha,Talha,andalZubayr.TheypavedthewayforhimbecausetheBattleofSiffinwasan extensiontothebattleofalJamalandfromitsresults.Haditnotbeenfortheir(Aisha,Talha,and alZubayr)revolt,theirdeclaringrebellion,andavengingUthman,Muawiyawouldnothavebeen abletodividetheMuslimsunity,revoltagainsttheImam,andfightagainsthim. D.ThereisanotherthingworthyoftakingcareandthroughwhichMuawiyajustifiedhisrebellion andrevoltagainstthethengovernment.ThisthinghasbeenmentionedbyMuawiyaintheletter hesenttoMuhammadbinAbi [1]AbqariyatalImamAli,p.115. Bakr:YourfatherandhisFaruq(UmarbinalKhattab)werethefirsttousurphis(Ali)rightand opposehismatter(thecaliphate).Theyagreedonthatandthentheysummonedhimtopledge allegiancetothem.Buthewasslowandtardyinrespondingtothemandsotheyintendedto causehimtroublesandwantedtokillhim.Thenhepaidhomagetoandsubmittedtothem. However,theydidnotmakehimtakepartintheiraffairs,nordidtheyinformhimoftheirsecrets untilAllahtookthemuntoHim.Headded:Soifthat,whichwearein,isright,thenyourfather hadpossessedit(thecaliphate)alone,andwearehispartners.Ifyourfatherhadnotdonewhat hedid,wewouldnothaveopposed(Ali)binAbiTalib,andwewouldhavesubmittedtohim.Your fatherhaddonethattowardhimbeforeus,andwehavefollowedhisexample.[1] Thisjustificationisverytrue,forhaditnotbeenforthatthetwoSheikhsdisputedwithImamAli andusurpedhisrightofauthority,Muawiyawouldnothavebeenabletoopposeorrevolt againsthim.Muawiyafollowedtheirexampleandtheirway.HeaggressedagainsttheImam, spoiledhisarmy,andlefthiminthesuburbsofKufawishingfordeath,thathemightgetridofthe misfortunesandsorrowsthathadbefallenhim. E.Yet,fromamongthethingsthatmovedMuawiyatodeclaretherebellionandthemutiny

againstImamAliwastoavengeUthman.HeusedUthmansmurderasmeanstogethisown objectivesandreachhiswishes.Heemployedallhishirelingstomagnifyhisaffairandtolaudhis nametodeemhimaboveallsins,totheextentthatalltheheartsofthepeopleinalShamyielded tohimandtheirsoulswerefullofharboringmaliceandhatredagainstImamAli.Theyshowed sadnessandsorrowgreaterthanthatheshowed.Theyurgedandhurriedhimtowaragainst ImamAliandtoavengeUthmanmorethanhehimselfdid. ThereisnodoubtthatMuawiyapaidnoattentiontoUthmansmurder,becauseUthmanhad soughthishelpwhenhewasbesieged,buthedidnotrespondorhelphimwithanything.Ifhe wantedtoavengeUthman,thenhisadvisor,AmrbinalAas,wouldbetheworthiestofbeing punished,foritwashewhokindledthefireagainstUthman,andheusedtosay:ByAllah,ifI foundashepherd,IwouldprovokehimagainstUthmanaswellastheheadsandtheprominent people.[2]Therefore,hisavengingUthmanwasfornothingexceptthatheuseditasmeansfor achievinghispurposeandobtainingthepowerwhichhehaddreamedof.Thesearesomeofthe reasonsthatmovedMuawiyatofightagainstImamAli. [1]AlMasudialaHamishbinalAthir,vol.6,pp.7879. [2]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.163. DelegationofJareer WhenMuawiyadeclaredhismutinyagainstImamAlisgovernment,thecompanionsoftheImam askedhimtoleadtheminawaragainstMuawiya.Thatwasaftertheyhadfinishedthebattleof alJamal.Itwasasiftheywantedtoaddanothervictorytotheirvictory.However,theImam refusedthatbecausehisplanwasmakingpeaceandpreferringtranquility.Hethoughtthathe hadtosendtoMuawiyasomemessengerstocallhimforobedienceandtofollowwhatthe peoplehadfollowed. AmongthosemessengerswasJareerbinUbaydillahalBajali[1].ImamAlisenthimtomeet Muawiyaandsuppliedhimwiththisletter:Youarerequiredtopledgeallegiancetomein MedinaevenifyouareinalShambecausethepeoplewhohadpaidhomagetoAbuBakrand Umarhavepledgedallegiancetomeonthesamebasisonwhichtheyhadpledgedallegianceto them.Onthisbasis,onewhoispresenthasnochoicetoconsider,andonewhoisabsenthasno righttoreject,andconsultationisconfinedtotheMuhajireenandtheAnsar. Iftheyagreeonanindividualandtakehimtobecaliph,itwillbedeemedtomeanAllahsgood pleasure.Ifsomeonekeepsawaybywayofobjectionorinnovation,theywillreturnhimtothe positionfromwherehekeptaway.Ifherefuses,theywillfightagainsthimforfollowingacourse otherthanthatofthebelievers,andAllahwillsendhimtowhathehaschosen,andtakehimto Hell,anditisanevilresort.TalhaandalZubayrhadpaidhomagetome,andthentheybrokethe

allegiance,andtheirbreakingisastheirrejection.SoIhavestruggledagainstthemforthesakeof thatuntilthetruthhascomeandAllahscommandhasbecomeclearwhiletheyareunwilling. Then,enterwhattheMuslimshaveenteredbecausethemostlovablethingtomeinrespectof youiswellbeingexceptthatyouintrudeuponthetribulation.Ifyouintrudeduponit,Iwouldfight againstyouandseekhelpfromAllahagainstyou.YouhavesaidtoomuchinrespectofUthmans murder.EnterinwhattheMuslimshaveentered.Thenletmerulethepeople,andIwillmakeyou andthemfollowAllahsBook.Asforthatwhichyouwant,itisasdeceivingthebabytomakeit leavethemilk.Bymylife,ifyouseewithyourownbrainwithoutany [1]ThenarratorshavedifferedoverthetimewhenJareerbinUbaydillahalBajalibecameMuslim. ItwassaidthathebecameMuslimatthetimeoftheProphetsadvent.Itwassaidthathebecame MuslimfortydaysbeforethedeathoftheProphet,anditwassaidotherthanthat.Hewas handsome.Umarhassaidconcerninghim:HeisYousufofthiscommunity.Hegavehim precedence,duringhisbattlesinIraq,overall(thetribeof)Bajeelah,whoplayedamajorrolein conqueringQadisiya(inIraq).JareerbinUbaydillahalBajaliresidedinKufa.WhenImamAlisent himasamessengertoMuawiya,hefailedinhistask.Soheisolatedhimselffromthetwoparties andpreferredtranquility.ThenhelivedinQirqisyauntilhediedintheyear51A.H.Anditwas said(thathediedintheyear)54A.H. passion,youwillfindmethemostinnocentofallconcerningUthmansblood.Youshouldknow thatyouareamongalTulaqaa[1],whomthecaliphateisnotlawfulfor,norconsultationis confinedtothem.IhavesenttoyouJareerbinAbdullah,whoisamongthemenoffaithand emigration.Therefore,payhomagetome,andthereisnopowersaveinAllah.[2] Thisistheletterofthetruth.ItsummonedMuawiyatofollowthetruththroughtheshortestway andthroughthecleareststyle. Moreover,itisacurrentsermonandaguidingwisdomforthosewhowantguidanceandwhom Allahdelights,andinwhoseheartHecausesthespringoflighttogushout.Theletterindicates thatImamAliwasnotheedlessofexplainingtheaffairsthatpeoplesaid,nordidheleaveagap throughwhichhisopponentcouldpass.ProfessorAbdalFattahMaqsudhassaid:When Muawiyawantedtousesomethingasatrickorasapretexttoconfirmhisoppositionand supporthisdeviation,theImamextendedtohimapickandstrongirontodestroyhisfalsehood anddemolishhisstrongholds.[3] JareercoveredthedesertandarrivedinMuawiyaspalace.Hesaidtohim:OMuawiya,themen ofthetwoSacredCities(MeccaandMedina),thepeopleofthetwocities(BasraandKufa),the peopleofalHijazandYemen,thepeopleofalArudhandOman,andthepeopleofBahrainand Yamamahavecometogethertosupportyourcousin(ImamAli).Thereforenopeoplehave

remainedbehindexceptthepeopleofthesestrongholdswhereyouare.Ifafloodfromoneofhis valleysflewonthem,itwouldcoverthem.Ihavecometosummonyoutothatwhichguidesand leadsyoutopayinghomagetotheman(ImamAli).[4] WhenMuawiyaheardthat,hebecamebreathlessandsaidnothing.Howeverhewenttoofarin competingwithImamAli.Hecouldfindnoescapeforhimselfexceptrespiteanddelaying.During thatperiodoftime,hecouldgathertheprominentpersonsinShamandthecommandersofthe Army.HeconsultedtheminrespectofyieldingtotheImamsgovernmentandrespondingtohis messengerortodeclaremutinyandavengeUthman.Theyshowedhimtheirurgentdesirefor avengingUthmanandtodeclarerebellionagainsttheImamsgovernment. [1]AlTulaqaisthepluraloftaleeq,whoisareleasedprisonerofwar.AllahsApostle(a.s.) releasedthemonthedaywhenheconqueredMeccaanddidnotenslavethem. [2]NasrbinMuzahim,WaqiatSiffin,p.34. [3]ImamAliBinAbiTalib,vol.4,p.27. [4]WaqiatSiffin,p.33. MuawiyacorrespondswithAmr MuawiyaknewthattheaffairwouldnotgowellwithhimunlessthecraftypersonoftheArabs, AmrbinalAas,shouldjoinhim,thathemightdirecthim,andthathewouldseekhishelp.Hesent himaletterinwhichheaskedhimtocometohim.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Now,youhave cometoknowtheaffairofAli,Talha,andalZubayr.MarwanbinalHakamhasinclinedtous JareerbinAbdullahhascometousinrespectofthepledgeofallegiancetoAli.Ihaveconfined myselftoyouuntilyoucome.Come,andIwilldiscussamatterwithyou. WhenAmrreadtheletter,hebecameperplexed.HeconsultedhistwosonsAbdullahand Muhammad.Abdullahsaidtohim:IthinkthattheProphetofAllahdiedandhewaspleasedwith youaswellasthetwoCaliphs.Uthmanwaskilled,whileyouwereabsentfromhim.Therefore, stayinyourhome,foryouwillnotbemadeacaliph,nordoyouwanttobeafollowerof Muawiyaforlittleworldthatisabouttoperish,andyouareunhappytherein. AbdullahaskedhimtoclingtopietyandfearofAllahandnottorespondtothemotivesofthe troublesandvainglory.AsforhissonMuhammad,hewasdeludedbytheworld,andhecraved afterauthority,sohesaidtohim:IthinkthatyouaretheSheikhofQurayshandtheleaderof theiraffairs.Ifyougiveupthismatter,youwillbeinsignificant.Therefore,jointhethepeopleof Sham.BeoneoftheirhandsandavengeUthman,becauseyouhavesubmittedtotheUmayyads inrespectofhim.Muhammadurgedhisfathertodestroyhishereafterandkeeptohislifeinthis world.AmrturnedtohissonAbdullahandsaidtohim:Asforyou,youhaveaskedmetodowhat isgoodinmyreligion.AndhesaidtohissonMuhammad:Andasforyou,youhaveaskedmeto

dowhatisgoodinmyworld. PerplexityandAstonishment TheworldandthehereafterquarreledwitheachotherinAmrsmind.Hewasfullofperplexity. Suspicionssurroundedhim.Hesleeplesslyspentthenight.Hethoughtoftheaffairtoomuch.He hesitatedwhetherhehadtojoinMuawiyascampandfightagainst(ImamAli),thebrotherof AllahsApostleandsohewouldlosehisreligion,ortojoinAliandbeliketherestofthepeople andsohewouldwinhereafterandreligion.Hethoughtofthematerforalongtime.Hisfamily heardhimrecitingsomepoetrythatshowedhishesitationandperplexity. However,hissonAbdullahunderstoodthatherespondedtoMuawiyassummons,andhesaid: TheSheikhhasmadewateronhisheelsandsoldhisreligionforhisworldlylife!Inthefollowing morning,hesummonedhisservantWardan,whowascleverinphysiognomy.Hesaidtohim: Halt,OWardan!Thenhesaidtohim:Depart,OWardan!Thenhesaidtohim:Halt,O Wardan!HisservantWardanknewhisperplexityandhesitation.Sohesaidtohim: Youhavemixed,OAbuAbdullah.Ifyouwant,Iwillinformyouofwhichthereisinsideyou. Comeon! Theworldandthehereafterhasquarreledwitheachotherinyourheart.Youhavesaid:The hereafteriswithAliwithnolifeinthisworld.Inthehereaftertherewillbearecompenseforthe lifeinthisworld.ThelifeintheworldiswithMuawiyawithnolifeinthehereafter.Thereisno recompenseintheworldforthelifeinthehereafter.Therefore,youarestandingbetweenthem! ByAllah,youarenotmistaken!Whatdoyouthink?Ithinkthatyouhavetostayinyourhouse.If themenofreligionappear,youwillliveinthepardonoftheirreligion.Ifthemenoftheworld appear,theywillbeinnoneedofyou.However,hedidnotrespondtohisservantsadvice.He decidedtojoinMuawiya.Amrrespondedtohisdesires.Hepreferredthisworldtothehereafter. HedecidedtojoinMuawiyascamp,andfightagainstImamAli(a.s). HisArrivalinSham AmrbinalAasandhistwosonswenttoDamascus.Whenhearrivedinit,hebeganweepingjust aswomendowhilehewassaying:OUthman,Iannouncethedeathofmodestyandthe religion![1] Hepretendedweepingthathemightcheatthesimplemindedandshowloyaltyandobedienceto Muawiya.WhenMuawiyametwithhim,hediscussedwithhimthewaysandmeanshehadto followduringhiswaragainstImamAli.AmrbinalAassaidtohim:AsforAli,byAllah,theArabs donotregardyouasequaltohiminanything.InwarhehasaluckwhichnoneofQurayshhas

exceptthatyouwanttowronghim. [1]IbnAlAthir,Tarikh,vol.129. MuawiyabeganexplainingtohimthereasonsforhiswarandrebellionagainsttheImam,saying: Youareright!Butwewillfightagainsthimforthatwhichisinourhandsandweaskhimforthe killersofUthman!MuawiyadecidedtofightagainsttheImamforauthority,power,andthe greatwealthwhichhehadembezzledfromthepublictreasury.AmrbinalAasexplainedtohim theweaknessofavengingUthmansaying: Howbad!WeshouldnotmentionUthman! Why,woeuntoyou!Asforyou,youhaddesertedhimthoughthepeopleofShamwerebeside youuntilhesoughtthehelpofYazidbinAsadalBajali,andhehurriedtohim.Asforme,Ilefthim andescapedtoPalestine![1]However,Muawiyapaidnoattentiontohisspeech,forhecouldfind nomeanstoclingtoduringhisrebellionexceptavengingUthman. TheCheapBargain AmrbinalAasalwayslongedforEgypt.HeboughtMuawiyahisconscienceandhisreligionforit. Muawiyaaskedhim:Doyouloveme,OAmr!Why?Forthehereafter?ByAllah,nohereafteris withyou!Orforthisworld?ByAllah,thiswillnothappenunlessIshouldbeyoupartnerinit.You aremypartnerinit!Therefore,writedownthatEgyptanditsdistrictsshallbeforme!Muawiya wrotedownthatAmrwouldbethewaliofEgypt.Thenhewroteatthebottomofthedocument: Amrshouldlistenandobey!Amrsaidtohim: Tolistenandobeydoesnotdecreaseanythingofthestipulation!Yes,andthepeopledonotcare forthis.MuawiyacarriedoutwhatAmrwanted[2]forhesoldhisreligiontohim.Muawiyawon themostimportantcraftypoliticianwhoplayedwellovertheropeandovercametheevents.It washewhohassaidabouthiscraftiness:IamAbuAbdullah.IfIitchanulcer,Iwillmakeit bleed! [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.162. [2]AlIqdalFarid,vol.3,p.113. Jareerisrejected WhentheaffairswentwellwithMuawiya,andhemadefirmhissituation,herefusedImamAlis messenger(Jareer).Hesentwithhimaletterinwhichhehasmentioned:Now,ifthoseyouhave mentionedpaidhomagetoyou,andyouareinnocentofUthmansblood,thenyouwouldbelike AbuBakr,Umar,andUthman.However,youurgedthepeopletoshedUthmansblood,sothose

ignorantobeyedyou,andtheweakbecamestrongthroughyou.Certainly,thepeopleofSham havedeterminedtofightagainstyouunlessyougivetothemthosewhokilledUthman.Ifyoudid, thenthecaliphatewouldbeconsultationamongtheMuslims.ThepeopleofHijazweretherulers overthepeople,andthetruthwaswiththem.Whentheyseparatedthemselvesfromit,the peopleofShambecametherulersoverthepeople.Bymylife,yourproofagainstthepeopleof ShamisnotlikethatofTalhaandalZubayr.Iftheyhadpledgedallegiancetoyou,Iwillnotpledge allegiancetoyou!AsforyourmeritsinIslamandyourkinshiptoAllahsApostle,Icannotrefute them. ThislettercarriedslandersandliesMuawiyaaccusedImamAliofkillingUthman,whileheknew wellthattheImamwasinnocentofthat.However,hecouldfindnoprooftoclingtoexceptthese lies. JareercamebacktoImamAliwhilehewasunsuccessfulinhistask.HebroughthimMuawiyas letter.TheImamreadtheletterandknewwhatMuawiyaintendedsuchasrebellionandrevolt againsthim.Hethoughtthathehadtoestablishtheproofagainsthimagain.Hesenthimsome messengerstosummonhimtoobeyandfollowwhattheMuslimshadfollowed.Thatwasuseless, andMuawiyainsistedonhisobstinacy. MuawiyamarchestowardsSiffin MuawiyatookthepledgeofallegiancetohimselffromthepeopleofSham,thathemightavenge Uthman.Hehadabilitiesandmilitaryforces.Theambitious,thedeviousofthetruthandthe rebelliousagainstIslamjoinedhim,becausetheyhadnofaithinIslam.Whentheaffairswentwell withMuawiya,hesetofftowardsSiffin[1]tofightagainstthelawfulauthority,tooverthrowthe Islamicgovernment,andreturnthemoralitiesofpreIslamicera.WhenhearrivedinSiffin,he stoppedthereandcontrolledtheEuphrates. [1]SiffinisaplacenearalRiqqa,onthewesternbankoftheEuphrates,betweenalRiqqaand Balsin.TherethebattlebetweenImamAliandMuawiyatookplaceatthebeginningofthemonth ofSafar,intheyear37.Thehistorianshavedifferedoverthenumberofthefightersofthetwo parties.Itwassaidthattherewere120thousandfighterswithMuawiya,andtherewere90 thousandfighterswithImamAli.ItwassaidthatImamAlihad120thousandfighters,and Muawiyahad90thousandfighters. Heregardedthatasthebeginningofconquer,becausehecouldpreventhisenemyfromwater. Histroopsstayedtheretomanagetheiraffairsandorganizetheirabilitiestogetreadyforthe battle. ImamAligetsreadyfortheBattle

WhenallthemeansthattheImamusedformakingpeacefailed,hegotreadyforthebattle.That waswhenheknewthathisenemyhadmarchedtowardsSiffintofightagainsthim.Hesummoned theMuhajireenandtheAnsarwhohurriedtohelphim.Hesaidtothem:Mostsurelyyouare goodinopinion,superiorinclemency,believinginthetruth,andblessedinaction.Wehave decidedtomarchtowardsourenemy;sogiveusyouropinion! HashimbinUtbaroseandsaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,mostsurelyIamveryaware ofpeople.Theyareenemiestoyouandtoyourfollowers.Theyfollowwhoeverseekstheworldly pleasures.Theywillfightandstruggleagainstyou.Theywillsparenoefforttoclingtothisworld andnottoloseanythingtheyhaveinit.Theyhavenopurposeexceptthatthroughwhichthey deceivetheignorantsuchasrevengingUthmanbinAffan.Theyhavetoldlies.Theydonot avenge,buttheywanttheworld.Soletusmarchtowardsthem.Iftheyrespondtothetruth,so thereisnothingbeyondthetruthexceptmisguidance.Iftheyinsistondiscord,thenthatiswhat wethinkofthem.ByAllah,Ithinkthattheywillnotpayhomage(toyou),aslongasthatthereis someoneamongthemwhoisobeyedwhenheprohibitsandhearedwhenhecommands.[1] MostsurelyHashimwasexperiencedintheinnersofthepeopleandknowledgeableoftheir attitudesandinclinations.Theysoughtthewaytotheworld.TheyfoughtagainsttheImamfor theirownambitions.TheyusedUthmansbloodasapretextandmeansfortheirrebellion.They didnotleavetheirhypocrisyanderroraslongastherewasamongthemapersonenjoying influenceandforce.Therefore,therewasnoescapefromfightingthemandmarchingtowards themtoputanendtotheirerrorandmutiny.Someotherpeoplefromamongtheleading MuhajireenandtheAnsarconfirmedHashimsstatement.Theyshowedobedienceand submissiontotheImam.AfterthattheImamgotreadyforthebattle.Hecorrespondedwiththe prominentpersons,theheadsofthetribes,andthecommandersofthearmy.Heurgedthemto helphimandtogooutwithhimtofightagainsttherebels.Theyallrespondedtothecallofthe truthandexpressedtheirinclusivereadinessfordefendinghim. [1]WaqiatSiffin,p.103. AlHasansOration ImamalHasanarousedthedeterminations,andmoveddecisivenessandactivityofthepeople. HeurgedthemtogoouttowaragainstMuawiyajustashehaddonethatbeforeattheBattleof alJamal.Heroseanddeliveredaspeechamongpeopletosummonthemtojihad.Thisisthetext ofhisspeech.PraisebelongstoAllahwhomthereisnogodbutHim,theOnewithoutapartner.I laudHimwiththatofwhichHeisworthy. MostsurelyamongthethingsthroughwhichAllahhasmadegreatHisrightagainstyou,

bestoweduponyouHisboonswhosenamescannotbecountedthankstoHimcannotbegiven; neitherdescriptionnorspeechcanreachHim.WehavebecomeangryforAllahandyou,because HeiskindtousthroughthatofwhichHeisworthyandthroughwhichweshouldthankHimfor Hisboons,Histrial,andHisfavors.AspeechthatascendtoAllahandthereisgoodpleasureinit, andthroughwhichthefavoroftruthfulnessspreads,throughwhichAllahconfirmsourspeech, andthroughwhichwedeservemorefromourLord,aspeechthatincreasesanddoesnot decrease.Thatisifsomepeoplecometogetherforacertainaffair,theiraffairbecomesstrong andtheirknotbecomesfirm.Therefore,gatherincrowdsforfightingagainstMuawiyaandhis armies,forhehascome.Donotfail,forfailuredestroystheheart,andtheadvancetowardsthe spearheadsisahelpandprotection.Ifpeoplebecomestrong,Allahwillremovefromthemthe malady,sufficethemthehardshipsofabasement,andguidethemtotheprinciplesofthe religion. Thenherecitedpoetry,saying: Youtakefrompeace(asmuchas)whatpleasesyou,andabitofwarbreathsistoomuchfor you.[1]Hiseloquentspeechisfullofthesummonstounity,cooperation,andtosparenoeffortin fightingagainsttherebelliousforces.Peoplerespondedtohissummons.Theyquicklyhurriedto supportthetruthanddefendIslam. AlHasanwithSulayman SomeIraqileadersdidnottakepartintheBattleofalJamal,nordidtheyhelpImamAli.Among themwasSulaymanbinSuradalKhuzaiy[2].Afterthe [1]ThepoetrylinebelongstoalAbbasbinMardasalSalami,justasithasbeenmentioned(inthe book)alKhazana,vol.2,p.82. [2]SulaymanbinSuradalKhuzaiywasaprominent,honorablepersonamonghispeople.He narratedtraditionsfromtheProphet,ImamAli,andImamalHasan.Hewasamongthosewho wroteletterstoImamalHusayn,peacebeonhim,andaskedhimtocometoKufa.WhenImam alHusaynrespondedtotheircall,Sulaymanremainedbehind.WhentheMuslimswereterrified throughkillingtheApostles battle,ImamAli(a.s)severelyblamedandrebukedhim,saying:Youhavedoubted,lurked,and dodged!Youwerefromamongthemostreliablepeopletomeandthequickestofthem,asI think,inhelpingme!WhathasmadeyourefrainfromyourProphetsHousehold?Andwhathas madeyouleavesupportingthem? SulaymanwasunabletostandtheImamsrebukeagainsthim,sohesaidtohim:OAmeerul Mominin,donotcomparethingstowhathadpassed,anddonotrebukemeforwhathadgone.

RetainmyloveandIwillbesinceretoyou.Manythingshaveremainedthatyoucanrecognize yourenemyfroyourfriendthroughthem. ThenhewenttoImamalHasantotellhimabouthisfathers(ImamAli)speech.Hesaidtohim: DoyounotwonderatthereproachIhavemetfromAmeerulMominin?AlHasangentlyspoke withhim,thathemightremovethesadnessfromhim,saying:One,whoseloveandloyaltyare hoped,isadmonished.However,Sulaymanremainedexcited,forthebitteradmonishmentand reproachhadhurthim,andhesaidtoImamalHasan:Somethings,whichspearsandswords meetin,haveremained,andthelikeofmeisneededinthem!Donotadmonish,anddonot neglectmyloyalty!AlHasancalmedhisangerandshowedthathehadconfidenceinhim,saying: MayAllahhavemercyonyou!Youarenotsuspectednearus![1]Sulaymansexcitementand angercalmeddown,becauseImamalHasantreatedhimwithkindnessandgentleness.Hecould removefromhimthepainfulsorrowandreturnhimtotheranksoftheMujahideen. TheMarchtowardsSiffin WhenImamAlihadsufficientmilitaryforces,hegotreadytogotoSiffin.Hecommandedal HarithbinalAwartocallpeopletogototheircampatalNukhaylah.Hecalledthemforthat,and KufawasfullofMujahideen.ImamAliwentoutaccompaniedbythecompanionsoftheProphet. Theregimentsthatwerelikeafloodwentwithhim.Theywereridersorinfantries.Theyhad grandson(ImamalHusayn),Sulaymanandagroupofhispeoplefeltremorsefortheyhadnot risentosupporthim.Accordingly,theyhurriedtoavengehisblood.Theymarcheduntiltheymet thesinful,UbaydillahbinZiyad,ataplacecalledAynalWarda.Abattletookplacebetweenthem. Sulaymanandthosewithhimwereallkilled.ThatwasatthemonthofRabeealAakhar,inthe year65A.H.Hewasthen93yearsold. [1]WaqiatSiffin,pp.910. cometoknowwhytheywentout.Theywentouttosupportthetruthandtofightagainstthe enemiesandopponentsofIslam.Withtheirquickadvance,theImamstroopswalkedbesidethe Euphrates.WhentheyarrivedinalAnbar,itspeoplereceivedthem.ThentheyhurriedtoImam Ali.TheImamaskedthemdenyingly:Whataretheseanimalswithyou?Whathaveyouwanted throughthatwhichyouhavedone? Theyshowedhimgreatloveandrespect.Theysaidtohim:OAmeerulMominin,itisamongour customsthroughwhichweglorifyourrulers.Asforthesehorses,theyareasagiftforyou.We havecookedfoodforyouandtheMuslims.Wehavepreparedalotoffodderforyouranimals. ImamAliscoldedandprohibitedthemfromdoingthat,saying:Asforthiscustomthroughwhich youmagnifytherulers,byAllah,thisdoesnotprofittherulers,andyoumakeyourselvesand bodiestiredthroughit.Therefore,donotreturntoit.Asfortheseanimalsofyours,ifyouwantus totakethemfromyouandregardthemaspartofyourlandtaxes(kharajj),wewilltakethem.As

foryourfoodyouhavecooked,wehatetoeatanythingofyourpossessionsexceptforacertain price. ThisisthelogicofjusticewhichAlibinAbiTalibfollowed.Hedidnotpermitthefestivalsand otherceremoniestobeheldfortherulersandemirs,fortheyhadpressureagainstthesubjects andtheyglorifiedtherulerswhohad,intheviewpointofIslam,nothingtodistinguishthemfrom therestofpeople. ThepeopleofalAnbarsaidtohim:OAmeerulMominin,wewillevaluateit(thefood),andthen wewillacceptitsvalue.Youcannotevaluateitsvalue,retortedtheImam.Thenheleftthem andwentaway.[1]TheImamstroopswalkedandcoveredthedeserttilltheywerefacetoface withthearmyofMuawiya. ThefightingforWater TheImamscompanionsfoundnoplacetogetwaterfromtheEuphratesbecausemanyguards hadsurroundedthedrinkingplacesandseverelypreventedthemfromreachingtheriver.They cametotheImamandtoldhimaboutthat,andhesummonedSasaabinSouhanandsaidtohim: GotoMuawiyaandsaytohim:Wehavemadethistravelandwehatetostartyouwithfighting withoutanywarning.Youhavecomealongwithyourhorses.Youhavestartedfightingagainstus beforewestartfighting.Wethinkthat [1]WaqiatSiffin,pp.160161. wehavetorefrain(fromfighting)unlesswesummonyouandprotestagainstyou.Youhavedone anotherthing,totheextentthatyouhavecomebetweenthepeopleandthewater.Letthemget waterthatwemayreflectonthatwhichisbetweenyouandus,onthatforwhichweandyou havecome.Ifyoulikethatweleavewhatwehavecomeforandletthepeoplefightagainsteach otherthatthevictormaydrinkwater,wewilldo.SasaabinSouhanwenttoMuawiyaandtold himabouttheImamsspeech.Muawiyaconsultedhiscompanions.AlWaleedbinAqabasaidto him:PreventthemfromwaterjustastheyhadpreventedUthmanbinAffan.Theybesiegedhim (Uthman)forfortydays.Theypreventedhimfromdrinkingcoolwaterandfreshfood.Killthem withthirsty!MayAllahkillthem! AmrbinalAasadvisedhimtoallowthemtogetwater.However,alWaleedrepeatedhissaying. Then,AbdullahbinSadbinAbiSarhsaidtohim:Preventthemfromthewateruntilthenight.If theycannotstandit,theywillreturn.Theirreturnwillbeadefeat.Preventthemfromthewater! MayAllahpreventthemontheDayofResurrection! SasaabinSouhanwasunabletokeepsilent,sohebecameexcitedandsaidtohim:Mostsurely Allahwillpreventtheinfidels,thesinful,andthosewhodrinkwinefromitontheDayof

Resurrection!MayAllahstrikeyouandthisdissolute!HeindicatedwithhishandtoalWaleed. Peopleattacked,cursed,andthreatenedhim.Muawiyacommandedthemtorefrainfromhim. SasaaunsuccessfullyreturnedtoImamAli. Accordingly,alAshathbinQays[1]hurriedtotheImamandsaidtohim:OAmeerulMominin, thepeoplehave[1]AlAshathbinQaysalKindiwasthechiefofhispeople.Heandhispeople wenttoAllahsApostleintheyear10A.H.HeandtheybecameMuslim.WhentheProphetdied, alAshathrenegedfromIslam,andthenheembraceditagainduringAbuBakerscaliphate.Abu BakermarriedhimtohissisterUmmFarwa,daughterofAbiQuhafa.Shewasthemotherof MuhammadbinalAshath.WhenAbuBakrdied,alAshath,alongwithSadbinAbiWaqqaswent outtoalQadisiya,Jalawla,andNahawand.AlAshathbinQaysbuiltahouseinKufa,inthe quarterofKinda,andlivedinit.Hediedintheyear42A.H.,anditwassaidintheyearforty. ImamalHasanprayedoverhim.Thishasbeenmentioned(inthebook)alIstiab,vol.1,p.110.In thebookSharhNahjalBalaghaithasbeenmentioned:AlAshathcravedafterauthorityafter thedeathoftheProphet.Heaskedhispeopletocrownhim,andtheyrespondedtothat.Heand theapostatesbattledagainsttheMuslimsbuthewasbesiegedinhisstrongholdforsomedays. Whenhebecamedesperateofvictory,hesurrenderedontheconditionthathisbloodandthatof tenofhiscompanionsshouldbespared.TheMuslimsrespondedtohim,sohewassafefrom killing.AbuBakrfeltremorseforthathedidnotkillhim.Whenhewasabouttodie,hesaid:I wishthatIhadcutoffalAshathsheadonthedaywhenhewasbroughttome.Ithinkthathe helpsevilwheneverheseesit. preventedusfromthewateroftheEuphrateswhileyouareamongusandwehaveswords!Let usfightagainstthem.ByAllah,wewillnotreturnuntilwedrinkwaterordie.Command(Malik)al Ashtartomovewithhishorsemenandstopwhereyoucommandhim.TheImampermittedhim. WhenalAshathwonthat,hereturnedtohispeople,saying:Whoeverwantswaterordeath, thenhispromiseisthemorning!Iamgoingtorisetowardwater! Twelvethousandfightersrespondedtohim.Whenhesawthem,heproudlyrose,worehis breastplateandrecitedsomepoetry.OnthefollowingmorningtheIraqimasseshurriedtowards alAshath,andheheadedthemandattackedthepeopleofShamwhilehewassayingtohis people:Goahead,maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!Hewentoncallinghispeopleand arousinginthemthespiritofdeterminationandactivity,andtheyfacedthepeopleofSham.Al AshathshoutedatthepeopleofSham:Leavethewater! AbualAwaralSalami[1]didnotrespondtohim.AlAshathandthosewithhimattackedthethe peopleofSham.TheyremovedthemfromtheEuphratesandcausedthemheavylossesin propertiesandmen.WhentheIraqisoccupiedtheEuphrates,theImampermittedthepeopleof Shamtodrinkfromitswateranddidnotpaythembacktwofold.Hetreatedthemgenerously.

MediatorsaresenttoMuawiya Beforethebellofthebattlewasrung,ImamAlisentsomemediatorstoMuawiyatomakepeace withhimandsparebloodjustashehaddoneattheBattleofalJamal.Themeiatorssenttomeet MuawiyawereAdibinHatem,ShibithbinRibi,YazidbinQays,andZiyadbinHafsa.Adibin HatemsaidtoMuawiya:WehavecometoinviteyoutoanaffairthroughwhichAllahwillunite ourwordandourcommunityandsparetheMuslimsblood.Andweinviteyoutothebestofthe communityinprecedenceanddeedsinIslam[2].Thepeoplehavegatheredforhim.Allahhas guidedthemthroughwhatthey [1]AbualAwaralSalamiisAmrbinSufyan.AbuHatamalRazihassaid:He(AbualAwaral Salami)isnotregardedasoneofthecompanions(oftheProphet),norhisnarrationisauthentic. HewaspresentattheBattleofHunaynwhilehewasaninfidel.ThenhebecameMuslim.Hewas thestrictestofpeopleagainsttheImamattheBattleofSiffin.AndtheImaminvokedAllahagainst himduringhisprivateprayer(Qunut)intheMorningPrayer.AlIstiab,vol.4,p.14. [2]IthasbeenmentionedinTarikhalTabari:Mostsurely,yourcousinthemasteroftheMuslims isthebestofit(thecommunity)inprecedenceanddeedsinIslam. haveseen.Nonehasremainedexceptyouandthosewithyou.Therefore,OMuawiya,putanend (toyourrebellion)beforeAllahinflictsonyouandyourcompanionssomethinglikethatofthe BattleofalJamal. Thiswasasummonstothetruth.IfHindsson(Muawiya)hadunderstoodandrespondedtoit, hewouldhavesparedtheMuslimsbloodandunitedtheirword.However,hepreferredhis interesttothenationsinterests.HesaidtoAdi:Itseemsthatyouhavecometothreatenandnot tomakepeace!Howfar,OAdi!No,byAllah,Iamasonofwar,andIamnotfrightened.ByAllah, youarefromthosewhoprovokedpeopleagainst(Uthman)binAffan,andmostsurelyyouare amongthosewhokilledhim.IhopethatyouwillbeamongthosewhomAllahwillkill!Howfar,O Adi!Youhavemilkedwiththestrongestarm! CertainlyMuawiyashowedhimerror,mutiny,andpreferringofwar,forheenjoyedmilitary forcesandhadtheabilitytofightagainstImamAli.ThenYazidbinQayssaidtoMuawiya:We havecometoinformyouofthatforwhichwehavebeensenttoyouandtocarryoutonyour behalfwhatwehearfromyou.Wewillnotleaveadvisingyou,andthatwehavetomentionwhat

wethinkthatwehaveaproofagainstyouorthatwhichreturnyoutotheunityandthe community.OurleaderishewhosemeritsyouandtheMuslimshaveknownwell.AndIdonot thinkthatthisisnotcleartoyou.ThemenofreligionandvirtuedonotregardyouasequaltoAli anddonotpreferyoutohim.Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya,anddonotopposeAli.Wehave neverseenamanmorepious,ascetic,andofhighqualitiesthanhim. MuawiyaknewImamAlisoutstandingmerits.However,itwashisspitesandambitionsthat camebetweenhimandthetruth.Sohepreferredfightingagainsthim.Heansweredthepeople, saying:Youhavesummonedtoobedienceandunity.Asfortheunitytowhichyouhave summoned(me),itisthebest.Andasfortheobediencetoyourleader,wedonotbelieveit.Your companionkilledourCaliph(Uthman),dividedourcommunity,andlodgedthosewhorevolted againstus.Yourleaderclaimsthathehadnotkilledhim.Sowedonotrefusethat.Haveyouseen thosewhokilledourleader(Uthman)?Doyounotknowthattheyarethecompanionsofyour leader?Therefore,heshouldgivethemtoustokillthemforhim(Uthman).Andwewillrespond toyouforobedienceandunity. ThespeechofMuawiyawasfullofliesandfallacies.HeaccusedImamAliofmurderingUthman whileheknewwellthathewasinnocentofthat.Indeed,thegoodMuslimshadkilledhim, becausehehaddeviatedfromthetruthandalteredAllahsBookjustaswehavepreviously mentioned.ShibthbinRibiopposedMuawiya[1],saying:Doesitpleaseyou,byAllah,O Muawiya,thatyoucatchAmmarbinYasirandkillhim? ShibthbinRibigaveAmmarbinYasirasanexampletoMuawiya.Itisworthmentioningthat AmmarbinYasirwasthegreatestpersonalitywhorevoltedagainstUthman.Wouldhehavekilled himifhehadfoundhim?Muawiyasaidtohim:Andwhatpreventsmefromdoingthat?By Allah,ifyourleaderletmecatchSumayyasson(Ammar),IwouldnotkillhimforUthman;ratherI wouldkillhimforNail,Uthmansservant! AndwhatwouldhavepreventedMuawiyafromkillingAmmarifhehadfoundhim?Hewould havedonethatforauthorityandtherebellionagainstIslam.WhenShibthbinRibiheard Muawiyassaying,hebecameexcitedandsaidtohim:NobyAllahWhothereisnogodbutHim, youcannotkill(Ammar)binYasiruntiltheheadsofmenarecutoff,andthevastearthbecomes toonarrowtoyou!Themenreturnedwhiletheywereunsuccessfulintheirmediation.Muawiya didnotrespondtothemandhewenttoofarinrebellionandmutiny.Accordingly,they summonedthepeopleandurgedthemtofightagainstMuawiya. DeclarationofWar WhenallthemeansthatImamAlihadtakenformakingpeacefailed,hegotreadyforthebattle. Hegavehisinstructionstothecommandersofhistroops.Hesaidtothem:Donotfightagainst

themtilltheyfightagainstyou,for,praisebetoAllah,youhaveaproof,andyourgivingup fightingagainstthemisanotherproof.Ifyoudefeatedthem,donotkillthosewhoturnback.Do notfinishoffthewounded.Donotdisclose(anyonesprivateparts).Donotmaimthekilled.Ifyou reachtheirmen,donotviolateanhonor,donotenterahousewithoutpermissionfromme,and donottakeanythingoftheirbelongingsexceptwhatyoufindintheircamps.Anddonotexcite thewomeneveniftheycurseyourhonors,anddefameyourcommandersandyourrighteous ones,becausetheyhaveweakabilities,souls,andreasons. ThiswastheplanthatImamAlihadmadetohistroops.Itrepresentswhathehadinhissoulof mercy,pity,andloveforgoodeventohisenemiesandopponents. [1]ShibthbinRibialTamimiwasthecallerofSajah,whoclaimedthatshewasaprophet.Thenhe becameMuslimandwasamongthecompanionsofImamAli.ThenhejoinedtheKharijites.Then herepentedofthat.ThissinfulpersonwasamongthosewhokilledImamalHusayn,themaster ofmartyrs.Thatwasinabouttheyear70A.H.alIsaba,vol.2,p.163. TheImamspreadthestandardsandappointedsomecommanders.HeappointedAmmarbinYasir overthehorsemen,andAbdullahbinBadeelovertheinfantry.HegavethestandardtoHashimal Mirqal.HeappointedovertherightwingalAshathbinQays,andovertheleftwingAbdullahbin Abbas.Asforthestandardsofthetribes,hegavethemtotheirprominentpersonalities.Inthe meantime,Muawiyagavethestandardstohiscompanions.HeappointedUbaydillahbinUmar overthehorsemen,andovertheinfantryMuslimbinAqabaalMurri.Heappointedovertheright wingUbaydillahbinAmrbinalAas,andovertherightwingHabeebbinMuslimalFihri.Hegave thestandardtoAbdurrahmanbinKhalidbinalWaleed.Heappointedoverthepeopleof DamascusalDhahhakbinQaysalFihri. SomeregimentsoftheImamstroopsfoughtagainstsomeofthepeopleofSham.Thetwoparties foughtagainsteachotherforonefulldayorapartofit.AsforImamAli,hedidnotwantan inclusivebattletotakeplacebetweenthetwopartiesthathisopponentmightrespondtomaking peaceorreturntoreason.ThisconditioncontinueduntilthemonthofMuharramcame.Itis worthmentioningthatthismonthisamongthemonthswherethepeoplebeforeandafterIslam didnotfighteachother.Theygaveupfightingduringthismonth. Theybecamereconciledthroughoutthemonth.Theyhadthechancetomeeteachothersafely. Nobattlehappenedbetweenthem,buttherewereheatedargumentsanddisputesamongthem. TheIraqissummonedthepeopleofShamtounity,toputAllahsBookintopractice,andtopay homagetoImamAli,theProphetsguardian.ThepeopleofSham,summonedtheIraqistoavenge UthmanandbreakthepledgeofallegiancetoImamAli.WhenthemonthofMuharrampassed, thetwopartiescontinuedfightingeachotherjustastheyhaddonebeforeit.MalikalAshtar lookedatthestandardsofthepeopleofSham,andtheyremindedhimofthoseoftheatheists whowentouttofightagainstAllahsApostle(a.s).Soheaddressedhispeople,saying:Mostof

yourstandardswerewithAllahsApostle.AsforthestandardswithMuawiya,theywerewiththe polytheistsduringthetimeofAllahsApostle.Therefore,nonehasdoubtaboutthefighting againstthesepeopleexceptonewhohasadeadheart. ThenAmmarbinYasirexplainedtotheMuslimsMuawiyasrealityandurgedthemtofight againsthim,saying:OpeopleofIslam[1],doyouwanttolookatonewhohasshowedenmity towardAllahandHisApostle,rebelledagainsttheMuslims,andhelpedthepolytheists?When AllahwantedtomanifestHisreligionandgivevictorytoHisApostle,he(Muawiya)cameto [1]Inanothernarrationhehassaid:OpeopleofalSham,. theProphetandbecameMuslim.He,byAllah,ashethinks,wasunwillingandnotwilling;and AllahtookHisApostle,andwe,byAllah,havecometoknowhimthrowhisenmitytowardthe Muslimsandhisaffectiontowardthecriminals.Indeed,heisMuawiya;therefore,cursehim;may Allahcursehim!Andfightagainsthim,forheisfromthosewhowanttoextinguishAllahslight andsupporttheenemiesofAllah! BeforehebecameMuslim,MuawiyahadantagonizedAllahandHisApostle,andrebelledagainst theMuslims.HebecameMuslimjustbecausehewasafraidoftheswordsthattookhisfamily.He concealedpolytheism,hypocrisy,andrebellionagainstIslamandtheMuslims.Whenhefound helpers,herosetofightagainstImamAli,thebrotherofAllahsApostle,andtheGateofthecity ofhisknowledge. AlHasanwithUbaydillah MuawiyatriedtoplaysomerolewithImamalHasan.HesenttohimUbaydillahbinUmar[1]to makehimdesireforthecaliphateandtodeceivehim,thathemightleavehisfather.Ubaydillah wenttoImamalHasan(a.s)saidtohim: Ihaveaneedwithyou. Yes.Whatdoyouwant? YourfatherhaskilledQurayshfromthebeginningtotheend.Theyhavehatedhim.Canyou deposehim,andwewillappointyouinthisauthority?Yes,ImamAlihadkilledthemforthesake ofIslam,fortheyhadtriedtodoawaywithit.ImamAlihadfoughtthemandkilledtheirtyrants, destroyedtheirarrogants,anddefeatedtheirtroops.Forthisreason,theyharboredmaliceand enmityagainsthim.WhenImamalHasanheardUbaydillahssaying,heshoutedathimsaying: No,byAllah,thatwillnothappen! ImamalHasanangrilyandwithdispleasurelookedathim.Hetoldhimthathewouldmeethis deathsosoon.Hesaidtohim:ItisasifthatIcanseethatyouwillbekilledonthisdayor

tomorrow!ItisSatanwhohasadornedthe [1]UbaydillahbinUmarbinalKhattabwasbornduringthetimeofAllahsApostle,andhe narratednothingfromhim.ItwashewhokilledalHurmuzanandJufayna.ImamAlithreatened himthroughadministeringagainsthimtheprescribedpunishmentifhecouldcatchhim. UbaydillahbinUmarjoinedMuawiyaattheBattleofSiffin.Duringthedaysofthebattlehecame outwearingasilkjubbahandsaying:Aliwillcometoknowwhenwemeettomorrow!Sothe Imamsaid:Leavehim!Forhisbloodislikethatofamosquito!UbaydillahbinUmarwaskilledat theBattleofSiffin.AlIstiab,vol.2,p.431. worldtoanddeceivedyouthewomenofShamseeyoursituation,andAllahwillknockyoudown onyourfacebeingkilled.UbaydillahunsuccessfullyreturnedtoMuawiyaandtoldhimabouthis talkwithImamalHasan.Muawiyasaid:,heisthesonofhisfather![1]Onthatday,Ubaydillah wentouttothebattlefieldandfoughtwiththefrontthatshowedspitestowardIslam.Hequickly methisdeathatthehandofanoblemanfromHamadan.ImamalHasan(a.s)waspleasedwhen UbaydillahbinUmarwaskilledandhesaid;PraisebetoAllahforthat![2]Ubaydillahmethis endwhilehewasanenemytoAllahandHisApostle.HerebelledagainstIslamandrevolted againsttheImamofMuslims. TheInclusiveWar Skirmishesbetweenthetwopartiescontinuedforalongtime.Noinclusivebattletookplace betweenthem.Eachpartywastiredofthislong,uselessstate.Therewasnohopeformaking peaceandunity.Rather,itmadethediscordandevilextendandspread.WhenImamAliknew that,hemobilizedhiscompanionsandgotreadyforthegeneralwar.WhenMuawiyasawthat, hedidastheImamhaddone.Thetwopartiesmeteachother.ImamalHasan(a.s)hurriedto attackthepeopleofSham.WhenImamAlisawhim,hebecameastonishedandterrified,andsaid tothosearoundhim:Savethisboyforme!(Donotlethim)endme,forIamstingywiththese two(alHasanandalHusayn)lesttheprogenyofAllahsApostlewouldcease(afterkilling them)![3] Thefireofthewarflaredupanditsheatbecameintense.Peoplewereafraid;terroranddeath dominatedthem.TherightwingoftheImamstroopswasdefeated.Thecenterofthetroops becameweakandthedefeatappearedamongthem.ImamAlisummonedSahlbinHunayfand commandedhimtogoalongwiththosewithhimtotherightwing,andhedid.However,the troopsofShamattackedthemandmadethemretreat.Theyreturneddefeatedtotheleftwing. ThetribeofMudharwasforcedtoleavetherightwing,whilethetribeofRabeeawassteadfast there.Oneofthemsaid:OpeopleofRabeea,youwouldhavenoexcuseaftertodaynearthe ArabsifAmeerulMomininisstruckwhileheisamongyou! ThemenofRabeeaalliedwitheachotherfordeath.Theyweresteadfastinthebattlefield.They

werecalmandtheypaidnoattentiontodeath.They [1]BiharalAnwar. [2]WaqiatSiffin,p.334. [3]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.212. supportedthetruthandpromisedtosacrificetheirlivesfortheImam.ImamAliwasamongthem. Heattackedhisenemieswhiletheywereshoweringhimwitharrows.Hissonsprotectedhimwith theirownlives,andnoneofthemseparatedhimselffromhim.AservantoftheUmayyadscalled AhmarbinKaysansawtheImamduringtheclashesofswords.Hehurriedlikeadogtowardsthe Imam.HesworebyAllahthathewouldkilltheImam,saying:BytheLordoftheKaaba,mayAllah killmeifIdonotkillyouoryoukillme!TheImamsservantcalledKaysanattackedhim.Butthe attackingdog(AhmarbinKaysan)killedhim.ThiswickedpersonbeganattackingtheImam.But theImamtookhimwithhishandandcarriedhimonhisshoulders,andthenhehithimtothe ground.Hebrokehisshoulderandtwoarms.ThenalHasanandMuhammadattackedandkilled him. ImamAliapproachedthepeopleofSham.AlHasanwasafraidthattheenemymightassassinate hisfather,sohesaidtohim:Youwouldbetterwalktobeamongthosewhoaresteadfastbefore yourenemyfromamongyourcompanions(thepeopleofRabeea). TheImamunderstoodthemeaningofImamalHasansspeech,andhesaidtohimwith gentlenessandleniency:Omylittleson,yourfatherhasaday(ofdeath)thathewillnotexceed, norwillwalkingdelayit(fromreaching)him,norwilldayshurryittohim.ByAllah,yourfather doesnotcarewhetherhefallsupondeathordeathfallsuponhim.MalikalAshtarcametowards theImamrunning.Hewasastonishedandsurprisedwhentheregimentsescapedoutoffearof death.WhentheImamsawhim,hesaid: OMalik! HereIam! Gotothosepeopleandsaytothem:Wheretodoyouescapefromdeaththatyoucannot disable?Tothelifethatwillnotlastforyou?MalikalAshtarwenttothepeopleandrecitedthe Imamsstatementtothem,andsotheirfearcalmeddown.Thenheintroducedhimselftothem, saying:IamMalikbinalHarith!IamMalikbinalHarith!Itcametohismindthatthisnamewas notenoughtomakethemrecognizehim.Heintroducedhimselfwiththatforwhichhehad becomefamous,saying:IamMalikalAshtar!Somepeoplehurriedtohim,andhesaidtothem withenthusiasmanddetermination:Opeople,youhavefollowedyoufathersbadhabits!How badyourfightingtodayis!Thenhesaidtothemagain:Madhhaj,beloyaltome!

ThetribeofMadhhajjhurriedtohim,andhesaidtothem:Youbitthesoldrocks!Youhavenot pleasedyourLordnorhaveyoubeenloyaltoHim!Howisthatwhileyouarethechildrenofthe battles,leadersoftheassaults,boysofthemorning,knightsofpursuit,andthekillingofthe equals?Madhhajjoffighting,whoarenotprecededinrespectofavengingtheirblood,norare theirbloodsshed,noraretheyfamousforabasementinaplace!Youaretheboundaryofthe peopleofyourcityandthereadiestofyourpeople!Whatyoudotodaywillbenarratedafterthis day!Therefore,bewareofthatthetalkswillbenarratedtomorrow!Betruthfulinmeetingyour enemy,forAllahiswiththetruthful!ByWhominWhoseHandMalikssoulis,noneofthose(he pointedwithhishandtothepeopleofSyria)isequaltoMuhammad(a.s)(eveninathingassmall as)awingofamosquito!Youhavenotfoughtwell!Removetheblacknessfrommyface!Clingto thegreatmajority,forifAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,endedit(thebattle),thosewhoareonhis (theImam)twosideswouldfollowhimjustastheendoffloodfollowingitsbeginning! Theleader,Malik,dominatedtheirsoulsthroughhisenthusiastic,wonderfulspeech.Hegavea newspiritofactivityanddeterminationtothetroops,andtheysaidatthetopoftheirvoicesfrom alldirections,expressingtheirobedienceandyieldingtohim:Takeustowhereveryoulike! Theyhurriedtohimandcompetedwitheachothertowardsdeath.Theyweresteadfastbefore theenemy.SomebraveleadersofHamadantroopshadbeenkilledatthebattle.Thelastofthem totakethestandardwasWahabbinKurayb.Someofthosewholovedhimhurriedtohimand said:MayAllahhavemercyonyou!Thenotablesofyourpeoplehavebeenkilledaroundit(the standard).Donotkillyourselfandthosewithyoufromyourpeople!Accordingly,Wahaband thosewithhimleftthebattlefieldwhiletheywereseekingastrongfronttojoinit.Infrontofthe masses,theysaid:WouldthatwehadanumberoftheArabswhowouldallywithusfordeath, thentheyandwewouldadvanceuntilwewouldbekilledorwinavictory! TheypassedbyMalikalAshtarandheheardtheircall.Hewelcomedtheiropinionandsaidto them:Iwillallywithyouandmakeacontractwithyouprovidedthatweshouldneverreturn untilwewillwinavictoryorbekilled! TheybecamedelightedwithalAshtarsspeechandtheyjoinedhisstandard.Inthisrespect,Kab binJuaylhassaid:And(thepeopleof)Hamadanlookingforsomeonetotoallywith!Malikal AshtarheadedthosebravepeopleandattackedthearmiesofSham,whowerebeforetheirsharp swordslikeashesonwhichthewindsblowhardonastormyday.Weaknessappearedamong Muawiyastroops,andhiscompanionswereabouttoreachhistent.AsforMuawiya,hehad thoughtofescapewereitnotforthathehadrememberedthesayingofIbnalAtnabah: Mychastity,themodestyofmysoul,andmyadvancetowardstheenthusiasticherohave preventedme(fromescaping),

andmygivingmypropertyunwillinglyandtakingpraisethroughaprofitableprice,andmysaying whenIandit(mysoul)areagitated:(Stayat)yourplace,thatyoumaybepraisedorgetrest! Thispoetryreturnedhimtopatienceandsteadfastnessjustashesaidduringthedaysof wellbeing. Ammarismartyred WhenAmmarbinYasir,thegreatcompanion(oftheProphet),sawtheheadsfallingdownandthe groundbeingcoloredwithblood,headdressedhimself,saying:AllahsApostle(a.s)istruthful. Theyaretheoppressive.ItisthedaythatAllahsApostlehadpromisedmeof.Iamoverninety yearsold;therefore,whatamIwaitingfor?MyLord,havemercyonme!Ihaveyearnedformy brethrenwhoprecededmetoYou!IwillwalktomeetmyLordthroughstrugglingagainstHis enemiesbeforeHisfriend(ImamAli)andtheguardianofHisApostleandthesuccessorafterhim. IthinkitisthedaythatAllahsApostle(a.s)hadpromisedmeof! AmmarlookedatMuawiyasstandardsforalongtime,andthenhesaid:Ourpositionsarelike thepositionsofthestandardsofAllahsApostleattheBattlesofBadr,Uhud,andHunayn.And these(peopleofSham)areinthepositionsofthestandardsofthepolytheistsfromtheallies. [1] Somepagesofhisfarandnearhistoryappearedbeforehimonthatday.Thepictureofhis parents,YasirandSumayya,appearedbeforehim.Itremindedhimofthetimewhentheywere severelytortured,andwhenhewasayoungmanwiththemmeetingwhattheymetoftiredness atthehandsoftheQurayshityrantstillhisparentspassedaway,andheescapedthetorture.He rememberedwhathesufferedduringhisoldageoftheseverepunishmentsandtortureat Uthmanshands.Allthatwasforthesakeofhisdoctrineandthought.Thesememoriesmadehim yearnformeetingAllah.Heburstintotears.HeaddressedAllah,saying:OAllah,Youknowthatif IknowthatYourgoodpleasure(isobtained)throughputtingtheedgeofmysword [1]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.506. againstmychest,andthenIbendagainstituntilitcomesoutofmyback,Iwoulddo.IfIknow thatYourgoodpleasure(isobtained)throughthrowingmyselfintothisriver,Iwoulddo.IfIknow thatYourgoodpleasure(isobtained)throughthrowingmyselffromthismountainandIfalldown, Iwoulddo.Iknowthattodaythereisnodeedpleasingyoumorethanstrugglingagainstthese sinfulpeople.AndIfIknowthatthereisadeedpleasingmorethanthis,Iwoulddoit. ThenhewenttoImamAli(a.s)weeping.WhentheImamsawhim,heroseforhim,embraced, andwelcomedhim.AmmarturnedtotheImamandaskedhim:ObrotherofAllahsApostle, wouldyoupermitmetofight?TheImamwasterrifiedbyhisspeech,forhewashisrightarmwith

whichheassaulted.Sohesaidtohimwithashackingvoice:Slowly!MayAllahhavemercyon you!Ammarwentaway.Shortlyafterthat,thosememoriesappearedbeforehimandurgedhim tomeethisLord,sohecamebacktotheImamandaskedhim:Wouldyoupermitmetofight? Slowly!MayAllahhavemercyonyou! Hewentaway.Heremainedforawhile,andthenheyearnedformeetinghisbelovedoneswho precededhiminfaith,sohereturnedagaintotheImamandaskedhim: Wouldyoupermitmetofight?IseethatthisisthedaythatAllahsApostle(a.s)haddescribed.I haveyearnedformeetingmyLordandmybrotherswhohadprecededme(tomyLord)!The Imamfoundnoescapefromrespondingtohim.Heroseforandembracedhim.Hissoulmelted awayoutofsorrowandregret.Hesaidtohim:OAbulYaqdhan,mayAllahrewardyouwithgood onmybehalfandonthebehalfofyourProphet!Youarethebestbrotherandcompanion! ThentheImamwept,andsodidAmmarwhosaid:ByAllah,OAmeerulMominin,Ihavenot followedyouexceptthroughinsightandknowledge.IheardAllahsApostlesayingattheBattleof Hunayn:OAmmar,therewillbeadiscordafterme.Ifthathappened,thenfollowAliandhis party,forheiswiththetruth,andthetruthiswithhim.Andhewill,afterme,fightagainstthose whowillbreaktheirpledgeofallegiance(alnakitheen)andtheoppressive(alqasideen).May Allahrewardyou,OAmeerulMominin,withthebestrewardonbehalfofIslam.Youhavecarried out(theIslamicmessage),propagatedit,andbeenloyal(tothecommunity). Then,Ammaradvancedtothefieldofhonorandbattle.HewasdelightedwithmeetingAllah.He regainedhisstrengthandactivity.Hesaidatthetopofhisvoice:TheGardenisundertheshade ofthespears.TodayIamgoingtomeetthebelovedones;Muhammadandhisparty!The Muhajireen,theAnsar,andthebelievingyouthsfollowedhim.Hetookthemtothecommander inchief,HashimbinUtbaalMirqal[1].Heaskedhimtoundertaketheleadership,andhe respondedtothat.Hashimmarched,andAmmarurgedhimtoattackthefoes,sayingtohim: Advance,maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou! Hashimtookthestandardandbeganadvancingslowly.Ammarcouldnotstandthat,forhehada strongyearningformeetingAllahandhisbelovedoneMuhammad.HeseverelyrebukedHashim, sayingtohim:OHashim,youareoneeyedandcowardly!Hashimwasannoyedwiththisbitter rebuke,andhesaidtoAmmar:MayAllahhavemercyonyou,OAmmar!Youareamanof hastinessinbattles!Asforme,Iamholdingthestandardandadvancingslowly,thatImayobtain myneedthroughthat.IfImarchquickly,Iwillnotbesafefromdangers! AmmarwentonurgingHashimtoattackthefoesuntillheattackedthem.Hashimwalkedthrough thebattlefield.WhileAmmarwasfightingbesidehim,helookedatthestandardofIbnalAasand said:ByAllah,Ifoughtagainstthisstandardforthreetimes,andthis(standard)isnotthebestof

them!HeviolentlyandactivelyfoughtagainstthearmyofMuawiya.Ammarwasbesidethe ProphetwhenhefoughtagainstQurayshtomakethemconfessthewordofAllahsOneness,and todayhefoughtagainstthemtomakethembelieveinwhatwasintheQuranandwhatIslamhad brought. [1]HashimbinUtbabinAbiWaqqasalZuhri,alQurashi.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuAmr, betterknownasalMirqal.HebecameMuslimonthedaywhenMeccawasconquered.Hewas amongthemenofvirtueandreligion.HewasontopofthebraveArabs.Hiseyewasknockedout attheBattleofalYarmuk,inSham(Syria).ItwashewhoconqueredJalawla,partofPersia. JalawlawascalledFathalFutooh(theConqueroftheConquers).Itswarbootiesweremorethan 18million(dinars).HashimbinUtbaalMirqalwasthecommanderovertheinfantryattheBattle ofSiffin.Althoughhislegwascutoff,hecontinuedfightingallthosewhoapproachedhim.Hewas sittingandsaying:Thestalliondefendsitsshecamelevenifitishobbled!InrespectofhimAbu alTufaylhassaid:OHashimofgood,youhavebeenrewardedwiththeGarden.Youfought againsttheenemyoftheSunnaforthesakeofAllah.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,p.49. Afteraterriblestruggle,Ammarfellontheground.Hewaskilledbytheoppressivegroup[1] whoseheartshaddeviatedfromthetruth,whoforgotAllah,andsotheyswaminutterdarkness. WhenthenewsofAmmarsmurderwasannounced,theImamwascompletelyaffected,and wavesofworriesandsorrowssurroundedhim,becauseinhismurder,theImamlostagroupof helpersandsupporters.Hewenttotheplaceofhismurder.Hewasverysadandwasweeping. Thecommandersofthetroops,thechiefsofthetribes,andtherighteousremaindersfromthe MuhajireenandtheAnsarsurroundedhim.Theyshedtearsandloudlywailed.TheImamstood besidehim.Whenhesawhimkilledandcoveredwithhisblood,hepraisedhimwithwordsissued fromasadheart.Hesaid:AnyMuslim,whodoesnotregardthemurderofAmmarasgreatand doesnotfeelthepainfulmisfortune,isnotsuccessful.MayAllahhavemercyonAmmaronthe daywhenhebecameMuslim,mayAllahhavemercyonAmmaronthedaywhenhewaskilled, andmayAllahhavemercyonAmmaronthedaywhenhewillberesurrected!IhaveseenAmmar! WhenfourofthecompanionsofAllahsApostlearementioned,hemustbethefourth,andwhen fivearementioned,hemustbethefifth!AlltheoldcompanionsofAllahsApostleweresurethat AmmarwouldentertheParadise!LetAmmarbepleasedintheParadise! TheImamtookAmmarsheadandputitinhislapandrecited: Odeathwhodoesnotleaveme,relieveme,foryouhavedestroyedallfriends!Iseethatyouare awareofthosewhomIloveasifthatyouwalktowardsthemwithaguide!ImamalHasansilently stoodupandweptforthemurderofthegreatmartyr,whotookpartinbuildingIslam.Herecited totheMuslimswhathehadheardfromhisgrandfathertheProphet(a.s)inrespectofAmmars excellences.He(a.s)hassaid:AllahsApostle(a.s)saidtohiscompanions:Buildmeacanopylike thatofMoses.Hebegantakingadobesfrompeople,andhesaid:OAllah,thereisnogood

exceptthatofthehereafter;therefore,forgivetheMuhajireenandtheAnsar.Hetookadobes fromAmma,andthenhesaid:Whatapity,OsonofSumayya!Theoppressivegroupwillkill you! Hehasalsosaid:Mygrandfatherhassaid:TheGardenyearnsforthree(persons):Ali,Ammar, andSalman! [1]AbulAadiyakilledhim.HecametoMuawiya,andsaidtohischamberlain:Thekillerof Ammarisatthedoor.Hepermittedhim.UsdalGhaba,vol.5,267.Ithasbeennarratedfromthe Prophetthathehassaid:IfthepeopleoftheearthkilledAmmar,theyallwouldenterthefire! WhenthenewsofAmmarsmurderwasannounced,adiscordanddivisiontookplaceamongthe armiesofMuawiya.TheyhadheardfromAllahsApostlethathesaid:Theoppressivepartywill killyou!AmrbinalAasnarratedthattothem.AfterAmmarsmurder,theyknewthattheywere therebelliousgroupthatAllahsApostlehadmeant.Howeverthroughhistrickandlies,Amrbin alAascouldfabricatethattothemandreturntheaffairstothenaturalcourse.HeregardedImam AliasresponsiblefortakingAmmartothewarandthentobekilled.Theignorantfromthearmies ofShamyieldedtothat.Theybelievedhisstatementandbegansaying:Those,whobrought Ammar,killedhim! ThemurderofAmmarharmedImamAlitoomuch.Distressandsorrowsurroundedhim.Hecalled thetribesofRabeeaandHamadan,andtheyrespondedtohim.Hesaidtothem:Youaremy breastplateandspear! Twelvethousandfightersfromthemrespondedtohim.Hetookthemandangrilyattackedthe Syrians.HedestroyedalltheirrankstotheextentthathearrivedatMuawiyastent.Thenhe addressedMuawiya,saying:Whyarethepeoplefightingbetweenus?ComeonsothatIjudge youbeforeAllah,andwhoeverofuskillshiscompanion,theaffairsgowellwithhim. IbnalAassneeringlysaidtoMuawiya: Themanhastreatedyouwithjustice! Youarenotright!Youhavecometoknowthathekillseveryoneduelingwithhim! Nothingmakesyougoodexceptduelingwithhim! Youhavecravedafterit(authority)afterme! Thetwopartiesviolentlyfoughtagainsteachother.Theywentonfightingwithnorest.Weakness appearedinMuawiyastroops.Allhisregimentsweredestroyed.Allhisforcesweredivided,to theextentthatheintendedtoescape. RaisingCopiesoftheQuran

WhenMuawiyasawthecourageofImamAlistroops,theweaknessofhisones,hisincapability ofresisting,andtheendofhisaffair,heshookalloverwithfear.Hesummonedhiscunningvizier, AmrbinalAas,andsaidtohim:Onlythisnightandheiscomingtousearlyinthemorningalong withthetroops!Whatdoyouthink?
ChapterXI:AtSiffinPart2 HeexpressedhisnearendandhisincapabilityofresistingImamAlisarmy.Anyway,Amrbinal Aassaidtohim:Ithinkthatyourmenarenotlikehismen,andyouarenotlikehim.Heisfighting againstyouforamatter,andyouarefightingagainsthimforanothermatter.Hispeopleare afraidofyouwhenyouwinavictoryoverthem,andthepeopleofShamarenotafraidofAliwhen hewinsavictoryoverthem. AmrbinalAasspecifiedtheconflictstandingbetweenImamAliandMuawiya.TheImamfought againsthimforthesakeofIslamanddefendingitsideals,whereasMuawiyafoughtagainsthim forthesakeofpowerandauthority.Theybattledagainsteachotherfordifferentobjectives.Amr binalAasexplainedtoMuawiyathereasonforthecourageoftheImamstroopsandthe weaknessofhisones.AsfortheImamstroops,theydefendedtheirdignityandlife,fortheyknew Muawiyasbeliefsandinclinations.Theyknewthatifhewonavictoryoverthem,hewould severelypunishthemandafflictthemwithpainfultorture.Forthesereasons,theywereearnest infightingagainsthim.AsforMuawiyastroops,theyknewtheImamsinclinations,andthatifhe wonavictoryoverthem,hewouldbekindtothem.Theyhadheardofhispardoningand kindness.ThatwaswhenhewonavictoryoverhisopponentsattheBattleofalJamal.Therefore, therewasnoescapefromthattheImamstroopswouldwinavictory.AmrbinalAassuggested anideathatmadeMuawiyaovercometheeventsanditwasthereasonfordestroyingthe Imamstroops.Hesaidtohim:Offertothemsomething.Iftheyacceptit,theywilldisagree(with eachother),andiftheyrefuseit,theywilldisagree.SummonthemtoAllahsBookasanarbitrator betweenyouandthem.Youwillgetyourobjectivefromthepeople.Ihavedelayedthismatter becauseyouareinneedofit. MuawiyaknewthatAmrbinalAassideawascorrect.Sohehurriedtobelieveandrespondto him.Inthemeantime,heorderedcopiesoftheQurantoberaised.Accordingly,aboutfive hundredcopiesoftheQuranwereraisedontheheadsofthespears.ThepeopleofShamloudly said:ThisisAllahsBookbetweenusandyoufromitsbeginningtoitsend.Whoprotectsthe

fortifiedborderlinecitiesofthepeopleofShamafterthepeopleofSham?Whoprotectsthe fortifiedborderlinecitiesofthepeopleofIraqafterthepeopleofIraq?Whostrugglesagainstthe Romans?WhostrugglesagainsttheTurks?Andwhostrugglesagainsttheinfidels? TheyraisedcopiesoftheQuranasatrickandcunning.Theyusedthemasapretexttosparetheir blood,fortheydidnotbelieveinthemnordidtheyshowsorrowatthefateofIslamandthe MuslimsnordidtheyrespectAllah.Nothingconcernedthemexceptgovernmentandauthority.If therehadbeenarayofthelightofIslamintheirsouls,theywouldnothaveopenedadoortothe battleagainstImamAli,thetestamentarytrusteeofAllahsApostle,andtoshedtheMuslims bloodwithoutanyright. TheGreatSedition AmongtheugliestandworstfarcesinmanshistorywasthetrickofraisingcopiesoftheQuran, fortheIraqitroopsweredeceivedbythat,andtheychangeduptheirminds.Suddenly,theybroke theirobediencetoImamAli,anddeclaredrebellionandmutinyagainsthimwithoutanythinking andconsidering,whiletheywereabouttowinavictoryovertheirenemywhohadshedtheir bloods. Whatamisfortune!Whatapity!Falsehoodbecamehigherthanthetruththroughthenameof thetruth!ThatwaswhenAmrstrickperformeditshorribleroleinthecenterofthegovernment ofjusticeandequality.ThatwaswhenregimentsoftheIraqisrushedlikeafloodtowardsthe ImamandsurroundedhimandforcedhimtoyieldandsubmittoMuawiyassummons.Theysaid withonetongue:He(Muawiya)hasgivenyouthetruth!HehassummonedyoutoAllahsBook! Acceptthatfromhim! OnthetopofthosewhoacceptedthesummonstoarbitrationwasalAshathbinQays,whowas likeawoodwormboringinthecampoftheIraqisandmeansforriotandmutiny.Thereason behindthatwasthathewastheleaderofthetribesofKindaandRabeea,buttheImamhad deposedhimandappointedHassanbinMakhdujinstead.SomepeopletalkedwiththeImamin ordernottodeposehim,butherefusedthat.[1]Thisarousedthehiddenmaliceinhissoulagainst theImamandmadehimwaitforanappropriateopportunitytotakevengeanceonhim.Hecould findsuchanopportunityduringthatterribleperiodoftime.Itisnotcorrecttosaythathewas deceivedbyMuawiyassummons,forhewasnotamongthesimpleminedthattheaffairmight beuncleartohim.Anyway,heangrilywenttotheImamandsaidtohim:Iseethatthepeople arepleasedanddelightedtorespondtothepeople(ofSham)towhattheyhavesummonedthem fromamongthelegaldecisionsoftheQuran!ItwouldbebetterifyougoandaskMuawiyawhat hewants,andreflectonwhatherequests! ThenheinsistedontheImamtodelegatehimtoMuawiya,butherefrainedfromrespondingto

him.Howeverhestronglyinsistedonhim,andtheImam(a.s)foundnoescapefromresponding. Hewentcarryingthesignsofevilandunhappiness.HeaskedMuawiya:Whyhaveyouraised copiesoftheQuran? [1]WaqiatSiffin,p.153. Muawiyaansweredhimwithtricksandlies,saying:Thatweandyoumayreturntothe CommandofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,inHisBook.Sendamanfromamongyouwithwhom youarepleased.Andwesendamanfromamongus.Thenweaskthemtoactaccordingtowhat isinAllahsBookanddonotexceedit.Thenwefollowthatonwhichtheywillagree. AlAshathbinQaysbelievedMuawiya,saying:Thisisthetruth! Mostlikely,MuawiyahadmadealAshathdesireandbribedhim,forhehadcometoknowabout hisdeviationfromImamAli.AlAshathrespondedtoMuawiyaandcamebacktotheImam.He demandedarbitration.ImamAli(a.s)saidtohimandtothelikeofhimfromamongthestubborn whofoundnopleasureexceptinobstinacyandmutiny:OServantsofAllah,Iamthebestof thosewhohaverespondedtoAllahsBook.However,Muawiya,AmrbinalAas,IbnAbiMaeet, HabeebbinMuslima,andIbnAbiSarharenotmenofreligionandQuran.Iammoreawareof themthanyou.Iaccompaniedthemwhentheywerechildren,andIaccompaniedthemwhen theyweremen.Theywerethewickedestchildrenandmen.Itiswordoftruththatfalsehoodhas beenintendedthroughit!Theyhaveknownitbuttheydonotactaccordingtoit.Theyhave raisedittoyoujustasatrickandplot.Lendmeyourarmsandyourskullsforonehourforthe truthhasreachedits(last)part,andnothinghasremainedexceptthattherootoftheoppressive istobecutoff. Inhisspeech,theImam(a.s)hasexpressedwhatMuawiyaclaimedsuchasyieldingtoAllahs book.Heexplainedtothemtheirerrorandmutinyagainstthereligion,forhewasmoreawareof themthanothers.However,thatsimplemindedsocietydidnotyieldtotheImamsspeechand lenthisspeechdeafears.Abouttwelvethousandmen,whopretendedsacrednessand religiousness,thoughtheyunderstoodnothingofthem,addressedhimbyhispersonalname. Theywarnedandthreatenedhimifhewouldnotyieldtowhattheywanted,saying:OAli, respondtothepeopleaccordingtoAllahsBookwhenyouaresummonedtoit;otherwise,wewill killyouaswehadkilled(Uthman)binAffan!ByAllahwewoulddoitifyoudidnotrespondto them. TheImam(a.s)saidtothem:Woeuntoyou!Iwasthefirsttosummon(peopletofollow)Allahs Bookandthefirsttorespondtoit.ItisnotlawfulformenorcanI,concerningmyreligion,thatI amsummonedtoAllahsBookanddonotacceptit.Ihavefoughtagainstthemthattheymay followthepreceptoftheQuran,fortheyhavedisobeyedAllahinrespectofwhatHehas commandedthem.TheyhavebrokenHiscovenantandleftHisBook.

However,Ihaveinformedyouthattheyhaveschemedagainstyou,andthattheydonotwantto actaccordingtotheQuran! ImamAlitriedtoconvinceandmakehisfellowsunderstandthroughvariouswaysthatitwasa trickafterMuawiyasfailureandincapabilityofresisting.However,theyinsistedonthathehad tocommandhismilitarycommander,MalikalAshtar,towithdrawfromthebattlefield.TheImam sawthattherewasevilontheirfacesandthattheyhadunanimouslyagreedonfightingagainst him.Theysurrounded,threatened,andwarnedhim.Sohe(a.s)foundnoescapeotherthan respondingtothem.HeimmediatelysentYazidbinHanitoMalikalAshtartoaskhimto withdrawfromthebattlefield.WhenthemessengerreachedandtoldhimabouttheImams message,hesaidtohim:Saytomymaster:Thisisnotthehourwhenyoushouldremoveme frommyattitude.IhavehopedAllahtomakemeconquer;therefore,donothurryme! ThemessengercamebacktotheImamandtoldhimaboutthesayingoftheresolute,watchful Malik.Thesignsofconquestandvictoryhadappearedthroughhishands,andtheaffairwas abouttoend.Thevoicesfromtheregimentsofhistroopsraisedannouncingtheclearconquest. Whenthoserebelliousheardofthat,theysurroundedtheImamandsaidtohim:ByAllahwesee thatyouhaveorderedhimtocontinuefighting! HaveyouseenthatIhadsecretlysentamessengertohim?DidInottalktohimopenlybefore youandyouheardme?askedtheImam.Howevertheysaidwithonetongue:Sendforhimand makehimcometoyou!Otherwise,wewillisolateourselvesfromyou!TheyterrifiedtheImam andwereabouttoattackhim.Sohesaid:Whatapity,OYazid!Saytohim:Come!Thesedition hashappened!YazidquicklysetofftowardsMalikandsaidtohim:GotoAmeerulMominin, fortheseditionhashappened!MalikalAshtarbecameastonished.HeaskedYazidaboutthe reasonforthatdiscordandmutinythathappenedamongthetroops:Becauseofraisingthese copiesoftheQuran?Yes. Malikbelievedhisownpredictionandintuitioninrespectoftheoccurrenceofthismutiny,saying: ByAllah,Ithoughtthattherewouldbedisagreementanddivisionduetotheraisingofthecopies oftheQuran!Itistheadviceoftheprostitutesson(AmrbinalAas)!Whilepainwashurting him,heturnedtothemessengerandsaidtohim:Doyounotseetheconquest?Doyounotsee theirfaint?DoyounotseewhatAllahhasdoneforus?Shouldweleavethisandgoawayfrom it? Anyway,YazidtoldhimaboutthecriticalsituationandthedangersthatsurroundedtheImam, saying:DoyoulikethatyouhavewonavictoryherewhileAmeerulMomininisinhisplace whereheistobehandedovertohisenemy?GlorybetoAllah!No,byAllah,Idonotlikethat! Theyhavesaid:YoushouldsendforMalikalAshtar,andheshouldcometoyou;otherwise,we

willkillyouwithourownswordsaswehadkilledUthmanbinAffanorwewillhandyouoverto yourenemy! Accordingly,MalikalAshtarreturnedtotheImam.Sadnesscontrolledhim,forhisdesiredaim hadgotlost,hehadwontheconquest,andthebloodofhisfightershadbeenshedtoobtainsuch anend.However,suddenly,allthoseeffortswentinvainduetoAmrbinalAasscunning.He stronglyandviolentlyaddressedthoseignoblepeople.Hecondemnedthem,saying:Omenof abasementandfeebleness!Atthetimewhenyouwerehigherthanthepeople,theythoughtthat youwoulddefeatthem,andsotheyraisedthecopiesoftheQuranandsummonedyoutowhat inthem!ByAllah,theyhaveabandonedwhatAllahhascommandedinthem(thecopiesofthe Qur'an)andintheSunnaoftheonetowhomtheyhadbeenrevealed!Donotrespondtothem! Respitemeforawhile,forIhavefelttheconquest! However,thoserebelliousshowedhimnothingexcepterrorandstubbornness.Theysaidwith onetongue: No!No! Respitemeforahorsesrunning! Therefore,wewillbewithyouinyoursin! Malikdebatedwiththemandgavethemproofsontheirwrongopinionandtheirdeviationfrom thetruth,saying:Tellmeaboutyou:thebestonesofyouhavebeenkilled,andtheworstonesof youhaveremainedalive!Whenwereyouright?AtthetimewhenyoukilledthepeopleofSham? Nowyouarewrongwhenyouhaverefrainedfromfightingthem.Orareyounowrightthrough yourrefrainingfromfighting?Therefore,yourkilledones,whoseexcellenceyoucannotdenyand whowerebetterthanyou,areinthefire! Thisspeechdidprofitthemnothing.Theysaidtohim:Leaveus,OAshtar!Wefoughtagainst themforthesakeofAllahandwearegoingtoleavefightingagainstthemforAllah!Wewillnot obeyyou.Avoidus! MalikalAshtarsaidtothem:ByAllah,youhavebeendeceived.Youhavebeensummonedtoput anendtothebattle,andyouhaveresponded!Omenofblackforeheads,wethoughtthatyour prayerwasoutofrenouncingtheworldandyearningformeetingAllah.Iseethatyourescape fromdeathisjustforthisworld.Shamebeonyou!Oyouwholooklikeoldshecamels!Youwill neverseegloryafterit!Nowsurelyperditionovertakesyouasithadperishedtheoppressive people! WhenMalikalAsterendedhisspeech,theyabusedhim.Hereturnedinkind,andthenheturned toImamAliandsaidtohim:OAmeerulMominin,movetherankagainsttherank,andthe

peoplewillbethrowndown!TheImamdidnotrespondtohim.Hebowedhisheadforawhileto thinkaboutthebitterresultthatthoserebelliousbroughtabouttothecommunity.Theyregarded hissilenceasasignofconsentwiththeaffair.Sotheysaid:Ali,AmeerulMominin,hasbecome satisfiedwiththearbitrationandthejudgementoftheQuran! TheImamcoulddonothingbutsatisfaction,and,MalikalAshtarcoulddonothingexceptyielding andacceptance.Hesaid:IfAmeerulMomininacceptsandissatisfiedwiththejudgementofthe Quran,IamsatisfiedwiththatwhichAmeerulMomininissatisfiedwith!Accordingly,theyall shouted:AmeerulMomininissatisfied!AmeerulMomininissatisfied!ImamAli(a.s)keptsilent anddidnotanswerthemtoanything.Worriesandsorrowscontrolledhim,forhehadcometo knowthatAmrbinalAasstrickdestroyedhistroops,andthathecouldnotsetthemrightorto returnthemtothewayofthetruthandcorrectnessforhehadneitherinfluencenorauthority overthem.He(a.s)hasexpressedthat,saying:Yesterday,Iwasacommander,buttodayIhave becomeacommandedone!AndyesterdayIwasaprohibiter,buttodayIhavebecomea prohibitedone![1] AlAshariischosen ImamAlisdilemmaandtribulationwerenotconfinedtothemutinyofhisarmy;rather,they sparednoefforttooverthrowhisgovernment.Theyinsistedthathehadtonominatehiswicked enemyAbuMusaalAshariand [1]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.212. tochosehimforthearbitration.Theywerenotsatisfiedwithanyoneotherthanhimfromamong thosewhomtheImamnominatedsuchasIbnAbbas,MalikalAshtar,andothermenof awarenessandwisdom.TheyknewaboutalAsharisdeviationfromImamAli.Ifheundertook thetaskofthearbitration,hewouldchooseforthecaliphatesomeoneotherthantheImam. Dr.TahaHusaynbelievesthattheirinsistencedidnotcomebychance.Itresultedfromaplotand anarrangementbetweentheseekersoftheworldfromamongAliscompanionsand Muawiyas.[1]Anyway,theysurroundedtheImamandbeganshouting:Wearepleasedwith AbuMusaalAshari!TheImamrebukedandprohibitedthemfromchoosingAbuMusa,saying: Youdisobeyedmeatthebeginning;therefore,donotdisobeymenow!IdonotseethatIhave toappointAbuMusa(asanarbitrator)! TheImamsadvicewasuseless.Rathertheyinsistedonhim,saying:Wearepleasedwithnone otherthanhim!Wehavefallenintothatwhichhehadwarnedusfrom! TheImamexplainedtothemwhyherefusedhim,sayingtothem:Heisnottrustworthytome. Hepartedfrommeandmadethepeopledesertme.ThenheescapedfrommetillIgavehim

securitysomemonthlater.However,thisisIbnAbbas.Iwanttoappointhimforthat.Yet,they werenotsatisfiedandtheywentontheirerrorandignorance,saying:Itdoesnotmatter whetherityouorIbnAbbas.Wedonotwantexceptamanwhoisthesametoyouandto Muawiya! TheImamguidedthemtoMalikalAshtar,forhehadnokinshipwithhim.Yet,theyrefusedhim, saying:AndisitanyoneotherthanalAshtarwhoburnttheland? Afterthisdiscussion,theImamfoundnowaytoconvincethem.Therefore,hereleasedthemand leftthemwiththeirownignorance.Asaresult,theaffairswereinthehandsoftheserebellious andmutinous. TheDocumentoftheArbitration Peoplecompetedwitheachothertowritedownwhattheywantedinthedocumentofthe arbitration.ThisisitstextasalTabarihasmentioned:IntheNameofAllah,theMostGracious, theMostMerciful.ThisisforwhichAlibinAbiTalibandMuawiyabinAbiSufyanhavesuedone another.ThearbitratorofAliisoverthepeopleofKufaalongwiththeirfollowers(Shia) [1]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.212. fromamongthebelieversandtheMuslims.AndthearbitratorofMuawiyaisoverthepeopleof ShamandtheirfollowersfromamongthebelieversandtheMuslims.Weyieldtothejudgmentof Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,andHisBook,andnooneotherthanHimcanbringustogether. AllahsBookfromitsbeginningtoitsendisbetweenus.Weenlivenwhatitenlivensanddeaden whatitdeadens.Therefore,thetwoarbitratorswhoareAbuMusaalAsari(AbdullahbinQays), andAmrbinalAasalQurashishouldactaccordingtowhattheyfindintheBookofAllah,the GreatandAlmighty. IftheyfindnothingintheBookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,thenthereisthejustSunnathat unitesanddoesnotseparate.ThetwoarbitratorshavetakenpromisesandcovenantsfromAli, Muawiya,thetwoarmiesandthetrustworthyfromamongthepeople.Theystipulatedthatthey havesecurityovertheirownsoulsandtheirownfamilies,that(themembersof)thecommunity aretheirhelpersconcerningthatforwhichtheyhavesuedoneanother,andthatAllahspromise andcovenantisagainstthebelieversandtheMuslimsfromamongbothparties.Weactaccording tothatwhichinthisdocumenteveniftheir(ImamAliandMuawiya)affairisobligatoryonthe believers. Therefore,security,righteousness,andlayingdownofweaponsbetweenthemwherevertheygo areimposedonthem,theirfamilies,theirproperties,theirpresentones,andtheirabsentones. AllahspromiseandcovenantisagainstAbdullahbinQaysandAmrbinalAasthattheyshould

judgebetweenthiscommunityandthattheyshouldnotbringittoabattleoradivisiontillthey disobey.ThejudgmentisdelayedtoRamadan.Iftheyliketodelaythat,theymaydelayit accordingtoagreementbetweenthem.Ifoneofthetwoarbitratorsdied,thenthecommanderof thefollowerschoosessomeonetoreplacehimfromamongthemenofjusticeandfairness.The placewheretheyshoulddecidetheircaseisaplaceofjusticebetweenthepeopleofKufaandthe peopleofSham.Iftheywantandlikethatnoonewouldbepresentwiththemexceptwhomever theywant,theycando.Thetwoarbitratorstakewhomevertheywantofwitnesses,andthenthey writedowntheirwitnessaccordingtothisdocument.Theyaresupportersagainstwhoeverleaves whatisinthisdocumentorwantsatheismoroppressioninrespectofit.OAllah,weaskYoufor helpagainstwhoeverleaveswhatthereisinthisdocument![1] AgroupofIraqiandSyrianleadersrecordedtheirwitnessesinthisdocument.Thetextofthe documentindicatesthatMuawiyaandhispartyhavepaidnoattentiontoUthmansblood.Ifthey hadhadaneedofthat,theywouldclearlyorimplicitlyhavementionedit.Theysaidmanythings forthesakeof [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.30. Uthman.TheyspreadouthisgarmentsonthepulpitinDamascus.Theyweptforhismisfortune andarousedthesebattlesforavenginghim.Therefore,whydidtheynotmentionhiminthe documentofthearbitration? Anyway,thisdocumentachievedmanyofalAshathsdesiresandoftherestofthoseambitious fromamonghispeople.TheyobtainedwhattheywantedsuchasdividingtheIraqitroops,their mutiny,andthevictoryoftherebelliousforcesovertheforcesofthetruthandIslam. ThethoughtoftheHarawriyya Theoriginationofthisrevolutionary,destructivethoughtcameafterthecomedyofraisingcopies oftheQuran.ItwastheviewpointoftheKharijites.Therewasnoreasonforformingitexcept seekingworldlyinterests,cravingafterinfluenceandauthority,andachievingpersonalambitions. TheKharijitesadoptedthejudgmentbelongstoAllahasasloganforthem.However,they quicklymadethejudgmentbelongtothesword.Thatwasthroughtheirsheddingthebloodofthe innocent,andthespreadingofterrorandfearamongtheMuslims.Thesignsbywhichtheywere distinguishedweredeclaringrebellionandmutiny,regardingasunbelieversthosewhodidnot embracetheirbeliefs,andregardingtheMuslimsbloodasworthless.Manytraditionshavebeen narratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectoftheKharijitesunbeliefandapostasyfromIslam.He (a.s)hassaid:Therewillbeaftermeapeoplefromamongmycommunitywhowillrecitethe Quran,butitwillnotexceedtheirthroats.Theywillrenegethereligionjustasthearrowpasses throughthetarget.Thentheywillnotreturntoit.Theyarethewickedestofthecreation.[1]

AbuSaeedalKhidrinarratedthatonedayapropertycametoAllahsApostle(a.s)andhebegan givingtothisandtothat.Amongpeopletherewasamanwithshortgarments.Thereweresigns betweenhiseyesbecauseofprostrationinprayer.AllahsApostlecontinuedgivinguntilthe propertyfinished.Whenthepropertyfinished,themanwentawaysaying:ByAllah,youarenot justsincetoday!He(AbuSaeedalKhidri)said:AllahsApostle(a.s)beganturninghishandand saying:IfIamnotjust,thenwhowillbejustafterme?Somerebelswillrebel.Theywillrenege thereligionasthearrowpassesthroughthetarget.Thentheywillnotreturntoitatall.They recitetheQuran,butitdoesnotexceedtheirthroats.Theysaygoodwordsbuttheyperformbad deeds.Sowhoevermeetsthemshouldfightagainstthem.Whoeverkillsthemshallhavethebest reward,andwhomevertheykill [1]Muslim,Saheeh,vol.1,p.398. shallhavethebestmartyrdom.Allahhasdisownedthem.Theworthierofthetruthfromthetwo partieswillkillthem.[1] NarrationssimilartothesehavebeennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)byboththeShiaandthe SunniinrespectoftheirapostasyfromthereligionandtheirrebellionagainstIslam.Thetraditions areregardedasamonghismiraclesandamongthecommunicationsofhisprophethood,forthey havesomenewsoftheunseenthattookplaceafterhim.Anyway,theserebelsformedablocand sidedwithotherside.Theymaintainedtheirthoughtandannouncedtheirmutiny.WhenImamAli leftSiffinforKufa,theKharijitesdidnotgowithhim.TheywenttoHarawra[2],andtheyhave beenascribedtoit.Theirnumberwastwelvethousandpeople.Theircallercalledthattheir commanderinfightingwasShibthbinRibialTamimi,theirleaderinprayerwasAbdullahbinal KawwaalYashkuri,theauthoritywastobeconsultationaftertheconquest,thepledgeof allegiancewastoAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,enjoiningthegood,andforbiddingtheevil. ProtestandDebates ImamAliwasrestlessbecauseoftheserenegadesfromthereligion,sohesenttothemAbdullah binAbbasandorderedhimnottodebatewiththemuntilhecametohim.WhenAbdullahbin Abbasmetwiththem,hecouldfindnoescapefromdebatingwiththem.Heaskedthem:Why haveyouharboredmaliceagainstthetwoarbitrators?Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,hassaid:If theybothdesireagreement,Allahwilleffectharmonybetweenthem.[3]Sohowaboutthe communityofMuhammad(a.s)?TheKharijitesansweredhim: WhatAllahhasleftforpeopletodecideonisuptothem,andwhatHehasalreadydetermined, peoplehasnorighttochange.Hehasdeterminedthatafornicatoristobewhippedahundred whips,athiefsistobecutoff;therefore,peoplehavenorighttochangeit.AbdullahbinAbbas said:

Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,says:Astwojustpersonsamongyoushalljudge.[4] [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.2,p.154. [2]ItwassaidthatHarawrawasavillagenearKufa.Anditwassaidthatitwastwomilesfarfrom it.MujamalBuldan,vol.3,p.256 [3]Quran,4,35. [4]Ibid.,95. Doyouregardtherulingofgameandtheintercoursebetweenawifeandherhusbandlikethe rulingoftheMuslimsbloods?Thisverseisbetweenyouandus.Is(Amr)binalAasnearyouajust one,whileheyesterdaykilledusandshedourblood?Ifhewasjust,thenwewerenotjustwhere wefoughtagainsthim.YoumadethemenjudgebeforethecommandofAllah,whileAllah,the GreatandAlmighty,haddecreedHiscommandinrespectofMuawiyaandhispartythatthey shouldbekilledortheyshouldreturntothetruth.Beforethat,wehadsummonedthemtothe BookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,buttheyrefused.Thenyouwrotealetterbetweenyouand him,andmadepeaceandcordialitybetweenyouandhim,whileAllahhaspreventedpeaceand cordialitybetweenMuslimsandthosewhofightthemsincetheSuraofBaraawasrevealed exceptthosewhoacknowledgethetribute. AbdullahbinAbbaswentondebatingwiththem,andsodidthey.Thedefiniteproofshegaveto refutetheirwrongviewpointswereuseless.ImamAlialongwithagroupofhiscompanionswent totheserenegadestodebatewiththem.He(a.s)wenttothetentYazidbinQays.Heperformed theritualablutionandofferedtworukas.Thenhewalkedtowardsthepeople.HesawAbdullah binAbbasdebatingwiththem.Heblamedhim,saying:Refrainfromdebatingwiththem!HaveI notprohibitedyou?MayAllahhavemercyonyou!Thenheturnedtothepeopleandsaid:O Allah,thisistheplacewherewhoeversucceedsismoreappropriateforsuccessontheDayof Resurrection,andwhoeversaysandmakesmischiefshallbeblindinthehereafter;andmore erringfromtheway.Thenheaskedthem: Whoisyourleader? (Abdullah)binalKawwa. TheImam(a.s)addressedhimasking: Whathasmadeyoumutinyagainstus?YourdecisionattheBattleofSiffin!Iadjureyoubefore Allah.DidyouknowwhentheyraisedcopiesoftheQuran,yousaid:Werespondtothemfor AllahsBook!andIsaidtoyou:Iammoreawareofthepeoplethanyou.Theyarenotmenof religionandQuran.Iaccompaniedthemandknewthemwhenchildrenandgrownups.They werethewickedestwhenchildrenandgrownups!Goonyourrightandtruthfulness!Thepeople haveraisedthesecopiesoftheQuranasatrick,flattery,andaplot.However,yourefusedmy opinionandsaidno.Ratherweacceptfromthem.SoIsaidtoyou:Remembermyspeechtoyou

andyourdisobediencetome.WhenyourefusedexcepttheBook,Imadeaconditiononthetwo arbitratorsthattheyshouldenlivenwhattheQuranhasenlivenedanddeadenwhattheQuran hasdeadened.IftheyactedaccordingtothepreceptoftheQuran,thenwewouldhavenoright toopposewhatthearbitratorsdecidedaccordingtothatwhichwasintheQuran,andifthey refused,thenwewoulddisowntheirdecision! Thisbrilliantargumentrefutedallthatwhichtheyhadclungtoinordertoestablishtheirweak thought,andtheyinclinedtotheImamwithgentleness,sayingtohim: Doyouthinkthatitwasanactofjusticetoappointsomemenasarbitratorsoverbloods(killed people)?Wedidnotappointthemenasarbitrators;ratherweappointedtheQuranasajudge. ThisistheQuran,whichiswrittenbetweentwocovers.Itdoesnotutter;ratherthemensayit. Tellusaboutthefixedtime.Whydidyouappointitbetweenyouandthem?Thattheignorant mayknow,theknowledgeablemaybefirm,andthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,maysetright thiscommunityduringthistruce.ImamAli(a.s)knewthattheyhadyieldtohisspeech,sohesaid tothem:Enteryourcity,mayAllahhavemercyonyou!Theyrespondedtohimandtheyall wentwithhimtoKufa.However,theyretainedtheirownbeliefsandspreadthemamongthe peopleofKufa.TheymadetroublesandsummonedthepeopletorebelagainsttheImam.Their affairbecamefamousandtheybecamestrong.SomeofthemhurriedtointerrupttheImamwhile hewasdeliveringasermon,recitingthisQuranicVerse:IfyouascribeapartnertoAllah,your workwouldcertainlycometonaughtandyouwouldcertainlybeofthelosers.[1]TheImam answeredhimwithanotherverse:Thereforebepatient;surelythepromiseofAllahistrue,and letnotthosewhohavenocertaintyholdyouinlightestimation.[2] ThesituationbetweenImamAliandtheserebelsbecameworse,fortheyattackedtheinnocent people,andspreadfearandterrorinthelandthatthesecurityinthecountrybecamedisordered, andfearspreadamongthecitizens. [1]Qur'an,39,65. [2]Quran.,30,60. ThetwoArbitratorsholdaMeeting Muawiyaregainedhisforcesandmadefirmhisaffairafterthecollapsethathadbefallenhim.He senthismessengerstoImamAli.Heaskedhimtofulfillthearbitrationandtoallowthearbitrators toholdameeting.Hehurriedtodothatbecauseheknewthatdiscordsandmisfortuneshad befallentheIraqitroopsandtheydividedintotribesandparties,andheknewthatAbuMusaal AsharideviatedfromtheImamaswell.Accordingly,heintendedtoaddanothervictorytohis victory.TheImam(a.s)respondedtohim.Hesentfourhundredmenundertheleadershipof

ShurayhbinHanialHarithi[1].AmongthemtherewereAbdullahbinAbbastoleadthemin prayerandundertaketheiraffairs,andAbuMusaalAshari,whowaschosenforthearbitration. AndsodidMuawiya.HesentAmrbealAaswithfourhundredmen.Hesuppliedhimwith sufficientinformationaboutthedullone,AbuMusa,saying:Youwillfaceamanwithalong tongueandalittlereason!Therefore,donotemployyourentiremindagainsthim![2] ThetwopartieswentandarrivedinAdhruh[3]orDoumatalJandal[4].The [1]ShurayhbinHanibinYazidbinalHarthwasamongthosewholivedbeforeIslam.Thenhe becameMuslim.HewasgiventheKunyaofAbualMiqdam.HisfatherHaniwasacompanionof theProphet(a.s.).ShurayhwasamongthegreatestcompanionsofImamAli.AlIstiab. [2]AlIqdalFareed,vol.3,p.115. [3]AdhruhwasanameofaplaceinSham.ItwasnearthelandofalHijaz.Thearbitration betweenAmrbinalAasandAbuMusaalAsharitookplacethere.Itiscorrectbecausethe speechofDhulRimma,whohaspraisedBilal,thegrandsonofAbuMusaalAshari,saying: Your(grand)fathersetrightthereligionandthepeopleaftertheyhadbadlytreatedeachother, andthehouseofthereligionwasdemolished.Hestrengthenedthelinksofthereligionduringthe daysatAdhruhandrefusedthebattlesweregivenasaninjectiontoabarren. MujamalBuldan,vol.1,p.161. [4]DoumatalJandalwasthenameofaplacecoveredthroughsevenstagesfromDamascusand fromtheCityoftheProphet.AbuUbaydalSukunihassaid:DoumatalJandalwasastronghold andvillagesbetweenShamandMedina,neartheMountainofTay.TheBanuKinanfromKalb livedthere.ItwassaidthatthearbitrationhappenedatDoumatalJandal.AbdullahbinIsa,the grandsonofAbuLayla,hasnarrated:AbuMusaandIpassedthroughDoumatalJandal.Abu Musasaid:AllahsApostlerelatedtomethattwoarbitratorsjudgedbetweenthechildrenof Israelwithoppressionatthisplace,andthattwoarbitratorswilljudgebetweenmycommunity withoppressionatthisplace.Hesaid:Whenthedayspassed,he(AbuMusa)andAmrbinal Aasdecidedwhattheydecided.Thepoetscomposedmanypoemsonmentioningthemeetingat AdhruhexceptalAwaralShani,apoet,whohasmentionedDoumatalJandalinhispoetry. ThemeterwouldbecorrectifAdhruhreplacedDoumat.Thishasbeenmentionedinmeetingand thearbitrationwereheldthere.Thecunningperson,AmrbinalAas,metwiththeweakminded anddullperson,AbuMusa.Hegavehimtimeforthreedays.Hechoseaspecialplaceforhim.He gavehimdeliciousfoodanddrinks.Hedidnotdiscusstheaffairwithhimuntilhecompletely understoodhimandafterbribinghim.Whenheknewthathehaddominatedhim,hetalkedwith himwithgentlenessandleniency.Heshowedtowardhimadmiration,reverence,and magnification.Hesaidtohim:OAbuMusa,youarethechiefofthecompanionsofMuhammad (a.s)!Youhaveanexcellenceandprecedenceoverthem.Youseethatthiscommunityhasfallen

intoblindseditionwithwhichthereisnosafety.Therefore,isitpossibleforyoutobetheblessed oneofthiscommunity,thatAllahmaysparetheirbloodthroughyou?Allahsaysaboutonesoul: (andwhososavesthelifeofone,itshallbeasifhehadsavedthelifeofallmankind).Justimagine howaboutthesavingofthelivesofthesepeople! WhenwasAbuMusathechiefoftheProphetscompanions?Whendidhehavemeritsand precedenceinIslam?Thesewordsplayedwithhissoul,andheaskedabouthowhecoulddecide theconflict,saying:Howisthat? YoudeposeAlibinAbiTalib,repliedAmr,andIdeposeMuawiyabinAbiSufyan.Wechoose forthiscommunitythemanwhohasattendednothingofthediscordnorhasheplungedhis handsintoit.AbuMusaaskedhimaboutthepersonwhowouldbenominatedforthecaliphate. AmrunderstoodAbuMusasdesiresandinclinationstowardAbdullahbinUmar,sohesaidto him:HeisAbdullahbinUmar!AbuMusaalAsariwasverydelightedatthat.Heaskedhimfor covenantstofulfillwhathehadsaid:HowcanIbesureofthat? OAbuMusa,nowsurelybytheremembranceofAllaharetheheartssetatrest!Takepromises andcovenantsuntilyouaresatisfied!Thenhegavehimpromises,covenants,andstrongoaths,to theextentthathesworebyallthesacredthingstofulfillwhathehadsaid.TheSheikhwhowas oldinagebutsmallinmind(AbuMusa)wasastonishedattheclevernessthatAmrbinalAashad. Asaresultheexpressedhissatisfactionandacceptance. thebookMujamalBuldan,vol.4,p.106.InhisbookAliwaBanuh(AliandhisSons),p.107,Dr. TahaHusaynthinksthatthemeetingwasfirstholdatDoumatalJandalandthenatAdhruh. Theiragreementonthetimewhentheywouldmeetwasannouncedforpeople.Therecamethe terriblehourwhenthecourseofhistorychanged.Peoplegatheredtoreceivethedecisiveresult ofthisarbitrationforwhichtheywereimpatientlywaiting.Thecunningperson,AmrbinalAas, andthedeceivedone,AbuMusa,cametothepulpittoannouncebeforepeoplethedecisionson whichtheyhadagreed.AmrbinalAasturnedtoAbuMusaandsaidtohim: Riseandaddressthepeople,OAbuMusa. Youriseandaddressthem! GlorybelongstoAllah!ShallIprecedeyouwhileyouaretheSheikhofthecompanionsofAllahs Apostle?ByAllah,Iwillneverdothat! Isthereanythinginyoursoul? AmrtookastrongoathbeforeAbuMusatoconformtothepromisehehadgiventohim.[1]Asfor AbdullahbinAbbas,heknewaboutAmrbinalAasstrick.Theplotthatthiscunningpersonmade manifesteditself.AbdullahturnedtoAbuMusaandsaidtohim:Whatapity!Ithinkhehas

deceivedyou!Ifyouhaveagreedonanaffair,thenadvancehimandmakehimspeakbeforeyou! Amrisatreacherousman.Idonotthinkthathehasgivenyouconsentaboutthatwhichis betweenyouandhim!Hewillopposeyouwhenyouriseamongthepeople![2] However,thelowperson(AbuMusa)paidnoattentiontoAbdullahbinAbbassspeech.Hewent quicklytowardsthepulpit.Whenheascended,hepraisedandlaudedAllah.Hecalleddown blessingsuponMuhammad,andthenhesaid:Opeople,wereflectedonouraffairandknewthat theclosestthingtosecurity,righteousness,sparingblood,andbringingtogetherthefriendsisour deposingAliandMuawiya.IdeposeAliasItakeoffmyturban(andhetookoffhisturban).We haveappointedasacaliphamanwhowasacompanionofAllahsApostle(a.s),andhisfatherwas alsoacompanionoftheProphet(a.s).HebecameprominentthroughhisprecedenceinIslam.He isAbdullahbinUmar! Helaudedhimwithagoodlaudationandgavetohimgoodqualitiesandnobledescriptions.Abu MusaturnedawayfromImamAli(a.s)whowastheProphetsselfandthegateofthecityofhis knowledge.HenominatedAbdullahbinUmar,whodidnotknowhowtodivorcehiswifewellas his [1]AlIqdalFarid,vol.3,p.115. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.39. fathersaidabouthim.HowbadtimeitwasthatletsuchalowpersoncontroltheMuslimsand imposehisopiniononthem.Anyway,AmrbinalAaslaudedandpraisedAllah.Hecalleddown blessingsupontheProphet(a.s)andthenhesaid:Opeople,AbuMusaAbdullahbinQayshas deposedAliandremovedhimfromthismatterthatheseeks,andheisthemostawareofhim. Now,IdeposeAliashehasdone,andIappointMuawiya(asacaliph)overyouandme.Abu MusahaswritteninthedocumentthatUthmanwaskilledasanoppressedmartyr,[1]andthathis heirhastherighttoavengehisbloodinanycase.MuawiyawasacompanionofAllahsApostle himself,andhisfatherwasacompanionoftheProphet.Soheisthecaliphoverus.Wehaveto obeyhimandpledgeallegiancetohimtoavengeUthman. Thedull,deceivedperson(AbuMusaalAshari)saidtoAmrbinalAas:Whatwrongwithyou! MayAllahcurseyou!Youarelikeapantingdog!AmrbinalAasrebukedhimafterhehadused himasabridgetocrossover.Hesaidtohim:Youarelikeadonkeycarryingbooks!Yesthey werelikeadogandadonkey.Theyreallydescribedeachother.AbuMusasetofftowardsMecca carryingwithhimshameanddisgraceaftermakingthisblindseditionandtheripwhichcouldbe notmended.HeleftbehindhimthetrueImammoaningduetohis(AbuMusa)sillyarbitration. Throughhisarbitration,herecordedfortheIraqisshameanddisgracethathistorywouldnot forgetforever. TheIraqisrecordedshamefulpagesintheirhistorythroughtheirchoosingofAbuMusaalAshari,

whohaddullmindandweakreason.Sohowdidtheychoosehimtodecidetheirfateandthefate ofthefollowinggenerations?
ImamalHasansSpeech WhenthepainfulnewsofthedeposingofImamAlibyAbuMusawasannouncedbeforethe Iraqis,thediscordincreased,anddisagreementamongthembecamegreater.Theydisownedand cursedeachanother.AsforImamAli,hethoughtthatthedangeroussituationrequiredsomemen fromamonghishouseholdtoaddressthepeopleandtellthemabouttherealcondition,and explaintothemthatthearbitrationwascorrupt.Accordingly,hesaidtoalHasan:Rise,Omy littleson,andspeakinrespectofthesetwomen;AbdullahbinQaysandAmrbinalAas.Imamal Hasanascendedthepulpit.Hesaid:Opeople,youhavesaidtoomuchaboutthesetwomen. TheyweresenttoactaccordingtotheBookagainstthemeandesirebuttheyactedaccordingto themeandesireagainsttheBook.Whoeverissuchisnotcalled [1]AlMasudihasindetailwrittenthatinhisbookMurujjalDhahab,vol.1,p.277. anarbitrator,butaconvict.AbdullahbinQayshasmadeamistakewhenheentrustedit(the caliphate)toAbdullahbinUmar.AbdullahbinUmarhasmadeamistakeinthreequalities.The first,he(AbuMusa)opposedhis(AbdullabinUmar)father(thecaliphUmar),andhewasnot satisfiedwithhimtobeentrustedwiththecaliphate,nordidheappointhimasoneofthe membersoftheConsultativeCommittee.Thesecond,hedidnotappointhimasacommander. ThethirdisthattheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,whodecidedtheauthorityandruledthepeople throughit,hadnotunanimouslyagreedonhim.Asforthearbitration,itisthattheProphet(a.s) appointedSadbinMuath[1]asanarbitratorovertheBanuQurayda,andhedecidedaccording to [1]SadbinMuathbinalNumanalAnsariwasfromalAwsTribe.HebecameMuslimatthehand ofMusabbinUmayr.ThatwaswhentheProphetsenthimtoteachtheMuslimsinMedina(to readandwrite).WhenSadbecameMuslim,hesaidtotheBanualAshhal:Itisforbiddenforme tospeaktoyourmenandwomenunlessyoushouldbeMuslim.TheybecameMuslimsandsohe wasfromthegreatestblessedinIslam.HefoughtbesidetheProphetattheBattleofBadr.When theProphetheadedforBadr,thenewscametohimthattheQurayshwerereadytofightagainst him.TheProphet(a.s.)consultedhiscompanionsinrespectoftheaffair.AlMiqdadandAbuBakr announcedtheirobediencetohim.

However,he(a.s.)thoughtoftheAnsar,forthemajorityofhisArmywerefromthem.AsforSad, hecametoknowthathemeanttheAnsarthroughhisconsultation.Sohesaidtohim:Itseems thatyoumeanus,OAllahsApostle?Yes,he(a.s.)replied.Sadsaid:OAllahsApostle,we havebelievedinyou,believedyou,bornewitnessthatwhatyouhavebroughtisthetruth,and giventoyouourcovenantsforlisteningandobeying.Therefore,go,OAllahsApostle,towhatyou want.Wearewithyou.ByHimWhohassentyouwiththetruth,ifyoureviewedthisseathrough us,wewouldwadeintoitalongwithyou.Noneofuswillremainbehind,nordowehatetomeet ourenemytomorrow.Wearepatientduringbattleandtruthfulduringmeeting.MayAllahshow youthroughusthatwhichdelightsyou.SomakeuswalkthroughAllahsblessing.TheProphet (a.s.)waspleasedanddelightedwithhisspeech,andwasactivetomeetthepolytheists.When theBattleofalKhandaqtookplace,Sadwentoutwearinganarrowbreastplateofwhichhisarm wasout.Therewasaswordinhishand,andhewassaying: Acamelstayedforawhilethathemightjointhebattle. Thereisnofearofdeathwhenthemomentofdeathcomes! Hismothersaidtohim:Hurryup,Omyson!ByAllah,youhavebecomelate!Onthat,dayan arrowhithimontheankleandwoundedit.WhentheBanuQuraydayieldedtoSadsjudgment, hecamebackwhilehewaswounded.TheProphet(a.s.)saidtohiscompanions:Getupforyour masterorthebestofyou!WhenSadsatdown,AllahsApostle(a.s.)said:OSad,decideamong them!Sadsaid:Myjudgmentinrespectofthemisthatyoukilltheirfightersandtaketherest ascaptives.TheProphet(a.s.)said:YouhavejudgedaccordingtoAllahsjudgment!Whenhe finishedthearbitration,hiswoundbled.SotheAllahsApostleembracedhim.Thebloodflowed onhim,andhediedbecauseofhiswound.AllahsApostleandhisoldcompanionsweptforhim. Hismotherelegizedhim,saying: WoeuntoSadsmother,Sadisskillandhelp! whatpleasedAllah.Withoutdoubt,ifheopposed,AllahsApostle(a.s)wouldnotbepleasedwith him.Thenhewentdownthepulpit. Inhiswonderfulspeech,ImamalHasanhasmentionedthemostimportantpointsthatwerethe pivotoftheconflictandsourceofthediscord.Hehasindetailmentionedthemandclearly explainedthemtothecrowdedpeoplethatheleftnogapthroughwhichtherebelscouldpass. He(a.s)hasexplainedthattheopinionofthechosenarbitratorwouldhavebeenfollowedand beenasoundjudgmentifhehadjudgedaccordingtothetruthandnotyieldedtothecorrupt disputesanddesires.AsforAbuMusa,he,inhisarbitration,didnotyieldtothetruth;rather,he followedhislowdesiresandinclinations.Accordingly,henominatedforthecaliphateAbdullah binUmarwhilehisfatherhadnotseenthathewasworthyofit.Ifhethoughtthathewasworthy

ofthecaliphate,hewouldnominatehimforitorappointedhimasoneofthemembersofthe ConsultativeCommittee.Besides,thebasicconditionintheelectionwasthattheMuhajireenand theAnsarhadtoagreeontheelectedone.Thisdidnothappentohim.Inhisspeech,Imamal Hasan(a.s)hasexpressedthatthearbitrationwaslegalwhiletheKharijitesdeniedit.Hehas indicatedthatsayingthattheProphet(a.s)hadappointedSadbinMuathasanarbitratorover theBanuQurayda.Ifthearbitrationhadbeenillegal,thegreatProphet(a.s)wouldnothave followedit. AfterImamalHasan,AbdullahbinAbbasrose.HelaudedandpraisedAllah,andthenhesaid:O people,somepeoplehavehitthetruththroughsuccessandconsent.Somearesatisfiedwithit (thetruth)andsomearedissatisfiedwithit.AsforAbuMusa,hewentwithguidancetodeviation, andasforAmr,hewentwithdeviationtoguidance.Whentheymet,AbuMusawithdrewhis guidance,andAmrwentonhisdeviation.ByAllah,iftheyhadjudgedduetotheQuranAbu Musawalked,andAliwashisImamandAmrwalkedwhilehisImamwasMuawiya. AfterAbdullahbinAbbashadfinishedhisspeech,ImamAlicommandedAbdullahbinJafarto deliveraspeech.Thelaterwentupthepulpitandsaid:Opeople,thisisamatterthatAliis decideonandothersaretobesatisfied.YouhadbroughtAbuMusaandsaid:Wearesatisfied withthisman;therefore,besatisfiedwithhim.ByAllah,theydidnotreformShamthroughwhat theymade,nordidtheycorruptIraq,nordidtheydeadenAlisright,orenlivenedMuawiyas falsehood.ThelittlefollowersandSatansincitementWoeuntoSadsmother,Sadisstrictness andseriousness! WhentheProphetheardher,hesaid:Everymournerisaliarexcepttheonewhomournsfor Sad!ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookUsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.296. donotremovethetruth.Today,wefollowAlijustaswefollowedhimyesterday.Thenhewent downthepulpit.[1] TheMutinyoftheKharijites WhenthearbitrationfailedandthedelegationofKufacamebackwithdisappointmentand failure,ImamAlisparednoefforttourgethepeopletofightagainsttherebelliousforces.The peoplerespondedtothat.However,theKharijitesmademischiefintheland.TheyleftKufaand campedatalNahrawan.[2]TheyaskedAbdullahbinKhabbabbinalArat[3],agreatcompanion oftheProphet,whopassedbythem: Whoareyou? Abelievingman! WhatdoyouthinkofAlibinAbiTalib?

heisAmeerulMominin(commanderofthebelievers);thefirstoftheMuslimstobelievein AllahandHisApostle. Whatisyourname? AbdullahbinKhabbabbinalArat,thecompanionofAllahsApostle. Haveweterrifiedyou?Yes. [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.144. [2]AlNahrawanwasadistrictbetweenBaghdadandWasitfromtheeasternside.Itsborderwas connectedtoBaghdad.IthadmanytownslikeIskaf,alSafiya,andothers.Thebattlebetween ImamAliandtheKharijitestookplacethere.Therewasagreatriverinit.However,theriverwas destroyed.Thereasonforitsdestructionwasthatthekingsdifferedandfoughtagainsteach otherduringthedaysoftheSeljuks.Allthekingsdidnottakecareofit,andtheriverwasinthe wayofthetroops.Allthesereasonsrequiredtheinhabitantstoleaveit,thatdestruction dominatedit.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookMujamalBuldan. [3]AbdullahbinKhabbabbinalAratalMadainiwastheallyofBanuZahra.Henarratedtraditions ontheauthorityofhisfatherandUbaybinAbiKaab.Sometraditionistsreportedonhisauthority suchasAbdullahbinalHarith,AbdurrahmanbinAbzi,acompanionoftheProphet.Inrespectof himalIjlihassaid:Heistrustworthy.Hewasamongthesecondgeneration.TheHarawritskilled him.ImamAlisenthimtothem,buttheykilledhim.IbnHayyanhasmentionedhimasamongthe trustworthy.AlGhalabihassaid:AbdullahwasamongtheMuslimmasters.Thishasbeen mentionedinthebookTahthibalTahthib,vol.5,p.196.Isay:Thebooksofhistoryand biographyhavenotmentionedthatImamAlisentAbdullahtotheKharijites.OnlyalIjlihas mentionedthat.IthasbeenmentionedinthebookalIsaba,vol.2,p.302:TheKharijiteskilled AbdullahwhenhewasgoingtoKufatomeetImamAli. Donotbeafraid. RelatetousfromyourfatheratraditionhehadheardfromAllahsApostle,thatmayAllah benefituswithit.Yes.AllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:Aftermetherewillbeaseditionduring whichmansheartdiesjustashisbodydies.Intheevening,heisabelieverandinthemorninghe willbeanunbeliever.Wehaveaskedyouaboutthistradition.ByAllah,wewillkillyouinaway thatwehaveneverkilledanyonein. Thentheytiedhim.Theybroughthimalongwithhiswife,whowaspregnantandabouttogive birth.Theyputthembesideadatepalm.Afreshdatefelldown.Oneofthemhurriedtoitandput itintohismouth.Anotheronesaidtohim:Youhaveunlawfullyeatenit.Heimmediatelyspatit out.Oneofthemdrewhissword,struckwithitapigbelongingtoanonMuslimmanandkilledit. Oneofthemshoutedathim,saying:Thisisofthemischiefintheland!

Themanhurriedtotheownerofthepigandsatisfiedhim.WhenAbdullahbinKhabbabsawthat, hesaidtothem:IfyouaretruthfulinwhatIsee,thenIfeelnofearofyou.ByAllah,Ihavemade nomistakeinIslam.Iamabeliever,andyouhavegivenmesecurity.Youhavesaid:Thereisno harmonyou!However,theypaidnoattentiontohisspeech.Theybroughthimalongwithhis wife.Theymadehimliedownatthebankoftheriver.Theyputhimonthatpigwhichtheyhad killed.Thentheykilledhim.Thentheywalkedtowardshiswife,whowasshakingwithfear.She knewthattheghostofdeathdominatedher.Shewaslookingatherkilledhusband.Sheasked themformercyandbeggedthem,saying:Iammereawoman!DoyounotfearAllah! However,theypaidnoattentiontoheraskingformercyandbeseeching.Theyhurriedtowards herasdogs.Theykilledherandsplitherbellyopen.Thentheywenttothreewomenandkilled them.AmongthemtherewasUmmSinanalSaydawiya,whowasacompanionoftheProphet (a.s).TheeviloftheKharijitesdidnotstopatthislimit.Theypreviewedthepeople,spreadterror amongthem,andmadecorruptionintheland. TheBattleofalNahrawan ImamAlisenttotheKharijitesalHarithbinMurrahalAbditoaskthemaboutthereasonfortheir terrifyingagainstinnocentpeopleandtheirspreadingofterrorintheland.Whenhereached them,theykilledhim.WhenthenewsofhismurderreachedImamAli,someofhiscompanions saidtohim:OAmeerulMominin,whyyouletthese(Kharijites)remainafterustosucceedusin ourpropertiesandfamilies?Takeustothemandwhenwefinishthatwhichisbetweenusand them,takeustoourenemyfromthepeopleofSham.TheImamagreedwiththem.Heknewthat thedangercomingformtheKharijiteswasgreaterthanthedangerofMuawiya,becauseoftheir nearnesstohiscapital.Withoutdoubt,theywouldhavemadedisordersifhehadgonetofight againstMuawiya.TheImamdecidedtogotothem.Hiscallercalledamongthetroops:The departure!OServantsofAllah,thedeparture! TheImamstroopsmoved.TheIslamicthoughturgedthemtofightagainstthoserebelledagainst thereligionandplayedwiththesecurityofpeople.WhentheyreachedtheKharijites,ImamAli sentthemamessengertoaskthemtohandhimthosewhokilledAbdullahbinKhabbabandal HarithbinMurrah.However,theyallgaveoneanswer:Weallkilledthem!Weallregardthe sheddingofyourandtheirbloodsaslawful! Then,theImamhimselfwalkedtowardsthemanddeliveredaspeechsaying:Ogroupofpeople, Iwarnyouthatthenationwillcurseyoutomorrowwhenyouwillbekillednearthisriverwhile youhaveneitherclearexcusenorproof.DidyounotknowthatIhadprohibitedyoufromthe arbitration,toldyouthattherequestofthepeople(ofMuawiya)wasatrick,informedyouthat thepeoplewereneitherthemenofreligionnoroftheQuran,andthatIwasmoreawareofthem thanyou?Irealizedthemwhentheywerechildrenandgrownups.Theywerethewickedest

grownupsandchildren.Theyarethemenofcunningandtreachery.Ifyoupartedwithmeand myopinion,youwouldpartwithgoodanddetermination.However,youdisobeyedmeandforced meuntilIacceptedthearbitration.WhenIdidthat,Istipulated,madesure,andrequiredthetwo arbitratorsthattheyshouldenlivenwhattheQuranhasenlivenedanddeadenwhattheQuran hasdeadened.However,theydifferedandopposedthejudgmentoftheBookandtheSunnaand actedaccordingtothemeandesire.Sowelefttheircommand.Wearestillonourfirstaffair. Therefore,whatisyournews?Andfromwheredidyoucome? Inhisspeech,ImamAli(a.s)hasexplainedthattheyforcedhimtoacceptthearbitration,accepted itunwillinglyandhislifewasliabletodanger,andthatherequiredthetwoarbitratorstojudge accordingtotheQuranandtheSunnaoftheProphet.Astheydidnotjudgeaccordingtothatand didnotfollowthetruth,theirjudgmentwasrefused.However,thesewickedpeople,whodidnot understandtheImamsspeech,answeredtheImaminawayindicatingthattheywenttoofarin ignorance.Theysaid:Whenweappointedthetwomenasarbitrators,weweremistakeninthat andwereinfidels.Wehaverepentedofthat.Ifyoubearwitnessagainstyourselfthatyouwerean infidelandyourepentaswerepented,thenwewillbewithyouandbelongtoyou;otherwise, youshouldbeawayfromus.Ifyourefuse,wewillpartwithyou. TheImamsaidtothem:ShallIsayandbearwitnessagainstmyselfthatIamaninfidelaftermy faithinAllah,andaftermyemigrationandjihadwithAllahsApostle(a.s)?IfIdo,thenIhavegone astray,andIamnotamongtherightlyguided.Woeuntoyou!Whyhaveyoupermittedkillingus andthemutinyagainstourcommunity?Thepeoplechosetwomenandsaidtothem:Reflect throughthetruthonthatwhichsetsrightthecommunity,thatamanmaybedeposedandone mayreplaceanother.Isitlawfulforyoutoputyourswordsonyourshouldersandstrikewith themthepeoplesheadsandshedtheirblood;thisistheclearloss![1]Whentheyknewthatthey wereunabletorefutetheImamsargument,theycalledeachother:Donotaddressthemanddo notspeakwiththem!Getreadyforthebattle!Thedeparture,thedeparturetotheParadise! WhentheImamwashopelessofguidingthemortakingthembacktothewayofthetruth,he mobilizedhistroopsandcommandedthemnottostartfightinguntiltheyfoughtagainstthem. WhentheKharijitessawthatreadiness,theygotreadytoo.Astheirsoulsandheartswerefullof yearningforfightingasthethirstyyearnedforwater,theycalledeachother:Isthereanyone whowantstogototheParadise? TheyallrespondedtothatandstronglyattackedImamAlistroops,saying:Nojudgmentexcept Allahs!TheImamshorsemenformedtwoparties.Onepartywenttotherightwingandthe otherwenttotheleftwing.AsfortheKharijites,theywererushingbetweenthetwoparties.The Imamscompanionsreceivedthemwitharrows.Itwasonlyanhourandtheyallwerekilled.None escapeddeathexceptninepersons.[2]Whenthebattlecametoanend,theImamaskedhis companionstolookforThualThadya[3]amongthekilled.Theycarefullylookedforhimbutthey

did [1]AlImamwaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.155. [2]AlShahristani,alMilalwaalNihal,vol.1,p.159.Hehasmentioned:Twoofthemescapedto Oman,twoofthemtoKirman,twoofthemtoSajistan,twoofthemtoalJazirah,andoneofthem toTalMouzoon.Theyspreadtheirbeliefsintheseplaceswheretheirheresiesappeared. [3]InrespectofThialThadya,AnasbinMalikhassaid:Weadmiredtheworshipofamanduring thetimeofAllahsApostle(a.s.).WementionedthattoAllahsApostle(a.s.)andgavehimthe mansname,buthedidnotrecognizehim.Whilewewerementioninghim,amancametowards us.Wesaidtohim:OAllahsApostle:Thatnotfindhim.TheyreturnedtoImamAli(a.s)andtold himthattheyhadnotfoundtheman.Heaskedthemtolookforhim,saying:Ihaveneversaida lienorhaveIbeenaccusedoflying.MayAllahhavemercyonyou!Lookfortheman!Heisamong thekilled! Theywentandlookedforhim.OneoftheImamscompanionsfoundhim,andsohehurriedto theImamrunningandtoldhimthat.TheImamsaid:Allahisgreat!Ihavenotfabricatedalie againstMuhammad!He(ThialThadya)hasadefectivehandthathasnobone.Attheendofit thereisanipplelikethatofawomansbreastandtherearefiveorsevenhairsonitwhoseends arecrooked.TheImamorderedthecorpseofThialThidiyatobebrought.Itwasbroughtbefore him.Helookedathisarmandfoundonitabreastlikethatofawomanandtherewereblackhairs onit.WhentheImamsawthat,heprostratedhimselfbeforeAllah.Thenhedividedamonghis companionstheKharijitesweaponsandanimals.Hereturnedtheequipmentandtheservantsto theirowners. Thehorribleconsequences GreatordealsandtroublesfollowedthebattlesofSiffinandalNahrawan.Theydrownedthe countryintoeventsandmisfortunes.TheybroughtaboutadesertiontoImamAliandhissonal Hasan.Wewillmentionsomeofthemasfollows: istheman!Whenhe(a.s.)lookedathim,hesaid:Youaretellingmeaboutamanonwhoseface thereisoneofSatanssigns.Themancametowardsusandstoppedwithoutgreetingus.Allahs Apostle(a.s.)saidtohim:IadjureyoubeforeAllah,didyousaytoyourselfwhenyoustoppedin frontofthegathering:Noneamongthepeopleisbetterthanme?Yes,byAllah,hereplied. Thenhe(theman)cameintoperformtheprayer.However,AllahsApostlesaid:Whocankillthe man?I,repliedAbuBakr.Hewenttohimandfoundhimpraying,sohesaid:Glorybelongsto Allah!ShallIkillthemanwhileheisprayingandAllahsApostlehadprohibitedfromkilling worshipers?Hewentout,andAllahsApostleaskedhim:Whathaveyoudone?Hereplied:I hatedtokillhimwhileheispraying,andyouhadprohibitedfromkillingworshipers.TheProphet (a.s.)askedhiscompanions:Whocankilltheman?I,Umarreplied.Hewenttohimandfound

himputtinghisforeheadontheground.SoUmarsaid:AbuBakrisbetterthanme.Thenhewent out.Whathaveyoudone?askedAllahsApostle.Ifoundhimputtinghisfaceonthegroundfor Allah,soIhatedtokillhim,repliedUmar.TheProphetasked:Whocankilltheman?I,replied ImamAli.TheApostlesaidtohim:Youaresufficienttohimifyoufoundhim!TheImamwentto himbuthedidnotfindhim.HereturnedtoAllahsApostleandtoldhimwhathapened,andthe Prophet(a.s.)said:Ifheiskilled,notwomenofmycommunitywilldisagree!Theirfirstandlast willbethesame!ThishasbeenmentioninthebookalIsaba,vol.1,p.484. 1.TheMutinyoftheTroops Afterthetwobattles,theIraqitroopswereafflictedwithdivision,mutiny,weakness,and tirednessofwar.Thereasonwasthatmanymenwerekilled,andthekilledonesbelongedto thosemilitaryregiments.Therefore,mourning,impatience,andgrumblingspreadamongthem. Becauseofthatthemilitaryforcesweretiredoffighting.Theylikedpeace,andpreferred tranquility.ThatclearlyappearedwhenImamAliwantedtogotofightagainstMuawiyaafterthe BattleofalNahrawan.Theydidnotrespondtohim.Forexample,alAshathbinQayssaidtohim: OAmeerulMominin,ourarrowsareover,ourswordsaretired,andourspearheadsareblunt. Letusreturntoourheadquarterstosupplyourselveswiththebestequipments.Perhaps, AmeerulMominincanrecompensethenumberofthosewhowerekilled,forthatwillbe sufficienttousagainstourenemy! Becauseofthespeechofthiscunning,wickedperson,thefighterslefttheircamps.Theyescaped andenteredthenearbycities.TheImamwassurethattheymutiniedagainsthimandshowedno obediencetohim.Hewasforcedtoreturntohiscapital(Kufa).Fromthiscase,weunderstand thatthetroopsweredesirousforpeaceandweretiredofwar.AfterthattheImamtriedtorepair theconditionsbuthecouldnot. 2.LosinghisprominentCompanions AttheBattleofSiffin,ImamAlilosthismostimportantcompanionswhowereveryfaithfuland loyaltohim.TheyweretherighteousremainderfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,who struggledforthedignityofIslamandbuiltitsedifices.Iftheyhadbeenalive,theImamstroops wouldnothavemutinied.Heshowedgreatsorrowattheirdeathandhebitterlyweptforthem. HerememberedthemwhenhewasdeliveringaspeechfromabovethepulpitofKufa.Hedeeply sighedandsaid:Itisnoharmforourbrotherswhosebloodswereshedat(theBattle)ofSiffin thattheyarenotalivetodaytosufferpangsandmeetoffences!ByAllah,theyhavemetAllah, andHehasgiventhemtheirrewards!AndHehasmadethemliveintheAbodeofSecurityafter theirfear!Wherearemybrotherswhowalkedinthewayandfollowedthetruth?Whereis Ammar?AndwhereisIbnalTayhan?[1]And [1]IbnalTayhanisMalikbinalTayhanbinMalikalAwsi.Hewasamongthesixpersonswhomet

AllahsApostle.HewasthefirstoftheAnsartomeethimandwasthefirsttopledgeallegianceto himonthenightofalAqaba.Itwassaidthathewasnotthefirsttopayhomage.MalikandUsayd binKhudayrwerethechiefsoftheBanuAbdilAshhal.HewaspresentatthebattlesofBadr,Uhd, andallofthebattles.ItwassaidthathediedduringthereignofUmarintheyear20A.H.Andit wassaidthathefoughtonbehalfofImamAliattheBattleofSiffinanddiedshortlyafterthat.In thebookalIstiabithasbeenmentioned:MostsurelyhefoughtonbehalfwhereisThual Shahadatayn(theoneoftwotestimonies)?[1]Andwherearetheirequalsfromamongtheir brotherswhomadeacontractfortheintentionandwhoseheadsweresenttothesinners? Thenheputhishandonhisholybeard.Heweptforalongtime,andthensaid:Ahformy brothers,whorecitedtheQuranandmasteredit,reflectedonthereligiousdutyandperformed it,enlivenedtheSunna,deadenedtheinnovation,weresummonedtojihadandtheyresponded, andtrustedintheleaderandfollowedhim![2] Hewasverysadforlosingthechoiceofhispeoplewhosehighpositionwaswellknown,who understoodhisobjectives,andfollowedhisvaluableinstructionsandteachings,totheextentthat theybecamemodelsofperfectionandfaith.WhentheBattleofSiffindestroyedtheseideal people,theImambecamehelpless.Hefoundnoneinthatdefectivesocietytosupportandhelp himachievewhathewantedinthislifesuchasreformingthesociety,andspreadingthe standardsofjusticeandequalityamongpeople.AsforhisopponentMuawiya,hedidnotloseat theBattleofSiffinanyofhisfollowerswhowereloyaltohim;rather,manyofthose,whosoldhim theirconsciencesandfollowedafterthepleasuresofthisworld,joinedhim. 3.OccupationandInvasion MuawiyastudiedthepsycheoftheIraqitroopsandunderstoodtheirweaknessandtheir disobediencetoImamAli.HeoccupiedtheMuslimcountriesonebyone.Hesenthugetroopsto Egypt,whichwasthehopeandwishofAmrbinalAas.Theyoccupieditandkilleditsgovernorthe goodone,MuhammadbinAbiBakrinaterribleway.AsfortheIraqis,theywereofImamAliat theBattleofSiffinandwaskilledatit.TheImamsclearlyspeechindicatesthat. [1]ThualShahadataynwasKhuzaymabinThabitbinalFakihalAnsari,alAwsi.Hewasgiventhe kunyaofAbuImarah.AllahsApostle(a.s.)madehistestimonyasequaltothatoftwomen.Once, theProphetboughtahorsefromSawabinQaysalMuharibi.Sawadeniedthepurchase. KhuzaymaborewitnessfortheProphet.AllahsApostleaskedhim:Whathasmadeyoubear witnesswhileyouwerenotpresentwithus?Hereplied:Ihavebelievedyouinrespectofwhat youhavebroughtandcometoknowthatyousaybutthetruth.SohowdoInotbelieveyouin respectofthismatter?SoAllahsApostlesaid:FororagainstwhomeverKhuzaymabears witnessissufficienttohim.KhuzaymafoughtonbehalfofAllahsApostleatthebattlesofBadr, Uhdandallthebattles.HefoughtonbehalfofImamAliatthebattlesofalJamalandSiffin.When

AmmarbinYasirwaskilledattheBattleofSiffin,Khuzaymasaid:IheardAllahsApostlesay:The oppressivepartywillkillAmmar.Thenhedrewhisownswordandfoughtuntilhewaskilled. ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookUsdalGhaba,vol.2,p.114. [2]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.130. laggardtorespondtotheImamandrisewithhimtoresistthisaggression.Then,Muawiyasent othertroopsundertheleadershipofthesinfulrogue,BisrbinAbiArtaa[1].Thisrudeleader headedforMedinawhosegovernorwasAbuAyyubalAnsari[2],whofeltfearandescaped.Bisr enteredMedinaandhemadeterrorandfearenterthehearts.Hemadeaspeechbeforeits peopleandhisspeechwasfullofrudenessandseverity.Hesaidthroughspeech:Opeopleof Medina,wereitnotforMuawiyaspromise,Iwouldkillalltheadults. Whenthissinner(Busr)controlledMedina,heheadedforMeccaandoccupiedit.He,byforce, tookthepledgeofallegiance(toMuawiya).ThenhewenttoYemenwhosegovernorwas UbaydillahbinalAbbas,whoescapedandsavedhimselffromBisrsevil,andheadedforKufato informImamAliofthat.WhenBisrenteredYemen,hetookfromitspeoplethepledgeof allegiance(toMuawiya).HelookedfortwochildrenofUbaydillah.Whenhefoundthem,hekilled them.[3]Whentheirnewsreachedtheirmother,shewasshocked,andwasabouttoloseher mindbecauseofhergreatsorrowforthem. WhentheterriblenewsreachedImamAli,hewenttohiscompanionswhilehewassodistressed forthecontinuousmutinyinhistroops.Headdressed[1]HisfullnameisBisrbinAbiArtaaal Qurashi.ThenameofAbiArtaaisUmayr.ItwassaidthathisnamewasUwaymiralAamiri.This rudepersoncommittedcrimesandsinswhichnonehadcommitted.Forexample,hekilledthe twosonsofUbaydillahbinalAbbas.ThetwosonswereAbdurrahmanandQatham.Theywere children.BisrdidnotpayattentiontotheirkinshiptoAllahsApostle(a.s.)andtheirbeingtoo children.HeattackedHamadanandtookthewomenthereinascaptives,andtheywerethefirst Muslimwomentobetakenascaptives.HekilledmanypeoplefromtheBanuSad.Healso committedothersimilarcrimes.ThissinfulpersonfoughtagainstImamAliattheBattleofSiffin. TheImamstabbedhim,andhefellonthegroundandshowedhisprivateparts,sotheImamleft him. BusrdotedattheendofhislifeanddiedinMedina.ItwassaidthathediedinalShamduringthe lastdaysofMuawiyasrule.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)alIstiab,vol.1,pp.154163. [2]AbuAyyubisKhalidbinZaydbinKulaybalAnsari.HebelongedtotheBanualNajjar.Hewas knownforhisnameandkunya.HewaspresentwiththeProphetatalAqaba,theBattleofBadr, andthebattlesafterit.WhentheProphetarrivedinMedina,hestoppedathishouseuntilhe builthishousesandhismosque.TheProphetmadehimassociateasbrotherwithMusabbin Umayr.ImamAliappointedhimasagovernoroverMedinawhenhewenttoIraq.Thenhe(Abu

Ayyub)joinedhim.HefoughtwithImamAliagainsttheKharijites.Hekeptonjihadafterthe ProphetuntilhediedinConstantinople.Hediedintheyear50A.H.,anditwassaidthathewas diedintheyear52A.H.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba,vol.1,p.405. [3]AbialFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.180. them,saying:IhavebeeninformedthatBisrhasoverpoweredYemen.ByAllah,Ithinkthatthose willovercomeyoubytheirunityontheirfalsehoodandyourdisunityonyourtruth,and separation,yourdisobediencetoyourImaminthetruth,andtheirobediencetotheirleaderin falsehood,theirfulfillmentofthetrustinfavoroftheirmasterandyourbetrayal,andtheir righteousnessintheircountriesandyourmischief.IfIentrustoneofyouwithabowl,Ifearthat hemaystealitshandle. OAllah,Iamboredofthemandtheyareboredofme.Changethemformewithbetterthan them,andchangemeforthemwithworsethanme.OAllah,melttheirheartsassaltmeltsin water.ByAllah,IwishIhadathousandhorsemenfromBaniFarasbinGhanam.[1]ThenImamAli camedownthepulpit.[2] FromthisspeechwecanconcludethattheImamstroopswerecorruptandtreacherous; therefore,thereisnowonderwhenImamalHasanrefusedthemandletMuawiyarulethem.The peoplewhodonotsupportthetruthanddonotdefendtheirdignityareworthyofbeing subservienttotyrants.Muawiyawasnotsatisfiedwiththat.Hesenthugetroopsunderthe leadershipofSufyanbinAwftoattacktheIraqisintheirowncountry.HistroopsinvadedHeet[3] andAnbar[4].Hehorriblykilledtheirinhabitantsandinflictedheavydamagesontheirproperties. WhentheirnewsreachedImamAli,hebecameverysad,forheknewthatfalsehoodhadbecome firm,thathewasunabletodestroyandputanendtoit,whenhesawhiscompanionswhose heartswerefulloffear,abasement,andcowardice.He(a.s)ascendedthepulpitandaddressed themwithawonderfulspeechthatshowedwhatwasinhissoulofcontinuousworriesand sorrows,andpicturedwhatwasinthesoulsofhiscompanionssuchassubservience,weakness, andfeebleness.Hesaid:Beware!Icalledyouinsistentlytofightthesepeoplenightandday, secretlyandopenlyandexhortedyoutoattackthembeforetheywouldattack [1]TheBanuFaraswereatribefamousforbravery.AmongthemtherewasAlqama,whowas delightedwhenhestabbed.AmongthemwasRabeeabinMakdam,theprotectorofhis womenfolkdeadandalive.Noneotherthanhimprotectedhiswomenfolk. [2]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBelagha,vol.1,p.60. [3]ItwasavillagenearBaghdadandtothenorthofalAnbar.Ithadalotofdatepalmsand boons.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)MujamalBuldan,vol.8,p.486. [4]ItisacityatthebankoftheEuphrates.ItissituatedinthewesternpartofBaghdad.Thereare tenleaguesbetweenthem.SaburbinHurmuzThulAktaf,wasthefirsttobuildit.ThenAbual

AbbasalSaffah,thefirstAbbasidcaliph,renewedit,builtpalacestherein,andresidedinituntil hedied.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)MujamalBuldan,vol.1,p.340. you,for,byAllah,everypeopleareattackedintheirownhome,theymeetdisgrace.However,you putitofftoothersandforsookittilldestructionbefellyouandtillyourcitieswereoccupied.This isthemanfrom(theBanu)GhamidwhosehorsemenhavereachedalAnbar,killedHassaanbin HassaanalBakri,andremovedyourhorsemenfromtheirgarrisons. IhavecometoknowthateveryoneofthementereduponMuslimandnonMuslimwomenand tookawaytheirornamentsfromtheirlegs,arms,necks,andears.Nowomancouldbutsaying:To AllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn! Thentheywentbackladenwithwealthwhilelosingnodropofblood.IfanyMuslimdiesofgrief afterthat,heisnottobeblamedbutratherhewillbepreferrednearme. Howwonder!ByAllah,itkillstheheartandcausesgriefthatistoseetheunityofthesepeople (Muawiyaspeople)ontheirwrongandyourdispersionfromyourright.Woeandgriefuntoyou! Youhavebecomethetargetatwhicharrowsareshot.Youarebeingkilledandyoudonotkill.You arebeingattackedbutyoudonotattack.Allahisbeingdisobeyedandyouaresatisfied.WhenI askyoutomarchagainsttheminsummer,yousay:itishot.Respiteustillheatsubsidesfromus. WhenIcommandyoutomarchinwinter,yousay:itisseverelycold;giveustimetillcoldclears fromus.Isallthatescapingfromheatandcold?ByAllah,yourescapingfromtheswordisgreater. Oyousemimenandnomen!Oyouchildrensmindsandwomensreasons!IwishIhadnotseen you,norhadIknownyou!ByAllah,thisacquaintancehasbroughtaboutregretandgrief.May Allahfightyou!Youhavefilledmyheartwithpus,loadedmybosomwithrage,mademedrink griefadoseafteranother,anddestroyedmydeterminationbyyourdisobeyingand disappointing. Thiswonderful,enthusiasticspeechdidnotmovethem,nordiditremovethespiritofweakness andmutinyfromthem.Theyhadsurrenderedtothearmedaggression.Muawiyatookfromtheir propertiesandtheirsoulswhateverhewanted. 4.SeditionofalKhurayt ThetribulationoftheImamwasnotconfinedtohiscompanionsandhisopponentMuawiya.The tribulationandtheevilexceededtothatwhichwasgreaterandmoreintense.Itwasthethought oftheKharijiteswhichwasnotfinishedoffattheBattleofalNahrawan,butsomeofitsadopters werekilled.Itgrewwideranditssupportersbecamemore.Theycreatedthemosthorrible problemsintheMuslimsociety.TheysummonedpeopletomutinyagainsttheImams government.ThemostimportantoneofthemwasalKhurayt[1]who,withagroupofhis

companions,revoltedagainsttheimam.ImamAli(a.s)senttothemanarmytomakethemcome backtoobedienceandorfightthemiftheyrefused. Thereweredebatesandargumentsbetweenthem.WhenalKhuraytrefusedtoreturnto obedience,aviolentbattlehappenedbetweenthetwoparties,buttheydidnotdefeateach other.ThenalKhuraytandagroupofhiscompanionsescapedtoBasra.TheImamstroop returnedwithoutwinninganything.TheImamsentothertroopsgreaterinnumberandpower.He commandedthemtofollowaftertherebels.Inthemeantime,hewrotealettertoAbdullahbin Abbas,hisgovernorofBasra,tosupplythetroopswithwhattheyneeded.AbdullahbinAbbas responded. Thetwopartiesmetandaviolentbattlehappenedbetweenthem.Thesignsofweaknessand feeblenessappearedinalKhuraytstroops,buthewasabletofleewithhiscompanionsduring thedarknightandgotoAhwaz.Therehesoweddiscordandpropagatedhisthoughtamongthose simplemindedpeoplewhodidnotunderstandtheIslamicthought,nordidtheyreflectonits objectivesandreality.Theyrespondedtohim,andhemadethemrefrainfromIslam.He preventedtheArabsfromgivingalmsandtheChristiansfromgivingpolltaxes,thatmany Christians,whohadbeenMuslims,renouncedIslam.Manyofthosestupidfollowedhim,andhis casebecamemanifestandhispowerbecamestrong.However,theImamstroopfollowedthem untiltheyfoundthem.Thenabattletookplacebetweenthemandledtothemurderofal Khuraytandagroupofhisparty.ThecommanderoftheImamstroopstooktherestofal Khuraytstroopsascaptives.HewaskindtothosewhobecameMuslimandaskedtheapostates toturntoAllahinrepentance.HetookascaptivesthosewhorefusedtobeMuslim. Inthismanner,thetroubleswidenedandincreasedintheMuslimcapital,whichwasunderthe Imamscontrol.TheybroughtaboutbetrayingandthenkillingtheImam,betrayinghissonal Hasan,causingmanydamagestotheMuslimsociety,andmakingitsinkintogriefsanddistresses. ThehorribleresultsaftertheBattleofSiffinbroughtaboutacollapseandweaknesstothe Muslims.TherebelliousforcesovercametheforcesofthetruthandIslam,pavedthewayforthe UmayyadstogoverntheMuslims,possessalonetheirpropertiesandabilities,andsparenoeffort tofightagainstrighteousnessandallgoodtendencies.TheMuslimscomplainedoftheirtyranny, dictatorship,andoppression. [1]AlKhuraytbinRashidalNaajiwastheleaderofallthetribeofMudharattheBattleofal Jamal.HewasappointedasagovernorbyAbdullahbinAamiroveraPersiandistrict.Hewaswith ImamAliuntilthearbitrationtookplace.Soheopposedhim,partedwithhim,andwenttoPersia. AlIsaba,vol.1,p.422.

ChapterXII:TheDemiseoftheTruth AftertheBattleofSiffin,ImamAlistayedinKufa.Hewassadanddistressed.Hereceivedvarious kindsofterriblemisfortunes.Hesawthatjusticewaswronged,goodwaslost,errorbecamegreat, andtyrannywasexcessive.HeknewthatMuawiyasfalsehoodbecamefirmandhisaffair becameperfect.Hewasunabletobattleagainsthimbecausehisarmymutiniedagainsthim.He commandedthem,buttheydidnotobeyhim.Hesummonedthem,buttheydidnotrespond. Theyinclinedtorest,hatedtiredness,andhatedthejihadforthesakeofAllah.Thesedisasters leftinhissoulbittersorrows,totheextentthathewishedforthedeparturefromthisworld,that hemightgetridofitsproblemsandevil.HesupplicatedAllahtoquickenhistraveltoHim,saying: OAllah,hastenalMuradisunhappiness!AddressingthepeopleofKufa,hesaid:ByAllah,I wishthatAllahtookmeoutfromamongyoutoHisMercy! MaxNordawhasdecidedthesurvivalofthebadinsteadofthebest,becausethebestdoesnot lastlongintheworldoffalsehood.ImamAliwasthemostbrilliantreformerintheworld.He sparednoefforttoestablishjusticeandspreadequalityintheearth.Sohowwasitpossiblefor himtostayintheworldofdesiresanddeviation?Theopportunistsfoughtagainsthim.The seekersofhighranksandauthorityresistedhim.Thesociety,whichmeandesiresplayedwithand whichambitionsspoiled,deniedhim.Therefore,howwasitpossibleforhisgovernmentto continueinthatinsignificantsociety?TheImamssadnessincreasedbecausehehadlostthe righteousremainderfromamongthecompanionsoftheProphet(a.s)whoknewhistrendand studiedinhisschool. HiscompanionswereAmmarbinYasir,HashimalMirqal,ThushShahadatayn,andthelikefrom amongtheprominentbelieversonwhomhehaddependedtoestablishthetruth,refute falsehood,andenliventheprinciplesofthereligion.Afterhehadlostthem,helivedasastranger inthatsociety.Hehadneitherasupporternorafriend.HesupplicatedAllahandbeseechedHim totakehimtoHisneighborhood,thathemightgetridofthepainsofthisworldwherehefound nothingexceptexhaustionandtiredness. TheMeanPlot DuringtheseasonofhajjsomeKharijitesheldameetingandrememberedtheircompanionsand theMuslimswhohadbeenkilled.Theyaccusedthreeunbelievers,astheyclaimed,ofthat.The threewereImamAli(a.s),Muawiya,andAmrbinalAas.AbdurrahmanbinMuljamsaid:Iwillkill AlibinAbiTalibforyou.AmrbinBukayrsaid:IwillkillAmrbinalAasforyou.AndalHajjajbin AbdullahalSuraymisaid:IwillkillMuawiyaforyou.Theyagreedonacertaindayto

assassinatethesethreemen.Thedaywasthe18thofRamadan,intheyear40A.H.Theyalso appointedthetimeoftheassassination.ItwasthetimeoftheMorningPrayer.Thenthey separated.Eachofthemheadedforthepersonthathewastokill.AbdurrahmanbinMuljam arrivedinKufacarryingwithhimevilandunhappinesstoalltheinhabitantsoftheearth.Hecame toputoutthelightthatilluminatedtheworld.Hewenttohismaliciouscousin,Qatam.Hefellin lovewithher.QatambelievedintheKharijitesthought.Herfatherandbrotherwerekilledatthe BattleofalNahrawan.Soshewasbereavedofthem.AbdurrahmanbinMuljamproposedto her[1],butsherefusedtoaccepthimasahusbandunlesshewouldsatisfyherthirstforrevenge. Hesaidtoher:Iwillcarryoutallwhatyouwant! Shetoldhimaboutthedowryshewanted.Itwasthreethousanddirhams,aboyservant,agirl servant,andtokillAli.Thesinner,AbdurrahmanbinMuljamsaid:Youcanhaveallyouaskedfor, butasforthekillingofAli,Iseethatshallnotgetit.Heintendedtoconcealthematterfromher. However,thissinfulwoman(Qatam)madehimapprovetokillImamAliandencouragedhimto committhecrime,saying:Ifyoukillhim,youwillpleaseme,andlifewithmewillbehappyfor you.Ifyouarekilled,thentherewardofAllahwillbebetterforyouthanthisworld.Whenhe sawthatshewasserious,hemadeherknowabouthisintention,andthathehadcometothat townjustforthatpurpose. TheImamscompanionsfearedthattheKharijiteswouldassassinatehim.Theyaskedhimtotake someguardstoguardhimwhenhewentouttoofferprayersortocarryoutsometask.However, he(a.s)refusedthatandsaidtothem:OnmethereisgreatprotectionfromAllah.Whenmy deathcomes,it(theprotection)willleavemeandhandmeover(todeath).Atthattimethearrow (ofdeath)willnotfail,andthewoundwillnotheal. eGreatDisaster ThemonthofRamadanisthebestofmonthsandthegreatestoftheminsacrednesswithAllah, thatithasbeenascribedtoHimandcalledtheMonthofAllah.Whenthismonthcame,theImam knewthathewoulddeparttoAllahinthismonth.HehadsupperoneeveningwithalHasan,one evening [1]AlMasudi,MurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.289.Ithasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alAkhbaral Tiwal,p.197:(Abdurrahman)binMuljimproposedtoalRabab,Qatamsdaughter. withalHusayn(a.s),andoneeveningwithAbdullahbinAbbas.Heneverhadmorethanthree mouthfulsoffood.Ononeofthosenights,hewasaskedaboutthat,andhereplied:Ilikethat thedecree(death)ofAllahcomestomewhileIamhungry.[1]Whentheeighteenthnightof Ramadancame,theImamwasveryupset.Hewalkedaroundthecourtyardofthehouse.He lookedtowardsthestarsandreflectedonthem.Heforetoldtheoccurrenceoftheimportant eventonthatnight,saying:ByAllah,IhavenotliednorhaveIbeenaccusedoflying.Itisthe

nightwhichIhavebeenpromisedof.[2] TheImam(a.s)wasupsetandsadthroughoutthatnight.HesupplicatedhisLordandaskedHim forforgivenessandcontentment.HerecitedtheQuran.Beforethelightofthedawnshoneand theshadowofthedarknightended,hehadperformedtheritualablution.Whenhewantedto leavethehouseforprayerinthemosque,somegees,whichweregiventoalHasanasagift, hootedbeforehim.He,fromthehootingofthegees,predictedtheoccurrenceoftheterrible eventandthebreakingmisfortune,saying:ThereisnomightandpowersavewithAllah!Hooters thatwillbefollowedbyweepers![3] ImamAli(a.s)wantedtoopenthedoorbutitwasnotopened.Hepluckeditout.AlHasan becameworrybecauseofhisfathersgoingoutduringthatearlytime.Heaskedhim: Whatmadeyoucomeoutatthistime? ThedreamIsawthisnighthasfrightenedme! Youhaveseengood,andgoodwillhappen!Tellmeaboutit! IhaveseenGabrielcomingdownfromtheheavenontheMountainofAbiQubays.Hetooktwo stonesofitandwenttotheKaaba.Hestruckthemagainsteachotherandtheyturnedintoashes. SomeoftheseashesenteredallthehousesinMeccaandMedina. Whatistheinterpretationofthisdream? Ifmyvisionwastrue,thenyourfatherwouldbekilled.Worryandsadnessformewouldenterall thehousesinMeccaandMedina.[1]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.3,p.168. [2]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.80. [3]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.291. AlHasanbecamesad.Heaskedhisfather:Whenwillthathappen?Allah,theExalted,says: Andnooneknowswhatheshallearntomorrow,andnooneknowsinwhatlandheshalldie.[1] However,mybeloved,AllahsApostle(a.s)promisedmethatit(death)wouldbewithinthelast tennightsofRamadan.AbdurrahmanbinMuljamwillkillme!Sinceyouhaveknownthat,then youkillhim.Itisnotpermissibletopunishhimbeforethecrime,andthecrimehasnotbeen committedbyhimyet.ImamAliaskedhissonalHasantogotohisbed.AlHasandidnotfindany escapefromyieldingtohim.[2]ImamAliwentouttothemosqueintheearlydawn.Ithasbeen mentionedinthetraditionsthattheearlydawnisthetimewhenAllahsendsmercies,kindness, andgood,andrespondstosupplication. WhentheImamarrivedinthemosque,he,asusual,wakenedthepeopletoworship,andthenhe beganperformingprayer.WhilehewaspresentbeforetheGenerousCreator,theprayerwas betweenhistwolips,andhisheartwasbusyrememberingAllah,thesinfulrogue(Abdurrahman binMuljam)struckhimontheheadandutteredthesloganoftheKharijites:Judgmentisto

Allah,nottoyou![3]HestrucktheImamontheheadandsplitopenhisholyforeheadthatoften andalwaystouchedtheearthinsubmissiontoAllah.ThesevereblowreachedtheImamssacred brain.WhentheImam(a.s)felttheswordonhishead,hecriedout:Ihavewon,bytheLordof theKaaba! TheImamsucceeded.Whichsuccesswasgreaterthanhissuccess?Theinevitableendcamewhile hewasbeforeAllah,andHisNamewasbetweenhislipsinoneofthemostsacredhousesofAllah (themosqueofKufa)andinthegreatestmonthtoAllah(Ramadan)! [1]Quran,31,34. [2]IthasbeenmentionedinalIstiab:AlHasanwentoutalongwithhisfatheranddidnot separatefromhim. [3]Thissinfulperson(Abdurrahman)didnotkilltheImambyhimself.ShabeebbinBuhayrahand MujashibinWardanwerewithhim.TheywenttoQatam,andsheputsilkturbansontheirheads. Qatamwasinthemosque.Thesethreementooktheirswordsandsatoppositetothegateofal SaddathroughwhichtheImamusedtogotothemosque.AlAshathcametoknowofthe intentionofAbdurrahmanbinMuljim.Heurgedhimtocommitthecrime,saying:Hurruup!The morningwillexposeyou!WhenHajrbinAdiheardhisspeech,hesaidtohim:Haveyoukilled him,Ooneeyed?MayAllahkillyou!AbdurrahmanbinMuljimstrucktheImamonthehead. Shabeebstruckthejambofthemosqueinstead.IbnWardanescaped.Thishasbeenmentionedin MurujalThahab,vol.2,p.290. ThetrueImamsucceededbecausehehadsatisfiedhisconscience.Hedidnotequivocatenordid hedeceivethroughouthislifetime.Hewaskillednotforapropertythathehadtakenoraworld hehadenjoyedoranIslamicsunna(law)hehadchanged!TheImamsucceeded.Whichsuccess wasgreaterthanhissuccess?Immortalityhasgivenhimsurvivalforever,thathemaybeasymbol ofjustice,atitleofthetruth,andamodeloftheperfecthumanitythathasascendedtheladderof perfectionandreacheditstop!TheImamsucceeded.Whichsuccesswasgreaterthanhissuccess? Heismentionedasequaltothetruthandjustice.Hissacredbeliefsarementionedasawonder fortheleadersofmansthought,thattheymayfollowandactaccordingtotheminthefieldof righteousness!WhentheImamfellonthegroundinhismihrab,heintroducedhiskiller,saying: ThesonoftheJewishwoman(AbdurrahmanbinMuljam)haskilledme!Donotlethimescape fromyou! Sothepeoplefromallclasseshurriedtothemosque.Theywereweepingandwailing.The misfortuneastonishedthem,andtheincidentterrifiedthem.Theywereverysad.Onthehead therewerethechildrenofImamAli.TheyfoundtheImamlyingdowninhismihrab,andsawJuda binHubayra[1]andagroupofMuslimssurroundingandhelpinghim(theImam)toperformthe prayerwhilehewasunabletodothat.WhentheImamlookedathissonalHasan,heordered himtoleadthepeopleinprayer.[2]ImamAliperformedtheprayerwhilesittingandyethewas

bleeding.WhenalHasanfinishedtheprayer,hetookhisfathersheadandputitinhislap,andhis tearswereflowingonhisholyface.Heaskedhim: Whohasdonethistoyou? ThesonoftheJewishwoman,AbdurrahmanbinMuljam! Fromwhichwaydidhego? Letnonegotoseekhim.Heiscomingtoyouthroughthatgate(heindicatedwithhishandtothe gateofKinda). [1]JudabinHubayraalMakhzumi,sonofUmmHani,daughterofAbiTalib,wasacompanionof theProphet.IbnMaeenhassaid:HeheardnothingoftheProphet.AlIjlihassaid:Heisa trustworthysuccessor.ThishasbeenmentionedinTahthibalKamal,p.53.Ithasbeen mentionedinalIstiab:Judawasajurist.Hisuncle,theImam,appointedhimasagovernorover Khurasan.AbuUbaydahassaid:UmmHani,daughterofAbiTalib,bornHubayrathreesons whowereJuda,HaniandYousuf. [2]MatalibalSaoolfiManaqibAalalRasool,p.63. Thepeoplewerebusylookingatthegate.Afterawhile,therewasanoutcryindicatingthatthe sinfulcriminalwasarrested.[1]Hewasbroughttiedandbareheaded.Hewasstoodbeforeal Hasanwhosaidtohim:Ocursedone,youhavekilledAmeerulMomininandtheImamofthe Muslims!Isthishisrewardwhilehelodgedyouandbroughtyounigh?Whyhaveyourewarded himwiththisreward?ThenalHasanturnedtohisfatherandaskedhim:Father,thisisthe enemyofAllahandyourenemy,(Abdurrahman)binMuljam!Allahhasenabledustoarresthim! TheImamopenedhiseyesandsaidinaweakvoice:Youhavecommittedadangerousthingand agreataffair!DidInothavemercyonyouandpreferyoutoothersingiving?Sowhyhaveyou rewardedmewiththisreward?ThenheorderedalHasantobekindtohim,saying:Omyson, bekindtoyourcaptive,havemercyonhim,andfeelpityforhim!AlHasansaid:Father,this cursedonehaskilledyouandmadeusbereavedofyouwhileyouareorderingustobekindto him?!ImamAli(a.s)answeredhim:Omyson,wearethepeopleofthehouseofmercyand forgiveness.Givehimfoodofwhatyoueat.Givehimadrinkofwhatyoudrink.IfIdied,thenyou punishhimbykillinghim.Donotmaimtheman.IhaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)say:Bewareof maimingevenamordaciousdog.IfIremainalive,IammoreawareofwhatIdotohim.Iammore appropriateforpardoning.WearethemembersoftheAhlulBaytwhodonotmeetwhoever commitserroragainstusexceptwithpardoningandgenerosity. ThenImamAli(a.s)orderedthepeopletocarryhimhome.Hewascarriedwhilethepeoplewere running,andwereabouttodiebecauseofcryingandwailing.Theywereshocked.Theywere

cryingout:TheImamofthetruthhasbeenkilled!TheImamofthetruthhasbeenkilled! Hisdaughtersandfamilyreceivedhimwithcryingandwailing.AlHasansadlysaid:Father,who willbeforusafteryou?OurafflictioninyouislikeoursinthemessengerofAllah(a.s)! [1]InhisbookMurujalThahab,vol.2,p.290,alMasudihasmentioned:Whenthesinfulone (Abdurrahman)binMuljimstrucktheImam,thepeopleattackedhim,threwstonesat,and shoutedathim.AlMughirabinNawfalhithimonthefaceandknockedhimdown.Thenthe peoplebroughthimtoalHasan.Thereareothersayingsinrespectofarrestinghim. TheImamembracedhimandcalmedhisfear,saying:Omyson,mayAllahcalmyourheartwith patience,increaseyourreward,andrewardyourbrotherswitharewardasequaltoyouraffliction inme! ImamalHasan(a.s)broughtsomephysicians.ThemostexperiencedofthemwasAthirbinAmr alSukuni.Heorderedawarmlungofaewetobebroughttohim.Hefollowedaveinofitandhe tooktheveinout.HeputitintotheImamswound.Thenheblewattheveinandtookitout.He foundthattheveinwascoveredwiththewhitenessofthebrain.Theblowhadreachedthe Imamsbrain.Athirbecomedisordered.HeturnedtotheImamandhopelesslysaidtohim:O AmeerulMominin,makeyourwill,foryouareabouttodie! AlHasanweptandsaidtohisfather:Father,yourlosswillbreakmyback!HowcanIseeyouin thiscondition?ImamAli(a.s)lookedathissonandheknewthatsadnessdominatedhim.He gentlysaidtohim:Omyson,thereisneithersadnessnorimpatienceforyourfatherafterthis day!Today,IamgoingtomeetyourgrandfatherMuhammadalMustafa,yourgrandmother KhadijaalKubra,andyourmotheralZahra.Thehourisarewaitingforyourfatherandlooking forwardtohisarrivalanhourafteranhour!Thereisnoharmonyou!Omyson,donotweep! TheImamsbloodbecamepoisoned,andhisholyfaceturnedyellow.Duringthatcondition,he hadacalmsoulandhewaspleased.HedidnotleavetherememberingandglorifyingofAllah.He lookedtowardstheskyandimploredAllahthroughsupplicatingHim,saying:OAllah,IaskYou fortheassociationwiththeprophetsandtheguardiansandforthehighestdegreesinthe Paradise! Thenhefainted.AlHasansheartmeltedandhebegancryingbitterly.Someofhistearsfellonhis fathersface,andhecametoconsciousness.Hesaidtohimtocalmhisfear:Omyson,whatis thisweepingfor?Thereisneitherfearnorimpatienceforyourfatheraftertoday!Omyson,do notweep!Youwillbekilledwithpoison,andyourbrotheralHusaynwillbekilledbythesword! HisRecommendations

ImamAliadvisedhischildrentoclingtonoblemoralities.Heputbeforethemhighideals.Hegave themvaluablelessons.Inthefirst,he(a.s)advisedhistwosonsalHasanandalHusayn.Secondly headvisedtherestofhischildrenandalltheMuslims,saying:Iadviseyou(both)tofearAllah andthatyoushouldnothankerafterthe(pleasuresofthis)worldeventhoughitmayfollowafter you.Donotbesorryforanythingofthisworldthathasbeenawayfromyou.Saythetruthandact forreward.Beanenemytotheoppressorsandahelpertotheoppressed. Iadviseyou(both)andallmychildrenandmembersofmyfamilyandeveryone,whommybook reaches,tofearAllah,tokeepyouraffairsinorder,andtomaintaingoodrelationshipsamong yourselves.Ihaveheardyourgrandfather(theProphet)(a.s)saying:Keepingstraightthe relationsamongyourselfisbetterthanprayersandfasting. KeepAllahinmindconcerningtheorphans!Letthemparticipateinyourfood.Letthemnotbe lostamongyou.KeepAllahinmindconcerningyourneighbors!Theyweretherecommendation ofyourProphet.Hestillrecommendedofthemthatwethoughthewouldmaketheminheritus. KeepAllahinmindconcerningtheQuran.Nooneshouldprecedeyouinactingaccordingtoit. KeepAllahinmindconcerningprayer,foritisthepillarofyourreligion.KeepAllahinmind concerningyourLordshouse(mosque).Donotforsakeitaslongasyoulive,forifitisabandoned, youwillnotbelookedatwithmercyanddignitybyAllah. KeepAllahinmindconcerningjihadwithyourownproperty,lives,andtonguesinthewayof Allah.Retainkinshipandhelpeachother.Donotcutkinshipandmutualrelations.Donotgiveup enjoiningthegoodandforbiddingtheevillestevildoersmaygainpoweroveryou,andthenyou praybutitwillnotberespondedtoyou.Addressinghisfamilyandrelatives,hesaid:Ochildren ofAbdulMuttalib,certainlyIdonotwishtoseeyouplungingharshlyintothebloodofMuslims saying:AmeerulMomininhasbeenkilled!AmeerulMomininhasbeenkilled!Beware,donot killformeexceptmykiller.Wait!IfIdiebecauseofthisblow,thenstrikehimastrokefora stroke.Donotmaimtheman.IhaveheardAllahsApostle(a.s)saying:Bewareofmaimingeven toamordaciousdog![1] Thenhe(a.s)speciallyadvisedhissonalHasan,toclingtotheprinciplesofthereligionandto performitsrites.Hesaidtohim:Iadviseyou,Omyson,tofearAllah,performprayeronitstime, payzakatwhenitisdue,andto [1]MuhammadAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.85. performtheritualablutionwell,fornoprayerisacceptedexceptwithpurity.Iadviseyouto forgive(others)sin,restrainanger,retainkinship,showclemencytowardtheignorant, understandthereligion,besureofaffairs,takecareoftheQuran,treatneighborswell,enjointhe

good,forbidtheevil,andtoavoidilldeeds.[1] Onthe20thofRamadan,peoplecrowdedaroundtheImamshouseaskingapermissiontovisit him.Hegavepermissiontothemall.Whentheysatdown,heturnedtothemandsaid:Question mebeforeyouloseme,andletyourquestionbelightduetotheafflictionofyourImam!People avoidedaskinghimbecauseofhispainfulwound. AppointingalHasanasImam WhenImamAli(a.s)knewthathewouldleavetheworld,andthathismeetingwithhisLordwas closeathand,heentrustedhissonalHasanwiththecaliphateandtheImamate.Heinstalledhim asanImamafterhimthatthecommunitymightresorttohiminrespectoftheiraffairs.TheShia havenotdisagreedonthat.ThiqatalIslam,alKulayni[2],hasmentioned:AmeerulMominin appointedalHasanashissuccessor,andhemadealHusayn,Muhammad(binalHanafiya),allhis (other)sons,theheadsofhisfollowers(Shia),andhishouseholdaswitnessestothedeclaration ofhiswill.Thenhehandedhimthebooks(documents)andtheweapons.Hesaidtohim:Omy son,AllahsApostle(a.s)hadcommandedmetoappointyouasmysuccessorandtohandoverto youthebooksandtheweaponswhicharewithme.ItisjustasAllahsApostlehadappointedme ashissuccessorandhandedhisbooksandweaponsovertome.Andhecommandedmeto commandyouthat,whendeathcomestoyou,youshouldhandthemovertoyourbrotheral Husayn. AlKulaynihasalsonarratedthatImamAlisaidtoImamalHasan:Omyson,youaretheguardian of(my)blood.Ifyouforgive(themanwhostruckme),thatisuptoyou,andifyoukillhim,thena blowforablow.[3] [1]IbnKuthayr,Tarikh,vol.3,p.170. [2]AlKulayniisMuhammadbinYaqubbinIshaq.HeisamongthegreatestShiitereligious scholars.HewasamongthosewhorenewedtheImamidoctrineinthethirdcenturyofhijra. AmonghismostfamousbooksisalKafi.Hespenttwentyyearsinwritingit.Itisamongthe greatestandmostimportantIslamicbooks.Inrespectofitsadvantages,MuhammadAminal Asterabadisaidthatheheardfromsomereligiousscholarswhosaidthatnobooksimilartoithas benwritten.He(alKulayni),mayAllahhavemercyonhim,diedinBaghdad,intheyear329.A.H. MuhammadbinJafarperformedtheprayeroverhim.HewasburiedatthegateofKufa.AlKuna waalAlqab,vol.3,p.98. [3]AlKulayni,UsoolalKafi,vol.1,pp.297298. SomeSunnismaintainthatImamAli(a.s)didnotentrusttheauthorityafterhimtohissonal Hasan.TheyhaveindicatedthatthroughwhatShuaybbinMaymunalWasiti[1]narrated,saying: Aliwasasked:Willyounotappointanyoneasasuccessor?Hereplied:IfAllahwantsgoodto

thecommunity,Hewillgatherthemontheirgood.ThisnarrationisamongShuaybsfabricated anddeniedtraditions,asIbnHajarhasmentioned.[2] ImamalHasanwasthedarlingofAllahsApostleandthemasteroftheyouthsoftheParadise.He wasanImamwhetherheroseorsatdown,asAllahsApostlesaid.Allahpurifiedhimfromall defectsanduncleanness,astheVerseofalTatheerhasmentioned.Moreover,hehadallthe qualificationsthatthecaliphaterequiredsuchasknowledge,fearofAllah,determination,and merit.Therefore,howdidImamAli(a.s)notdirectthecommunitytopayhomagetohimandnot toappointhimasanImamafterhim? ImamAliwasthemostcarefulofMuslimsfortheunityofthenation.Therefore,howwasit possibleforhimtoleavetheauthorityinchaosafterhimandnottoinstallanImamwhomthe communityshouldresortto,especiallyasitconcernedthatcriticalperiodwhendangersand problemssurroundedtheMuslims? TotheBetterWorld AfterImamAlihadfinishedhisrecommendations,hebegansufferingtheagoniesofdeathwhile hewasrecitingsomeQuranicversesandsupplications,andaskingAllahforforgiveness.When theinevitabledeathcametohim,hethisverse:Forthelikeofthisthenlettheworkerswork.[3] ThenhispuresoulwenttothegardensofParadiseandrosetotheMostHighComrade![4]That DivinemercyrosetoitsSource,forhewasthelightthat [1]ShuaybbinMaymunalWasiti,themanofalbuzoor;AbuHatamhassaid:He(Shuaybbin MaymunalWasiti)isunknown.AndsosaidalIjli.AlBukharihassaid:Hewassuspected.Abu Hayyanhassaid:Henarrateddeniedtraditionsontheauthorityofthefamous(traditionists). Noneuseshimasaproofwhenonlyhenarratesacertaintradition.TahthibalTahthib,vol.4,p. 357. [2]TahthibalTahthib,vol.4,p.357.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:Amonghisdeniedtraditionsis thatwhichhenarratedontheauthorityofHusaynalShabi,ontheauthorityofAbiWail,who said:Aliwasasked:Willyounotappointanyoneasuccessor? [3]Quran,37,61. [4]ThehistorianshavedifferedoverthenightwhenAbdurrahmanbinMuljimstruckImamAli.It wassaidthatitwasonthe18thofRamadan.ThishasbeenmentionedbyalMasudiinhisMuruj alThahab.Itwassaidthatitwasonthe17thofRamadan.ThishasbeenmentionedbyIbnAbd alBirinhisalIstiab.TheShiitehistorianshavementionedthatitwasonthe19thofRamadan. Asforhisholyage,itwassaidAllahhadcreatedtodispersetheshadowsofdarkness.Thepillars

ofjusticeswung,andtheprinciplesofthereligionwereeffaced.Thehelperoftheweak,shelterof strangers,andfatheroforphansdied!Mymaster,OAbualHasan,youhavegonetotheimmortal worldwhileyouwereoverworkedandtired.Yourrightandhighpositionwereignoredbymany! Youspentyourlifeamongthatdarkgenerationthatpaidnoattentiontoknowledgeandjustice, thatdidnotunderstandyourgoalsofbuildingasocietywherejustice,welfare,andgoodhadto prevail!Ifmankindhadhadluck,theywouldhavehandedovertheleadershipofthecommunity toyou,thatyoumightsupplytheworldwithyoursciencesandknowledge!ToAllahwebelong andtoHimisourreturn! ImamAliispreparedforBurial AlHasan(a.s)preparedhisfatherforburial.Hewashedthepurecorpse,embalmeditwithscent, andshroudedit.Whenthelastpartofthenightcame,heandagroupofhisfamilyand companionscarriedthesacredbodytoitsfinalabode.TheyburiedtheImaminHolyNajafwhere hispresentShrineisaKaabaforcomers,avisitingplaceforbelieversandthepious,andaschool forlearners.AfterImamalHasanhadburiedhisfather,hereturnedhomewhileovercomewith sorrowandastonishment. Thekillerispunished Inthemorningofthatday,ImamalHasanorderedthesinfulcriminalAbdurrahmanbinMuljam tobebroughttohim.Whenhewasbeforehim,he(binMuljam)askedImamalHasan: Whatdidyourfatherorderyoutodo?Heorderedmenottokillotherthanhiskiller.Heordered metosatisfyyourstomach,andtobekindtoyou.Ifhelived,hewouldpunishorpardonyou.If hedied,Iwouldmakeyoufollowhim.Thesinnersaid:Yourfathersaidthetruthandacted accordingtoitduringangerandpleasure! ThenImamalHasanstruckhimwiththesword.However,thecursedsinner(Abdurrahmanbin Muljam)protectedhimselfagainsttheswordwithhishand,anditwascutoff.ThenalHasan killedhimanddidnotmaimhim.[1]The<thatitwas64years,anditwassaid63,andother thanthatwasalsosaid.Asfortheperiodofhiscaliphate,itwasfouryears,ninemonths,andsix days.AlHasanwasthen37yearsold.ThishasbeenmentionedinKashfalGhumma,p.154. [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.1,p.191.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.86.MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.16.Ibn alAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.170.curseofAllah,ofthecursers,ofthosewhowereborn,ofthosewho died,andofthosetowhomAllahsaid:Be,andtheywerebeonibnMuljam.Onhimisthecurse thatdriesspring,destroyscrops,andburnstheplantsintheearthwhiletheyarepretty!May Allahplacethesighingandgroaningofthefireintheoriginsofhisbeing!MayathousandSatans destroyhimbyturninghimonhisfaceinthefirewherethereareburningmouthsofflamewith

blazingandwhistling![1] Asforthemaiming,somehistorianshavemaintainedit.Withoutdoubtitisamongthefabricated things.ImamAli(a.s)hadprohibitedthatrepeatingthesayingsoftheProphet(a.s):Maimingis forbiddeneventoamordaciousdog!SohowwasitpermissibleforthedarlingoftheApostle (a.s)andhisgrandson(ImamalHasan)toturnawayfromhisfatherswillandcommitthatwhich opposedtheIslamicLaw?Thosewhohavemaintainedthemaiminghavedifferedovertheperson whomaimedAbdurrahmanbinMuljam.AlMuhibalTabarihasmentionedthatitwasImamal HusaynandMuhammadbinalHanafiyawhomaimedhim,whilealHasanpreventedthemfrom doingthat,buttheydidnotyieldtohim.[2]AbualFidahasmentionedthatitwasAbdullahbin Jafarwhodidthat.[3]AsforIbnAbialHadeed,hehasmentionedthatitwasalHasanwhodid that.[4] Thisdifferencemakesussurethatthemaimingwasfabricatedanditwasnotreal.Dr.Taha Husaynhasdecidedthatthemaimingwasdonebythebloodguardians,saying:Thecertainthing isthatthebloodguardiansdidnotcarryoutAliswillconcerninghiskiller.Hehadcommanded themtomakehim(thekiller)followhimandnottoaggress(againsthim).However,theymaimed himwiththeugliestmaiming,andwhenhedied,theyburnthimwithfire.[5] ThecertainthingiscontrarytothatwhichDr.Tahahasmentioned.Wehavementionedthatthe historianshavedifferedoverthemaiming.Besides,thebloodguardiansarefarawayfrom committingthatwhichdisagreedwiththeIslamicLaw. Anyway,afterImamalHasanhadkilledAbdurrahmanbinMuljam,peopleovercrowdedbefore himtopledgeallegiancetohim.Wewillmentionthatindetails.ImamalHasanreceivedthe caliphatewiththatwhichnoneofthose [1]ImamAli;theVoiceoftheHumanJustice,vol.4,p.1003. [2]AlRiyadalNadira. [3]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.180. [4]IbnAbialHaddeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.5,p.452. [5]AliwaBanuh(Aliandhischildren),p.184. whohadprecededhimreceivedwith.TheIslamiccapitalwasthreatenedbythedangerof Muawiyawhosepowerbecamestrongandhisauthoritybecamefirm.Allthoseambitious,who didnotunderstandIslam,joinedhim.TheysparednoefforttocorrupttheauthorityofImamal Hasananddestroyhisgovernment.Besidesthisexternaldanger,localseditionsspreadamongthe Iraqipeople.Thegreatestofthemindanger,affliction,andtribulationwasthatoftheKharijites, whowerelikeawoodwormboringintheIraqicamp,andthemostdangerousarmedgroupfacing thenewgovernment.ThesimplemindedandthedeceivedfollowedtheKharijitesthoughts.

ImamalHasanreceivedthesetwodangersduringtheperiodofhiscaliphate.Hewasgreatly afflictedwiththem.NotonlyImamalHusayn(a.s)wasafflictedwiththem,butalltheIslamic stateandthecaliphatewerealsoafflictedwiththem.ImamalHasanhopedthattheIslamic conceptswouldspreadduringhisreign,thatsocialjusticewouldprevailovertheearth,andthat hewouldputanendtothesocialinjusticeandoppression.
ChapterXIII:ThePledgeofAllegiance Islamhastakengreatcareofthecaliphate(Khilafa),madegreatresponsibilitiesinit,andregarded itasresponsiblefortheMuslimsrenaissance,development,progressinthefieldsofscience,and fordirectingthemtowardsgood,keepingthemawayfromthewaysofmisguidanceand corruption,findingsoundmeansfortheirstrengthandwelfare.Islamhasalsomadethecaliphate tosafeguardthereligion,keepitsaffairs,andpreserveitsideals.Therefore,thecaliphateisthe pivotonwhichthepolicyofIslamandallitsaffairsturn. MostsurelytherealityandthoughtofIslamincludeallthereligiousandpoliticalfields.Islamhas establishedaharmoniousunitybetweenthemandregardedthemasoneinseparablepart.Many orientalistshaverealizedthisfact.Oneofthemhassaid:Islamisnotjustareligious phenomenon;ratherithasbroughtapoliticalregime,foritsfounderwasaprophetandanideal ruler.Hewasexpertinthewaysofgovernment.Jeethassaid:Islamisnotmereindividual religiousbeliefs;ratheritrequiresestablishinganindependentsocietyhavingacertainmethodin ruling,speciallawsandregulations.[1] MostsurelythereisacloserelationshipbetweenthecaliphateandIslam.Therefore,itisapartof itsprogramsandachapterofitschapters.Sothereisnoescapefromestablishingitonthearena oflife.SheikhMuhammadAbdahassaid:Islamisareligionandlaw.Ithasestablishedpenalties andassignedrights.Apparently,noteverybeliefisaprecept.Thatisbecausecapricemay overcome(itsowner)anddesiremaycontrol(him).Therefore,thetruthisdenied,andthe aggressorexceedsthelimit.Sotheproofisnotcompleteunlessthereisaforcetoadministerthe criminalpunishments,tocarryoutthedecisionofajudge,andtoprotecttheregulationsofthe community.[2] Islamhasbroughtaperfectgroupofregulationsandlawsaimingatregulatinglife,protecting rights,puttinganendtodeceptionandoppression,establishingsecurityandjusticeinthe

country.Ofcoursetheyareinneedofaforceandastatetoprotectthemandapplythemtothe realityoflife. [1]AlNizamalSiyasifialIslam,p.15. [2]AlIslamwanNasraniya,p.65. ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,hastalkedaboutthequalitiesofonewhoundertakes theleadershipofgovernmentandmanagestheaffairsofthecountry.Hehassaid:Youcertainly knowthathe,whoisinchargeofhonor,life,booty,(enforcementof)legalcommandmentsand theleadershipoftheMuslims,shouldnotbemiser,forhisgreedwouldmakehimwishfor peopleswealth,norshouldhebeignorant,ashewouldthenmisleadthemwithhisignorance, norshouldhebeofrudebehaviorlesthewouldestrangethemwithhisrudeness,norshouldhe dealunjustlywiththembypreferringonegrouptoanother,norshouldheacceptabribewhile takingdecisions,ashewouldforfeit(others)rightsandholdthemupwithoutfinality,norshould heignoretheSunnaashewouldruinthepeople.[1] ImamAli(a.s)viewsthatwhoeverundertakestheMuslimsaffairsshouldbegenerous,freefrom miserliness,knowledgeableofwhatthecommunityneeds,shouldnotdealunjustlywithwealth, nottakeabribeforhisdeeds,notcancelAllahslaws,andnotleavetheSunnaofHisProphet (a.s).Ifheisvoidofthesequalities,thecommunityfacesduringhisreignmanyproblemsandthe countryisliabletocrisesanddisasters. InthestoryofIbrahim(Abraham)(a.s)theHolyQuranhasmentionedoneofhischildrenwho wasworthyoftheImamate.Allah,theExalted,hassaid:SurelyIwillmakeyouanImamofmen. Ibrahimsaid:Andofmyoffspring?Mycovenantdoesnotincludetheunjust,saidHe.[2]The commentatorsoftheQuranhavementionedthatthemeaningofthecovenantistheImamate; and(themeaningof)theImamateisthecaliphate.Thereforeit(thecovenant)doesnotinclude onewhogetsinvolvedinoppressionduringanystageofhislifetime,whetherhehaswronged himselforothers.Accordingly,thisfavorisnotgiventohim. CertainlyIslamhastakengreatcareofhimwhoundertakestheMuslimsaffairs.Ithasrequired himtobeanexampleofjustice,manifestationofthetruth,andasourceofallthepsychological merits,thathemaytakecareofthecommunitysinterestsandtoachieveallwhatitneedssuch asmightanddignity.CertainlynonehadthehighqualitiesIslamstipulatedforthewiseleadership excepttheProphetsHousehold(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem.ThatisbecauseAllahhadtaken awayuncleannessfromthemandpurifiedthemthoroughly.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,comparedthemtoAllahsHolyBook,falsehoodshallnotcometoitfrombeforeitnor frombehindit,andregardedthemaslifeshipsandsecurityformankind.Of [1]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.19. [2]Quran,1,124.

course,suchgreatcareofthemresultedfromnothingexcepttheirimportanceandthattheywere uniqueinmanshistory.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,hastalkedabouttheirnoble qualitiesandtheirhightendencies,saying:Theyarelifeforknowledgeanddeathforignorance. Theirforbearancetellsyouoftheirknowledge,andtheirsilencetellsyouofthewisdomoftheir speaking.Theydonotgoagainstrightnordotheydiffer(amongthemselves)overit.Theyarethe pillarsofIslamandtheasylumsof(its)protection.Withthemrighthasreturnedtoitsposition andwronghasleftitsplaceanditstonguehasbeenseveredfromitsroot.Theyhaveunderstood thereligionattentivelyandcarefully,notbymereheresyorfromrelaters,becausetherelatersof knowledgearemanybutthosewhounderstanditarefew.[1]Inadditiontotheseabilitiesand talentstheyhad,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,singledthemoutforthe caliphate,fortheywereworthierofitthanothers.Traditionsensuredbymanywaysof transmissionhavebeenreportedfromhiminthisrespect.Anexampleishissaying:Thisreligion isstillstandinguntiltheHour(theDayofResurrection)comes.Therewillbeoverthem(Muslims) twelvecaliphs.AllofthemarefromQuraysh. He,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hasalsosaid:Therewillbeaftermetwelvecommanders (emirs).Andhehassaid:AllofthemarefromQuraysh. Traditionssimilartothesehavefranklyindicatedthatthecaliphateislimitedtothem,thatthey arelifeshipsforthecommunityandthattheyguideittogoodandleadittotheGarden. AnexampleofthetwelvepureImamstheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,had appointedassuccessorsafterhimandentrustedwithpropagatinghismessageisImamalHasan, hasdarlingandeldergrandson.HeinstalledhimasanImamoverhiscommunity.Hehassaid concerninghimandhisbrother(alHusayn):AlHasanandalHusaynaretwoImams,whether theyriseorsitdown. AfterImamAlihadbeenstruckwiththeswordbyAbdurrahmanbinMuljim,heappointedal HasanastheImamafterhim.AfterthedeathofAmeerulMo'minin,theMuslimshurriedtoal Hasan(a.s)andpaidhomagetohim.TheygatheredinKufaMosqueinthemorning,the21stof Ramadan,intheyear40AH.ThenImamalHasan(a.s)cameaccompaniedbytheremainderof theMuhajireenandoftheAnsar.Heascendedthepulpit,praisedand [1]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.259. laudedAllah.Thenhepraisedhisfatherthegreatestlostjustice.Hementionedsomeofhismerits andtalents,saying:Lastnightamandiedwhowasthefirstamongtheearly(Muslims)in(good) deeds.Noanylater(Muslims)didattainhislevelin(good)deeds.Heusedtofightalongsidethe ApostleofAllah(a.s)andprotectedhimwithhisownlife.TheApostleofAllah(a.s)usedtosend himforwardwithhisstandardwhileGabrielsupportedhimonhisrightandMichaelsupported himonhisleft.HewouldnotreturnuntilAllahbroughtvictorythroughhishands.He(a.s)has

diedonthisnightonwhichJesus,sonofMary,wastakenup(toHeaven),onwhichJoshua,sonof Noon,thetestamentarytrusteeofMoses(a.s)died.Hehasleftbehindhimnogoldorsilver exceptsevenhundreddirhamsfromhisstipend,withwhichheintendedtobuyaservantforhis family.HehasorderedmetoreturnthemtotheMuslimspublictreasury.[1] Theimageofhisfathercameintohismind.Thentearsovercamehimandheweptandthepeople weptwithhim.Sadnessandsorrowprevailed.ThentheImamcontinuedhisspeech.Heexplained tothepeoplehishighposition,thegenuinehonorandgloryhehad,saying:Opeople,whoever recognizesmeknowsme,andwhoeverdoesnot,thenIamalHasanbinAli.Iamthe(grand)son oftheProphet.Iamthesonoftheguardian.Iamthe(grand)sonoftheonewhobroughtthe goodnews.Iamthe(grand)sonofthewarner.Iamthe(grand)sonofthemanwho,withAllahs permission,summoned(thepeople)toAllah.Iamthe(grand)sonofthelightthatshoneout(to theworld).IamfromtheHousewhereGabrielcamedowntousandascendedfromus.Iamfrom theHouse,fromwhomAllahhaskeptawayabominationandwhomAllahhaspurifiedthoroughly. IamfromtheHouseforwhomAllahhasimposedloveonallMuslims,whenAllah,theAlmighty andExalted,saidtoHisProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily:Say:Idonotaskyouforany rewardexceptlovefor(my)kin.Whoeverearnsgood,willincreasegoodforhimself.Thegoodis loveforus,theHousehold. Thiseloquentspeechhasthefollowingpoints: 1.Heinformedpeopleabouthisfathersstruggle(jihad),hisextremecourageinIslam,his protectingAllahsApostle(a.s)withhisownlifeinalltheattitudesandbattles.Hepraisedhim withaneloquentspeech.Andindeed,AmeerulMo'mininwasthegreatestpersonalitywho surpassedallthereformersthroughoutthestagesofhistory.Indeedhewasso.Throughoutthe pastandthepresentnonehassurpassedImamAliinhisideals,histalents,andhisunequal struggleforIslam. [1]AlFutooh,vol.1,p.146. 2.Inhiswonderfulspeechhehasdisplayedthesacrednessofthenightonwhichhisfatherwent totheGardensofimmortality.Onthatnight,Jesus,sonofMary(a.s)ascendedtoHeaven,Joshua, sonofNoon,thetrusteeofMoses(a.s)wenttotheNeighborhoodofAllah,theMostHigh.Andon thatnightImamAli,themasterofguardians,theheadofthepious,thedefenderoftheentityof IslammovedtotheNeighborhoodofAllah.Therefore,itwasindeedthemostsacredandglorious nightwithAllah. 3.Heexplainedtothepeoplehisfathersasceticismandhisrenouncingoftheworldlypleasures. Thatwaswhenhelefttohebetterworldandleftbehindhimnothingofitsvanitieswhilehewas abletoliveinluxuriouspalaces,wearexcellentsilkgarments,eatdeliciousfood,anpossessmaids andservants.However,heleftthatbecauseAllahhaspreparedforhimcomfort,dignity,and

happinessintheAbodeofSurvival,andhasgivenhiminthisworldanimmortalname,good laudationandreputationcoupledwithadmirationandsanctificationwithallthepeople.The inevitablemomentofdeathcametoImamAliwhileheleftbehindhimnothingofthevanitiesof theworld.Heleftbehindhimneithergoldnorsilvernorahousenorarealestate,whilehewas thesupremeruleroftheMuslimsandenormouspropertieswerebroughttohimfromthevarious Muslimcountries,buthe(a.s)refusedtotakeanythingfromthat. 4.Hisspeechincludedthesummonstothepeopletopledgeallegiancetohimself.Thesummons waswonderfulinthefullsenseoftheword.Heintroducedhimselftothepeoplesayinginavery clearway.Hespeechimpliesthattherewasnooneworthierofthecaliphatethanhimforhehad allperfectqualitiesandvirtues. AfterImamalHasan(a.s)hadfinishedhisspeech,ofwhichhistoryhasnarratednothingexcept onepart,UbaydAllahbinalAbbasurgedtheMuslimstohurrytopayhomagetohim.Hesaidto them:Opeople,thisisthe(grand)sonofyourProphetandtheguardianofyourImam; therefore,pledgeallegiancetohim! Thepeoplerespondedtothisblessedsummons.Theydeclaredtheirobedience,consent,and yielding(toImamalHasan),saying:Noneismorebelovedtousnorhasanyonemorerightto succession(caliphate)thanhim.[1] TheyhurriedtoImamalHasantopayhomagetohim;andtheyindeedpaidhomagetoAllahand HisApostle. [1]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.34.AlIrshad,p.167. QaysbinSadalAnsari,abelieving,revolutionist,resolute,andleader,wasthefirsttopledge allegiancetoImamalHasan.Hewasfullofenthusiasmandyearningforfightingagainstthe enemiesofAllahandopponentsofIslam.Sohesaidtohim:Stretchoutyourhandtopledge allegiancetoyou(toact)accordingtoAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphetandtofight againstthosewhohaveregarded(killingMuslims)aslawful. TheImamfounditdifficulttosaytoQaysthatitwassufficientforhimtoactaccordingtoAllahs BookandtheSunnaofHisProphet,andthathewasinnoneedofthestipulationoffighting againstthosewhoregarded(killingMuslims)aslawful.Thatisbecausetheyhaveexplainedall things.Sohesaidtohimwithgentlenessandleniency:(Iwillact)accordingtoAllahsBookand theSunnaofHisApostle,fortheysatisfyallconditions.[1] IbnQutaybahasmentionedthatsomepeoplewenttoImamalHasantopayhomagetohim.The Imamturnedtothemandsaid:(When)youpledgeallegiancetome,(youshould)listen(tome), obeyme,fightagainstwhomeverIfight,andmakepeacewithwhomeverImakepeacewith.

Whentheyheardtheseconditions,theyrefrainedfrompayinghomage(tohim).Theywithheld theirhands(fromalHasan).Andsodidhe.Accordingly,theycrowdedbeforealHusayntopay allegiancetohim.Theysaidtohim:Stretchoutyourhandtopledgeallegianceaccordingtowhat wehadpledgeallegiancetoyourfatherandtobattleagainstthosewhohaveregarded(killing Muslims)aslawful,thosewhohavegoneastray,thepeopleofSham(theSyrians). HoweveralHusaynrebukedthem,saying:IseekrefugewithAllahfrompledgingallegianceto youaslongasalHasanisalive! AfteralHusayn(a.s)hadrefusedtoaccepttheirrequest,theywenttoalHasan(a.s)and unwillinglypaidhomagetohim.[2]Thisspeechisveryfarfromthereality.I(theauthor)thinkthat itisamongthefabricatedthings,foritshowsthatImamalHasanhadthedesireformakingpeace withhisopponent(Muawiya)atthebeginningoftheattitude.Thisspeechiscontrarytohis numerousattitudesindicatingthathedecidedtobattleagainsthisopponentandthathehadno desireformakingpeacewithhim.Wewillmentionthatindetail.Ifweadmittedthatastrue,then thatwaswiththeKharijites,whointendedtocreatedisordersandriotamongtheIraqipeople,to spreadfearandterrorismamongthemthroughthefactthattheImamhaddecidedtowar [1]IbnalAthir,Tarikh,vol.3,p.174.IbnKhaldun,Tarikh,vol.2,p.186. [2]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.170. (againsthisopponentMuawiya).Theproofforthatisthattheyrefrainedfrompayinghomageto himinthefirstplace.Thisshowsthattheywerepsychologicallydisorderedandthattheyhad neitherconfidencenorfaithinthenewCaliph.TheKharijiteswerefamousforthat.AsforImam alHasansfollowers,hiscompanions,andhisspecialassociates,theyfullybelievedhim,trusted him,lovedhim,andwereloyaltohim. Anywaythisspeechincludesbothwarandpeace.Itincludesbothoftheaffairs:makingpeace withthosewhoobeyedhimandfightingagainstthosewhodisobeyedhim,whethertheywere fromtheKharijitesorfromthepeopleofSham.HowevertheKharijitesdidnotadmirethat,so theymadetroublesinrespectoftheaffair(ofthepledgeofallegiance).Theyintendedtofight againstthepeopleofSham.Beforeweendthischapter,wehavetoexplainsomeaffairs concerningit.Theyareasfollows: 1.AcceptingtheCaliphate ManycriticshaveaskedaboutthereasonwhyImamalHasan(a.s)acceptedthecaliphatewhile theIslamiccapitalwasafflictedwithdangersandtroubles.Theyhavesaid:Hehadtobeslowin (accepting)theauthority,andnottobehasty.HisEminence,lateHujjatollahAalYaseen,may Allahhavemercyonhim,hasanswered,saying:

Firstly,asitwasreligiouslyincumbentonthepeopletoyieldtothepledgeofallegiancetothe appointedImam,theImam,whohadsupporters,hadtoacceptthepledgeofallegiancefromthe people.Asfortheproof,itisthatthepeoplethroughouttheMuslimcountrieswillinglycrowded topayhomage(toImamalHasan).Thisisapparentlyasufficientproofforacceptingthe caliphate.Therewasnoexcuse(foralHasan)tofailto(undertake)thereligiousdutywhose conditionswereavailable. Secondly,mostsurelythereasonforthisprimitivereversalfromtheaffairofalHasan(a.s)isthat (theresearchers)consideredthecaliphatefromaworldlysideonly,whileitwasmoreappropriate forthemtointerrogateitfromareligiousside.Thatisbecausetherewasagreatdifference betweentheworldandthereligionintheImamsviewpoint.Fromthissidetheaffairisasuccess, notaloss.Weshallexplainthatinanappropriateplace.Thoughthecaliphatebroughtaboutpain, thepainwasforthesakeofIslam.WhowasmoreappropriatethanalHasantobearpainforthe sakeofIslam,whichgrewinhishouse? Thirdly,asalHasan(a.s)hadahighpositionamongtheMuslimleaders,anexcellentlineage,and remarkablescientificposition,sohecouldnotbeaway(fromthecaliphate)evenifhewillingly wantedthat.Inthemeantime,peoplewouldnotleavehimevenifhewantedtoleavethem. Therewasnoescapefromthattheviolentshockspushedoneanothertowardshimtomovehim toshouldertheresponsibility,tocarryoutthetruth,andtoforbidtheeviljustashisbrotheral Husayndidduringhistime.[1] SheikhAalYaseenwentongivingproofsofthatitwasnecessaryforImamalHasan(a.s)toaccept thecaliphateandtorespondtothepeoplewhohailedhim.Generallyspeaking,withoutdoubt,if hehadfailedtoascendthethroneandlefttheaffairtochaos,thenthecommunitywouldhave faceddangersanddifficulties.ThenwhatwasthejustificationforthatalHasanhadnottobe hastyinrespectoftheauthoritywhilethecommunityhadunanimouslyagreedonpaying allegiancetohim,justasHisEminencelateAalYaseenhasmentionedindetail? 2.ThegeneralPledgeofAllegiance TheMuslimsthroughouttheIslamicworldunanimouslyagreedonpayingallegiancetoImamal Hasan,yieldingtohisgovernmentandobeyinghiscommands.Fortytwothousandsfromthe peopleofKufapledgedallegiancetohim;tofollowandtoobey.ThepeopleofBasra,alMadain, andallthepeopleofIraqpaidhomagetohim.PersiapledgedallegiancetohimthroughZiyadbin Abeeh.ThepeopleofalHijazandYemenpaidhomagetohimthroughthehandsofJariyabin Qudama,awatchful,resolutemilitarycommander.Nonerefusedtopledgeallegiancetohim exceptMuawiyaandhisfollowersjustastheyhadrefusedtopayhomagetoImamAli,peacebe onhim.Therefore,thepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan(a.s)wasgeneralanditincludedallthe

regionsintheIslamicworld;itwassimilartothatofhisfather. 3.MakingtheStatefirm Afterallegiancehadbeenpaidtohim,alHasan(a.s)beganmakinghisstatefirm.Heappointed governors,employednobleandexperiencedmenfromamongthejustbelieversandrighteous Muslims,gaveresoluteorderstothe(military)commanders,andincreasedthesalariesofthe troopshundredpercent.ImamAlididthatattheBattleofalJamal.Throughthisfirstplanof gooddeedsandcharityhegavetothemilitarytroops,alHasanpossessedtheheartsandthe swords.IbnKatheerhassaid:Theylovedhimmorethanthey [1]SulhalHasan,p.47. lovedhisfather.[1]InthismannerImamalHasan(a.s)sparednoefforttoreformhisstate,to makeitfirm,andtoprotectit.Headdressedpeople,andhisspeechwasfullofurgingthemto clingingtoobediencetohim,forhewasfromthepurefamily(oftheProphet)andfromamong thetwoweightythings(theBookofAllahandtheProphetsprogeny)thattheProphet(a.s)had leftamonghiscommunity.ImamalHasan(a.s)warnedhissubjectsagainstlisteningtoand followingMuawiyaspropaganda,slanders,andlies.Heorderedthemtoclingtocooperation, union,andunitythattheymightresisttheUmayyadaggressionwhichendangeredtheIslamic societyandmadeitliabletoloselife.Wehavementionedhisspeechinthefirstpartofthebook. [2] 4.HistoricalMistakes SomewritersandhistorianshavemadesomemistakesregardingtheallegiancetoImamalHasan. IthinkthatIhavetomentionthem: A.AlMasudi AlMasudihasmentioned:MostsurelytheallegiancewaspaidtoImam(alHasan)twodays afterthedeathofhisfather.[3]Thisspeechdoesnotagreewithwhatthemajorityofhistorians havementioned:Theallegiancewaspaidtohiminthemorningafterburyinghisfatherthenight before. B.FaridHajji ProfessorFaridHajjihasmentioned:TheallegiancewaspaidtoalHasan(peacebeonhim) beforethedeathofhisfather.Whenthepledgeofallegiance(tohim)wasover,hisfather died.[4]Thisspeechissimilartothepreviousone,foritiscontrarytothegeneralagreementof thehistorians,whohaveunanimouslyagreedonthatthepledgeofallegiance(toalHasan)was

immediatelyafterthemurderofImamAli.AsfarasIknow,nohistorianhasmentionedthatthe allegiancewaspaidtoImamalHasanduringhisfatherslifetime. C.AlKhudhari ConcerningthepledgeofallegiancetoImamalHasan,SheikhMuhammedalKhudarihas mentioned:AlHasanregardedtheallegiancetohimasnotsimilartothatofhisfather.Thatis becauseitwasnotgeneral,butitwas [1]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.41. [2]Vol.1,p.363. [3]AlTanbeehwaalAshraf,p.260. [4]DairatalMaarif,vol.3,p.443.HehasrepeatedthatinhisbookKanzalUloomwaalLugha, p.380. limitedtohisfollowers(Shia)fromamongthepeopleofIraq.[1]Thisspeechisalsocontraryto thereality.TheallegiancetoImamalHasanwasnotlimitedtohisfollowersfromamongthe peopleofIraq.ThegovernorsappointedbytheImamthroughouttheMuslimcountriestook allegiancetotheimamfromtheMuslims,aswehavementioned.Nocountryrefusedtopay homagetohimexceptthatwhichwasruledbyMuawiya. D.TahaHusayn ConcerningtheallegiancetoImamalHasan,Dr.TahaHusaynhassaid:AnywayalHasandidnot askthepeople(topayhomagetohim),nordidheinterferewiththeirpledgeofallegiance(to him).ItwasQaysbinUbadawhosummonedthepeopletothisallegiance.Whenthepeoplewept andresponded(tohim),hebroughtalHasanoutforthepledgeofallegiance.[2]WhatDr.Taha Husaynhasmentionedisincorrectforthefollowingreasons: 1.Hissaying,AlHasandidnotaskthepeople(topayhomagetohim),nordidheinterferewith theirpledgeofallegiance(tohim),isuntrue.ItisrefutedbyalHasanhimselfwhenhemadea speechtopraisehisfather.Heurgedthepeopletopayhomagetohimandmovedthemtoobey him.Thatwaswhenhementionedthelineageandthemeritsbywhichhewasdistinguished.The purposeformentioningthemduringhispraisinghisfatherwastosummonthepeopletopay homagetohimandtomakethemknowthatnoonewasworthierofthecaliphatethanhewas. 2.Asforhisstatement,ItwasQaysbinUbadawhosummonedthepeopletopayallegiance(toal Hasan).Whenthepeopleweptandresponded(tohim),hebroughtalHasanoutforthepledgeof allegiance,itisaclearmistakeandstrangemixture.Thatisbecausethesummonstothepledge ofallegiance(toalHasan)tookplaceaftertheImamhadendedhispreviousspeech,anditwas

notbeforethat.TheonewhosummonedpeopletothatwasUbaydillahbinalAbbas.Qaysbin SadwasthefirsttopledgeallegiancetoImamalHasan,aswehavepreviouslyexplained.Most researchesofDr.TahaHusaynonImamalHasanarevoidofinquiryandfarfromcorrectness.He passedbyImamalHasanslifeandhismakingpeacewithMuawiyabuthedidnotunderstand thefactnordidheapproachthereality.Wewillmentionhishistoricalmistakesorconclusions concerningtheresearch. [1]ItmamalWafafiSiratalKhulafa,p.225. [2]AliwaBanuh,p.195. Unfortunately,manyhistoriansandwritershavenotcarefullygonethroughtheresearcheson ImamalHasan(a.s)norhavetheyunderstoodthefabricatedliesagainsthisbrilliantlife,which wassimilartothatofhisgrandfather,thegreatApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inall itsdimensionsandmentaltrendsaimingataninclusivereformamongpeople. Mosthistoriansandwritershavesubmittedtotheirtraditionalsentimentsandfollowedtheir cheapdesires,whichhavemissedthetruthandmisledthepublicopinioninmanysidesoftheir ideologicallife.TheirresearchesonthefirstgrandsonoftheProphetmayAllahblesshimandhis family,aredistortedanddisordered.Theydonotrepresentanysideofthetruth,nordothey shedanylightonthesocietywhereImamalHasan(a.s)lived.Duringthatterribleperiodoftime theorgansofgovernmentintendedthroughtheirmassmediaandintelligencetocreateliesand misleadingpropagandas,payingnoattentiontocommittingsinsinrespectofthat. CertainlyImamalHasansufferedfromtheUmayyadstotheextentthatnonehadeversuffered fromthem.Hefacedpainfultroublesanddifficulties.Hefacedtheblacktreasonofhistroopswho submittedtothemisleadingpropagandaMuawiyasmilitaryintelligencespreadamongthem sayingthatImamalHasanhadrespondedtomakingpeachwithMuawiya.Accordingly,the Imamstroopsabsolutelybelievedinthat,plunderedhisbelongingsandattackedhim.TheImam sufferedfromtheproblemsplottedbytheKharijites(rebels).Itisworthmentioningthatthe Kharijiteshadnoawareness.Theywereagroupofterrorists.Theyspreadfearandterroramong thepeople.TheyregardedaslawfultheaggressionagainsttheMuslimsandtheirproperties.That waslawfulaccordingtothelawtheymadetojustifytheoppressionandmischieftheymadeinthe land. ImamalHasansufferedtoomuchoftheseordealsanddifficulties.Hewasterriblyafflictedwith them.Thebookwillshedlightonmanyofthesesides.

ChapterXIV:TheColdWar WhenitwasannouncedthatthegrandsonoftheProphet(ImamalHasan)(a.s)becamethe caliph,wavesofworriesandsorrowsdominatedHindsson(Muawiya).Aperplexityovercame him;impatienceandastonishmentcontrolledhim.Thatisbecausehehadcometoknowthat ImamalHasanhadagreatpositionamongtheMuslimsandaremarkablerankamongallclasses ofpeople,forhewasthegrandsonofthegreatProphet,themostbeloved,andtheclosesttohim. ThetraditionstransmittedfromtheProphetaboutImamalHasan(a.s)werewidespreadamong thepeople.TheypraisedImamalHasanandpreferredhimtoallotherthanhim.Thenhowwasit possibleforthepeopletoturnawayfromhimandfollowHindsson(Muawiya)?Howwasit possibleforthemtocomparealHasantoMuawiya,whobelongedtothecursedfamilyas mentionedintheQuran,whiletheyhadcometoknowthathe(Muawiya)andhisfamilywere theenemiesofIslamfromthedaywhenitslightrose. Muawiyabecameupsetandhissoulwasboilingwithanger.Hespenthisnightsleeplessly.He thoughtoftheaffairforalongtime.ItbecamecleartohimthatalHasanhadnoescapefrom openingadoortothebattleagainsthimandthathewasseriousinfightinghim.Hewassurethat theBattleofSiffin,whichhadbeenabouttoendhisgovernmentandhisdayswereithadnot beenfortheplotmadebyAmrbinalAas,wouldreturn. Muawiyawasdrownedintoviolentcurrentsofthinking.Inthemeantime,hefoundneitheran outletnoragaptopassthroughtoslandertheImamspersonalityortoaccusehimofathing. ImamalHasanwasinnocentofUthmansbloodthatMoawiyausedasmeanstofightagainst ImamAli.Moreover,itwassaidthathe(ImamalHasan)wasamongthosewhodefended Uthman.So,whatcouldheaccusehimoff?ImamalHasanwasfreefromallkindsofdefectsand vicesjustasMuawiyawasvoidofalllaudabledeedsandvirtues! TheUmayyadConference Immediatelyafterthat,Muawiyaheldameetinginhispalace.Hesummonedhisloyalfollowers andtoldthemaboutthecriticalattitudeandthesuddendangerthatbefellhiskingdom.He informedthemthatiftheydidnotdosomedecisiveproceduresandofferedgreateffortsand cunningtricks,dangerwouldbefallthem.SotheUmayyadpartycarefullyconsideredthemeans theyhadtotaketofacethedangerousattitude. TheDecisionsoftheConference

Afterseriousdebates,thepeoplewhoattendedthemeetingdecidedthefollowingsteps: 1.TheyhadtospreadspiesinthecountriesunderthedominionofImamalHasan,especially BasraandKufa.Thespieshadtoinformindetailaboutthenews,theintentionofthesocietyand theextentofpeoplesloyaltytothefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.In themeantimetheyhadtospreadpanic,fear,andterrorismthroughtellingthemthatMuawiya waspowerfulwhilealHasanwasweak. 2.Theyhadtocorrespondwithleaders,greatfigures,andprominentpersons,tobribethemwith enormouspropertiesandimportantofficesinthestateiftheyfollowedMuawiyaanddeserted ImamalHasan.Asforcarryingthisdecision,itwasunanimouslypostponedtoafterashorttime. Asforthefirstdecision,itwassooncarriedout.ThatwaswhenMuawiyasummonedtwo experiencedmenwhoseabilityhetrusted,andofwhoseknowledgeandskillfulnesshewassure. Asforthetwomen,oneofthembelongedtoHimyar,andtheotherbelongedtoBanualQayn andwassentbyMuawiyatoBasra. WhenalHimyariarrivedinKufa,andalQayniarrivedinBasra,theybegancarryingoutthe decidedplans.Whentheiraffairspread,thepolicemenarrestedthem.AsforalHimyari,hewas broughttoImamalHasan,andheorderedhimtobekilled.AsforalQayni,hewasbroughttothe governoroftheImamoverBasra,AbdullahbinAbbas,andheorderedhimtobeexecutedtoo. ImamalHasansNote BecauseofthisflagrantaggressionofMuawiya,ImamalHasanwrotehimaletterinwhichhe threatenedhimwithdeclaringwaragainsthim.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Yousentmento deceiveandcarryoutassassinationsandyousentoutspiesasifyouwanttomeet(inbattle).That issomethingwillhappensoon,sowaitforit,Allahwilling.Ihavelearntthatyouhavebecome haughtyinawaythatnowisemanwouldbecomehaughty FromthisletterweunderstandthatImamalHasanhadbeenresoluteanddeterminedtobattle againstMuawiyaifhehadinsistedonaggression,mutiny,andgoingtoofarincommittingsins. TheletteralsoindicatesthattheImamcondemnedMuawiyaforhisshowingdelightand happinessatthedeathofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful. MuawiyasAnswer WhenImamalHasanslettercametoMuawiya,hewasafraidofit.Sohelookedforanexcusein thebagofhiscunning,thathemightdefendhimselfwithit.Hefoundnoexcusebutdenyingthe delightheshowedatthedeathofImamAli.Therewasnoharmonhimintellinglies,forhehad regardeditaspermissibleandlawful,anditwasallwhathehadinhimself.Asforsendingspies,

hethoughtthathehadtooverlookmentioningit,toturnawayfromansweringit,andtoneglect theexcuseforit.Thisishisletter:Nowthen,certainlyyourletterhascome.Ihaveunderstood whatyouhavementionedinit.Iknowwhathashappened.Ihaveshownneitherdelightnor sadness.Ihavenotgloatedover(themurderofAli)norhaveIgrieved.[1]Aliisyourfather,andhe belongstoyoubothFromthisletterweunderstandMuawiyasslynessanddeception.Wealso understandhisweakness,hisweakdetermination,andhisfearofImamalHasan.Forthisreason, hepraisedandlaudedImamAli(a.s)anddeniedthatheshowedhappinessanddelightathis death.Haditnotbeenforthat,hewouldnothavepraisedhisopponentinsuchabeautifulway. IbnAbbassNoteAbdullahbinAbbas,ImamalHasansgovernoroverBasra,sentMuawiyaanote inwhichhecondemnedhimforhissendingspiestoBasraandthreatenedhimforthisaggression. Thisisthetextofthenote:Nowthen,mostsurely,throughyoursendingthemanfromBanual QaynasaspytoBasra,youseektheinattentivenessofQurayshthroughwhatyouhave obtained[2] MuawiyasAnswer WhenIbnAbbasslettercametoMuawiya,heanswereditwithananswerinwhichequivocation anddeceptionappeared.Thisisthetextoftheanswer:Nowthen,mostsurely,alHasanhas written(aletter)tousinthesamemanneryouhavewritten.Hehasrebukedmethroughthat whichhasnotbroughtaboutmistrustandanopinionofme.Youhavenotgotthelikeofme [1]InhisbookalBidayawaalNihaya,IbnKatheerhassaid:Muawiyashowedsadness,sorrow, andpainatthemurderofImam(Ali).I(theauthor)say:Firstly,(thisstatement)doesnotagree withwhatMuawiyamentionedregardinghisshowingnosadnessatthedeathofImamAli. Secondly,itdoesnotagreewithMuawiyaslineofconductandhisflagrantenmitytowardsthe Imam,forheregardedcursinghim(ImamAli)asoneofthereligiousduties.Hechasedhis followersandcompanions,andkilledthemeverywhere. [2]AbualFarajjalAsfahani,alAghani,vol.8,p.62.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol. 4,p.12. andthelikeofyou.Verily,ourlikeisjustaswhatTariqalKhazaihassaidwritingananswerto Umayasversesofpoetry:ByAllah,Idonotknow,andmostsurelyIamtruthful,towhichof thosewhoaccusemeapologize.(Why)amIrebukedifZubaynahwasdestroyed,andevilbefell BanuLahyan,andtheyescaped?ThisanswerissimilartothatwhichhehadsenttoImamal HasaninrespectofdenyinghisshowingdelightandhappinessatthedeathofImamAli.His answeralsocontainsequivocationandcunning.AsforhisspeechtoIbnAbbas,AlHasanhas rebukedme,ImamalHasan(a.s)rebukedandblamedhimforhisshowingdelightatthedeathof ImamAli(a.s),butMuawiyathreatenedhimwithhisdeclaringwarwhichwasmoreimportant thanhishappinessanddelight.Thatwasthroughhissendingspiestothecountriesunderal

Hasansdominion.However,MuawiyaturnedawayfromthisaffairlestImamalHasansactivity anddeterminationinrespectofdeclaringthewarshouldbeannounced,thatthedeterminations ofMuawiyastroopsmightbecomeweak,andthemoraleoftheImamscompanionsmightbe strong. IbnAbbassLettertoImamalHasan Immediatelyafterthat,thestrongwilled,watchfulAbdullahbinAbbas,sentalettertoImamal Hasan.HeurgedhimtofightagainstMuawiya.Hisletterindicatedthathehadknowledgeofthe politicaltechniques,theattitudesofthesociety,theattitudesoftheUmayyadsandtheirbad behaviortowardIslamandtheMuslims.Thisisthetextofhisletter:Muslimshaveentrustedyou withtheiraffairsafterAli,peacebeonhim.Therefore,getreadyforwar,struggleagainstyour enemy,beneartoyourcompanions,buyfromthestingyhisreligionforthatwhichdoesnotdefile yourreligion.Employnotablementosetrightthroughthemtheirtribes,thatthepeoplemaybea community.Someofwhatthepeopledislike,unlessitshouldnotexceedthetruthanditsresults makejusticeappearandstrengthenthereligion,isbetterthanthemuchthepeoplelikeifits resultsmaketyrannyappear,abasethebelievers,andstrengthenthesinful.Followthatwhichhas beenmentionedontheauthorityofthejustImams,forithasbeennarratedfromthemthatlying isnotgoodexceptatwarorreconcilingpeople.Mostsurelywarisatrick.Throughthatyoushall haveeaseifyouaregoingtowar(againstMuawiya)providedthatyoushouldnotinvalidate somethingright. KnowthatpeopleturnedawayfromyourfatherAli(andinclined)toMuawiyabecausehe regardedthemasequalinrevenueandgifts,andthatdisturbedthem.Knowthatyouaregoingto fightagainsthimwhohadfightagainstAllahandHisApostleatthebeginningofIslamuntilAllahs commandappeared.WhentheunityofAllahwasconfessed,thepolytheismwasdestroyed,and thereligionwasstrengthened,theyshowedthefaith,recitedtheQuran(butthey)sneeredatits verses,performedtheprayers(whiletheywere)sluggish,andunwillinglyperformedthereligious duties.Whentheycametoknowthatnoonewouldbepowerfulthroughthereligionexceptthe pious,theyshowedthesignsoftherighteous,thattheMuslimsmightthinkthattheyweregood. Theywentonthatuntilthey(theMuslims)madethempartnersintheirtrusts.Theysaidthat Allahwouldreckonthem.Iftheyweretruthful,thentheywereourbrothersinthereligion.Ifthey wereliars,theywerelosersbecauseofwhattheyhadcommitted.Youhavebeenafflictedwith those(people),theirchildren,andtheirlikes.ByAllah,thelonglifetimehasincreasedthem nothingexcepterror,andfromthemenofreligionnothingexceptdetest. Therefore,struggleagainsthim(Muawiya).Donotaccepthisreligion,anddonotacceptanykind ofabasement.ThatisbecauseyourfatherAlididnotrespondtothegovernmentuntilhisaffair wasovercome.Heresponded(tothem)whiletheywerefullyawarethathewasthemost appropriatefortheruleiftheyhadjudgedwithjustice.Whentheyjudgedaccordingtothemean

desire,hereturnedtothatwhichhehadfolloweduntildeathcametohim.Donotleaveanyright forwhichyouarethemostappropriateuntildeathprevent(you)fromthat.Withmy Greetings.[1] Thislettercontainssomeimportantpoints: 1.Inthefirstplace,thislettertookgreatcareofurgingImamalHasantofightagainstMuawiya thatthecommunitymightbesafefromhiswickednessandfromhisfollowerswhoplottedagainst Islamunderthedarknessofnightandinthedaylight,fortheyweretheenemiesandopponents ofthisreligion. 2.MostsurelyAbdullahbinAbbasaskedImamalHasantoemploynobleandinfluentialpersons andbuyfromthestingytheirreligion,thathemight,throughthat,putanendtodisagreements andthenpeoplemightbeonecommunity.AbdullahbinAbbaswasinattentivethatthatwas contrarytothewisepolicytheProphetsHouseholdfollowed,foritwasbasedonthepuretruth andoncondemningallmeansthatdidnotagreewiththeIslamicprinciplesevenifsuccessand victorydependedonthem.Wewillmentionthatindetailwhenwedealwiththereasonsofthe peacemaking. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8.RasailJamharatalArab,vol.2,p.1. 3.ThisletterincludesallthetruereasonsthatledtodesertingImamAliduringthetimeofhis caliphateandmadeMuawiyasuccessfulduringthereignofhisgovernment.Formostsurely ImamAlifollowedthepolicyofjusticeandequity.Heregardedpeopleasequalinthematterof dues.Hegavenooneprecedenceoveranotherintheaffairofthegivingduetothefactthathe actedaccordingtowhatIslamhadcommandedandhisprincipleshadstipulated.Heeffacedthe differencesbetweenthewhiteandtheblack,demolishedthebarriersbetweentherichandthe poor.Heregardedpeopleasequalastheteethofacomb.AllofthembelongedtoAdam;and Adambelongedtoearth.Nonehadpreferencetoanotherexceptthroughpiety.Nonehadmerit overanotherexceptthroughworkandqualification.ImamAli(a.s)followedthisjustpolicyand clearplantotheextentthathesetarecordinequalityandjustice.Anexampleofhisjusticeis thatheregardedaQurashiladyasequaltoaslavegirl.TheQurashiladywasdispleasedwiththat, andsheangrilysaidtohim:Whyhaveyouregardedmeasequaltothisslavegirlingivinggifts? TheImamlookedather.Hetooksomeearthwithhishand,turnedtheearth,andsaid:Someof thisearthisnotbetterthansomeother!Thisequalityandjusticedisturbedthepeople,forthey demandednothingexcepttheirpersonalinterests.Forthisreason,theyturnedawayfromhis governmentandsubmittedtoMuawiyawhohadnoaimexcepttosatisfyhisdesiresandachieve hiswishes. 4.Inhisletter,AbdullahbinAbbashasexpressedhisreliablestudyontheUmayyadsmanners

andhisknowledgeofwhattheirheartshadhidden.Hemadeclearthattheywereagroupof unbelieversandatheists.SoifImamalHasanhadwarredagainstthem,hewouldhavewarred againstthosewhowarredagainstAllahandHisApostlewhenthelightofIslamrose.WhenAllah broughtvictorytohisreligionandthesupremeauthorityofIslamdefeatedtheArabs,the Umayyadsembracedit,buttheyhadnorealfaith.Theyfolloweditoutoffearoftheswordand death.TheyreadtheversesoftheQuranbuttheysneeredatthem.Theyperformedtheritual prayersbutsluggishly.TheyperformedtheIslamicdutiesbutunwillinglyandwithhypocrisy.They cametoknowthattheirplanwasincorrect,wouldnotguaranteeasuccessforthem,andwould notachievehappinessforthem,fornonewouldbestrengthenedthroughthisreligionaccording tothesewordsofHim,theExalted:SurelythemosthonorableofyouwithAllahistheoneamong youmostcareful(ofhisduty)[1].Sotheyshowed,withdeceptionand [1]Quran,49,13. hypocrisy,righteousness,piety,andfaith,whiletheyhidintheirheartspolytheism,hypocrisy,and maliceagainstIslam.TheywentonpracticingthisstateshowingobediencetoAllahandyielding toHiscommandsandHislaws,totheextentthattheMuslimsmadethempartnersintheiraffairs. However,theMuslimshaddoubtedthem,theiraffair,andtheirloyalty.Withoutdoubtthisletter writtenbythisgreatreligiousscholar,AbdullahbinAbbas,hadagreatimpressiononalHasans soul,foritmovedhimtoresistMuawiya,andtodeclarewaragainsthim. ImamalHasansLettertoMuawiya ImamalHasansentanotherlettertoMuawiya.Intheletterhesummonedhimtopledge allegiancetohim,toobeyhim,andtofollowwhattheMuslimsfollowed.Hesenttheletterwith twopersonsfromamongtheprominentbelieversandreliableMuslims.TheywerealHarithbin SuwayyidalTamimi[1]andJundubalAzdi[2].Thisisthetextoftheletter:Fromtheservantof Allah,alHasan,theCommanderofthefaithfultoMuawiyabinAbiSufyan.Mostsurely,Allahhas sentMuhammadasmercytotheworlds.ThroughhimHehasshowedthetruth,repressed polytheism,strengthenedtheArabsingeneral,andennobledQurayshinparticular.Hehassaid: Andmostsurelyit(theQuran)isareminderforyouandyourpeople.[3]WhenAllahcausedhim todie,theArabsdisputedwitheachotherabouttheauthorityafterhim.Qurayshhavesaid:We arehistribeandhisfriends.Therefore,donotdisputewithusabouthissupremeauthority.So theArabsacknowledgedthat [1]AlHarithbinSuwayyidalTamimihadthekunyaofAbuAishaalKufi.Henarratedtraditions ontheauthorityofthetrustworthycompanions(oftheProphet)ofwhomwereImamAliandIbn Masud.Somereliabletraditionistsnarrated(traditions)onhisauthority.Thenarratorshave magnifiedhisimportance.IbnMaeenhassaid:He(alHarithbinSuwayyidalTamimi)is trustworthy.Otherssaid:Heisthebestnarrator.Henarrated(traditions)fromImamAli,who greatlypraisedandlaudedhim.ItissufficientforhimthatImamalHasantrustedanddepended onhim.ThatwaswhenhesenthimtoMuawiyaduringthelastdaysofAbdullahbinalZubayr.

Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.173. [2]JundubalAzdialAmiriwassurnamedasAbuAbdullah.HewasacompanionoftheProphet (a.s.).HenarratedfromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thathehassaid:The prescribedpunishmentforamagicianisstrikinghimwiththesword.Henarratedtraditionson theauthorityofsomecompanions(oftheProphet)ofwhomwereImamAli,peacebeonhim,and SalmanalFarisi.Sometraditionistsnarratedonhisauthority.IbnHayyanhasmentionedhimas oneofthetrustworthy(traditionists)ofthesecondgeneration.He(JundubalAzdi)diedatthe endofMuawiyascaliphate.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookTahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p. 118. [3]Quran,43,44. forQuraysh,whileQurayshhavedenied(toacknowledgefor)uswhattheArabshave acknowledgedforthem.Howfar!Qurayshhavenottreateduswithjusticewhiletheyhave excellenceinthereligionandprecedenceinIslam.Nowonderexceptyourdisputingwithus abouttheauthoritywithoutanyknownrightintheworldandalaudabledeedinIslam!The promisebelongstoAllah.WeaskAllahforHisfavornottogiveusinthisworldanythingthatmay beacausefordecreaseinthehereafter! MostsurelywhenAllahtookAlitoHim,theMuslimsentrustedmewiththeauthorityafterhim. Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya,andreflectonthatthroughwhichyousparethebloodofthe communityofMuhammadandsetrighttheiraffair!WithGreetings.[1] Thisletterhasbeennarratedinasimplerandfullermanner.Wewillmentionitbecauseit containsmoreadvantages.FromalHasanbinAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,toMuawiya binAbiSufyan.Peacebeonyou.IthankAllahWhomthereisnogodbutHim.AllahtheAlmighty hassentMuhammadasmercytotheworlds,kindnesstobelievers,andtoallthepeople,thathe maywarnhimwhowouldhavelife,and(that)thewordmayprovetrueagainsttheunbelievers[2] . SohedeliveredthemessagesofAllahandcarriedoutAllahscommanduntilAllahcausedhimto dieneitherneglectfulnorfeeble.AfterAllahhadshowedthroughhimthetruth,removed polytheismandsingledQurayshinparticularwithhim,Hesaidtohim:Andmostsurelyit(the Quran)isareminderforyouandyourpeople.Whenhepassedaway,theArabsdisputedwith eachotherabouthissupremeauthority.Qurayshsaid:Wearehistribe,family,andfriends. Therefore,itisnotlawfulforyoutodisputewithusaboutMuhammadssupremeauthorityand right.TheArabsthoughtthatitwasasQurayshsaid,andthattheyhadaproofofthatagainst whoeverdisputedwiththemaboutMuhammadsaffair.Sotheysaidyestothemandsubmitted tothem.ThenwearguedwithQurayshinthesamemannertheArabsarguedwiththemin,but QurayshdidnottreatuswithjusticeastheArabstreatedthemwithjustice.Theytookthisaffair withtheexceptionoftheArabsthrough(demanding)justiceandargument.Whenwe,

MuhammadsHouseholdandhisfriends,wantedtoarguewithandaskedthemforjustice,they sentusfar,unanimouslywrongedandtiredus.ThepromiseisAllahs;andHeistheGuardian,the Helper! Wewonderedatthosewhodisputedwithusaboutourrightandthesupremeauthorityofour House.Werefrainedfromdisputingwiththemoutoffearfor [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.9. [2]Quran,36,70. thereligionlestthehypocritesandtheallies[1]shouldfindthroughthatashortcomingthrough whichtheydefilethereligion,ortheymayhavemeanstocorruptit.So,todayletthewonderer wondersatyourdisputing,OMuawiya,aboutanaffairofwhichyouarenotworthy.Youarenot famousforameritinthereligionnorareyoulaudedforadeedinIslam.Youarethesonofoneof theallies,andsonofthemosthostileonetoAllahsApostle(a.s)andHisBook.Allahwillreckon you!Youshallbereturnedandknowtowhomtheissueoftheabodebelong!ByAllah,shortly afterthat,youwillmeetyourLord,andthenHewillpunishyoubecauseofwhatyourhandsdid; andAllahdoesnotwrongtheservants! Mostsurely,whenAli(mayAllahhavemercyonhimonthedaywhenhedied,onthedaywhen AllahwaskindtohimthroughIslam,andonthedaywhenhewillberaisedfromthedead)passed away,Muslimsappointedmeasarulerafterhim.Therefore,IaskAllahnottogiveusinthe transientworldathingthroughwhichHedecreasesourdignitywithHiminthehereafter.The thingthaturgedmetowrite(aletter)toyouistheexcusebetweenmeandAllah,theGreatand Almighty,inrespectofyouraffair.Ifyoudidthat,youwouldhaveagreatluckandsetrightthe Muslims.Thereforeleavegoingtoofarinfalsehood,andpayallegianceaspeoplepaidallegiance tome.Mostsurely,youhavecometoknowthatIamworthierofthisauthoritythanyou,with Allahandwitheveryrepentant(who)keeps(Allahslimits),and(with)thosewhohavepenitent hearts.FearAllah,keepoffaggression,andsparetheMuslimsblood.ByAllahyoushallhaveno goodthroughtheirbloodmorethanthatthroughwhichyouwillmeetHim!Enterpeaceand obedience.Donotdisputewiththemenoftheauthorityabouttheauthorityandwiththosewho areworthierofitthanyou,thatAllahmaythroughthatputouttheenmityandhatred,gatherthe word(confirmunity),andreconcile(thepeople).Ifyourefuse(allthings)exceptgoingtoofarin yourerror,IandtheMuslimsshallmarchtowardsyouandjudgeyouuntilAllahjudgesbetween us;andHeisthebestofthejudges![2] Accordingtobothnarrations,thelettercontainsimportantpoints: 1.Mostsurely,intheletter,theImamexpressedhisfeelingstowardtheIslamiccaliphate.He thoughtthatitwasamongtherightsoftheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem,thatnone

hadtherighttosharethemtheir [1]TheallieswerethosewhogatheredtobattleagainstAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.TheywerefromQuraysh,Ghattfan,BaniMurrah,BaniAshja,BaniSaleem,andBani Asad.ThatwasattheBattleofalKhandaq(trench).TheircommanderinchiefwasAbuSufyan. Thatwasintheyear5A.H. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.12. right,andthatwhoeverusurpeditfromthemaggressedagainstthemandplunderedtheir inheritance.TheImamshowedhisfirmopinioninthesamemannerQurayshdidtowardtheArabs duetothefactthattheywerethenearestofthepeopletotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,andtheclosestofthemtohiminkinship.ThisslogantheyraisedwasavailablewithAhl alBaytinthebestway,fortheywereabranchofthetreeoftheProphet(a.s)andthenearestof allpeopletohim.ItisstrangethattheArabsweresatisfiedwiththeproofsofQurayshwhile QurayshwerenotsatisfiedwiththoseofthefamilyoftheProphet(a.s).Thereasonforthatisthat theyharboredhatredandmaliceagainstthem.Theyshowedenmitytowardthefamilyoftheir Prophet,wenttoofarinexhaustingthem,andpunishingthem.Therefore,theProphetspure familyfacedvariouskindsofordealsandmisfortunesthroughouttheperiodsofQurayshsreign. 2.ImamalHasan(a.s)hasmentionedthereasonfortheirrefrainingfromdemandingtheir(the AhlulBayt)right.TheyhadfearfortheentityofIslamandthewordofmonotheismfromtheallies andthehypocriteswhowereaccustomedtohypocrisy.Thatisbecausetheirpowerafterthe deathoftheProphet(a.s)becamestrong.Theyseizedtheopportunitytodestroyanduproot Islam.SotheImams,peacebeonthem,preferredtheinterestofIslamtolosingtheirright.Imam Ali,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)hasdeclaredthatintheletterhesenttotheEgyptians, saying:WhentheProphet(a.s)died,theMuslimsdisputedontheauthorityafterhim.ByAllah,it neveroccurredtome,andIneverimagined,thataftertheProphet,theArabswouldsnatchaway thecaliphatefromhisHousehold,northattheywouldtakeitawayfrommeafterhim,butI suddenlynoticedthepeoplesurroundingthemantopledgeallegiancetohim. I,therefore,withheldmyhandtillIsawthatmanypeoplewererevertingfromIslamandtrying todestroythereligionofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.IthenfearedthatifI didnotprotectIslamanditspeopleandthereoccurredinitabreakordestruction,itwouldmean agreaterblowtomethanthelossofpoweroveryouthatmaylastforafewdayswhere everythingwouldpassawayasmiragepassesaway,orasacloudscudsaway. Therefore,theImamsrefrainedfromdemandingtheirrights,didnotbattleagainstthepeople, andsubmittedtoAllahforthesakeofprotectingIslamandtheMuslimsinterests. 3.Inhisletter,ImamalHasanexpressedhisastonishmentatMuawiya.Thatisbecausethelatter

disputedwiththeformerabout(theauthority)andshowedaudacitytowardhim.Heforgotthat hewasontopoftheforceswhofoughtagainstAllahsApostle(a.s)movedagainsthimthehatred andmaliceofthepeoplewholivedbeforeIslam(Jahiliya).SohowdidMuawiyadisputewith ImamalHasan,theProphetsgrandsonandinheritor,abouthisrightandposition?Yetthereis anotherreason.Muawiyahadnoknownmeritinthereligion,norhadhealaudabledeedin Islam,norhadheatalentandvirtue,thathemightdeservethisgreatpositioninIslam. 4.ImamalHasan(a.s)hasmentionedtoMuawiyathegeneralpledgeofallegiancetohimafter thedeathofhisfather,thatthecommunityhadunanimouslyagreedonpayinghomagetohim andtoobeyhim.ThiswouldhavebeenastrongproofifMuawiyahadunderstooditandreturned tothecorrectandlogicalspeech. MuawiyasAnswer WhenImamalHasanslettercametoMuawiya,herepliedtoitwithananswerfromwhichone canunderstandcunninganddeception.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Ihaveunderstoodthatwith whichyouhavementionedAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whowasthe worthiestoftheearlyandthelaterofalltheexcellence.AndyouhavementionedtheMuslims disputeabouttheauthorityafterhim.YouhavedeclaredaccusingAbuBakr,Umar,AbuUbayda thetrustedone,andtherighteousEmigrants.Ihatedthatforyou.Whenthecommunitydisputed witheachotherabouttheauthority(aftertheProphet),theycametoknowthatQurayshwere worthierofitthanthem.SoQuraysh,theAnsar,thevirtuousandthereligiousfromamongthe MuslimsthoughtthattheyhadtoappointasarulersomeonefromQurayshwhowasthemost knowledgeableofAllah,themostfearingofHim,andthestrongestintheauthority.Accordingly, theychoseAbuBakranddidnotfallshort(ofthat). IftheyhadcometoknowthattherewasamanwhowouldtaketheplaceofAbuBakranddefend Islamashedid,theywouldhavenotturnedawayfromhimandhandedtheauthorityovertoAbu Bakr.Thesituationbetweenyouandmeistodaysimilartothatinwhichtheywere.IfIcameto knowthatyouweregreaterinregulatingtheaffairs,morecarefulofthecommunity,betterin policy,greaterinschemingagainsttheenemy,strongerincollectingrevenue(thanI),Iwould handovertoyoutheauthorityafteryourfather.Mostsurelyyourfatherinformedagainst Uthman,andhewasunjustlykilled.SoAllahdemandedhisblood;andwhomeverAllahdemands doesnotescapeHim.Thenhe(yourfather)usurpedtheauthorityoverthecommunityand dividedtheirunity.Sohewasopposedbyhisequalsfromamongthemenofprecedence,jihad, andoldnessinIslam.Heclaimedthattheybrokethepledgeofallegiancetohim.Hefought againstthem,sobloodwasshed,andthesacredthingswereviolated.Thenheturnedtousand demandedustopayhomagetohim.Buthevaingloriouslywantedtopossessus.Sowefought againsthim,andhebattledagainstus.

Thenthebattlecontinueduntilhechoseaman,andwechoseaman,thattheymightdecidethat whichsetthecommunityright,throughwhichtheunityandfriendlinessreturned.Becauseofthat wetookacovenantagainstthem,thelikeofitagainsthim,andthelikeofitagainstusforthe consentofwhattheywoulddecide.Thetwoarbitratorsdecidedagainsthim,asyouhavecometo know,anddeposedhim.ByAllahhewasnotpleasedwiththedecisionnorwashepatienttoward Allahscommand.Therefore,howareyousummoningmetoanaffairyouaredemandingthrough yourfathersright,whilehewasdeposedofit?Therefore,reflectonyourselfandyourreligion. WithGreetings.[1] Thisanswerhasbeennarratedinamannerwiderandeasierthanthefirstone.Thisisitstext: FromtheservantofAllah,Muawiya,theCommanderofthefaithful.ToalHasanbinAli. Certainlyyourletterhasreachedme;andIhaveunderstoodthatwithwhichyouhavementioned Muhammad,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,fromamongtheexcellence.Heis theworthiestoftheearlyandthelaterinexcellenceoldandnew,smallandgreat.ByAllah,he delivered(themessagesofAllah),carried(them)out,advised(thecommunity),andguided(it),to theextentthatthroughhimAllahsaved(it)fromdestruction,enlightened(it)fromblindness,and guided(ittogetridof)ignoranceandmisguidance.SomayAllahrewardhimonbehalfofhis communitywiththebest(rewardwithwhich)Herewardedaprophet. TheblessingsofAllahbeonhimonthedaywhenhewasborn,onthedaywhenhedied,andon thedaywhenhewillberaisedfromthedead.YouhavementionedthedeathoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheMuslimsdisputeafterhim,andtheirovercomingyour father.SoyouhavedeclaredaccusingAbuBakralSiddeeq,UmaralFarooq,AbuUbaydathe trustedone,thedisciplesofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thegood EmigrantsandtheAnsar.SoIhatedthatforyou.Mostsurelyyouareaman(whois)withusand thepeople,notaccused,norawrongdoer,norignoble.Iloveforyoutherightsayingandthe beautifulfame. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.9. Mostsurelywhenthiscommunitydiffered,theydidnotignoreyourexcellence,oryour precedence,oryourkinshiptoyourProphetnoryourpositioninIslamanditsmen.However,the communitythoughtthattheyhadtoleavethisauthority(andhanditoverto)Qurayshbecauseof their(close)positiontotheirProphet.TherighteouspeoplefromamongQuraysh,theAnsar,and thelikefromtherestofthepeopleandtheircommononesthoughtthattheyhadtoentrustthis authoritytosomeonebelongstoQuraysh.(Heshouldbe)theoldestinIslam,mostknowledgeable inAllah,mostbelovedtoHim,andstrongestinAllahscommand.Accordingly,theychoseAbu Bakr.Thatwastheopinionofthepossessorsofreligionandexcellence,andwhoreflectedonthe community.

Butthiscreatedinyourheartsanaccusationagainstthem,whiletheywerenotaccusednorwere theymistakeninwhattheydid.IftheMuslimshadcometoknowthattherewasamongyou someonewhowouldreplacehim,takehisplace,defendthesacredthingsofIslamashedid,they wouldnothaveturnedawayfromhimandhandtheauthorityovertosomeoneotherthanhim. ButtheycametoknowthatthroughwhattheythoughtinrespectofsettingrightIslamandits men.MayAllahrewardthemwithgoodonbehalfofIslamanditspeople.Ihaveunderstoodthe peacemakingtowhichyouhavesummonedme.Thesituationbetweenyouandmeistoday similartothatwhichwasbetweenyouandAbuBakrafterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.IfIcametoknowthatyouweregreaterinmanagingtheaffairs,more carefulofthecommunity,betterinpolicy,strongerincollectingrevenue,andgreaterinscheming againsttheenemy,(thanI),Iwouldrespondtowhatyousummonedmeandregardyouasworthy ofthat.ButIhavecometoknowthatIamlongerthanyouinauthority,olderthanyouin experienceinthiscommunity,andolderthanyouinage.Therefore,youareworthiertorespond tomeinrespectofthispositionforwhichyouhaveaskedme. Soentertheobediencetome,youshallhavetheauthorityafterme.Youshallhavewhatever moneyisinthepublictreasuryofIraqandcarryittowhomeveryoulike,youshallhavetheland taxesofanydistrictofIraqasanaidforyou,foryourexpense.Theonetrustedbyyouwillbringit toyouandwillcarryittoyoueveryyear.Youshallnotbecontrolledwithinjustice,theaffairswill notbedecidedwithoutyou,andyouwillnotbedisobeyedinanyaffairthroughwhichyouwant toobeyAllah.MayAllahhelpusandyouobeyHim.MostsurelyHeisAllhearingandHeresponds tosupplication.WithGreetings.[1] [1]SharhNahjolBalagha,vol.4,p.13. Accordingtobothnarrations,thelettercontainsMuawiyaslying,cunning,andfallacies,asDr. AhmedRifaisays.[1]Itisnecessaryforustopausetoreflectonitscontents,whichareas follows: 1.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:Mostsurelywhenthiscommunitydiffered,theydidnotignore yourexcellenceoryourprecedenceoryourkinshiptoyourProphet.Mostsurelywhoever followstheeventsthattookplaceafterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,comestoknowthatthisspeechisfalseandcontrarytothereality,forthepurefamily facedhardordealsandmisfortunesaftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.The wounddidnothealandtheApostlewasnotburiedwhilethepeoplealonepossessedthe authorityandheldameetingintheirshelter(saqifa).Theyrusheduponauthorityandneglected thefamilyoftheirProphet.Theydidnottaketheiropinionintotheirconsiderationnordidthey takecareofthem.WhenAbuBakrwaselected,theycarriedflambeausandquicklywenttothe houseoftheProphetsdaughter,Fatima,toburnit.

TheydrewthebrotheroftheProphetandhisguardian,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful, withthebracesofhissword,thathemightpayhomage(toAbuBakr)byforce.Hesoughthelp, butnoonehelpedhim.Afterthatheinclinedtoisolation.Hespentthenightwithhiscaresand sorrows.FromthatdaymisfortunessuccessivelybefellthefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.AllahsApostledepartedtotheAbodeofImmortality(hereafter).Fiftyyears afterhisdeparture,theMuslims,inaclamorousprocession,traveledthroughthedesertandwent fromacountrytoanothercarryingtheheadsofhischildrenonspearheads,takinghiswomenfolk ascaptives,makingthosefarandnearlookingatthem.Didthecommunitycarryouttheir(the AhlulBayt)rightandcometoknowoftheirpositionafterthoseordealsthatbefellthem? 2.Anotherexampleofthecontentsoftheletterishisspeech:Therighteouspeoplefromamong Quraysh,theAnsar,andothersfromtherestofthepeoplethoughtthattheyhadtoentrustthis authoritytosomeonefromQuraysh.MostsurelytherighteousMuslimsandthegoodones fromamongthemfollowedImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andwerenotsatisfiedwith thepledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakr.Theyseverelyprotestedagainstthatanddeniedit.Wehave mentionedthatindetailinthefirstpartofthebook.TheresultofQurayshschoicewasthatthe MuslimswereruledbyMuawiya,Yazid,alWaleed,andthelikeofthemfromamongthe oppressive,tyrannicalleaders,whodrownedthecountryintotragediesand [1]AsralMamun,vol.1,p.17. sorrows,andwenttoofarinabasingandexhaustingtheMuslimswhosubservientlypaidhomage toYazid.ThisiswhattherighteouspeoplefromQurayshhaddecidedthroughtheirturningaway theauthorityfromthefamilyoftheirProphet,asMuawiyasaid,andtheyweresuccessfulintheir choice,astheysaid.ThereforewebelongtoAllahandtoHimisourreturn! 3.Thestrangethingintheletterishissaying:IfIcametoknowthatyouweregreaterin regulatingthesubjects,morecarefulofthecommunity,betterinpolicy.Yeshistakingcareof Islamandhisgoodpolicyappearedwhentheaffairswentwellwithhim.Thatwaswhenhe pursuedthegood,righteousMuslimsandthrewthemintoprisons.Anotherexampleofhistaking careofIslamisthatheaddedZiyadbinAbeehtohimandcursedImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful,onthepulpitsandduringthesupplicationinprayer.MoreoverheinstalledYazidasa caliph,andthelikeoftheseoffencesandcrimesthathadblackenedthefaceofhistory! MuawiyasNote MuawiyasentImamalHasananoteinwhichhewarnedhimoftherevoltagainsthimandin whichhemadehimwishforthecaliphateafterhimifhehadabdicatedtheauthority.Thisisthe textofthenote:Nowthen,formostsurelyAllahdoestoHisservantswhateverHepleases,there isnorepellerofHisdecree,andHeisswifttotakeaccount.Bewareofthatyourdeathbethrough thehandsofsomemobsfromamongthepeople.Despairoffindingashortcominginus.Ifyou

turnedawayfromthatinwhichyouwereandpaidhomagetome,IwouldfulfillwhatIhad promisedyouandcarryouttoyouwhatyouhadstipulated,andIwouldbeinrespectofthatas AshabinQaysbinThalabasaid: Ifsomeoneleavessomethingintrustwithyou,repayittohim,andyouwillbecalled trustworthywhenyoudie.Donotenvythemasterwhenheisrichanddonotturnawayfrom himifheisperishablethroughproperty!Thenyoushallhavethecaliphateafterme.Thatis becauseyouaretheworthiestofthepeopleofit.WithGreetings.MostlikelyMuawiyasentthe Imamthisletter,containingsuchakindofthreat,afterhehadcommunicatedwiththe commandersoftheIraqiArmy,andtheyagreedtocarryouthisplots.Mostsurelyhewrotethat afterhehadcommunicatedwiththeIraqileaders,andhehadbeenhopelessofImamalHasans responsetohim. ImamalHasansAnswer AsforImamalHasan,hepaidnoattentiontoMuawiyasthreatandansweredhimwithan answerfromwhichoneunderstandshisdeterminationandinsistenceondeclaringthewar.Thisis thetextofhisanswer:Yourletterhasreachedme.Youhavementionedinitwhatyouhave mentioned.IhaveleftansweringyoulestIshouldaggressagainstyou.IseekrefugewithAllah fromthat.Thereforefollowthetruth,andknowthatIamamongitsmen;andthereisasin againstmeifIsayandtelllies.WithGreetings. ThiswasthelastletterbetweenImamalHasanandMuawiya,andbecauseofwhichMuawiya cametoknowthathisdeception,falsehood,andfallacieswereuseless.Inthemeantimehecame toknowthatImamalHasanwasdeterminedonwarringagainsthim.Afterthatheheadedforwar andprepareditsmeansandrequirements.
ChapterXV:DeclarationofWar WhenMuawiyasfallaciesandpoliticalplansfailed,hethoughtthatthebestmeanstoovercome theeventswasthathehadtohurrytodeclarewarlesttheattitudeshouldbeclearandthe chanceshouldescapehim.Mostlikelyhehurriedtodeclarewarforthefollowingreasons: 1.HefirmlycommunicatedwiththeIraqileaders,themilitarycommanders,andthechiefsofthe tribes.Heboughttheircheapconsciencesformoneyandmadethemwishforoffices,andthey

secretlyrespondedtohimtobetrayImamalHasanandtocarryouthisobjectives.Theproofof thatisthenotehesenttohisleadersandgovernorsaskingthemtohelpandjoinhim.Inthis note,heexpressedhisfirmcommunicationwiththecommandersoftheIraqiarmyandtheir responsetohim. 2.HecametoknowthattheIraqiArmywasdivided,defeated,anddidnotobeyImamalHasan. Thatresultedfromtheaffairswewillmentionindetailwhenwetalkaboutthereasonsforthe peacemaking. 3.HecametoknowthelocaldangerwithwhichIraqwasafflictedandfromwhichSham(Syria) wassafe.ThatwastheKharijitesthoughtwhoseprinciplesspreadamongtheIraqicircles.Among theirprincipleswasthedeclarationofmutinyandrebellionagainstthethengovernmentandthe spreadofchaosinthecountry,thattheymightoverthrowthegovernmentandundertakethe leadershipoverthecommunity. 4.ThemurderofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)madetheIraqislosealeader, guide,andoratorwhodirectedthemtothetruth.Aftermissinghim,theIraqiswalkedinutter darknessandwereatrandom.Theylostthepioneerandguide. AsfarasweknowthatthesearetheaffairsthaturgedMuawiyatodeclarewar(againstImamal Hasan).IfIraqhadnotbeenafflictedwithsuchdisastersandtroubles,Muawiyawouldnothave foundawaytodeclarewar,wouldhavesparednoefforttodelaywarandtoconcludeatimely truce,justashedidwiththeRomans,thattheaffairmightbecomecleartohim.Wecannotforget hiswordsshowinghisfearoftheIraqiswhentheywereonerankandwerenotafflictedwith discordandweakness.Hesaid:WhenIremembertheireyesunderthearmors(attheBattle)of Siffin,Ilosemymind!Hedescribedtheirunity,saying:Theirheartswerelikeonemansheart! Haditnotbeenfortheirdisagreementanddispersion,Muawiyawouldnothavehurriedto declarewar(againstthem). MuawiyasNotetohisGovernors Muawiyasenttohisgovernorsandleadersanotewithonemeaning.Inthenoteheurgedthem tosetouttobattleagainstImamalHasanandcommandedthemtojoinhiminthebestwayand mostcompletereadiness.Thisisthetextofthenote:FromtheservantofAllah,Muawiya,the Commanderofthefaithful,Tosoandso,sonofsoandso,andtheMuslims.Salamunalaykum,I thankonyourbehalfAllahWhomthereisnogodotherthan.PraisebelongstoAllah,Who sufficedyoutheburdenofyourenemyandhiskillingyourcaliph.MostsurelyAllahthroughHis mercyenabledamanfromamongHisservantstokillAlibinAbiTalib.Hekilledhimandlefthis companionsindivisionanddisagreement.Thelettersoftheirnoblemenandtheirleadershave cometousaskingforsecurityforthemselvesandtheirtribes.Therefore,whenthisletterofmine

reachesyou,cometomealongwithyourefforts,fighters,andgoodequipment.Certainly, throughthankingAllah,youhavehitthevengeanceandreachedthehope;andAllahhas destroyedthemenoferrorandaggression;andpeace,Allahsmercyandblessingsbeonyou.[1] Whenthisletterreachedhisleadersandhisgovernors,theyprovokedthepeopleandurgedthem tosetoutandtogetreadytobattleagainstImamalHasan,theProphetsdarlingandgrandson. ShortlyafterthatMuawiyawasjoinedbyhuge,organizedtroopssuppliedwithweaponsand equipment. WhenMuawiyahadhugetroopsfromamongthefightersandthoseambitiouswhoyieldto nothingexceptwealthandpleasures,hetookthemandsetofftowardsIraq.Hehimselfwasthe commanderinchief.HeappointedalDahhakbinQaysalFihriasagovernoroverhiscapital.The troopswithhimwereaboutsixtythousandmen,anditwassaidmore.Anyway,thetroops obeyedMuawiya,andcarriedouthiscommandsandwishes.Theysubmittedtohim.Theydidnot opposehimnordidtheydisobeyhim.Muawiyaandhisarmycoveredthedesert.Whenthey arrivedattheBridgeofManbaj,[2]theystayedthere.Therehemadehisaffairfirm,thathemight overcometheevents. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. [2]TheBridgeofManbajwasanoldtown.Therewasatwodaysdistancebetweenitand Halabin.Khousrow(thePersianking)wasthefirsttobuildit.Somepoetslivedtherelikeal Buhtary.Thishasbeenmentioned(inthebook)MujamalBuldan,vol.8,p.169. TheIraqisareterrified WhenthenewsofthatMuawiyaandhistroopsheadedforIraqtofightagainsttheIraqisspread, terrorandfearprevailedthem.AsforImamalHasan,heorderedacompanionofhistocallinthe capital:Theprayeristobecongregational.Thecallwasmade.Shortlyafterthatthepeople crowdedinthemosque.SoImamalHasan(a.s)wentoutandwentuponthepulpit.Hepraised andlaudedAllah,andthenhesaid:AllahhasdeterminedjihadonHiscreationandnamedit hatred.ThenHesaidtothemenofjihad:Bepatient!MostsurelyAllahiswiththepatient.O people,youwillnotobtainwhatyoulikeexceptthroughpatiencewithwhatyoudislike. IhavebeeninformedthatMuawiyahasbeeninformedthatwehavedecidedtoadvancetowards him.Sohehasreactedowingtothat.SetouttoyourcampatalNukhaylah,[1]mayAllahhave mercyonyou,thatwemaythink,andyouthink;andwesee,andyousee.[2]Whenheendedhis speech,thosepresentkeptsilent,theirtonguesbecamedumb,andtheirfacesturnedyellowasif theyweredriventodeath.NoneofthemansweredImamalHasan.Theywereafraidofthe peopleofSham.Theylikedpeace,andpreferredcomfort.Thisweaknessatthebeginningofthe summonstojihadwarnedofthedanger,indicatedpessimismanddespairofsettingthemright.

WhenAdiybinHatam[3],agreat,determined,andwatchfulcompanionoftheProphet,cameto [1]AlNukhaylahwasaplacenearKufainthedirectionofalSham(Syria).AtitMuawiyakilledthe KharijiteswhenhecametoKufa.Thishasbeenmentioned(inthebook)MujamalBuldan,vol.8, p.276. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. [3]HisfullnameisAdibinHatamalTaai.HisfatherHatamwascitedasanexampleofgenerosity andmunificence.AdiwasgiventheKunyaofAbuTareef.HecametotheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,intheyear9A.H.HewasaChristian,andthenhebecameaMuslim. Thereisalong,originalspeechonhisbecomingMuslim.IthasbeenmentionedbyIbnalAthirin his(book)AsadalGhaba.He(Adi)narratedmanytraditionsfromtheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.Hewasgenerousandnobleamonghispeople.Hewasgreatwiththemand otherthanthem.Hewasreadytoanswer.Hewasamongthemenofreligionandpiety. Itwashewhosaid:Whenthetimeofprayercametome,Iwasyearningforit.Onedayhecame intoUmarbinalKhattabinHecametoknowthatheshowedpridetowardhimandmadelittleof hisright.Soheturnedtohim,saying:Doyourecognizeme?Yes,byAllah,Iknowyou,replied Umar,Allahhasennobledyouwiththebestknowledge.Iknowyou,byAllah.Youbecamea Muslimwhentheywereunbelievers.Youknewwhentheydenied.Youwereloyalwhenthey betrayed.Andyouadvancedwhentheyescaped.SoAdisaid:Enough!Enough!Hewitnessed theconquestofIraq,theBattleofalQadisiya,theBattleofalNahrawan,andtheDayofthe BridgealongwithAbuUbayda,andthelikeofthat.Anexampleofhisgenerosityandnobilityis thatalAshathbinQayssentamantohimtoborrowfromhimHatamscookingpots.Adifilled themwithfoodandknowthatthepeoplekeptsilentanddidnotrespondtoImamalHasan,he becameangrywiththem.Herebukedthemfortheirsilenceandflagrantweakness.Hesaidto themwithenthusiasmanddetermination:IamAdiybinHatam.GlorybelongstoAllah!How uglythisattitudeis!WhydoyounotrespondtoyourImamandsonofyourProphetsdaughter? Wherearetheoratorsofthecitywhosetonguesareeloquentduringease,andwhododgelikea foxatthetimeofseriousness?DoyounotfearAllahsdetestwithitsdefectanddisgrace? ThenheturnedtoImamalHasanshowingobedienceandyielding,saying:MayAllahachieve throughyouwiseattitudes,keepyouawayfromthedetestedthings,andgiveyousuccessto laudableresults!Wehaveheardyourspeech,cometoyourcommand,listenedtoyou,and showedobediencetowhatyousaidandsaw! Thenheimmediatelyshowedthepeoplethathewasdeterminedtosetouttofightagainst Muawiya,saying:Iamheadingforourcamp!Whoeverlikestocome,thenlethimcome! Thenhewentoutofthemosque.Hismountwasatthedoor.Herodeitandwentoutalone.He commandedhisservanttosupplyhimwiththatwhichsethimright.HearrivedinalNukhaylah

andcampedatitalone.[1]WhenQaysbinSadbinUbada,MaqalbinQaysalRiyahi,[2]andZiyad binSasaasawthecarriedthemtohim.SoalAshathtoldhimthathewantedthemempty.But Adiansweredhim:Wedonotlendthemempty!Adiusedtocrumblebreadtotheantsand said:Theyaremyneighborsandhaverightagainstme!Hewasamongthosewhoturnedaway fromUthman(binAffan).HewitnessedwithImamAlitheBattleofalJamal.Sohiseyewas knockedoutatit.Hehadtwosons.OneofthemwaskilledwithImamAli;andtheotherwaskilled withtheKharijites.HealsowitnessedtheBattleofSiffinandhadfamousattitudesatit.Hediedin theyear67A.H.,andotherthanthatwassaid.Hewasthen120yearsold.Itwassaidthathedied inKufa,anditwassaidthathediedinQirqisya.Theformerismorecorrect.Thishasbeen mentionedin(thebook)UsdalGhaba,vol.3,p.392.Narrationssimilartoithasbeenmentioned in(thebooks)alIsaba,alIstiab,andTahdhibalTahdhibin [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14. [2]MaqalbinQaysalRiyahilivedduringthetimeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.IbnAsakirhassaid:Ammar(binYasir)sentMaqaltoUmartotellhimaboutthe conquestofTastar.HealsosenthimtotheBanuNajiyawhentheybecameapostates.He(Maqal binQaysalRiyahi)wasamongImamAliscommandersattheBattleofalJamalandwasthe directorofhispolicemen.KhalifabinalKhayyathasmentioned:AlMustawradbinAlqamaal YarbuialKharijidueledwithhimafter(themurderofImam)Ali;andtheykilledeachother.That wasintheyear42A.H.duringthereignofMuawiya,anditwassaidintheyear39A.H.during thecaliphateofAli.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba,vol.3,p.475. peoplekeepingsilentandnotrespondingtoImamalHasan,theybecameangry.Theyblamedand rebukedthepeoplefortheirweakness.Theyurgedthemtofightagainsttheirenemy.Thenthey turnedtoImamalHasanandsaidtohimasAdihadsaidtohim.Theyshowedobediencetohim andyieldingtohiscommands.ImamalHasanthankedthemfortheirnobleattitudes.Helauded theirgoodfeelings,saying:Istillknowyouthroughthetrueintention,loyalty,andadvice.Somay Allahrewardyouwithgood! ThenImamalHasan(a.s)immediatelywentouttoencountertheUmayyadaggression.He appointedalMughirabinNawfalbinalHarth[1]asagovernoroverhiscapital.Heorderedhimto urgethepeopletostruggle(againstMuawiya)andtosendthemtohimatalNukhaylah.Thenhe andhisweak,hugeArmycoveredthedesert.HearrivedinalNukhaylahandstayedthereto organizehistroops.[2]ThenheleftitandwalkeduntilhereachedDeirAbdurrahman. Hestayedthereforthreedays,thatthosefromamonghistroopswhoremainedbehindmight joinhim.HethoughtthathehadtosendthevanguardofhisArmytoexploretheconditionsof theenemyandtopreventhimfromadvancingtowardsanotherplace.Hechoseforhisvanguard thesincerestonesfromamonghisbrave,skillfulcompanionswhosenumberwastwelve thousands.HegavethegeneralleadershiptohiscousinUbaydillahbinalAbbas.Beforethispart

oftheArmymoved,ImamalHasanhadsummonedUbaydillah,thecommanderinchiefofhis armedforce.Hesuppliedhimwiththisvaluableadvicewhichisasfollows:Ocousin,Iamgoing tosendwithyoutwelvethousandArabhorsemenandreciters(ofthe [1]AlMughirabinNawfalbinalHarthbinAbdalMuttalibwasborninMeccaatthetimeofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThatwasbeforetheHijricalendar.Itwassaidthathe didnotliveduringthelifetimeofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,exceptforsix years.HewasgiventhekunyaofAbuYahya.HemarriedImama,daughterofalAasbinalRabee. ImamawasImamAliswife.WhentheImamwasmurdered,headvisedalMughiratomarryher. WhentheImam,peacebeonhim,died,alMughiramarriedher.AlMughirawitnessedtheBattle ofSiffinwithImamAli.HewasajudgeduringthereignofUthman.Henarratedonetradition fromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thetraditionisthewordsofhim,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily:Whoeverdoesnotpraisejusticeanddoesnotdispraiseinjusticefights againstAllah.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)AsadalGhaba,vol.4,p.407. [2]InthebookalKharaiijwaalJaraiih,p.228ithasbeenmentioned:Thosewhowantedtogo outwentwithImamalHasan.Manypeopletarried.Theydidnotfulfillwhattheyhadsaidand promised.TheydeceivedhimjustastheyhaddeceivedImamAli,peacebeonhim,before.Imam alHasancampedatalNukhaylahfortendays.Nonewaspresentwithhimexceptfourthousand people.SohereturnedtoKufatourgethepeople.Hemadeaspeechinwhichhesaid:Youhave deceivedmeasyouhaddeceivedthosebeforeme. Quran)ofthecity.Amanofthemismorethanaregiment.Therefore,takethemandgoaway.Be lenientandcheerfultothem.Loweryourwingingentlenessforthem.Letthemapproachyour sittingplace,fortheyaretheremainderofthosetrustedby(ImamAli),theCommanderofthe faithful.MakethemwalkbytheEuphrates.Thengoaheadtillyouplacethemfacetofacewith Muawiya.Ifyoumeethim,thenpreventhimuntilIcometoyou,forIamabouttofollowyou. Informme(oftheevents)daybyday.Consultthesetwo(persons)QaysbinSad,andSaeedbin Qays.IfyoumeetMuawiya,donotfighthimuntilhefightsyou.Ifhedoes,thenbattleagainst him.Ifyouarestruck,thenQaysbinSadwouldbeoverthepeople.Ifheisstruck,thenSaeedbin Qayswouldbeoverthepeople.Thisadvicecontainsthefollowingpoints: 1.Itindicatestheimamsabundantknowledgeofmanagingtheaffairsofthestate.Thatis becauseofhiscommandmentinrespectoftheArmyinsuchamannerincludingpity,affection, andpraise.Forexample,hesaidthattheArmywastheremainderoftheonestrustedbyImam Ali,theCommanderofthefaithful,andthatthecommanderinchiefshouldbekindtoit.This proceduremadetheArmyloyalandfaithfultothestate.Ofcourse,whentheArmyisloyaltothe governmentandbelievesinitspolicies,itmakesfirmitsbases,anditwinsastrongfencethat protectsitfromexternalaggressions,localdiscords,andbringsabouttoitincreasinglytranquility andstability.

2.AsforhiscommandthatUbaydillahhadnottoaggressagainstMuawiyaandnottofight againsthimuntilhewouldstartfighting,itdoesnotmeanthattheholyverseorders(Muslims) nottoaggress.Allah,theExalted,hassaid:Andfightagainstthosewhofightagainstyou,anddo notexceedthelimits,surelyAllahdoesnotlovethosewhoexceedthelimits.[1]Theholyverse doesnotconcernMuawiya,whofollowedallpossiblemeanstoaggressagainsttheMuslims.For exampleherefusedtopayhomagetoImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim. ThismeansthathemutiniedagainsttheMuslimswillandunity.HefoughtagainstImamAliinthe BattleofSiffin;andthismeansthatheaggressedagainsttheMuslimcommunity.Besideshemade mischiefintheland.Thatwaswhenheandhisgovernorsunjustlywenttoofarinsheddingthe Muslimsblood.ThroughouttheperiodsofhisreignheaggressedagainstIslamandrevolted againstthecommunityswill.AnywayalHasan(a.s)commandedUbaydillahnottostartfighting topreventhimfromdodgingthroughsayingthathedidnotcomeforthepurposeofwar,and thathecametonegotiatewiththemaboutsettingrighttheMuslimsaffairs. [1]Quran,1,190. 3.Inhisadvice,ImamalHasanmadeitincumbentonUbaydillahtoconsultQaysbinSadand SaeedbinQays.Henominatedthemfortheleadershipafterhim.Hewantedtodrawthe attentionofthemembersoftheArmytothattheyhadtoobeytheircommandersordersifhe consultedthetwomen.Alsohewantedtotellthemthattheyweretrustworthy.Indeednonein theImamsArmywasequaltothemintheirgoodtendencies,theirobediencetotheProphets Household,peacebeonthem.ForthisreasonImamalHasanhadconfidenceinthemandtook greatcareofthem. Beforeweendthetalkaboutthistopic,wehavetodealwithsomeaffairsconcerningitasfollows: ChoosingofUbaydillah ManypeopleaskaboutthereasonwhyImamalHasannominatedUbaydillahforleadingthe vanguardofhisArmy.TheysaythattherewereintheArmypersonsfirmerthanhiminfaith, strongerthanhiminthought,andmoreloyalsuchasQaysbinSad,SaeedbinQays,andthelike ofthemfromamongthetrustworthybelievers.Theanswertothatisasfollows: A.ThroughthatImamalHasan(a.s)wantedtoencouragehimandtomakehimsincerethrough entrustingthegeneralleadershiptohim.Ubaydillahhadaqualification,ability,anddetermination whichmadehimworthyofthishighoffice.Thatisbecausehewasbroughtupintheschoolof ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.ImamAli(a.s)hadinstalledhimasa governoroverYemenbecauseofhisqualificationsandabilities.

C.HewasworthyofbeingloyalandofsparingnoeffortinfightingagainstMuawiya.Thatis becauseBisrbinArtaahadkilledhistwosons. D.MostsurelyImamalHasan(a.s)didnotplacethegeneralleadershipinhishand;ratherhehad placeditbetweenhimandtwopersonswhowere,QaysbinSad,andSaeedbinQays.His EminencelateAalYaseenhasexplainedthissubjectmatterindetail.[1] TheNumberoftheArmy ThehistorianswordshavedifferedoverthenumberoftheArmythatwentwithImamalHasan toSaabaat.IbnAbialHaddeedhasmentionedthatahugeArmywentwithImamalHasan,buthe hasnotmentioneditsnumber.Hehasmentionedthenumberofthevanguardunderthe leadershipof [1]SulhalHasan,p.96. Ubaydillah.Hehassaid:Thenumberofthevanguardwastwelvethousandmenfromamongthe Arabknightsandthereciters(oftheQuran)inthecity(ofKufa).[1]AlTabariandothershave mentionedthatthenumberoftheArmywasfortythousandmen.[2]Fromthetalksthattook placebetweenImamalHasanandsomeofhiscompanionsaboutpeacemaking,weunderstand thatthenumberofthearmywasahundredthousandpeople.Forexample,SulaymanbinSurad criticizedImamalHasan(a.s)forhisacceptingpeacemaking,saying:Ourastonishmentatyour payinghomagetoMuawiyadoesnotcometoanend.Thatisbecauseyouhaveahundred thousandfightersfromamongthepeopleofIraq![3]ZiyadsanswertoMuawiyaindicatesthat thenumberoftheArmywasninetythousandmen.[4]ItwassaidthatthenumberoftheArmy wasseventythousandmen.[5]I(theauthor)thinkthatthenumberoftheArmywasmorethan fortythousand(people).TheproofofthatisthespeechofNawfalBakali[6],whosaid:When Imam(Ali)decidedtoreturntowaragainstMuawiyaaweekbeforehisdeath,heentrustedal Hasanwithtenthousand(fighters),AbuAyyubalAnsariwithtenthousand(fighters),Qaysbin Sadwithtenthousand(fighters).Healsoentrustedotherthanthemwithothernumbers.He intendedtoreturntoSiffin.WhenFridaycametohim,AbdurrahmanbinMuljimstruckhimwith thesword.[7] [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14. [2]TarikhalTabari,vol.6,p.94. [3]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.151. [4]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.194.Ziyadhassaid:Mostsurelythesonofthewomanwhoate theliver(ofHamzaattheBattleofUhd),caveofhypocrisy,andremainderoftheallies(Muawiya) haswritten(aletterinwhichhehas)threatenedmewhiletherearebetweenmeandhimtwo grandsonsoftheProphetalongwithninetythousand(people). [5]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.42.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:AmancameintoalHasan

binAliinwhosehandtherewasaletter.Themanaskedhim:Whatisthis?Muawiyahas threatenedmeinit,repliedtheImam.Youtreatedhimwithjustice,retortedtheman.The Imamanswered:MostsurelyIfearthatontheDayofResurrectionseventyoreightythousand (people)ormoreorlesswillcomeandtheirjugularveinswillexude(blood),andthatallofthem willaskAllahforhelpagainstthosewhoshedtheirblood.Anarrationsimilartothishasbeen mentionedbyIbnAbialHadeedinhisbookSharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.7. [6]NawfalBakaliwasamongthecompanionsofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peace beonhim.IthasbeenreportedontheauthorityofTaghlubthathe(NawfalBakali)wasascribed toBakal,atribefromHamadan(acityinIran).Itwassaidthat(thenameofthetribewas)Bukayl. IbnAbialHadeedhassaid:(Thenameis)Bikal,atribefromHimyartowhombelongsthis person,whoisNawfbinFudala,thecompanionofImamAli,peacebeonhim.Thishasbeen mentionedin(thebook)alTaleeqat,p.354. [7]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.132. Thisspeechnarratestousthatahuge,armedtroopswerereadytowaragainstMuawiya.Ithas mentionedthenameofsomeoftheircommanderswhoseauthoritywasoverthirtythousand armedfighters.IthasnotmentionedtousthenamesoftheothercommanderswhomImamAli hadappointedovertheregimentsofhisArmynorhasitmentionedthenumberoftheArmythat waswiththem.Withoutdoubttheirnumberwasovertenthousandfighters.Allofthempledged allegiancetoalHasanandwentwithhimtobattleagainsthisenemy.Theprooftothatiswhat AbualFidahasnarrated:MostsurelyalHasangotreadytofightagainstMuawiyawiththe Armythathadpledgedallegiancetohisfather.[1]ThisisconfirmedbyIbnalAthirwhohassaid: FortythousandfightershadpledgedallegiancetotheCommanderofthefaithful,Ali,fordeath. ThatwaswhenwhathetoldthemaboutthepeopleofShamappeared.Whilehe(a.s)wasgetting readytogo,hewaskilled;andwhenAllahpleasesathing,nonerepelsit.Whenhewaskilledand thepeoplepaidhomagetohissonalHasan,heheardoftheadvanceofMuawiyaalongwiththe peopleofSham.SoheandtheArmythathadpaidhomagetoAlileftKufatomeetMuawiya(ata battlefield).[2] AlMusaybbinNujbaconfirmsthisinhisspeechwithImamalHasaninrespectofthe peacemaking.Hesaidtohim:Myastonishmentwithyoudoesnotexpire.Youmadepeacewith Muawiyawhileyouhadfortythousand(men).[3] AccordingtothesenumerousnarrationsthenumberoftheArmywasfortythousandfighters.I (theauthor)believethat.HisEminence,HujjatalIslam,lateAalYaseendiscussedtheprevious narrationsandconcludedthatthenumberoftheArmywastwentythousandoralittlebit more.[4]AnywaythedifferenceoverthenumberoftheArmyisnotimportant.Thatisbecauseif themembersoftheArmyhavedifferenttrendsandtendencies,theybecomeweakandwin

neitheraconquestnoravictorythoughtheyaremany.Victoryisalwaysobtainedthroughloyalty, faith,thought,andtheunityofword,andnotthroughahugenumber.Iffewpeoplecooperate witheachotherandunify,theywinavictory,makeaclearconquest,anddefeattheirenemies regardlessoftheirnumber,readiness,andforces.AsforthemenofIraqiArmy,regardlessoftheir number,theysufferedfromdisagreement,division,andweakness;therefore,howwouldthey winavictory?Whatwouldthehugenumberbenefitthem? [1]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.193. [2]AlKamil,vol.3,p.61. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. [4]SulhalHasan,p.106. ADescriptionoftheArmy WithoutdoubttheArmyisthepillaronwhichthethroneofastatestandsanditsentityisbuilt. Themembersofanarmyarethefencethatprotectsthegovernmentandthepeoplefromany aggression.Theprotectionoftheregulationandsecuritydependsonthem.Itissowhentheyare loyalintheirdefenseandtheybelieveintheirgovernment.Butiftheyaretraitors,iftheyharbor maliceagainsttheirstate,seizetheopportunitytotakevengeanceonit,andenabletheenemy againstit,definitelytheirstatedoesnotsucceedinanyfieldoftheinternalandexternalconflict. Definitelythenationdoesnotwinanyvictorywhenitspoliticalatmosphereisdisorderedand whenitisliabletofataldangers.TheIraqiArmythatwentwithImamalHasantobattleagainst Muawiyahadsufferedfromdiscordsandconfusion.Hence,thedangerofthearmyagainstthe statewasgreaterthanthatofMuawiya.SheikhalMufid,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,has describedthem,saying:AlHasancalledthepeopleforwar.Theywereslowtorespondtohim andthentheycameforward.AlHasanhadamixedbandofmen;someofthemwerefromhisand hisfathersShia(followers). SomeofthemwerefromtheKharijiteswhowereinfluencedby(thedesireof)fightingMuawiya witheverypossiblemeans.Someofthemweremenwholoveddiscordsandwereanxiousfor booty,someofthemweredoubters,andothersweretribalsupporterswhofollowedtheleaders oftheirtribeswithoutreferencetoreligion.[1]Inhisspeech,SheikhalMufid,mayAllahresthim inpeace,hasexpressed:Firstly,theArmydislikedthewar,preferredrest,andwishedforpeace. Secondly,theArmyhadmemberswhohaddifferentthoughtsandtrends.Hehasdividedthemas follows: 1.TheShia ItseemsthattheywerefewinnumberintheIraqiArmy.Iftheyhadbeenmanyinnumberinthe Army,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)wouldnothavebeenforcedtoacceptthe

arbitration(attheBattleof)Siffin,andalHasanwouldnothavemadepeacewithMuawiya.They weredifferentfromthemembersoftheArmyinthought,feelings,andfaith.Theyhadmaintained thattheProphetsHouseholdwereworthyofthecaliphate,theguardiansoftheProphet, supportersandprotectorsofIslam,andthattheobediencetothemwasobligatoryonallthe Muslims. [1]AlIrshad,p.169.ThishasbeenmentionedbyAlibinMuhammed,betterknownasIbnal Sabbagh,in(hisbook)alFusoolalMuhimma,p.143.AlArbali,KashfalGhumma,p.161.Al Majjlsi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110. 2.AlMuhakkima TheyweretheKharijiteswhomImamAlisArmyincluded.Theyintendedtobattleagainst Muawiyawithallmeanspossible.TheyhadnofaithinalHasansaffairandMuawiyas falsehood;rathertheythoughtthatalHasanandMuawiyawereonthesamelevel,andthatthey werenotworthyofthecaliphate.TheyhurriedtofightagainstMuawiyabecausetheyhadcome toknowthathehadforcesstrongerthanthoseofalHasan.Sotheythoughtthattheyhadtojoin alHasansArmytimelytoputanendtoMuawiyasaffair.Iftheyhadendedit,thenalHasans affairwouldhavebeeneasytothem.Thatisbecausetheywouldeasilyassassinatehimjustas theyhadassassinatedhisfatherbefore. 3.TheAmbitious ImamAlisArmycontainedsomefighters,whodidnotbelieveinthespiritualvalues,nordidthey sanctifyjustice,nordidtheyunderstandthetruth;rathertheysoughttheirinterestsand ambitions.Theycloselywatchedthetwopartiestoknowwhichofthemwouldbesuccessfuland victorious,thattheymightjoinit. 4.Thedoubters MorelikelythedoubterswerethosewhowereinfluencedbytheKharijitessummonsandthe Umayyadpropaganda,totheextentthattheydoubtedthebeliefsoftheProphetsHousehold, peacebeonthem.Ifthewarhadbrokenout,theywouldnothavehelpedImamalHasanwith anything,fortheyhadnofaithinsupportingtheProphetsHousehold. 5.TheFollowersofLeaders Theywerethegreatestinnumberandindanger.Theyblindlyfollowedtheleadersoftheirtribes. Theyhadneitherwill,northinkingnorfeelinginthe(religious)duty.Theywerethesocalled mobs.ThemajorityofthethenIraqisbelongedtoatribejustastheydointhepresenttime.The

majorityoftheIraqileaderswroteletterstoMuawiyatoobeyandsubmittohim.Examplesof themareQaysbinalAshath,AmrbinalHajjaj,HajjarbinAbjar.Besidestherewereleaderslike themfromamongtheKharijitesandthehypocriteswhotookpartinthemostdangeroustragedy thathistoryhasrecorded,whichisthemurderofImamalHusayn,themasteroftheyouthsofthe Garden,peacebeonhim.TheIraqiArmywascomposedoftheseelements.RatheralltheIraqis, whethertheyjoinedImamalHasanornot,wereunderthesetitlesmentionedbySheikhalMufid, mayAllahhavemercyonhim,inhisvaluablespeech.ImamalHasanwasnotsafefromthe wickednessofthemajorityoftheminpeaceandwar. HistoricalMistakes Somehistoriansandwritershavemademistakesinrespectofthisresearch.Itisimportantto mentionthem.Theyareasfollows: AlHakim AlHakimalNisaburihasmentionedthatalHasanentrustedhisvanguardtohiscousinAbdullah binJafarandaddedtohimtenthousandfighters.[1]OnlyalHakimhasmentionedthisnarration, whichiscontrarytothatonwhichthenarratorshaveunanimouslyagreed,andwhichisthatthe leadershipoverthevanguardwasentrustedtoUbaydillahbinalAbbasincooperationwithQays binSadandSaeedbinQays.Likewise,thenumberofthevanguardwastwelvethousands,and nottenthousands,ashistorianshavementioned. AlYaqubi AlYaqubi,afamoushistorian,hasmentioned:Mostsurely,ImamalHasangotreadytofight againstMuawiyaeighteendaysafterhisfathersdeath.[2]Thisisamistake,fortheImamgot readytofightagainsthisopponentafterhehadsenthimtheletterswehavealreadymentioned. Apparently,theperiodofthecorrespondencewasmorethantwomonths;likewisetheImamnot getreadyforthebattleafterallthemeansheusedtomakepeaceandfriendlinesshadfailed,and hehadcometoknowthatMuawiyaandhistroopsadvancedagainsthim.Soatthattimehegot readyforwar,andnotbeforeitjustasthehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonit.Ifwewantto correctwhatalYaqubihasmentioned,thentheperiodhehasmentionedwasthebeginningof thecorrespondencethattookplacebetweenthem. IbnKatheer IbnKatheerhassaid:AlHasandidnotintendtofightagainstanyone,buttheyovercamehis opinion.Theyheldagreatmeetingthelikeofwhichwasnotheard.SoalHasanbinAliappointed

QaysbinSadbinUbadaasacommanderoverthevanguardwithtwelvethousand(fighters) beforehim[3]ThisspeechisnottrustworthybecauseifImamalHasanhadnotintendedto fightagainstMuawiya,hewouldnothavesenthimthelettersinwhichhethreatenedhimwith declaringwarifhehadnotentertheobediencetohim.Ifhehadnotintendedtowar(against him),hewouldnothavegoneuponthepulpitandurgedthepeopletostruggle(againsthim)and summonedthemto [1]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.174. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.191. [3]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.14. war(againsthim);wehavementionedthatindetail.Asforhisspeech:Theyheldagreatmeeting thelikeofwhichwasnotheard,itiscontradictedbythattheytarried,didnotrespondtohim, andkeptsilentwhenhe(a.s)summonedthemtojihadinhispreviousspeech. Dr.TahaHusayn Dr.TahaHusaynhassaid:Afterthepledgeofallegiance(tohim),alHasanremainedforabout twomonthswithoutmentioningwarandshowingreadinessforit.(Hecontinuedso)untilQays binSad,andUbaydillahbinalAbbasinsistedonhim,andAbdullahbinalAbbaswrotetohim fromMecca,urgedhimtowar(againstMuawiya),andinsistedonhimtoriseforwhichhisfather hadrisen.[1]Themistakesinhisspeechareasfollows: 1.Asforhisspeech:Afterthepledgeofallegiance(tohim),alHasanremainedforabouttwo monthswithoutmentioningwarandshowingreadinessforit,itisfarfromtherealityandisclose towhatIbnKatheerhasmentionedinhispreviousspeech.PerhapsDr.TahaHusaynhas dependedonit.ImamalHasanspreviouslettersrefuteit.Theyareclearinshowinghis determinationforwarring(againstMuawiya).Wewillmentionsomeparagraphsofthemas examplesofthat.ImamalHasan(a.s)says:Ifyourefused(allthings)exceptgoingtoofarinyour error,IandtheMuslimsshallmarchtowardsyouandjudgeyouuntilAllahjudgesbetweenus; andHeisthebestofthejudges!Thisparagraphisclearinrespectofwhatwehavementioned. PerhapsDr.TahadidnotseethispartoftheImamsletters,sohegaveadecisionfullofmixture andmistakes.BesidesitwasincumbentonImamalHasantobattleagainstMuawiya,forAllah madeitobligatorytofightagainsttherebelliouswhorevoltagainsttheImamofMuslims.He,the MostHigh,hassaid:butifoneofthemactswrongfullytowardstheother,fightthatwhichacts wrongfullyuntilitreturnstoAllahscommand. AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:Whoeversummons(thepeople)to himselfortosomeoneelsewhilethereisanImamoverthepeople,Allahscuresbeonhim,then fightagainsthim.AsforMuawiya,herevoltedandrebelledagainstImamAli,theCommanderof

thefaithful,drownedthecountryintoblood,spreadamongtheMuslimssadness,bereaving children,andmourning.Therefore,fightingagainsthimwasthemostimportantofthereligious duties.SohowwasitpossibleforImamalHasantorefrainfromitwhilehewastheProphets darlinggrandson?[1]AliwaBanuh,p.195. 2.Asforhisstatement:QaysbinSadandUbaydillahbinalAbbasinsistedonhimtorisefor war,itisanimaginationandmixture.Thatisbecausewehavementioned,atthebeginningof theresearch,thehistoricaltextsindicatingthatImamalHasanhurriedtowaragainstMuawiya whenhecametoknowthatheadvancedagainsthim.Noneinsistedonhiminrespectofthat; ratheritwasthecriticalsituationandtheurgentnecessitythaturgedhimtosetout.Ifhehadnot hurriedtofightagainstMuawiyaandtostophisattack,MuawiyawouldhaveoccupiedKufaand takenImamalHasanasaprisonerofwar.Therefore,itwasobligatoryonhimtogooutfor defenseandjihad;andtherewasnonetoinsistonhiminrespectofthat. MostsurelyDr.TahaHusaynsresearchesinthisrespectarefullofmistakesandmixture,voidof thescrutinyrequiredbythescientificresearchthatdoesnotyieldtosentimentanddesires.That isbecausehistory,astheysay,isfullofmixedtopics.Itisdifficultforatruehistoriantoconclude eventhesimplestaffairs;therefore,heisnotabletounderstandsuchvaguesubjectmatters becausethenarratorsdeliberatelywrotesomenarrationstosupporttheUmayyadsandtobelittle theProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem.Therefore,itisobligatorytomakesureofthe narrationsonlytheyhavementionedandtotakeintoconsiderationthesayingsofthehistorians, whoarefamousfortheirhonesty,havenotdeviatedfromthetruth,andrefrainedfrom fabricating.ItisnotanactofrightnessthatDr.TahaHusayndependsonthenarrationsofIbn Katheerandthelikeofhimfromamongthosefanaticsandwhodeviatedfromthetruthand approachedthatwhichwascontrarytotherealityandfarfromthetruth. Certainly,thesourceofthemistakesintheresearchesofthelaterresultedfromtheirdependence onsuchsourcesandtheirrefrainingfromcheckingthenarrationsonlytheymentionedtosupport thethengovernment.Thereisnothingmoreimportanttothehistorianwhowantstobehonest tothetruththanexaminingthenarrations,foritisamongthethingsthefreeresearchrequires andweareinneedof.
ChapterXVI:InalMadain Inhistorytherearetragiceventsthatmaketheheartmeltwithsadnessandregretsbecauseof

theirterror.Thatisbecauseoftheterribleeffects,thebadcomplications,theproblems,andthe hardshipssuchasspreadingoppressionandtyranny,wrongingthetruth,andlosingjusticethey haveleftbehind.Themosttragicoftheseeventsandtheseverestofthemisthattheoppressors wonavictoryovertheImamsofthetruthandjustice;andthiscertainlyparalyzedthereformative movement,destroyedmansvalues,andmadeinjusticeandtyrannyappearinthecountry. Thissorrowfultragedyappearedintheugliestformonthearenaoflifethroughtheconflict betweenImamalHasan(a.s)andMuawiya,andthroughthevictoryoftheformeroverthelatter. ThroughthattheforcesthatharboredmaliceagainstIslamandmutiniedagainsttheMuslimswon avictory,andthehighprinciplesthereligionbroughtweredefeated. Indeed,ofthetroubleoftheworldisthatMuawiyawonavictoryovertheProphetsgrandson, usurpedhisright,andimposedhimselfasarulerovertheMuslimsinthenameofIslam,whilehe wasitsopponentandenemy.TherearemanyfactorsandreasonsforMuawiyasvictory.The mostimportantofthemarethesevereeventsthathappenedatMaskan[1]wherethevanguard oftheImamsArmywas,andthesorrowfuleventsthattookplaceinalMadainwhereallhis troopsresided.BecauseofthemImamalHasansufferedfromdifficultkindsofordealsand misfortunes,andthenhewasforcedtomakepeacewithhisopponentMuawiya.Wehaveto considerthoseeventscarefully,forwethinkthattheywerethemostimportantfactorsand reasonsforthepeacemaking.Theyareasfollows: MaskanEvents AfterImamalHasanhadentrustedthegeneralleadershipofthevanguardofhisArmyto Ubaydillah,thelatterandhisArmycoveredthedesert.TheyarrivedinSinor,andthentheywent toShahi[2].UbaydillahwalkedpasttheEuphratesandthroughalFallujah.Thenhearrivedat Maskanandresided [1]AplacenearAwanaonalDujaylriver.ThebattlebetweenAbdalMalikbinMarwanand MasabbinalZubayrtookplaceatitintheyear72A.H.MasabandIbrahimbinMalikalAshtar werekilledandburiedatit.Theyhavefamousgraves.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook) MujamalBuldan,vol.8,p.54. [2]ShahiisaplacenearalQadisiya. there.Hewasfacetofacewiththeenemy.AsforMuawiya,hepracticeddestructionandspoiling. Heusedallthemeanstoputanendtotheoriginalityofthevanguard,todivideitsunity,andto deadenitsmilitaryactivities.Hespreadamongitsmembersfear,rumors,rebellion,andmutiny. Wewilldealwithsomeofthemasfollows: SendingSpies

ThebeginningofthedangerousplotsMuawiyahadmadetospoilthevanguardwasthathesent spies,thattheymightspreadfearandterroranddiscouragetheArmy.Oneoftherumorswas: MostsurelyalHasaniscorrespondingwithMuawiyaformakingpeace,sowhyareyoukilling yourselves?[1]Thiswaveofrumorsleftinthesoulshorribledisordersandstrongfearand broughtaboutageneralmutinyamongallthe(military)units. BribingtheprominentPersonalities Muawiyanotonlyusedsuchactsofdestructionbutalsoheusedsomethingmostdangerous. ThatwaswhenheboughtthecheapconsciencesofthecommandersoftheArmyresidingat Maskan.Hegavethemalotofmoneyandmadethemdesireforjobsandoffices.Asaresultthey respondedtohim,slippedawayinthenightandinbroaddaylighttojoinhiscamp.Ubaydillah wrotealHasan(a.s)theirstoriesindetail.[2]SeducingUbaydillah Muawiyacametoknowthathewasverysuccessfulinbribing(theprominentpersons),sohe activelyactedtoseducethosewithupsetconsciencesandsicksouls.Heextendedthewiresofhis cunningtoUbaydillahbinalAbbas.Heattractedhimtowardshim,andhebecameapuppetinhis hand.ThroughthatUbaydillahbetrayedtheProphetsHousehold.Heleftthecampofthetruth andguidanceandjoinedthecampofthetreasonandtyranny.Asfortheletterthroughwhich Muawiyadeceivedhim,itreads:MostsurelyalHasaniscorrespondingwithmeaboutmaking peace.Heisgoingtohandtheauthorityovertome.Ifyouenteredtheobediencetomenow,you wouldbefollowed;otherwise,youshallenter(intoit)whileyouareafollower.Ifyouresponded tomenow,youshallhaveamilliondirhams,halfofwhichyoushallhaveimmediately,andthe otherhalfonmyentryintoKufa.[3] [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.15. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.28. [3]Ibid. Theclearlyingandflagrantcunningappearedinhisstatement:MostsurelyalHasanis correspondingwithmeaboutmakingpeace.WhendidtheImamcorrespondwithhimabout makingpeace?Wasthatinhislettersandnotescontaininghisthreateninghimwithdeclaringwar ifhedidnotobeyhim?OrWasthatthroughhissettingouttofightagainsthim?Withoutdoubt Ubaydillahfirmlybelievedthatthisstatementwasfalse.ThatisbecauseifImamalHasanhad correspondedwithMuawiyaaboutmakingpeace,thenwhyhadhe(Muawiya)madeUbaydillah desireforthisplentifulmoney,andwhathisvaluewouldhavebeeniftheImamhadrespondedto him? PerfidyandTreason

Throughhisletter,MuawiyainvadedthefeelingsofUbaydillah,whothoughtforalongtimeof committingthecrimeandtreason.TheseductivepointsMuawiyaofferedtohimappeared beforehim,andareasfollows: 1.AlHasancorrespondedwithMuawiyaaccordingtotheclaimedstatement. 2.TojoinMuawiyascampwhilehewasfollowedwasbetterforhimthantobeafollower. 3.Earningamilliondirhams. Hespenthisnightawakeandthinkingoftheaffair.Hewasfullyperplexed.Themoneyforwhich Muawiyamadehimdesireappearedbeforehim,forhedidnotearnsomeofitduringthe Hashimitegovernment,whichestablishedjusticeandequality.Atlasthissinfulsoulseducedhim todesert(alHasan)andtobreakthepledgeofallegiance.Herespondedtotheworldof Muawiya.Heturnedawayfromthetruthanddeviatedfromtherightway.HebetrayedAllahand HisApostle.HelefttheProphetsgrandsonanddarling.Hejoinedthecampofoppressionand tyrannyandworethegarmentsofshameanddisgrace. Ubaydillahslippedawayinthenightwitheightthousand(fighters)[1]fromamongtheArmy,from amongthepossessorsofambitions,onwhoseheartsthereligionhadnoeffectandtheyjoined Muawiyascamp.Therefore,Ubaydillah,thesinfultraitor,wasresponsiblefordestroyingal HasansArmy.Thatisbecausehistreasonledtoshakethearmy,divideitsunits,andmakeit disordered. [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.191. TheplanMuawiyafollowedwasthemostimportantreasonforpavingthewaytohissuccess, winningavictoryovertheattitude,andovercomingtheevents.Itbroughtaboutthedefeatofthe ImamsArmy,destroyeditsdetermination,andopenedadoortoperfidyandtreason. TheArmyisdisordered TherestoftheArmylookedfortheirleadertoleadtheminthemorningprayer,buttheydidnot findhim.Whentheycametoknowabouthisperfidyandtreasonandhisjoiningtheenemy,they becamedisordered,enteredintodiscords,disputes,anddisagreements.WhenQaysbinSadsaw theviolentshocksandtheblackdiscordsdestroyingtheArmy,heroseandledtheminthe morningprayer.Afterhehadfinishedtheprayer,hemadeaspeechinwhichhecalmedtheirfear, directedthemtocorrectnessandguidance.Thisisthetextofhisspeech:Mostsurelythis (Ubaydillah),hisfather,andhisbrotherhavenevermadegoodoneday.Mostsurelyhisfather, theuncleofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,foughtagainsthimat(theBattle of)Badr.HewastakenasaprisonerofwarbyAbualYaseer,KabbinAmralAnsari[1].He

broughthimtoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andhetookhisransomand divideditamongtheMuslims.Asforhisbrother,hewasappointedby(Imam)Aliasagovernor overBasra.HestolehisandtheMuslimsmoney.Heboughtslavegirlsandclaimedthatitwas lawfultodoso.Asforthis(Ubaydillah),hewasappointedbyAliasaruleroverYemen.He escapedfromBisrbinArtaa.Helefthissons,andtheywerekilled.Now,hehasdonewhathe did![2] Throughhisstrongspeech,QayspossessedthesentimentsandfeelingsoftheArmy.Thearmy cametoknowthattherewasatruelogicinhisspeechandfirmfaithinhispersonality.Itwas clearthatUbaydillahwasworthyof [1]KabbinAmralAnsarialSalamiwitnessed(theBattleof)BadrafteralAqaba.Itwashewho tookalAbbasasaprisonerofwarat(theBattleof)Badr.Hetookthepolytheistsstandard, whichwasinAbuUzayzshand.Hewitnessed(theBattleof)Siffinwith(ImamAli),the Commanderofthefaithful.HediedinYathrib(Medina),intheyear55A.H.Thishasbeen mentionedin(thebook)alIstiab,vol.4,p.215.In(thebook)TahdhibalTahdhib,ithasbeen mentioned:Hewasthelastofthepeoplewhotookpartin(theBattleof)Badrtodie.He witnessedallthebattleswith(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful.Hediedattheageof120 years.Amonghistraceabletraditionsis:TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sent himforaneed.Hesawhimgoingaway,sohesaid:OAllah,letusenjoyhim!Sohewasthelast ofthecompanions(oftheProphet)todie.Whenhenarratedthistradition,heweptandsaid: Enjoyme,formylifetime(issolong)thatIamthelastofthem! [2]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.35. treasonandofaccusationofevil.Itcametoknowthatifhehadownednoblefeelingsandhuman sentiments,hewouldnothaveescapedandlethistwosonstobekilledbythecriminalone,Bisr binArtaa.AllthemilitaryunitssupportedQaysandyieldedtohisspeech,saying:Praisebelongs toAllah,Whohastakenhimoutfromamongus![1]AfterUbaydillahstreason,Qaysundertook theleadershipaccordingtotheImamsnomination.Whenheundertookhisnewoffice,hesent ImamalHasananoteinwhichhetoldhimaboutthesorrowfulincidentandabouthis undertakingthetasksoftheleadership.Thisisthetextofthenote:TheyhavestoppedMuawiya atavillagecalledalJinubiyyahoppositetoMaskan.ThenMuawiyahassenttoUbaydillahbinal Abbas,urginghimtocometohimandofferinghimamilliondirham,halfofwhichhewillgivehim immediately,andtheotherhalfonhisentryintoKufa.Ubaydillahhadslippedawayinthenight withhiscloseassociatestoMuawiyascamp.Inthemorningthepeoplefoundtheirleader missing.QaysbinSadofferedtheprayerwiththemandtookchargeoftheiraffairs. AllahhelpedImamalHasansheartwhenthissorrowfulnewsreachedhim.Hisnoblesoulwasfull ofgriefandpain.Hebecamehopelessofsuccessandvictory.Hecametoknowthatthemajority

ofthosewithhimweretraitorsandconsciencesellers,thattheywouldhandhimover(to Muawiya)anddeserthimwhenthewarbrokeout.Whenthemilitaryforcesresidingwithhimin alMadaincametoknowaboutUbaydillahstreasonandhisjoiningMuawiyascamp,discords andconfusionspreadamongthem,andpanicandfeardominatedthem.Inthemeantimethe majorityoftheircommanderslookedforwaystojoinMuawiyaandtoobtainsomeofhis properties. LiesandRumors AfterMuawiyahadstabbedtheIraqiArmyintheheartthroughbribingit,hefollowedotherways tocorruptitandtoparalyzeitsactivities.Hesentsomespiesandcommandedthemtospread terrorismandrumorsamongallthemilitaryunitsinalMadainoratMaskan.Therumorswereof differentkinds: 1.InalMadaintheyrumoredthatQaysbinSadmadepeacewithMuawiyaandjoinedhim.[2] TheArmyhadnodoubtaboutthisrumor.ThatisbecauseUbaydillahbinalAbbas,whowasthe closestofthepeopletoImamalHasaninkinship,desertedandbetrayedhim. [1]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.35. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.14. 2.InMaskantheyrumoredthatImamalHasanmadepeacewithMuawiyaandrespondedto him.[1] 3.TheytoldliestothoseinalMadain,saying:MostsurelyQaysbinSadhasbeenkilled; therefore,escape![2] Thesefalserumorsdestroyedthenervesofthearmy,anddeadeneditsmilitaryactivities.Asa resultitbecamedivided;discordsanddisordersspreadoverit. ASummaryoftheEvents Thesummaryoftheprevious,blackdiscords,oftheflagranttreasonwithwhichthevanguard,the strongestofthemilitaryunits,wasafflictedisasfollows: 1.Thepossessorsofdistinctionandinfluencefromamongthenoblehousesandprominent familiesslippedawaytoMuawiya. 2.ThecommanderinChief,UbaydillahbinalAbbas,desertedandbetrayedtheProphets grandson. 3.EightthousandmilitaryfightersbetrayedtheImamandjoinedMuawiyascamp.Accordingly,

thevanguardbecameweakanddisordered. 4.ThemembersofthearmyatMaskanandinalMadainbecamedisorderedbecauseofthe rumorsspreadbyMuawiyasfollowerssuchasthatalHasanmadepeacewithMuawiya,and thatQayswaskilled. Thisisanoutlineofthehorribledangerswithwhichthevanguardwasafflicted.Theybrought aboutitscollapseandparalyzeditsactivities.Asaresultthevanguardhadnoabilitytoresistthe events,todefenditself,andtostopthetreacherousenemywhohadperfectmilitaryabilities,and hugedefensepowers.Aftertheseshocksthatbefellthevanguard,isitrighttosaythatthe vanguardwasastrongfrontandhadtheabilitytowaragainstMuawiya? TheEventsofAlMadain ImamalHasanlefthiscapital,andmixedgroupsofpeoplewentwithhim.Hewalkedthrough HammamUmaruntilhereachedDeirKab,atMuzlimSabat[3]andstayedthere.Asfor Muawiya,hemademischiefamongImamal [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.191. [2]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.57. [3]MuzlimSabatwasaplacenearalMadain.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookMujamal Buldan,vol.8,p.91. HasansArmyandspreadterroroverit,totheextentthattheArmyledalifeofdiscordsand disorders.WewilldealwiththehorribledisastersandeventsImamalHasanfaced. TheSummonstoPeace MuawiyasfirstactwasthathesentAbdullahbinAamirtosummonImamalHasantomake peaceandtospareblood.AbdullahsetoutandcalledouttheunitsoftheIraqiArmyatthetopof hisvoice.Hesaidtothem:OpeopleofIraq,mostsurelyIhavenotseenthefighting;ratherI belongtoMuawiyasvanguard.SorecitemygreetingstoAbuMuhammad(ImamalHasan)and saytohim:IadjureyoubeforeAllahinrespectofyoursoulandthesoulsofthepeoplewith you!Whentheyheardthat,theyregardeditasgoodandtheydiscouragedeachother,forthey weretiredoffighting,theyhatedwar,andinclinedtopeaceandrest. BribingtheLeaders Inthepastandpresentbribeistheonlygapthroughwhichcolonialistspasstodominatepeoples, toplundertheirsupremacy,andtodestroytheiroriginality.AsforMuawiya,hewenttoofarin employingbribetobuyconsciences,protection,andreligions,thathemightstrengthenhis

kingdomandtoputanendtoImamalHasansgovernment.Toachievethisobjectiveheusedall meansandemployedallways;thegoaljustifiesthemeans.Thebribeheusedwasofdifferent kinds: 1.HegrantedthosewhodesertedImamalHasanandrespondedtohimimportantjobsand officessuchastheauthorityoveroneoftheMuslimscountriesorthegeneralleadershipoverone ofhisarmies.2.Hespentalotofmoney;onehundredthousand(dirhams)andmore. 3.Hepromisedtomarrythemtoadaughterofhis.Itisstrangethatthemeanbribemadehim reachsuchalevelindicatingthathehadignoblesoulandthathewenttoofarinpracticingvices andoffences. ThesewaysindicatethatMuawiyahadknowledgeoftheIraqispsychology.Hecametoknowthe personswhoseconsciencesheboughtformoney,sohespentmoneygenerouslyonthem.Asfor thepersonswhopaidnoattentiontomoney,hemadethemdesireforofficesandinfluence.As forthepersonswhosoughtnearnesstohim,hemadethemdesireformarryingadaughterofhis. AlSaduq,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasmentionedthesegroupsofpeople,saying: MuawiyasentaspyofhistoAmrbinHurayth[1],alAshath [1]AmrubinHuraythbinUthmanalMakhzumi,alKufiwas12yearsoldwhen binQays,andHajjarbinAbjar[1].Hehadmadethemdesireforleadingoneofhisarmiesor marryingadaughterofhisortakingahundredthousanddirhamsiftheykilledalHasan.Whenhe heardofthat,heputonhisbreastplatetobeprotectedwhenofferingtheprayer.[2] TheEffectofBribe ThesicksoulsthatthereligionhadnoteducatedrespondedtoMuawiyassummons,followedhis beautifulworld,andweredeceivedbyhisattractivepromises.Theyhurriedtohim,respondedto hisrequests,andyieldedtohiscommands.Asaresult,somenoble,great,andprominentpersons senthimlettersinwhichtheyexpressedtheirreadinessforpunishingImamalHasanseverely wheneverhe(Muawiya)requestedandwanted.Thereweretwosuggestions: A.HandingoveralHasantoMuawiyasecretlyoropenly. B.AssassinatingorkillingalHasanwhenMuawiyawantedthat.Muawiyasenttheirlettersto ImamalHasantoinformhimofthetreasonofhisArmy.Whenthoseletterswereputbefore ImamalHasan,hebecamesureoftheircorruptionandtheirevilintentions.[3] AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,died.Hewasamongtheyoungprisonersof warwhowerereleasedbytheProphet.HebecameagovernorofKufaafterZiyadandhisson

UbaydAllah.Hediedintheyear75.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)TahdhibalTahdhib, vol.7,p.17. [1]HajjarsfatherwasaChristian.Hajjarsaidtohisfather:Ihavecometoknowthatsome peoplehavefollowedthisreligionandbecomehonorable.Iwanttoembraceit.Hisfathersaidto him:Omylittleson,bepatienttillIgowithyoutoUmar,thathemayhonoryou.Bewareofthat youhaveaconcernlessthanthemaximumobjective!AbjarwenttoUmarandsaidtohim:I bearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,andthatHajjarbearswitnessthatMuhammedis AllahsApostle.Umarasked:Whathaspreventedyouyourselffromsayingit?Abjarreplied: Rather,Iamtheheadoftodayortomorrow!InhisbookMujamalShuara,alMarzabanihas mentioned:AbjardiedaChristianduringthetimeof(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful, peacebeonhim,ashorttimebeforehismurder.Whenhedied,theChristiansescortedhimtohis finalrestingplace.AsforHajjar,hewaswalkingasidealongwithsomepeoplefromamongthe Muslims.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba,vol.1,p.373.Manyhistorybookshave mentionedthatHajjarwasamongthepeoplewhosentlettersto(ImamalHusayn),themasterof martyrs,peacebeonhim,urginghimtocometoIraq.WhenhecametoIraq,thissinfulperson (Hajjar)wasontopofthosewhoattackedhim. [2]IlalalSharaiya,p.84. [3]JannatalKhuld,Chapter9.KashfalGhumma,p.154.Andothers. AnexampleoftheinfluenceofbribeonthosesicksoulsvoidofallkindsofhonoristhatImamal Hasan(a.s)appointedacommanderfromKindaoverfourhundredmen.Thenhecommanded himtocampinalAnbar(acityinIraq)andnottodoanythinguntilcommandswouldcometo him.Whenhestoppedthere,Muawiyasentamessengertohimwithaletter,saying:Most surelyifyoucametome,IwouldappointyouasaruleroveradistrictofShamandalJazirah.He senthimfivehundredthousanddirhams.AsforalKindi,hereceivedthemoneyandwentto Muawiyawithtwohundredmenfromamonghiscloseassociatesandthemembersofhisfamily. ImamalHasan(a.s)heardofthatandbecameverysad.Hesadlymadeaspeechandshowedhis sorrowbecauseofthosepeoplewhofollowedtreasonandbecamevictimsoffalsehoodand misguidance.He(a.s)said:ThisalKindihasheadedforMuawiya.Hehasbetrayedyouandme.I toldyoutimebytimethatyouhadnoloyalty.Youareslavesoftheworld.Iamsendinganother mantotakehisplace.MostsurelyIknowthatheisgoingtodotoyouandmejustasyourleader haddone.HewillnotfearAllahinrespectofmeandyou! ImamalHasan(a.s)sentanothermanfromMuradwithfourthousandfighters.Hewalked towardshimbeforetheeyesofthepeopleandfocusedonhim.Buthetoldhimthathewould betrayjustasalKindihadbetrayed.Sohe(thenewcommander)tookastrongoaththathewould notdothat.HoweveralHasanwasnotsureofhim,sohepredicted,saying:Mostsurely,hewill betray!ThenewcommandermovedtoalAnbar.WhenMuawiyacametoknowabouthim,he senthimmessengers,wrotehimletterslikethosehewrotetohiscompanion,senthimfive

hundredorfivehundredthousanddirhams,andmadehimdesireforadistrictofShamandal Jazirah.Accordingly,hedesertedalHasan,wenttoMuawiya,anddidnotkeepthecovenantsal Hasanhadtakenfromhim.[1]Manynoble,prominentpersonscommittedthistreason.Thisdeed shooktheentityoftheArmy,madeitdisordered,anddividedit. PlunderingImamalHasansProperties ThesoulsofthatArmyhorriblybecamemean.Theconsciencesofitsmembersbecamevoidof dignityandhonor.Sotheycommittedallcrimesandoffences.Anexampleoftheirignoblesoulsis thattheyplunderedeachother.Theywerenotsatisfiedwiththat;rathertheyplunderedImamal Hasansproperty.MostlikelytheKharijitesplayedamajorroleinpracticingsuchacrime.Thatis becausetheypaidnoattentiontotheImamspropertyandto [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110. otherthanthat.Theircrookedplansregardedaslawfulplunderingthepropertiesofthosewho didnotfollowtheirthoughtandreligion.PlunderingtheImamspropertyhappenedtwotimes:1. WhenMuawiyasenthisspiestotheImamsArmytorumorthattheleaderQaysbinSadhad beenkilled.Sowhentheyheardofthat,theyplunderedeachother,andthentheyplunderedal Hasansproperty.SomebookshavementionedthattheytooktheprayermatonwhichtheImam wassittingandstrippedhimofhiscloak.[1] 2.WhenMuawiyasentalMughirabinShuba,AbdullahbinAamir,andAbdurrahmanbinal HakamtoImamalHasantonegotiatewithhimaboutpeacemaking;whentheylefthim,they rumoredamongtheunitsoftheArmytocreateadiscordamongit,saying:MostsurelyAllahhas sparedbloodthroughthesonofthedaughterofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family!Hehasrespondedtousinrespectofpeacemaking!WhenthemembersoftheArmy heardtheirstatement,theybecameveryexcited,attackedtheImam,andplunderedhis properties.[2] AccusinghimofUnbelief IgnorancespreadovertheheartsofthemembersofthatArmyofbadmannersandthoughts.So theyfollowedthefieldsofunhappinessanderror.Theywenttoofarincommittingsinsand misguidance.TheyweresorecklessandignorantthatsomeofthemaccusedImamalHasan,the Prophetsgrandson,ofunbelief.AnexampleofthemisalJarrahbinSinanwhoattemptedtokill him(theimam)andaccusedhimofunbelief,saying:Youhavebecomeapolytheist,OHasan,just likeyourfatherhadbecomeapolytheistbefore. ThepeoplewhosawthisflagrantaggressionagainsttheProphetsgrandsonanddidnotsupport

himwereworthyofbeingabandonedandleft.Thatisbecausetheadvicedidnotavailthem,nor didtheyfollowthetruthandguidance.MostlikelyitwastheKharijiteswhoaccusedhimof unbelief,forthisaggressionissuedfromnoneexceptfromthesewickedpeople. AssassinatingHim ImamalHasansordealandtribulationinrespectofhisArmydidnotstopatthislimit;ratherthey exceededmorethanthat.ThatwaswhenthebribedpersonsandtheKharijitesattemptedtokill him.TheImam(a.s)facedthreeattemptsofassassination,buthewassafefromthem.Theyare asfollows: [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110,AyanalShia.AlYaqubi,Tarikh. [2]BiharalAnwar.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha. 1.Whilehewasperformingtheprayer,apersonthrewanarrowathimbutthearrowhadno effectonhimatall. 2.AlJarrahbinSinanstabbedhiminthethigh.SheikhalMufid,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,has narratedthatindetails.Hehassaid:MostsurelyalHasanwantedtotesthisfollowersandto maketheirsituationclearwithregardtoobediencetohim,sothatinthatwayhemightbeableto distinguishhisfriendsfromhisenemiesandbeinaclearmind(abouthisposition)tomeet MuawiyaandtheSyrians.He(a.s)orderedthecalltobemade:Theprayeristobeoffered congregationally.Theygatheredandhe(a.s)ascendedthepulpitandaddressedthem.Hesaid: PraisebelongstoAllahwheneveramanpraiseshim.ItestifythatthereisnogodbutAllah wheneveramantestifiestoHim.ItestifythatMuhammadisHisservantandHisApostlewhom HesentwiththetruthandwhomHeentrustedwithrevelation,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.ByAllah,IhopethatIshallalwaysbewithAllahspraiseandkindness.Iamthesincerestof Allahscreaturesingivingadvicetothem.Ihavenotbecomeonewhobearsmalicetoany Muslim,noronewhowishesevilormisfortuneforothers.Indeedwhatyoudislikeinunityis betterforyouthanwhatyoulikeindivision.Iseewhatisbetterforyouthanyouseefor yourselves.Thereforedonotopposemycommandsanddonotrejectmyjudgement.MayAllah forgivebothmeandyouandmayHeguidemeandyoutothatinwhichthereisloveand satisfaction. Thepeoplebegantolookatoneanotherandaskedeachother:Whatdoyouthinkheintendsby whathehasjustsaid?WethinkthatheintendstomakepeacewithMuawiyaandhandoverthe authoritytohim,theyanswered.Whentheyheardthat,theysaid:Theman(ImamalHasan) hasbecomeunbeliever! Thentheyrushedtowardshistent.Theyplunderedhimtotheextentthattheyeventookhis payermatfromunderhim.Then(thesinfulone)AbdurrahmanbinAbdullahbinJaalalAzdiset

onhimandstrippedhiscloakfromhisshoulder.TheImamremainedsitting,stillgirdingonhis swordbutwithouthiscloak.He(a.s)calledforhishorseandhemountedit.Groupsofhisclose associatesandhisShiasurroundedhimandkeptthosewhowantedtoattackhimawayfromhim. Hesaid:Summon(thetribesof)RabeeaandHamadantome. Theyweresummonedandtheysurroundedhimanddefendedhimfromthepeople.Amixed groupofotherswentwithhimaswell.Whentheimamwaspassingthroughthenarrowpassof Saabaat,amanofBanuAsadcalledalJarrahbinSinancaughtholdofthereinsofhismule.He hadanaxeinhishand.Heexclaimed:Allahisgreat!Youhavebecomeapolytheist,Hasan,just likeyourfatherhadbecomeapolytheistbefore.Thenhestabbedhiminthethigh.Heseizedthe Imambytheneckandtheybothfelltotheground.AmanfromalHasansShiacalledAbdullah binHanzalalTaaipulledtheaxeawayfromhishandandstruckhimwithitinthestomach. AnothermancalledZabyanbinAmmarahattackedhim,struckhimuponthenoseandkilledhim. ThentheImam(a.s)wascarriedonstretchertoalMadainandwasplacedinthewhitetenttobe treated.[1] 3.Someonestabbedhimwithadaggerduringtheprayer.[2] Afterthesedangerousevents,theintentionsofthoserudepeoplebecamecleartotheImam, peacebeonhim.Heunderstoodthattheywouldgotoofarinpracticingcrimesandwickedness suchashandinghimovertoMuawiyaasaprisonerofwar.Sohisdignitywouldbehumiliated,or hewouldbeassassinated,andhissacredbloodwouldbelostwithoutthatthecommunitywould makeuseofhissacrifice. TheterribleAttitude TheattitudeofImamalHasan(a.s)towardsthoseshocksandtroubles,whichlefttheclement perplexed,wasthatofsomeoneresoluteandvigilant.Anexampleofhisexperience,hisgood management,andhisskillfuldeterminationduringthatmutinywithwhichhisArmywasafflicted wasthathegatheredtogethertheleadersandtheprominentpersons.Heexplainedtothemthe bitterresultsandtheheavydamagesthatwouldresultfromhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.He saidtothem:Woeuntoyou!ByAllah,Muawiyawillnotbeloyaltoanyofyouwhohave guaranteedkillingme.AndmostsurelyIthinkthatifIputmyhandinhisandmadepeacewith him,hewouldnotletmefollowthereligionofmygrandfatherorIwouldnotbeabletoworship Allah,theGreatandAlmighty.ButitisasifIseethatyourchildrenstandingatthedoorsoftheir childrenaskingthemforwaterandfoodofthatAllahhasapportionedtothem.Howevertheywill neitherwaternorfeedthem.Soawaywiththatwhichtheirhandsearn!Andtheywhoact unjustlyshallknowtowhatfinalplaceofturningtheyshallturnback. AlltheendeavorstheImammadetosetthemrightwereuseless.Theattitudebecamemore

critical,histribulationbecamegreater,thetroublesand [1]AlIrshad,p.170. [2]YanabeealMawadda,p.292. misfortunesbecameworse.ThemilitarycommandersmadeuseofthattheImamwasbusy treatinghiswound.SotheyflagrantlycommunicatedwithMuawiyaandflatteredhimwithall meanspossible.AsforImamalHasan(a.s)hecametoknowabouttheirdesertinghimandtheir communicatingwiththeenemy. IndeedtheImamwasperplexedandastonishedathisattitude.HecarefullyconsideredMuawiya andconcludedthatthebattleagainsthimwasnecessary,forthereligionhadrequireditandthe Islamiclawhadmadeitamust.ThenhecarefullyconsideredthemutinywithwhichhisArmywas afflictedandtheflagrantplotsmadetoassassinatehim.Soheconcludedthathehadtoturnaway fromthem,forhewashopelessofsettingthemright.Nevertheless,he(a.s)wantedtotestthem tounderstandtheirattitudetowardthewarifitbrokeout.Sohe(a.s)orderedacompanionofhis tocall:Theprayeristobecongregational.Thepeoplecrowded,andherosetoaddressthem. HelaudedandpraisedAllah,andthenhesaid:ByAllah,neitherdoubtnorregretturnsusaway fromthepeopleofSham;ratherweusedtofightagainstthepeopleofShamwithsafetyand patience.Howeversafetyhasbeenmixedwithenmityandpatiencewithimpatience.Whenyou marchedtowardsSiffin,yourreligionwasbeforeyourworld,whiletodayyourworldisbefore yourreligion.Indeedyouhavebecomebetweentwokilledones.Onewaskilledat(thebattleof) Siffin,andyouhaveweptforhim.Theotherwaskilledat(theBattleof)alNahrawan,andyou havedemandedhisblood.Asfortherest,theyaredesertersandrebels. InthiseloquentspeechImamalHasan(a.s)hasexpressedsomeimportantreasonsfortheir divisionandtheirweakness.Afterthis,hepresentedbeforethemthesummonstopeacemaking, saying:MostsurelyMuawiyahasinvitedustoanaffairinwhichthereisneitherglorynor justice.Ifyouwanteddeath,wewouldrefuseitandjudgehimwiththebladesoftheswords,and ifyouwantedlife,wewouldacceptitandbesatisfiedwithit. Afterhe(a.s)hadendedhisspeech,theyshoutedatthetopoftheirvoicesandfromalldirections: Therest!Therest![1] AfterthisattitudetheImam(a.s)concludedthatifhehadfoughtagainstMuawiya,hewould havefoughtagainsthimwithanemptyhand,forhehadneitherasupporternorahelper,and therewasnostrongsupporttowhichhehadtoresort.Herealizedtheclearplansthemilitary commandershadtakentohandhimovertoMuawiyaasaprisonerofwarortoassassinatehim. [1]HumanalIslam,vol.1,p.123.IbnDruid,alMujjtama,p.36.

Afterallofthisheconcludedthattheattituderequiredquickpeacemaking.YazidbinWahabal JuhanihasgivenanoutlineoftheImamsdispleasurewiththeroguesandmobsfromKufaandof hisgrumblingofthem.Hehassaid:Icameintohim(alHasan)whenhewasstabbedandsaidto him:OsonofAllahsApostle,mostsurelythepeopleareperplexed.TheImamsadlysaid:By Allah,IthinkthatMuawiyaisbetterforme(thanthey).TheyclaimthattheyaremyShia,while theywantedtokillme,plunderedmyluggageandtookmyproperty.ByAllahifItookfrom MuawiyaacovenantthroughwhichIsparedmybloodandmadesecuremyfamilyandmyShia,it wouldbebetterformethanthattheywouldkillmeandmyfamilywouldbelost.IfIfought againstMuawiya,theywouldseizemebytheneckandpeacefullyhandmeovertohim.ByAllah, ifImadepeacewithhimwhileIwaspowerful,itwouldbebetterformethanthathewouldkill meandIwasacaptive,orhewouldbekindtome,anditwouldbeshameontheHashimites forever.Muawiyaandhischildrenwouldremindthelivingandthedeadfromamongusofthat. InhisspeechtheImamhasexpressedthetreacherousaggressionagainsthislifeandhisdignity. Hehasshownthathemetsuchanaggressionfromthehypocritesofhisfollowers.Hehasshown thattheywouldbesomeanthattheywouldkillhimorhandhimovertoMuawiyaasacaptive. Andhe(Muawiya)wouldkillhimorbekindtohim,sothroughthathewouldrecordaweakpoint againsttheImam,whichwouldbeadisgraceontheHashimitesforever. Afterthesedangerousevents,ImamalHasan(a.s)carefullyconsideredthebattleagainst Muawiya.Hethoughtofafuturefulloftroublesanddisorderswhichwoulddecidethefearful fateandtheinevitableendofbothhislifeandhisstate,andthelifeofIslamaswell.Thatis becausethefewbelievingmembersofhisarmywerebetweentheprogenyofthegreatProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthedeliverersoftheIslamicsacredreligion.Theywerethe restofthecompanions(oftheProphet)andwereofthefollowersofImamAli,theCommanderof thefaithful,peacebeonhim.Ifthebattlehaddestroyedthem,themorale,entity,andpillarsof Islamwouldhavebeendestroyed,becauseitwastheywhospreaditsabilities.BesidesIslam wouldmakenouseoftheirsacrifices,forMuawiya,thoughhiscunning,wouldregardthemas enemies,disobedienttohim,andagainstthegeneralsecurity.Accordingly,hewouldsaythatit wasnecessaryforhimtoputanendtothemtosavetheMuslimslivesfromtheriotand disorders. Indeedperplexityandastonishmentappearedduringthatterribleattitude.Togetridofthat deadlock,itwasinneedofakeenmindandmoresacrifices.TheImamthoughtthattheperfect interestrequiredmakingpeacewithMuawiya,andthenhehadtodestroythethronesofhis state,toexplaintothepeoplehis(Muawiyaa)shortcomings,offences,sins,wickedness,and tyranny.He(a.s)madepeace(withMuawiya).Thepeacemakingwasnecessary.Reason,the SacredIslamicLaw,andthecriticalattituderequiredit. Anywaytheextremepainandmisfortunes,fromwhichImamalHasansufferedandmadehis

heartbleed,werethatthemembersofhisArmychangeduptheirminds.Theychangedtheir opinionandthoughtanddeviatedfromthetruth.Theywaitedforanopportunity(toattackhim), wantedtobringaboutmisfortunestohim,plottedagainsthimbynightandinbroaddaylight. TheyhadcloserelationshipswithMuawiya.Theyreceivedfromhimgiftsandmoney.They workedforhimashirelingsandspies.Theyinformedhimofthesecrets,movements,andweak pointsoftheArmy.Moreovertheyspreadterrorismandpanic,thattheymightdeadenawareness andparalyzetheresistance.ThiswickedphenomenondidnotappearatMaskanandinal Madain;ratheritappearedafter(theBattle)ofSiffin.FromthatdaytheArmysufferedfrom divisionanddefeat.AlBaladhirihassaid:WhenMuawiyaheardthat(Imam)Alibattledagainst thepeople(attheBattleof)alNahrawan,hewroteletterstotheprominentpersonswithhim suchasalAshathbinQaysandthelike.Hepromisedthemandmadethemdesire.Hespent moneyonthemtotheextentthattheyinclinedtohimandwereslowtogowith(Imam)Ali.He (ImamAli)said,buttheypaidnoattentiontohissaying.Hesummonedthem,buttheydidnot listentohissummons.Muawiyasaid:IfoughtAliafter(theBattleof)Siffinwithoutanarmyand equipment.[1]Thetreason,perfidy,andbreakingofcovenantbefelltheImamsArmyafterthe BattleofSiffin.ItwasthisbattlethatmadethepeopledesertImamalHasan(a.s)andforcedhim tomakepeacewithMuawiya. AsanadditiontotheseterribleeventsfromwhichImamalHasansuffered,wewillgiveother reasonsforexplainingtheattitude,raisingtheinfluenceofthedoubt,andrefutingthecriticisms ofthecritics. [1]AnsabalAshraf,Q11/200.
ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart1 TherearemanydoubtsandsayingsaboutthepeaceImamalHasanmadewithMuawiya.From themwecanconcludetwodifferentdecisions;indeedoneofthemiswrongandfarfrom correctness,justliketwodifferentdecisions. ThefirstdecisionisaboutjustifyingImamalHasansattitudeinrespectofhismakingpeace(with Muawiya)andhisgreatsuccessinit.Thejustificationsforitaredifferent.Somereligiousscholars andresearchershavejustifieditwiththatalHasanisanImam,theImamisinfallible;therefore, hemakesnomistake.TheImamdoesnothingexceptgoodthingsthatincludeallthecommunity. Attheendofthechapterwewillmentionthosewhomaintainthisviewpoint.Yetthereisanother

justificationforindicatingthemeaningofthefirstviewpointandexplainingitsoriginalityandits goodness.ThejustificationdependsonsomematerialreasonsthatforcedImamalHasantomake peacesuchasthedesertionofhisArmy,thecorruptionofhissociety,thetreasonoftheleaders andtheprominentpersonsfromamonghisShia,andthelikefromamongthefactors. ThesecondjustificationbrieflyindicatesthatImamalHasanhadaweakwill,hadnoknowledgeof thegeneralpoliticalaffairs,wasfeebleofmanagingthestate,anddidnotsetrighttheattitude throughdependingonsomepoliticalmethodseveniftheyarereligiouslyforbidden.Ifhehadwon avictory,itwouldhavebeengoodandwell;otherwisehehadtodieamartyrforglorythatwas theHashimitessloganandreformersobjective.Thisviewpointisbasedonsomeunreal justifications.Thatisbecauseithasnotbeenbasedonstudyingtheconditionsthatsurrounded ImamalHasanandunderstandingtheinclinationsofhispeoplewhosufferedfrombadmanners andthoughts.Therefore,thisviewpointissurfaceandvoidofaninquiryandfarfromreality.As forthosewhohavemaintainedthisviewpoint,theyareasfollows: AlSafadi Commentingonthispoetrylineof(thepoem)LamiyyatalAjam,alSafadihassaid: Theloveforsafetyturnsthedeterminationofitsownerawayfromhighpositionsandincitesone (toclingto)laziness.Somechiefsandleadingpersonswhowereadvancedinknowledgeand officepartedtheirpositionsandabdicatedthethrones.Thenhehasmentionedsomeofthose whoweresatisfiedwithlazinessandabdicatedthecaliphate,saying:AndthisisalHasanbinAli binAbiTalib(peacebeonhim)saidtoMuawiya:Mostsurelythereisadebtagainstme.Paymy debt,andIwillabdicatethecaliphate.Theypaidhisdebt,andheabdicatedthecaliphate.[1] Dr.PhilipHatty ProfessorPhilipHattyhassaid:AnothermovementaroseatthebeginningofMuawiyasreign. Themovementwasofgreatimportanceamongthefollowinggenerations.Imean(when)the peopleofIraqdeclaredalHasanbinAliasalegalcaliph.Perhapsthisfoundationislogical,foral HasanwastheeldestsonofAliandFatima,theProphetsonlydaughterwhosurvivedafterhis death.HoweveralHasanwhoinclinedtoluxuryandlavishness,andnottogovernmentand managementwasnotthemanoftheattitude.Soheabdicatedthecaliphateandwassatisfied withayearlygifthe(Muawiya)gavetohim.[2] AlAlaaili ProfessoralAlaailihassaid:Buthe(alHasan)wasabletorepeatthedisbandedgroupsthrough consultationandenthusiasm.Hespread(amongthem)thespiritofdeterminationandwill.He

wasliketheironleaderssuchasNapoleon,whoundertookapeoplewhomthelongrevolution exhaustedjustasitexhaustedtheArabs,andwhomheincreasedinexhaustionthroughthe continuous,successivewarsthroughwhichhetookEurope.Howevertheleaderwascoveredby thewaveofboredomthatcoveredthepeople.[3] R.M.Ronalds R.M.Ronalds,anorientalist,hassaid:MostsurelythereportsindicatethatalHasanlacked moralestrengthandamentalabilitythathemightsuccessfullyleadhispeople.[4] [1]SharhLamiyatalAjam,vol.2,p.27.AlSafadihassaidsomethingatrandom.WhendidImam alHasansellthecaliphatetohisopponentforrepayinghisdebt?WeseekrefugewithAllahfrom thisaccusation! [2]AlArab,p.78. [3]HayatalHasan,vol.2,p.283. [4]AqidatalShiatranslatedbyA.M.S.Thisorientalisthasfilledhisbookwithlying,criticizing Islamanddegradingthevalueofitsbrilliant,greatfigures.InalBayanbrightMagazine,no.3539 (assignedtoImamalHasan,themasterofmartyrs),thesecondyear,professoralSayyidAbdal HadialMukhtarhasfalsifiedhisresearchesanddisplayedhislies. Lamans ThisEnglishperson,whoharboredmaliceagainstIslam,didnotunderstanditsvaluesandreality, hassaid:ThepledgeofallegiancewasgiventoalHasanafterthemurderofAli.Sohissupporters triedtopersuadehimtoreturntofightagainstthepeopleofSham.Thispersistencefromtheir sidechangedtheangerofalHasanwiththecrippleddetermination.Sohenolongerthought(of anything)exceptreachinganagreementwithMuawiya;likewiseheledtoadivisionbetweenhim andthepeopleofIraq.TheyreachedastagewheretheyweakenedtheirImam,bywordnotby deed,bywoundinghim.SofromthattimealHasanwascontrolledbyonethought,whichwas reachinganagreementwiththeUmayyads.Muawiyalethimappointwhatherequestedasa rewardforhisabdicatingthecaliphate.AlHasanwasnotsatisfiedwiththetwomilliondirhamshe requestedasalivelihoodforhisbrotheralHusayn;ratherheaskedforhimselfotherfivemillion dirhamsandenteredintoadistrictofPersiathroughouthislifetime.Afterthatheopposedthe peopleofIraqincarryingoutthelastitemofthisagreement.Buthewasrespondedtowithall thatwhichheaskedtotheextentthatthegrandsonoftheProphetdaredtorepentopenlythat hedidnotdoublehisdemand.AndheleftIraqfilledwiththepeoplesdispleasurewithhim,that hemightkeeptoMedina.[1] [1]DaairatalMaarifalIslamiya,vol.7,p.400.ThisDaairat(encyclopedia)isnothingbutan encyclopediaoflyingandfabrications.ItisfullofdefamingIslamandcursingitsgreatfigures,

especiallyasitconcernsLaamanssresearchesontheShiaandtheirImams.Theyarefullof slandersandbuffooneryagainstthem.ThereasonforthatisthattheChristianmissionary committeesurgedthelikeofthesemercenarypenstodistortIslamandtoschemeagainstit. Besidestheresearchesoftheorientalistsdependedonasurfacestudyingvoidofexaminationand inquiry.ItisworthmentioningthatanorientalistvisitedTehran(Iranscapital)afterhehad learnedthePersianlanguageintheEasternLanguageSchools.HetriedtowriteahistoryonIrans socialandmoralconditionsashesawthem. Hesawsomeporterscarryingvesselsandexcellentnecessitiesontheirheads.Therewere tambourinesandflutesinfrontofthem.Heaskedaboutthat,anditwassaidtohim:Itwasa bridestrousseau!Thenheaskedaboutthenameofthebridegroom.Oneoftheattendantssaid tohim:Madhayahumaka(i.e.Whatdoesconcernyou?)Intheeveningthisorientalistsawa manhittingawomeninthestreet.Heaskedoneoftheattendantsaboutthestory,andhe answeredhim:Thehitterisherhusband,andshehasunjustlyabandonedhim.Thenheasked himaboutthenameofthehusband,andheansweredhim:Madhayahumaka?Asaresultthe orientalistthoughtthatthenameofthehusbandwasMadhayahumaka,andthathewasthe bridegroomwhosetrousseauhesawinthemorning.Accordingly,thisorientalistwroteinhisbook theHistoryofIranthathesawinitscapitalamanmarryinghisbrideinthemorningandhitting herinthestreetintheeveningandthathisnamewasMadhayahumaka!Thisistheconditionof theorientalistsinrespectofaxiomatic,manifestaffairs,justThesepeoplewhohavecriticizedal HasanforhismakingpeacewithMuawiyahaveharboredmaliceandenmityagainstIslam.Some ofthemhavenotyieldedtothefreedomofopinion.Allofthemhavedeviatedfromthereality andgonefarfromthetruthinrespectofwhattheyhavewrittenfromamongtheresearcheson ImamalHasan.TheyhavenotfullyunderstoodtheseverefactorsthatsurroundedImamalHasan totheextentthattheyforcedhimtomakepeacewithhisopponentMuawiya.Itisincumbenton thewriterwhowantstogivehisopinionaboutthisimportantsubjectmattertofullyunderstandit fromallsidesthathisopinionmaybeclosetocorrectnessandfarfrommistake. Asforus,wehaveunderstoodsomereasonsandfactorsthatforcedImamalHasantomake peacewithhisenemy.Thesereasonsandfactorsarebrief.Wehaveconcludedsomeofthem fromthepreviousresearches.WehaveconcludedtheothersfromourstudyingMuawiyas psyche,observinghisgovernors,understandingtheImamshighcharacter,andacquiring knowledgeofthepolicyoftheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem,usedforreaching government.ItisworthmentioningthattheProphetshouseholddidnotusethemeansthat Islamhascondemned.Beforewedealwiththereasonsofthepeacemaking,wewouldliketo explainthatwemayrepeatsomeexamplesoftheprevioussubjects.Weareforcedtodothatas proofsforwhatwemaintain.Thatisbecausetherepetitionisnecessaryandrequiredbythe research.Indeedtalkingindetailaboutthissubjectmatterandunderstandingitismore importantthanothers,aswethink.Wewilldrawtheattentionofreaderstothesereasonswhich areasfollows:

TheArmyisdivided Mostsurelythemostdangerousdisasterastatefacesinallitsfieldsmostlikelyresultsfromthe wickednessoftheArmy,itsintenseopposition,anditsmutinyagainstitscommandersinchief. ThethenIraqArmywasafflictedwithmutinyandweaknesswhereasMuawiyasArmywasnot afflictedwiththat;itkeptitsobediencetoitsgovernment;itwasnotstrickenbysuchshocksand relapses. AsforthereasonsthatledtothedivisionoftheIraqiArmy,theyareasfollows: imaginehowmuchmoretheirconditioninrespectofdifficult,obscureaffairsis!Thisisiftheydo notdependondistortion,justimaginehowmuchmoreitisiftheydependonit!Unfortunately ouryoungpeoplehavetakencareofstudyingtheirbooksanddependedontheminrespectof theirthesesthoughtheyhavenoshareofcorrectnessandreality. ThePartyOpposition Ifsomepartiesinanarmyopposeeachotherbecausetheyharbormaliceagainsttheirstanding governmentorbecausetheyhavearelationshipwithaforeignstatethatinspiresthemwithwork andgivetheminstructionstooverthrowtheirgovernmentthentheirgovernmentwillfaceits inevitableendsoonerorlater.AsforthethenIraqiArmy,itwasafflictedwithtwopartiesthat showednofriendshiptotheHashimitegovernment,nordidtheykeepit;rathertheysparedno efforttoputanendtoit.Thetwopartiesare: TheUmayyadParty Thechildrenoftheprominentfamilyandpossessorofthearistocratichousesbelongedtothis party.Theypaidattentiontonothingexcepttheauthorityinthisworldandobtainingproperty. SomeofthemareUmarbinSad,QaysbinalAshth,AmrbinHurayth,HajjarbinAbjar,Amrbin alHajjaj,andthelikefromamongthosevoidofvirtueanddignity.Theywerethemostdangerous elementsamongtheArmy.TheypromisedtohandoverImamalHasantoMuawiyaasacaptive ortoassassinatehim.Inthemeantimetheydidthingsofgreatimportanceofwhichare: A.TheyrecordedalltheaspectsandmovementsofthearmyandsentthemtoMuawiyatohave knowledgeofthem. B.TheywerealinkbetweenMuawiyaandtherestoftheprominentpersons. C.TheyspreadrumorsandterrorismamongthemembersoftheArmythroughdisplaying MuawiyasstrengthandalHasansweakness.

ThesesdestructiveactsledtothecollapseoftheArmy,shakingitsentity,andtheweaknessof theirmoraleinallthefields. TheHarawriParty Thispartyundertooktherevoltagainstthethengovernmentandfightingagainstitinallmeans possible.ItsprincipleswereterriblyspreadamongtheIraqiArmy.Thatisbecausethosewho spreadtheirbeliefsweregoodatinvadingtheheartsandtheopinionsand(theywere)goodat themeansofpropaganda.ZiyadbinAbeehhasdescribedtheirabilityinthisrespect,saying: Mostsurelythespeechofthesepeopleisquickerinreachingtheheartsthanthefireinreaching thereeds!AlMughirabinShubahasdescribedtheirintenseinfluenceonthepeople,saying: Whentheyresidedinacountry,theyspoiledallthosewhoassociatedwiththem.[1]They controlledthesimplemindedfromamongthe(Iraqi)Armythroughtheirslogan:The [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.109. governmentbelongstoAllah!Withthistheymeantnothingexceptthegovernmentthroughthe sword,asFlotinsays.[1]ThecrookedplansoftheHarawriyya(Kharijites)madeitincumbenton theirfollowerstorevoltagainsttheruleroftheMuslimswhenhedidnotbelongtothem.This wasreligiousjihadwiththem,andtheyhadtosacrificetheirlivesforit.TheKharijitesstrongly revoltedagainsttherulerstotheextentthattheywereunabletoresistthem.Theycarriedintheir soulsstrongmaliceagainsttheHashimitegovernment,foritsmembershadkilledtheirprominent personsandputanendtomanyofthemattheBattleofalNahrawan.TheykilledImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,andlefthimthrowndowninhismihrabasasignoftheirtakinga vengeanceonhimduetowhathehaddonetothem.TheyalsotriedtoassassinateImamalHasan (a.s)whentheystabbedhiminthethigh.Besidestheyaccusedhimofunbelief.Thisgroupof peoplewasnumerous.SomebookshavementionedthatthemajorityoftheArmywerefrom them.[2] ThesetwopartiesdominatedIraqandsparednoefforttospoiltheArmy,tosowdisagreement anddivisionamongallitsunitstotheextentthattheysufferedfromtroublesanddisorders. Besides,alargegroupofthemtookanegativeattitudetowardstheaffairofImamalHasan, peacebeonhim.ThatisbecausetheydidnotunderstandtheoriginalobjectivestheImam sought.BecauseoftheirnarrowthinkingtheymaintainedthattheImamwaseveryonewho ascendedthethroneofgovernmentthroughanymeanspossible;thereforealHasanand Muawiyawerethesame(forthem),thoughalHasanfoughtagainstMuawiyaforthereligion, andMuawiyafoughtagainstalHasanfortheworld. Afterthat,nonewasreadytosupporttheHashimitegovernmentortosidewithitexcepttheShia whomaintainedthattheAlawidswereworthyofthecaliphate.SuchShiitesweretheleaderQays binSad,SaeedbinQays,AdibinHatamalTaai,HijrbinAdi,RashidalHajjri,Habeebbin

Muzahir,andthelikefromamongthefollowersofImamAli(a.s).However,theywerefewin numberjustasAllah,theExalted,hassaid:Andtheyarefew.Accordingly,theywereunableto savetheArmyfromthedangersthatsurroundedit.IftheyhadbeenmanyintheArmy,ImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,wouldnothavebeenforcedtoacceptthearbitration,andal Hasanwouldnothaveresortedtothepeacemaking. [1]AlSiyadaalArabiya,p.69. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.42. BoredomofWar TheKufansweretiredofwar,andthetiredhasnoopinion.Inadditiontothispsychological phenomenonforwhichtheywerefamous,therearetworeasonsthatbroughtaboutanddoubled theboredom.Theyareasfollows: TheSuccessiveBattles AmongthereasonsthatbroughtabouttirednessandboredomtothesoulsoftheIraqiarmyare thesuccessivebattles.ThatisbecausethestateusedtosendtheArmytomakeconquestandto defendit.TheBattlesofSiffinandalNahrawanincreasedtheweaknessofthenervesofits membersandthecollapseoftheirstrength.Duringthesetwobattlesmanypeoplewerekilledto theextentthattheyhatedbattleandpreferredtranquilityandpeace. TheDespairofBooties TheIraqiArmywonnothingoftheweaponandpropertyduringtheBattlesofalJamal(the Camel),Siffin,andalNahrawan.ThatisbecauseImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,didnot regardthepeoplewhofoughtagainsthimatthesebattlesasunbelieversanddidnotdividetheir belongingsamongtheMuslims.Ratherheorderedthemtobereturnedtotheirownersafterthe endofBasraBattle(theBattleoftheCamel).[1]TheArmycametoknowthatImamalHasan wouldnotchangehisfathersconductandprogram.Sotheyhadnoconfidenceintheproperty andthebootyiftheyfoughtagainstMuawiya.Accordingly,theydeclaredrebellion,showed mutinyandboredomofwar. MostsurelythattheIraqiArmyhatedwarandpreferredpeacetoit,andthisdidnotresultfrom Maskanevents;ratheritresultedfromraisingcopiesoftheQuran(attheBattleofSiffin)and fromtheBattleofalNahrawan.AlltheunitsoftheArmyinclinedtopeace.Inthefirstpartofthe bookwehavementionedsomeexamplesofthetreacherousaggressionswhichMuawiyastroops madethroughtheIraqiborders.Wehavealsomentionedsomeexamplesoftheirinvadingthe Iraqicities,theirterrifyingandkillingtheinnocentpeople,whilethey(theIraqis)weretooweak

andlaggardtoresistthem.Thereligioussentimentsdidnotmovethemnordidhumanfeelings shakethemtorepeltheoppressionandabasement.ImamAli(a.s)commandedthemtoperform jihad,buttheydidnotobeyhim.Heinvitedthemtosupporthim,buttheydidnotrespondtohim. Thisattitudeleftinhissoulbittersorrowandpermanentsadness.Accordingly,inmanyofhis speeches,theImamhasdisparagedanddispraisedthem.He(a.s)hassaid:Iamtiredof admonishingyou.Areyousatisfiedwiththisworldlylifeinplace [1]Dr.TahaHusayn,AliwaBanuh,p.55. ofthenextlife?Ordisgraceinplaceofdignity?WhenIsummonyoutofightagainstyourenemy, youreyesrevolveasthoughyouareintheclutchesofdeathandinthesenselessnessofthelast moments. ImamAligoesonrebukingandadmonishingthem.Heshowshisdispleasurewiththeirweakness andtheirturningawayfromwar,saying:Neitheryouareasupportformetoleanupon.By Allah,mostsurely,Ithinkthatifbattleragesanddeathhoversaroundyou,youwillcutawayfrom thesonofAbiTalibliketheseveringofheadfromthetrunk. Inanotherspeechhe(a.s)describestheirturningawayfromthejihadinthewayofAllah,his terribleordealandtribulationinrespectofthem,saying:Icalledthemsecretlyaswellasopenly, againandagain.Someofthemunwillinglycame;someofthemaffectedillness;andsomeofthem tarriedanddeserted.AndIaskAllahtogivemeaquickrelieffromthem!ByAllah,wereitnotfor myambitionformartyrdomduringmeetingmyenemy(inbattle),IwouldlikethatIwouldnot remainwiththesepeopleforonedayandnevermeetwiththem![1] Inanotherspeechhe(a.s)says:ByAllah,deceivedisonewhomyouhavedeceivedwhile,by Allah,hewhoissuccessfulwithyoureceivesonlyuselessarrows.Youarelikebrokenarrows thrownovertheenemy.ByAllah,IamnowinthepositionthatIneitherconfirmyourviewsnor hopeforyoursupport,norchallengetheenemythroughyou.Whatisthematterwithyou?What isyourailment?Whatisyourcure?[2] NahjalBalaghacontainsalargegroupofImamAlisspeechesinwhichhehasexpressedhis displeasurewithhisArmyandtheirturningawayfromsupportinghim.Hehassaidthattheyfilled hisheartwithpus,loadedhisbosomwithrage,andcausedhimgriefsoneaftertheother.They remainedtiredofwarandhatedjihadthroughoutthedaysofImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful.WhenImamalHasan(a.s)becameacaliph,theyshowedthatintheworstmanner.When heaskedthemaboutMuawiyassummonstopeacemaking,theysaidatthetopoftheirvoices: Theremainder!Theremainder! Thisindicatesthattheyweretiredofwar,theyhatedjihad,andwouldneverbeenwithImamal HasanifhehadopenedadoortobattleagainstMuawiya.

[1]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.67. [2]Ibid.,vol.1,p.70. MissingtheawareFigures AmongthereasonsfordividingtheIraqiArmyisthatitlosttheawareforcesfromamongthe MuslimgreatfigureswhobelievedintherightoftheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem,and regardedtheirexcellence.Allthemilitaryunitsrespectthem,fortheyweregoodMuslims,show extremecourage(atbattles),playedanimportantroleinorganizingthemilitarymovements,and guidedthearmytoservetheIslamicobjectives.ExamplesofthemareAmmarbinYasir,agreat companion(oftheProphet),HashimalMirqal,aninspiredleader,ThabitbinQays,theoneoftwo testimonies,andthelikefromamongthosewhohadprecedenceinIslamandfaith.Mostofthem werekilledattheBattleofSiffin.Historianshavecountedthenumberofthosewhohadtaken partintheBattleofBadr,anditwassixtythreemen(fromamongthosewhofoughtwithImam Aliin).Thereisanothergroupofthepious,goodcompanionswhodiedmartyrsatthebattles madebythoseambitiousanddeviousfromIslamagainstImamAli.Missingthemleftalargegap intheIraqiArmy,thatlosttheleadingpersonalitiesandwasafflictedwiththehypocritesandthe Kharijiteswhowerelikeawoodwormboringinitsentity.IfImamalHasansArmyhadhadthe likeofthosepious,theImamwouldnotmakepeacewithhisopponent. TheSummonstoPeacemaking Anotherreasonforunderminingthedeterminationsandputtingoutthefireoftherevoltinthe soulsoftheArmyisMuawiyassummonstopeacemakingandsparingblood.Forthissummons wasveryagreeable.Thatisbecausethesimplemindedregardeditasgood.Howeverthe overwhelmingmajorityhadnotcometoknowMuawiyasintentionsandtheevilhehadschemed againstthem.Sohissummonstopeacemakingdeceivedthemjustastheraisingofcopiesofthe Quranhaddeceivedthem.Besides,theirleadersbetrayedImamalHasanandjoinedMuawiyas camp. AnywaythemajorityoftheArmyhailedthesummonstopeacemakingandpreferredpeaceto war.AsforImamalHasan,hewasunabletoforcethemtofightagainstMuawiyaandtoresist him. UbaydillahsTreason ThedesertionofUbaydillahbinalAbbasisregardedasamongthefactorsthatdividedand underminedtheArmy.ThroughhistreasonhedeadlystabbedtheIraqiarmy,openedadoorto treasonandperfidy,andpavedthewayforpeopletojoinMuawiya.Themenofheweaksouls foundawideroomtodeserttheirImam.TheyusedUbaydillahstreasonasmeansforthat,forhe

wastheImamscousinandtheclosetofthepeopletohiminkinship.Inthepastitwassaid: Ifthecloser(inkinship)towhosepartyyoubelongdesertsyou,thenthereisnowonderwhen thosefardesertyou!UbaydillahstreasoncreatedintheImamssoulstrongsadnessandabitter sorrow.Thatisbecausehepaidnoattentiontothereligion,therevenge,thetriballinks,theclose relationshipswithAllahsApostle,andwithhiscommanderinchief.Nordidhepayattentionto thepledgeofallegiancehehadmadebeforeAllah,forhewasthefirsttosummonthepeopleto pledgeallegiancetoalHasaninKufaMosque.Nordidhepayattentiontothefearofthepeoples speechandthevengeanceofhistory. TheTreasonofRabeea AmongthereasonsforthecollapseoftheArmy,thedivisionoftheirbases,andtheirfeebleness inresistancewasthetreasonof(thetribeof)Rabeea,whowerelikeastrongarmortotheImam. ThatwaswhenKhalidbinMuammar,abrilliantleaderamongRabeea,joinedMuawiyaandsaid tohim:IwillpledgeallegiancetoyouonbehalfofRabeea.Hepaidhomagetohimontheir behalf.ThepoetsaidinrespectofhimwhenheaddressedMuawiya,saying: OMuawiya,honorKhalidbinMuammar,for,mostsurely,wereitnotforKhalid,youwouldnot beappointedasacommander!WhenalHasanheardofthat,hisbecameveryangry.Heheaded fortheIraqisandaddressedthem,saying:OPeopleofIraq,itwasyouwhoforcedmyfatherto fight(againstMuawiya)and(toaccept)thearbitration.Thenyoudisobeyedhim.Ihaveheard thatthemenofhonorfromamongyouhavecometoMuawiyaandpaidhomagetohim. Thereforesufficientuntomeisthatwhich(hasissued)fromyou!Donotdeceivemeinrespectof myreligionandmysoul! UthmanbinShurhabeel,thechiefofthethetribeofTamim,secretlypledgedallegianceto Muawiya.Accordingly,thetreasonspreadoverthemilitaryunits.[1] MuawiyasBribes Formoneytheprotectionsofmenarebought,homelandsaresold,andthoughtsaresuppressed. Amouthwatersformoney!IndeedMuawiyadeliberatelyspentmoneyontheprominent persons,thenoble,andtheleaders.Thatisbecausehehadcometoknowthathehadnomeans toovercometheeventexceptthroughspendingmoney.Accordingly,thepeople [1]AnsabalAshraf,Q1/vol.1,p.223. betrayedImamalHasanandslippedawayinthenightandinthedaylighttojoinMuawiyas camp.Theypaidnoattentiontoshame,disgrace,andAllahspunishment.Theirtreasonledtothe disordersofthearmy,division,andthedeclarationofrebellionandmutiny.Mostsurely,the

overwhelmingmajorityoftheArmyhadnonobleobjective;rathertheywishedfortheirprofits andambitions.Oneofthemstatedthatatoneofthebattles,saying:Whoevergivesusadirham, wewillfightonhisbehalf!Apoetdispraisedapersonwhowaskilledatthosebattles.Thepoet saidtohischildren: YourfathermethisdeathnotforthesakeofAllahbutforthesakeofthedirhams.[1]Ifthe membersofanarmyfightformaterialmotives,theyarenotloyaltotheirdefense,theirmutinyis verypossible,andtheirdangeragainsttheirgovernmentismorethananexternaldanger. ThethenIraqiswerecorruptandgreedytogetmoneyfromMuawiya.Forexample,afterImam alHasanhadreceivedawound,hewenttoalMadainforcure.Therehestoppedatthehouseof SadbinMasudalThaqafi[2],whowasappointedasagovernoroveralMadainbyImamAli(a.s) andbyImamalHasan(a.s).Thenhis(Sad)youngnephewcalledalMukhtarcametohimand said: Ouncle,doyouhave(anobjective)inrichesandhonor? Whatisthat? ShacklealHasanandseeksecurityfromMuawiyathroughhim. Allahscursebeonyou!DoIshacklethesonofthedaughterofthemessengerofAllah?Howa badmanyouare![3] [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.2,p.19. [2]AlBukharihasmentionedSadbinMasudalThaqafi(andregardedhimas)amongthe companions(oftheProphet).AlTabaranihassaid:He(SadbinMasudalThaqafi)had companionship(withtheProphet).(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim, appointedhimasagovernoroveroneofhisworks.Hetookhimwithhimto(theBattleof)Siffin. He(SadbinMasudalThaqafi)narratedthefollowingtraditionontheauthorityoftheImam, whosaid:WhenNoahworeagarment,hethankedAllah.Whenheateordrank,hethanked Allah.Sohewascalledagratefulservant.AlIsaba,vol.2,p.34. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh.AlIsaba.Someresearchershavenegatedthecorrectnessofthenarration andregardeditasamongthefabricatedones.Thatispossible,foralMukhtarwasthebestofthe meninhisconduct,hispiety,andallhistendencies.ThetreasonincludedalMukhtar,ifthis narrationwastrue,andthemajorityofthearmywhowerewithImamalHasan,andthey competedwitheachotherfortheworldlyambitions.ThatwasnotonlyduringthetimeofImam alHasan,peacebeonhim.ItwasalsoduringthetimeofImamAli(a.s).ImamZaynalAbidin(a.s) hassaid:MuawiyafoughtAlithroughhisgold![1]MostsurelyMuawiyacametoknowthe pointofweaknessinImamalHasansarmy,soheshowereditwithbribestotheextentthatit respondedtohimandabandonedtheProphetsfamilyandhistrustamonghiscommunity.

ThefalseRumors AmongthereasonsforthedivisionofthearmyarethefalserumorswhichMuawiyashirelings spreadinalMadain.TheyrumoredthatQaysbinSadwaskilled.Theyalsorumoredthathe madepeacewithMuawiya.ThemembersoftheArmybelievedtheserumors,sotheysuffered fromtroublesanddiscords.Themostdangerousoftheserumorsintribulationandgreatestof themindestructionwasthatwhichwasspreadbythedelegationsentbyMuawiyatoImamal Hasan.WhenthemembersofthedelegationleftImamalHasan,theyrumoredthatheresponded topeacemaking.WhenthemembersoftheArmyheardofthat,theyrushedlikewaves.They plunderedImamalHasanspropertyandaggressedagainsthim.Iftheleadersandtheprominent figureshadhadalittlebitofhumanityanddignity,theywouldhaveprotectedtheImamand driventhemobsawayfromhimtilltheaffairwouldbecleartothem.Howevertheyremainedin theircamps.Theyneitherprotectednorhelpedhim. Withthistopicwewillendourspeechaboutthefactorsthatledtothedivisionanddestructionof theArmy.Ofcourse,militaryforcesarethecoreofastateandthesourceofitsprotection.Ifsuch shocksanddangersstrikethem,canthecommanderinchiefachievehisobjectivesoropena doortowaragainsttheenemyforces? TheEnemysForces ThesecondfactorthaturgedImamalHasantomakepeace(withMuawiya)wasthathis opponenthadmilitaryforcesandthelikeagainstwhomtheImamwasunabletofight,norwashe abletoresist.WiththeseforcesMuawiyahadfoughtagainstImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful,beforeandforcedImamalHasantomakepeacewithhim.Wewillgiveabriefoutlineon someofthemasfollows: [1]AlMaqreezi,Khutat,vol.2,p.439. TheObedienceoftheArmy MuawiyaplantedtheloveforhimintheheartsofhisArmy.Hedominatedtheirfeelingsand sentiments.Itwasbecauseheknewtheirinclinationsandtrends.Sohecompliedwiththemto theextentthattheylovedhim,andhelovedthem.Theyobeyedhimandtheiropinionofhimwas fullydevelopedbecauseofhispropagandaandhischeatingthroughthathewastheproofafter theCaliphs,andthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadnolawfulinheritor otherthantheUmayyads.Thehistorianshavenarrated:WhenAbualAbbasalSaffah[1] conqueredSham,agroupofleadersandprominentpersonscametohim.TheysworebyAllah thattheyhadcometoknowthattheProphethadneitherkinshipnorhouseholdtoinherithim excepttheUmayyads.TheyknewthatwhentheAbbasidsundertookthecaliphate.Concerning that,IbrahimbinalMuhajiralBajali[2]says:

Opeople,listentomesothatItellyousomethingwonderful(and)hasexceededallwonderful things. IwonderatAbdShams;theyhaveopenedtothepeopledoorstolying. TheyhaveinheritedAhmed(Muhammad)inwhattheyhaveclaimedexcludingAbbasbinAbdal Muttalib. Theyhavetoldlies.ByAllah,asfarasweknowthatnoneobtainstheinheritanceexceptthose near.[3] Thereasonbehindthatwerethenarrationsthatthemercenarynarratorsfabricatedandrumored amongthepeopleofDamascus.TheytoldthepeopletherethatMuawiyawastheinheritorof theProphetandthenearestofthepeopletohim.Theyascribedtohimandtothecursedtreeof hisfamilygoodqualitiesandnobledescriptions,totheextentthattheyplacedhiminthefirst classfromamongthegoodreformerstowhomobediencewasoneofthereligiousduties.The peopleofShambelievedinotherthingsastoMuawiyaandtheUmayyads.ProfessorFanFloten says:ThegreatmajoritythoughtthattheUmayyadpartywasthatofthereligionandthe regime.Headded: [1]AbualAbbaswasthefirstAbbasidcaliph.HewasatalHamiya,adistrictofalBalqa,inthe year108A.H.Hegrewupatit.Hewasgiventhepledgeofallegianceasacaliphin3rdRabeeal Awwal,intheyear132.Hehurriedtoshedblood.Hisgovernorsintheeastandwestfollowedhis examples.Hediedintheyear136.AlSayuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.100. [2]IbrahimbinalMuhajiralBajaliisAbuIshaqalKufi.Henarratedtraditionsontheauthorityofa groupofthetrustworthy,andothersreportedonhisauthority.(Thetraditionists)havediffered overhisnarration.Soitwassaidthathewastrustworthy,anditwassaidthathewasweak. TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.167. [3]AlMasudiMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.167. IntheviewpointoftheUmayyadpartyMuawiyawasthevicegerentofAllahjustashissonYazid wastheImamoftheMuslims,AbdalMalikwastheImamofIslamandoneentrustedby Allah.[1]ThepeopleofShamlovedandobeyedMuawiyatotheextentthathemadethemwalk onallthewaysfarandcontrarytothereligion,whiletheydidnotknowthat.Throughthemhe couldachieveallwhathewanted.BecauseoftheirincreasinglyobediencetoMuawiya,ImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,hadwishedthatMuawiyawouldhavegivenhimoneofhis companionsandtakentenoftheIraqiswhowerefamousforriotandmutiny. SimplicityandNaivet

ThebadtimehelpedMuawiyadominatetheArmythatwasamodelofsimplicityandnaivet,for thegreatmajorityofitdidnotknowwhichanecdotewasthelongest.Historyhasmentioned manyexamplesoftheirstupidityindicatingtheirinactivityandlackinginsight.Thehistorianshave mentionedthatamanfromKufacametoDamascusonthebackofacamel.Thatwaswhenthey wentawayfromSiffin.AmanfromDamascusclungtohimandsaidtohim:Thisismyshecamel! YoutookitfrommeatSiffin!Aquarreltookplacebetweenthem.Sotheybroughttheircase beforeMuawiya.ThemanfromDamascusbroughtfiftymentobearwitnessthattheshecamel belongedtohim.Accordingly,MuawiyadecidedagainsttheKufanandcommandedhimtohand overthecameltotheSyrianmanimmediately.SotheIraqimanturnedtoMuawiyaandshowed hisastonishmentatthisjudgement,saying:MayAllahsetyouright!Itisahecamel,andnota shecamel! Thedecisionisover!exclaimedMuawiya. Whenthepeoplewentaway,MuawiyaorderedtheIraqitobebroughtbeforehim.Whenhewas beforehim,heaskedhimaboutthevalueofthehecamel.TheIraqitoldMuawiyaaboutits value,andMuawiyagaveadoubleofitspricetohim.Hewaskindtohimandsaid:SaytoAli thatIwillmeethim(inbattle)withonethousandmenwhodonotdistinguishtheshecamelfrom thehecamel![2] Mostsurelytheoverwhelmingmajoritydidnotdistinguishbetweenashecamelandahecamel. Withoutdoubttheydidnotdistinguishtruthfromfalsehood.Theydidnotcarefullyconsiderthe differencesamongthesensiblethings.Theyweremobsandrabbles.Theclearestproofoftheir inattentiveness [1]AlSiyadaalArabiya,p.70. [2]AlMasudiMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.332. wasthestoryofAmmarbinYasir,thegreatcompanionoftheProphet.Whenheobtained martyrdom,theSyriansdifferedoverhimbecauseofthetraditionoftheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily:MostsurelytheoppressivegroupwillkillIbnSumayya(i.e.Ammarbin Yasir).WhenAmrbinalAassawthattheydiffered,hesaidtothem:Mostsurely,hewho broughthim(Ammar)outhaskilledhim!Sotheybelievedhisspeechandreturnedtothe obediencetoMuawiya.Ofcoursewhenastatehassuchaninattentive,obedientarmy,itwill reachitspurposesandachieveitsobjectives. MuawiyamadethepeopleofShaminattentive,ignorant,andwretched.Hemadethemsink undertheyokeoftheUmayyadenslavement.Heplacedbetweenthemandthepeopleaniron curtain.Hedidnotallowtheotherstocommunicatewiththemnordidheallowthemto communicatewiththeotherslesttheyshouldcometoknowthetruthandknowMuawiyas

falsehoodandhisusurpingthecaliphatefromitsactualpeople.ThepoliticiansafterMuawiya followedthispolicy.Theydeliberatelymadethemleadalifeofignorance.Theydidnotallow awarenesstobespreadamongthem.ThehistorianshavenarratedthatAyasdisputedwithanold manfromamongthepeopleofSham,andtheircasewasbroughtbeforethejudge.Thejudgesaid tohim:Doyounotfeelshameofthatyoudisputedwithanoldman,whileyouareayoung man?Thetruthisgreaterthanhim,repliedAyas.Sothejudgerebukedhimandcommanded himtokeepsilent.AsaresultAyassaidtohim:Whowilluttermyproof?SotheJudgewentto AbdalMalikandtoldhimaboutAyasscase.AbdalMaliksaidtothejudge:Granthisneedand bringhimoutofShamlestheshouldspoilthepeopleagainstus![1] ThehistorianshavementionedmanyexamplesofsuchcasesshowingtheUmayyadpolicyaiming atdeadeningawarenessandspreadingignorance.
TheunanimousAgreement InthepreviousresearcheswehavementionedthattheIraqiswereafflictedwithdisagreement anddivision.Thatisbecausethemembersofthepartiessparednoefforttoshaketheentityof theHashimitegovernmentandtodestroyitsthrone.ButalltheclassesinShamwerenotafflicted withsuchparties,norweretheystrickenbytheopinionshostiletothestandinggovernment. Peace,harmony,andtranquilityprevailedoverDamascusandallitsdistricts.IntheArmyandthe kingdomtheKharijiteshadneitherplacenor [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.133. summonerstothemortootherthanthemfromamongthosewhoworkedtooverthrowthe government.ThisunanimousagreementwasthereasonforMuawiyaspower,hiswiderange andinfluence. ThehugeArmy MuawiyaspentallhisspiritualandmaterialeffortstosetrighthisArmyandtoreinforceit.For example,whenShamwasafflictedwiththeRomansdanger,Muawiyahurriedtoconcludea timelytrucewiththeirEmperorandtogivehimimportantproperties.Hedidnotopenadoorto waragainsthimlestthenervesofhisArmyshouldbeweak.BesideshedidnotemployhisArmy duringtheconquestsandthebattles.HedidnotemployitatanybattleexceptthatofSiffin,so theArmykeptitsactivityandstrength.

InadditiontohisArmyresidingwithhiminDamascus,Muawiyawrotetohisgovernorsandhis leadersinallthecountrieswhenhedecidedtowaragainstImamalHasan.Heaskedthemfor helpandtobefullyreadyforfightingagainsttheProphetsgrandson(ImamalHasan).Shortly afterthat,hugemilitaryforcesjoinedhim.SoheaddedthemtothoseofShamandsetoff towardsIraqalongwithahugeArmyfullinnumber,goodinappearance,abundantinstrength, andobedienttohiscommands.Accordingly,ImamalHasanunderstoodthathehadnoabilityto meethim(inbattle)andtofightagainsthimwithhisweakArmyamongwhichtreasonand perfidyspread. HisEntourage InadditiontothemilitaryforcesMuawiyaenjoined,hehadotherforceswitheffectiveinfluence onreinforcinghisfront,directinghim,andmanaginghisaffairs.Thatwaswhentheexperienced andthepoliticiansjoinedhimbecausetheycravedafterhispropertyandhisworld.Anexampleof thesepersonswasalMughirabinShubaaboutwhosetrickandcunningithasbeensaid:Ifal Mughirawasinacitywitheightgatesandnonecouldpassthroughthemexceptthroughtrickand deception,hewouldpassthroughallitsgates!Anditwassaidconcerninghisgreatcunning: WhenanaffairhappenedtoalMughira,hefoundanoutlettoit.Whentwoaffairsbecame vaguetohim,heshowedanopinionofoneofthem.YetanotherexampleofsuchpeopleisAmr binalAaswhowasacastleofcunningandfalsehood.Inrespectofdescribinghimitwassaid:I haveneverseen(aman)greaterthanAmrbinalAasinovercomingthemenwhentheycame togetherandinspending!Hewasontopofthosewhoraisedtheflagoftherevoltagainst UthmanbinAffan,forthelatterremovedhimfromhisoffice.Hemovedagainsthiminspitesof thepeopleandurgedthosefarandneartofightagainsthim.Inthisrespecthesaid:ByAllah, whenImetashepherd,IprovokedhimagainstUthman!Besides(Iprovokedagainsthim)the headsandtheprominentpersons!WhenheheardofthemurderofUthman,hesaid:IamAbu Abdullah.WhenImoveanulcer,Imakeitbleed!HehaddeceivedtheIraqiArmythroughraising copiesoftheQuran.HedividedtheArmyintopartsandmadeitdifferentindesires. Muawiyaattractedthesecunningpeople,whomixedpoisonwithhoney,clothedfalsehoodwith thegarmentoftruth,didnotrefrainfromsin,anddetestedthingsfortheireviltendencies.They hadnoobjectiveexceptputtinganendtotheprogenyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,andthoseassociatedwiththemfromamongtherighteousMuslims.Thatwasbecause theywantedtoputanendtoIslamandtogotoofarinpracticingdissolutenesswhereverthey wished.AsforImamalHasan(a.s)hetookthedecisiveattitudethatthinkerstook.Heprotected theprogenyofAllahsApostle(a.s)andsparedthebloodofthebelieversfromamonghis followers.Hethoughtthatthesacrificeatthattimewouldnevergivegeneralintereststothe Muslims,fortheUmayyadswouldgivetoitvariouskindsofdistortionandmisguidancethrough whichitwouldloseitsmoraleandoriginality.

EnormousProperties MuawiyahadimmensewealthinShampreparedthroughouthisgoverningit.Hedidnotspendit ontheinterestsoftheMuslims;ratherheboughtbyittheconsciencesandthereligionstoclear thewayforhimtowinthesupremeauthorityandtocontroltheMuslims. MuawiyasentcrueltaxcollectorstotaketaxesfromtheMuslimpeoplesinthecountrieshehad occupied,andtheyunjustlytooktheMuslimspropertiestotheextentthattheywenttoofarin exhaustingthemandforcingthemtopaytaxes.HealsoimposedonthemtaxesIslamhadnot legislatedsuchasalNawruz[1]gifts.Sohistreasurieswerefullofproperties,andhefreelyspent themonfightingImamalHasan,theProphetsdarlinggrandson,andovercominghim.Asforthe Prophetsgrandson(alHasan),hecametoknowthatMuawiya,Hindsson,becamepowerful.He thoughtthathewouldnotbeabletofightagainsthim,thathewouldwinnovictoryoverhim, andthattheattituderequiredpeacemaking,notwarandfighting.Hewassurethatwarwould bringabouttothecommunitybadcomplicationswhosedangersnoneknewexceptAllah. [1]AlNawruzisthePersianNewYearsDay. TheAssassinationofImamAli AmongthefactorsthaturgedImamalHasantomakepeacewithMuawiyaisthemurderofhis fatherthroughwhichhewasterrified.Thisleftinhissoulpermanentsadnessandstrongsorrow, becauseImamAliwaskillednotformoneyhehadtakennorforasunnahehadchangednorfora rightwithwhichhehadsingledhimselfoutexcludingthem.Ratherthroughouthisreignheleda lifeofthepoorandtheweak.Inthemeantimehesparednoefforttomakethecommunityleada lifefullofboonsandblessings.Hedidhisbesttoestablishjustice,deadentyranny,supportthe oppressed,andtorelievetheweakandthedeprived.Howeverthepeopledeniedthisshining justiceanddeliberatelyassassinatedhimatthetimewhenhewasbeforeAllah.Theypaidno attentiontohissacrednessandtothatofAllahsApostle(a.s).Theycommittedthisabominable crime,soImamalHasan(a.s)thoughtthatitwasdifficultforhimtosetthemrightortoreturn themtothewayofthetruthandrightness.Heturnedawayfromundertakingtheauthorityover themandrefrainedfrommeetingwiththem.Hewishedthathehadnotknownthemjustashis fatherhadwishedbefore.He(a.s)hasmentionedthisattitude,saying:Yourassassinatingmy fatherhasmademerefrainfromyou! IndeedthemurderofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andthepioneerofthesocial justice,wasamongthemostimportantreasonsthatmadeImamalHasanrefrainfromthose

ignorantpeoplewhomadetroubles,haddesires,anddeviatedfromthestraightpath! SparingofBlood AmongthereasonsforthepeacemakingisthatImamalHasansurgentlywantedtospareandnot toshedtheMuslimsblood.IfhehadopenedadoortowaragainstMuawiya,hewouldhave sacrificedhisfollowersandhishousehold;andthroughthatthetorchoffaithwouldhavebeen putoutandIslamwouldhavebeenuprooted.He(a.s)hasmentionedthatinhisanswertothe reasonsofhismakingpeace(withMuawiya).Hehassaid:MostsurelyIwasafraidthatthe Muslimswouldbeuprootedfromthesurfaceoftheearth.SoIwantedsomeonetoannouncethe religion! He(a.s)answeredthosefromamonghisfollowerswhoharboredmaliceagainsthimbecauseof thepeacemaking,saying:ThroughmymakingpeacewithMuawiyaIwanted(nothing)except keepingmurderawayfromyou.[1]InthespeechhemadeinalMadain,heexpressedhisgreat takingcareofsparingtheMuslimsblood.Inithehasmentioned:Opeople,mostsurely [1]AlDaynawari,p.303. theaffairoverwhichIandMuawiyahavedifferedisaright(ofmine).Iamgoingtoleavethe righttosetrightthecommunitysaffairandtospareitsblood![1]Anexampleofhistakingcare ofthatisthatheadvisedhisbrotheralHusaynwhentheinevitablemomentofdeathcameto him,saying:IswearbyAllahthatyoushouldnotshedevenabitofbloodincarryingoutmy command. CertainlythemostlovablethingtoImamalHasan(a.s)waskeepingtheMuslimsblood, spreadingsecurityandpeaceamongthem.Hesparednoefforttoachievethat. MuawiyasFavor ImamalHasan(a.s)cametoknowthatifhehadfoughtagainstMuawiya,thentheIraqirogues wouldhavehandedhimovertoMuawiyaasaprisonerofwar.MostlikelyMuawiyawouldnot killhim,ratherhewouldreleasehimandrecordedforhimalaudabledeedandfavoragainstall theHashimites,thathemightremovefromhimtheshameduetothefactthathe(Muawiya)and hisfather(AbuSufyan)wereprisonersofwar.AsforalHasan(a.s)hehasmentionedthat,saying: IfIfoughtagainstMuawiya,theywouldseizemebytheneckandpeacefullyhandmeoverto him.ByAllah,ifImadepeacewithhimwhileIwaspowerful,itwouldbebetterformethanthat whenhewouldkillmeandIwasacaptive,orhewouldbekindtome,anditwouldbeshameon theHashimitesforever.Muawiyaandhischildrenwouldremindthelivingandthedeadfrom amongusofit.

Thisreasonwastooremarkable,fortheImamwantedhisopponentnottogainanyfavoror laudabledeedthroughhim. EventsofalMadain AmongthereasonsthatpromptedImamalHasantomakepeacewithMuawiyaisthesevere eventsthathefacedinalMadain.Wehavementionedthatindetail.Yetitisimportantforusto summarizethemasfollows: 1.ThetreasonoftheleadersandprominentpersonsandtheircommunicationwithMuawiya, 2.Accusinghimofunbelief, 3.Assassinatinghim,and 4.Plunderinghisbelongings. [1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.42. ThesearesomefactorsthatmovedImamalHasantomakepeacewithMuawiya.Asfaraswe knowthattheyrequiredhimtomakepeaceandnottoopenadoortowaragainstMuawiya. ThePropheticTraditions TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,predictedtheeventsthatwouldhappenafter him.Hesawtheminreality,notinpicturesandforms.Hesawthatdisasterswouldspreadover hiscommunity,troublesandmisfortuneswouldbefallit.Hesawthathiscommunitywouldreach thelowestlevelofdeteriorationandbackwardness,andthatsavingthemfromthebitter conditionwouldbethroughthehandsofhiseldergrandson,ImamalHasan,peacebeonhim.So hehassaidhisimmortalstatement:Mostsurely,this(grand)sonofmineisamaster.Perhaps throughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwogreatgroupsoftheMuslims.[1] ThistraditionwasimpressedinImamalHasansinnerselffromhisearlychildhood.Itappeared beforehimduringthatterribleattitude.Mostsurelyhe(alHasan)wassureofhisgrandfathers traditionjustashewassureoftheQuran.Hisgrandfathersaidtohimso.Itwasasifhisholy voicesoundedinhisear.Hesaidtohispuremother.Hesaidonhispulpit.Hesaidamonghis companionsandsaidonmanyoccasions:Mostsurely,this(grand)sonofmineisamaster. PerhapsthroughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwogroupsoftheMuslims. Thismemoryreactedstronglyinhissoul.InalMadainherememberedwhathisgrandfather,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,suffered.ThatwaswhenhesawtwogroupsoftheMuslimsfighting againsteachother:Thefirstgroupincludedhisfollowers(Shia)fromamongthegood,righteous MuslimswhounderstoodthetrueobjectivesofIslam.

Thesecondgroupwascomposedofthenave,thesimpleminded,andthosewhodeviatedfrom Islam.AlthoughtheywererebelsandtheyrevoltedagainsttheImamoftheirtime,theyclaimed thattheywereMuslims.Ifthewarhadbrokenoutbetweenthem,itwouldhavedestroyedmany ofthem,andthroughthattheentityofIslamwouldhavebeenweakanditsforceswouldhave beencollapsed.Thenwho,fromtheMuslims,wouldstandagainsttheenemywhowaswatching theeventstoattackthem.I(theauthor)wonderwhowouldtakecareofIslamandprotectthe MuslimsotherthantheProphetsgrandsonandhisinheritor.Accordingly,ImamalHasan preferredpeacetowarregardlessofthehardships.ShamsalDeenalSiqqli,died565A.H., maintainedthatthe [1]Wehavementionedthesourcesofthetraditioninthefirstpartofthebook,p.81. reasonwhichmovedalHasantoabdicatethecaliphatewasthetraditionoftheProphet(a.s) concerningthat.[1]NarratorshaveclaimedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, talkedtohiscompanionsabouttheperiodoftheIslamiccaliphate,sayingtothem:Mostsurely thecaliphateaftermewillcontinueforthirtyyears,andthenitwillbemonarchy.Theynoticed thatalHasanmadepeacewithMuawiyawhenthethirtyyearswasover,astheysaid.[2] AlHasancarefullyconsideredthetraditionofhisgrandfather(a.s)andcametoknowthatthere wasnoescapefromthatMuawiyawouldundertaketheauthority.Besides,hisfatherhadtold himaboutthatasimamalHasan(a.s)himselfnarrated:Onedaymyfathersaidtome:OHasan, howwillyoubehaveiftheUmayyadsundertakethisauthority?Theirrulerwillbewidenecked andbigbellied.Heeatsbuthewillnotbesatisfied.Hewillcontrolthewestandeast.Thepeople willfollowhim.Hiskingdomwilllastlong.Hewilllegislateheresiesandmisguidance.Hewill deadenthetruthandtheSunnaofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewill dividethepropertyamongthepeopleofhisandwithholditfromthosewhoareworthyofit.The believerswillbeabasedinhiskingdom,andthesinnerswillbepowerfulduringhissupreme authority.Hewillmakehissupporterssucceedoneanotherinrespectoftheproperty.Hewill regardAllahsservantsasslaves.Duringhisreignthetruthwillbeeffaced,andfalsehoodwill appear.Hewillkillthosewhoopposehimforthetruth.[3] MostsurelytheProphetandhisguardianImamAlilookedthroughtheveiloftheunseenand knewtheordealsandthetribulationwithwhichthecommunitywereafflicted.Thatisbecause themembersofthecommunityturnedawayfromsupportingthetruthandfightingagainst falsehood.Forthisreason,thefreedprisonersofwarandtheirchildrenundertooktheauthority [1]AnbaNujabaalAbnaa,p.56. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.41.I(theauthor)thinkthatthistraditionisfabricated.Thatis becausethecaliphatebecameabitingkingduringthedaysofUthman,whochangeditsconcept andpreferredtheUmayyadstoothersinrespectofthepropertiesandgovernment.Heprepared tothemforcestomakethemreadytofightagainsttheCommanderofthefaithful(ImamAli).The

Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,talkedabouttheformofthegovernmentafterhim, saying:Mostsurelythebeginningofyourreligionisprophethoodandmercy,thenitwouldbea kingandfatalism.(Thetradition)hasbeennarratedbyalSayutiinhisTarikhalKhulafa,p.6.His traditionbecametrue.Thatisbecausethebeggingofthereligionwasprophethoodandmercy, andthenitchangedduringthetimeoftheUmayyadsintokingdom,tyranny,andfatalism. [3]BiharalAnwar. overthem,treatedthemunjustly,possessedalonethewealthofAllah,andregardedpeopleas salves.AsforMuawiya,hecametoknowthattheauthoritywouldreachhimduringthetimeof ImamAli.Thatwaswhenhemadeapremisethroughwhichheaskedhimabouttowhomthe authoritywouldpass.HesenttohimsomeofhiscompanionstoKufatorumorthatMuawiyahad died.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,heardofthat;andthepeoplerepeatedlytalked aboutthatrumor.Sohe(a.s)Said:YouhaveannouncedthedeathofMuawiyaverymuch!By Allah,hehasnotdied!Hewillnotdieuntilhewillpossessthatwhichisundermyfeet![1] WhenMuawiyaheardofthat,hebelievedit.ForhehadcometoknowthatImamAliwasthe GateoftheCityoftheProphetsknowledge,andtheStoreofhissecrets,thathisspeechdidnot remainbehindtherealityanddidnotmissthetruth.AnywaytheMuslimsgaveImamalHasan (a.s)thenameofthegreatreformerbecauseofhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.Itisworth mentioningthathisgrandfathertheApostlehadgivenhimthisnamebefore. Infallibility SomegreatreligiousscholarshavementionedthepeacemakingofImamalHasan,peacebeon him.TheyhavejustifieditthroughinfallibilitysayingthattheinfallibleImamdidnotmakeany mistakeanddidnothingexceptthatwhichbroughtaboutgoodandrighteousnesstothe community.Perhapsthepointswehavementionedhaveindicatedthemeaningofthisspeech andexplainedthatitisgood.ThatisbecauseoftheconditionsthatsurroundedtheImamand forcedhimtomakepeacewithMuawiya.Nowwewillmentionsomeofthosewhohave maintainedthisviewpoint.Theyare: 1.AlShareefalMurtadha AlShareefalMurtadhaAlamalHuda,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hassaid:Ithasbeen establishedthathe(alHasan)isinfallibleandstrengthenedwithmanifestproofsandstrong signs.[2]Therefore,thereisnoescapeform [1]AlMasudiMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.295. [2]AlShareefalMurtada,isAlibinalHusayn.HisveryclearlineagereachestheImamofthe Muslims,MusabinJafar,peacebeonhim.HewastheheadofalTalibiyyin.Hewasgiventhe

nicknameofalMurtadaandAlamalHuda(theFlagofGuidance).Hewasbornintheyear355A. H.anddiedintheyear436.HewasolderthanhisbrotheralShareefalRadi.AbuJafaralTusihas said:(AlShareef)alMurtadawasuniqueinmanysciences.Thereisanunanimousagreementon hisexcellenceandhasgivenprecedenceinmanysciencessuchastheology, submissiontohisdeedsthoughtheyhavesomethingwhosemeaningisnotknownindetailorhas asurfacefromwhichpeoplekeepaway.[1] 2.SayyidIbnTawus[2] Inhiswilltohisson,thegeniusofIslam,thegreatSayyidIbnTawus,mayAllahresthiminpeace, hasjustifiedImamalHasanspeacemakingtroughinfallibilityandsomeofthereasonswehave mentioned.He,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,saidtohisson:Itisnotstrangethatthepeople criticizedyourgrandfatherforhismakingpeacewithMuawiyawhilehedidthataccordingtothe commandofhisgrandfather.Hisgrandfather(Muhammad)hadmadepeacewiththeunbelievers, andhisexcuseinrespectofthatwastheclearestofallexcuses.WhenhisbrotheralHusaynrose tosupporttheIraqis,torespondtotheirrequest,andtoleavemakingpeacewithYazid,they wereeitherakilleroradeserter.Itisworthmentioningthatwehavenotknownthatthey becameangryduringthedaysofYazidforthathorriblemurder.Nordidtheyrevoltagainsthim nordidtheyremovehimfromhisauthority;whereastheybecameangryforAbdullahbinal Zubayrandhelpedhimwithhismisguidance.Sotheywereexposedoutofthislargecontradictory attitude;theirbadchoicemadethemisfortuneappear.Thereforeisitregardedasunlikelythe deviationofthesejurisprudence,thefundamentalsofjurisprudence,literature,andthelike.He hasacollectionofpoemscontainingmorethantenthousand(poetry)lines.Hehasmanybooks onvarioussciences.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)MujamalUdaba,vol.13,p.146. [1]TanzeehalAnbiya,p.69. [2]IbnTawusisagreat,perfectSayyid,aworshipper,andmujahid.(Hisfullnameis)RadialDeen AbualQasimbinAlibinMusabinJafarbinTawusalHasani,alHusayni.Hewasgiventhe nicknameofalTawusbecausehewashandsomeandhislegswerecoarse.HelivedinalHillah(a cityinIraq).HeisamongthemagnifiedSayyidsandoneoftheheads.Hehasmanybooks.Allhis goodqualitiesandscienceshavebeencollectedbyalHujjahalThabtMuhammedalKhunsariin hisRoudaatalJinaan,vol.3,pp.4347.InthebookalKunawaalAlQaabithasbeenmentioned: He(alSayyidbinTawus)undertooktheunionoftheTalibiyyin.Heusedtositinagreendome andwasvisitedbythepeoplewhodressedingreeninsteadofblack.ThatwasaftertheBattleof Baghdad.InrespectofthatAlibinHamzahassaid: ThisisAli,the(grand)sonofMusabinJafarthelikeofAli,thesonofMusabinJafar. ThatwasdressedingreenfortheImamate,andthiswasdressedingreenfortheunion. BythathemeantImamalRida,peacebeonhim,whenheundertookthesuccession(afteral

Mamun)andwasdressedingreen.AlSayyidbinTawusdiedonMonday,5thDhialQudainthe year664A.H. peoplefromthestraightpathwhiletheyreachedthisill,uglycondition?[1] SayyidIbnTawus,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasjustifiedImamalHasanspeacemakingwith (firstly)infallibilityfrommistakes.Hecomparedhispeacemakingwiththepeacemakingofhis grandfathertheProphet(a.s)withthepolytheistsinthePeaceTreatyofalHudaybiya.Thereisno doubtaboutthepeacemakingoftheApostleandnonecancriticizeitduetotheexistenceofthe interest.AndsoisthatofalHasanwithhisopponent,foritwassurroundedbytheinclusive interestofMuslimsingeneral.Secondly,hejustifieditwiththetribulationandordealtheImam sufferedfromthosedeviouspeoplewhopaidnoattentiontovirtueanddidnotunderstandanyof thespiritualvalues.Therefore,itwastheywhoforcedImamalHasantomakepeace.Sayyidibn Tawushasofferedreasonsforthebadmannersofthosepeopleandtheirgoingtoofarin practicingevildeeds.ThatwaswhentheyfollowedYazid(sonofMuawiya),whodrankwine,and practiceddissolutenessopenly.Theyalsosupportedhimandtookpartwithhiminthemost horriblecrimehistoryhaseverrecorded,whichwasthemurderofthemasteroftheyouthsofthe Garden,alHusayn,peacebeonhim.Theyshowedneithersorrownorsadnessatthiscrime.They didnotrevoltagainstYazidnordidtheyremovehimfromhisoffice.Inthepreviousresearcheswe havementionedthereasonsfortheselowlymannersoftheIraqimasses. ShowingtheUmayyadReality Beforehetookthereinsofgovernment,MuawiyawasapparentlycommittedtotheIslamic teachings.HeaffectedtakingcareoftheMuslimsaffairs.However,thatwas,withoutdoubt, hypocrisyandaplot.Hewalkedslowlytohuntthegameastheysay.Heconcealedunbeliefand hypocrisy.HeharboredevilandenmityagainsttheMuslims.Sothroughhismakingpeacewith him,ImamalHasan(a.s)wantedtoshowhisrealityandtoshowthepeoplehisdefectsandplot. HewantedtomakethosewhomhedeceivedknowthathewasthemosthostiletoIslam.Asa resultheleftthefieldandhandedovertheauthoritytohim.However,suddenlytheKhousrowof theArabs,astheysay,showedhishellishpolicythroughopposingAllahsBook,andtheSunnaof HisApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HeviolatedtheIslamicteachings,destroyedthe abilitiesofIslam,andruinedtheknowledgeableforces.Heshoweredthemwithvariouskindsof painfultorture.Heexecutedandseverelypunishedwhomeverhewished.HeforcedtheMuslims todisownthefamilyoftheirProphet,tocursethemopenlyandtodisparagethemonthe [1]KashfalMuhjahliThamratalMuhjah,p.46.Itcontainsvaluablecommandmentstohisson. pulpits.Throughthatthehiddenthingsofhissoulappeared.TheMuslimscametoknowthis tyrantandwhatheschemedagainstthem.Ifthepeacemakinghadhadnobenefitexceptshowing that,itwouldhavebeensufficient,justasImamKashifalGhita,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,

hassaidinhisintroductiontothebook. AfterMuawiyahadtakenthereinsofgovernment,hecarriedadestructiveaxeandbegan destroyingalltheIslamicfoundationsattemptingtoextinguishthelightofIslam,tofoldits standard,toeffaceanduprootit,andtoreturnthepreIslamiclife.Beforewedealwithsomeof hisoffencesandbadmannersthroughwhichhehadblackenedthefaceofhistory,wehaveto mentionwhathavebeenreportedfromhisparentsfromamongmaliceandenmityagainstIslam. WealsohavetomentionwhathavebeennarratedfromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,fromamongthetraditionsondisparaginganddispraisingMuawiya.Thatisbecausewe wanttounderstandwhetherhewasworthyofbeingentrustedwiththeauthority,beingimposed asarulerovertheMuslims,andofactingfreelyinrespectofwhateverhepleasedwithoutany reckonandsupervision.Wementionthattoreadersasfollows: AbuSufyanandHind AsforAbuSufyan,hewasthebitterestenemytotheProphet(a.s).Itwashewholedtheallies, helpedtheJews,andsupportedalltheforceshostiletoIslam.HismalicetowardtheProphet(a.s) doubledwhensomeofhisfamilyandseventyvaliantQurayshipolytheistswerekilledattheBattle ofBadr.Sohissinfulsoulwasfullofsadnessatthem.HewentonfightingagainsttheApostle (a.s),andmovedagainsthimthespites.ButAllahrepelledhisplot.Thatwaswhenhegavevictory toHisApostle,strengthenedHisreligion,abasedAbuSufyanandhisparty.Accordingly,the Prophet(a.s),conqueredMeccaandentereditsuccessfullyandvictoriously.Hedestroyedand smashedtheidols.AsforAbuSufyan,hereluctantlyembracedIslam.Hewaslowanddefeated. Shameanddisgracefollowedhim.ThoughhebecameaMuslim,hemaintainedhispreIslamic beliefs.Islamchangednothingofhisnaturesandmanners.Hishousewasaplaceoftreason;and hewasacaveofhypocrisy.[1] WhentheMuslimssufferedthelossoftheProphet(a.s)andwhenAbuBakrusurpedthe caliphate,AbuSufyanwenttoImamAli(a.s).AbuSufyanaskedImamAli(a.s)torevoltandto fightagainstAbuBakr,thathemightreturnthecaliphatetohim.Hehadnofaithintherightof ImamAli(a.s);ratherhe [1]AlIstiabin throughthatwantedtofindagapthroughwhichhewantedtodestroyandruinIslam.However hiswickedintentionswerecleartotheImam,andheturnedawayfromandrebukedhim.After thatAbuSufyankepttothecornersofinactivity.TheMuslimslookedathimwiththelookingof suspicionanddoubtabouthisfaith.WhenUthmanbecameacaliphandbroughtnighthe UmayyadsandentrustedthemwiththeMuslimsaffairs,AbuSufyanappeared,hisstarwenthigh, heshowedhisspitesandenmitytowardtheProphet.OnedayhestoodbythegraveofHamza,

themasterofthemartyrs,peacebeonhim.Helookedatitthroughhisholloweyes.Thenhe movedhislips,saying:OAbuImmarah,mostsurely,theaffairforwhichwemetinduel yesterdayisinthehandsofourboys;theyareplayingwithit! Thenhekickedtheholygravewithhislegandwenttranquillyanddelighted.Allthesethings happenedbeforetheveryeyesofUthmanbutheneitherblamednorpunishedhim.Sowe belongtoAllahandtohimwewillreturn! ThisistherealityofAbuSufyaninhisunbeliefandhismalicetowardIslam.AsforhiswifeHind, shewasnotlessthanherhusbandincruelty.ShewasmoremaliciousthanhimtowardAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Shemovedthepolytheiststofightagainsthim.When theBattleofBadrwasoverandherpolytheistfamilyandrelativeswerekilled,shedidnotshow mourningandsadnessatthem.[1]ThatisbecauseshewantedthroughthattoprovokeQuraysh toavengetheirblood.TheQurayshiwomencametoherandsaid:Whydoyounotlamentfor yourfather,bother,uncle,andyourhousehold? Sheangrilyansweredthem,saying:IfIlament(forthem),Muhammadandhiscompanionswill heardofthat;theywillgloatoverusandthewomenfolkoftheBanualKhazrajj!No,byAllah,(I willnotlamentforthem)untilItakevengeanceonMuhammadandHiscompanions!Itis forbiddenformetooilmyheaduntilweinvadeMuhammad!ByAllah,ifIcametoknowthat sadnesswentawayfrommyheart,Iwouldweep!ButnothingdrivesitawayuntilIseewithmy owneyethatmyvengeanceonthosewhokilledmybelovedonesistaken! [1]ThepeoplebeforeIslamusedtodelaytheirlamentationovertheirkilleduntiltheytooktheir vengeance.Whenitwastaken,theirwomenfolklamentedforthem.Inthisrespecttheirpoetsay: WhoeverisdelightedatthemurderofMalik,thenlethimcometoourwomenfolkinbroad daylight!Hewillfindourwomenfolkbare(headed).Theylamentforhim(and)scratchtheirhot cheeksintheearlymornings!SubhalAsha,vol.1,p.405. Hindwentonhercondition.Shedidnotshowsadness.ShedidnotapproachAbuSufyansbed anddidnotoilherhairuntiltheBattleofUhdhappened.[1]ShetookvengeanceonHamza,the masterofthemartyrs.Shemaimedhimanddidtohimthatuglydeed.Thensheshoweddelight andrejoicing.Thenshecomposedpoetry,saying: Isatisfiedmyself(forrevenge)at(theBattle)ofUhd.ThatwaswhenIsplitopenhisstomach(and cutoff)hisliver!ThatremovedfrommewhatIhadfoundfromamongtheagonyofthefollowed intensesadness!Thewarovertoppedyouwithashowerofhailstones!Wecametoyouwiththe comingofalion!WhenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,sawwhatHinddidto hisuncle,hebecameangryandburntwithgrief.Thenhesaid:Noattitudemademeangryasthis

onedid!Healsosaid:IhaveneverbeenstrickenbyanythinglikebyHamza![2]Whentheday oftheconquestcameandtheMuslimsenteredMecca,AbuSufyanwalkedthroughthestreets andlanes.Heunwillinglycalledout:Whoeverlaysdownhisweaponissafe!Whoeverentershis houseissafe!AndwhoeverentersAbuSufyanshouseissafe!WhenHindheardthatfromhim, shescratchedherfaceandunwillinglyshouted:Killthewicked,dirtyone!Howuglythehead (chief)ofthepeopleis! Thensheturnedtothemassesandprovokedthem.Sheenthusiasticallysaid: Whydidyounotfightforyourowncityanddefendyourselves? Throughthatshetriedtomovetheangerofthepeopleandtokindlethefireoftherevoltamong herpeople.HoweverAllahrepelledherplotandfrustratedhereffort.ThatwaswhenAllahgavea victorytoIslamanditsmen.TheseareMuawiyasparents.Accordingtothehereditaryrule,I(the author)definitelythinkthatwhatwassettledintheirsoulsfromamongmalice,hatred,and hostilitytoIslamandAllahsApostle(a.s),passedtoMuawiya.Besides,AllahsApostlemetallthe Umayyadswithdisdainanddisrespectbecauseofwhathehadmetfromthemoftirednessand pain.HeorderedthemtobeexiledfromYathrib(Medina)suchasalHakam,hissonMarwan, SaeedbinalAas,andalWaleed.HeorderedtheMuslimstoavoidthemandtocallthemthe accursedtree.ThesethingsthatMuawiyasawbroughtaboutinhissoulmaliceagainstthe Prophet(a.s)andhisHousehold. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.342. [2]Ibid.,p.387. ThePropheticTraditionsaboutMuawiya ManyauthentictraditionshavebeennarratedfromtheProphetinrespectofdispraisingand disdainingMuawiya.Sometraditionsareasfollows: 1.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Amanwillcomeoutofthismountain pass.Hewillbemustered(inamanner)otherthan(that)ofmycommunity.SoMuawiyacame out.[1] 2.AllahsApostle(a.s)sawAbuSufyanridingadonkey,hissonMuawiyaleadingthedonkey,and hissonYaziddrivingit.Hesaid:MayAllahcursetheleader,therider,andthedriver.[2] 3.AlBarrabinAazibnarrated:AbuSufyancameforwardandMuawiyawaswithhim,soAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:OAllah,takealUqayis!AlBarraaskedhis fatheraboutalUqayis,andheanswered:HeisMuawiya.[3]

4.AwomancametotheProphet(a.s)andconsultedhiminrespectofmarryingMuawiya.He prohibitedherandsaidtoher:He(Muawiya)islow.[4] 5.AbuBarzahalAslami[5]hasnarrated:WewerewithAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.Weheardsinging.Amanroseandlistenedtoit.Thathadbeenbeforethewinewas prohibited.ThemancametousandtoldusthatMuawiyaandAmrIbnalAasansweredeach otherthroughthisverseofpoetry: [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.11,p.357.NasrbinMuzahimhasnarratedinhisKitabSiffin,p.247,that theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Amanwillcometoyoufromthismountain pass.Whenhedies,hediesin(amanner)otherthanmySunna. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.11,p.357.ImamalHasan,theProphetgrandson,peacebeonhim, narratedthetraditionfromhisgrandfather.NasrbinMuzahimhasmentioneditinhisKitabSiffin, p.247. [3]NasrbinMuzahim,KitabSiffin,p.244.ImamalHasanalsonarratedit. [4]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,200.AsasalGhaba,vol.5,p.527.TarikhalKhamis,vol.2,p.29. [5]AbuBarzahalAslamiisNaddlahbinUbayd.HewasacompanionofAllahsApostle.He narrated(traditions)fromhimandAbuBakr.Someothertraditionistsreported(traditions)onhis authority.IbnSadhassaid:HelivedinMedina,andthenhe(lived)inBasrah.Heinvaded Khurasan.AlKhatibhassaid:Hewitnessed(theBattleofalNahrawan).Hefoughtagainstthe Kharijitesat(theBattleof)alNahrawan.AfterthatheinvadedKhurasananddiedinit.Itwas saidthathediedinNisabur;itwassaid(thathedied)inBasrah;otherthanthatwassaid.Tahdhib alTahdhib,vol.10,p.446. hisbonesappeared,turnedthewarawayfromhim,thathemaybekilledandburied.When AllahsApostleheardofthat,heraisedhishandstosupplicate,saying:OAllah,throwtheminto sedotion!OAllah,drivethemawaytothefirewithviolence![1]HesaidtoMuawiya:Youwill take,OMuawiya,theheresyassunna(law)andtheuglyasgood![2]AllahsApostle(a.s)looked throughtheunseenandcametoknowthatMuawiyawouldundertaketheaffairsofthe government.Accordingly,hewarnedtheMuslimsandorderedthemtofightagainsthim.Hesaid tothem:WhenyouseeMuawiyamakeaspeechfromonmypulpit,thenbeheadhim![3]When alHasan(a.s)narratedthistradition,hebecamedispleasedandsaid:Theydidnotdonordid theysucceed![4] InthismannerduringthelifetimeoftheProphet(a.s),Muawiyawashumiliated,,low,and

abased.Shameanddisgracefollowedhim.TheProphet(a.s)cursedhim.TheMuslimsdisdained anddisparagedhim.WhenUmarbecamecaliph,heturnedawayfromwhathadbeenreported fromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inrespectofMuawiya.Hebroughthim nightohim.Hepromotedhimafterlowlinessandhumiliation.Heappointedhimasagovernor overSham.Hegavehimwideauthorities,entrustedtohimtheaffairofjudgeship,prayer, collectingtaxes,andthelikefromamongtheaffairsthatrequiredtrustworthinessandjustice.He lovedanddirectedhimsomuchthathereckonedhisgovernorsandlookedintotheiractsevery yearexceptMuawiya.Hedidnotreckonhimnordidhewatchhim.ItwassaidtoUmarthat Muawiyadeviatedfromthestraightpath,wastedthewealth,andworesilkgarments,buthepaid noattentiontothat;ratherhegavehimthe [1]WaqiatSiffin,p.246.Ahmed,Musnad,vol.4,p.421. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.79. [3]Thedevioushavenarratedthetraditioninanotherway.ForexamplealKhatib,inhisTarikh, hasnarratedontheauthorityofJabir,whosaid:AllahsApostlesaid:IfyouseeMuawiyamake speechfromonmypulpit,thenaccepthim,forheisfaithful.InhisTarikhalHakimhasnarrated ontheauthorityofIbnMasudwhosaid:[AllahsApostlesaid:]IfyouseeMuawiyaonmypulpit, thenaccepthim,forheisfaithfulandtrustworthy.WhenwasthesonofHind(Muawiya)faithful andtrustworthy?WasthatthroughhisfightingagainstAllahsApostle?Orthroughhisgoingtoo farinsheddingtheMuslimsblood,killingthegoodandrighteouspeople,andthelikefrom amongtheheavyeventsthatindicatethathehadthebeliefsofthoselivedbeforeIslam,andthat hepaidnoattentiontothereligion? [4]WaqiatSiffin. garmentofpompandglory,saying:That(Muawiya)istheKhousrowoftheArabs!Whenhe distortedtherulesoftheConsultativeCommitteetoremovetheHouseholdoftheProphet(a.s) fromthegovernmentandtoparticipatetheUmayyadsintherule,hepraisedMuawiyaand inspiredintohimthespiritofambition.Hewasthenatthelastdaysofhislife.Hesaidtothe membersoftheConsultativeCommittee:Ifyouenvyeachother,tarryoneanother,behostileto eachother,andhateoneanother,Muawiyawillovercomeyouforthis(authority).Atthattime he(Muawiya)wasthegovernorofSham.[1] Umarsgovernorsweremany.WhydidhepraiseMuawiyaandexcludethem?Howwasit possibleforhimtothreatenthemembersoftheConsultativeCommitteethroughhispowerwhile theyhadhighpositionsneartheProphet(a.s)whodiedwhilehewaspleasedwiththem,asit was?IfhehadfearforthemfromMuawiya,thenwhydidhereservehiminthegovernment? Mostsurelytheseaffairsmakeoneaskquestionsandfindthemstrange! Anyway,UmarpreferredMuawiyatoothers,andMuawiyawasthemostbelovedtoUmar.An exampleofhispreferringhimandshowinglovetowardhimwaswhatMuslimbinJundub

narratedontheauthorityofAslam,Umarsretainer,whosaid:WewenttoMuawiya.Hewas themosttenderskinnedandthemosthandsome.HeperformedthehajjwithUmar.Umar lookedathimandadmiredhim.Heputhisfingeronhisbackandraiseditasheraiseditfromthe shoelace.Thenhesaid:Bravo!Bravo!Therefore,wearethebestofthepeopleifthegoodinthe worldandthehereafterisgatheredforus![2]InthismannerUmarlovedMuawiya. WhenUthmanbecameacaliph,heincreasedtheareaofMuawiyasauthorityandreinforcedhis influence.Wehaveexplainedthatinthefirstpartofthebook.Accordingly,MuawiyadidinSham asifhewantedthedomainandthesupremeauthority.WhentheMuslimskilledUthmanforhis unwanted,heavydoings,Muawiyausedhis(Uthman)murderasmeanstoachievehispurposes andobjectives.SoherebelledagainstImamAli(a.s)claimingthathewassatisfiedwiththe murderofUthmanandgavearefugetothosewhokilledhim.Misfortunesandordealswith whichIslamwasafflictedfollowedthat,andthroughwhichtheunityoftheMuslimswasdivided. Sothesorrowfuleventsbroughtabouthisvictory,desertingImamAliandhissonImamalHasan. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.187. [2]SamtalNujoomalAwali,vol.3,p.48.
ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart2 WhenMuawiyabecameacaliphafterthepeacemaking,hesparednoefforttogivelifetothe beliefsofthosewholivedbeforeIslam,toputandendtothewordofIslam,todestroythe Islamicfoundations,andtoabolishtheIslamictexts.Thesedeedsclearlyissuedfromhimwhen theaffairswentwellwithhim,andwhenhealonepossessedthekingdom.Hefearednoneand paidattentiontononeinrespectofshowinghisintentions,histrend,andhisenmitytowardIslam andtheMuslims.Thusthroughmakingpeacewithhim,ImamalHasanmadeclearhisrealityand removedfromhimthatthincoverheusedinthenameofIslam.Wewillmentiontoreadersa briefaccountofMuawiyasdeeds. HisHostilitytotheProphet MuawiyaharboredstrongmalicetowardtheProphetandhisprogeny.Hesparednoefforttoput anendtoIslamandtoeffaceit.HementionedthatthroughhistalkwithalMughirabinShuba. Thatwaswhenhis(alMughira)sonnarratedonhisauthority,saying:Myfather,alMughira,and IvisitedMuawiya.Myfatherwenttohimfrequentlyandtalkedwithhim.Thenhecameandtold

meaboutMuawiyaandhisreason,andadmiredwhathesawfromhim.Onenighthecameand didnothavedinner.Hewasverygrieved.IwaitedforhimforanhourandIthoughtthat(hewas grieved)forsomethinghappenedtousortoourwork.SoIaskedhim: WhydoIseeyougrievedthisnight?OMylittleson,Ihavecomefromthemostwickedofall people.Andwhatisthat?IwasalonewithMuawiyaandsaidtohim:Youhaveattainedyour wishes,OCommanderofthefaithful.Therefore,ifyoushowjusticeandspreadgood.Youhave becomeanoldman.SotakecareofyourbrothersfromamongtheBanu(thetribeof)Hashimand theirrelatives.ByAllah,today,theyhavenothingofwhichyouareafraid.Andhesaidtome:How far!Howfar!ThebrotherofTaym(AbuBakr)ruledandactedjustly.Hedidwhathedid.Butwhen heperished,hisnameperishedexceptthatasayersays:AbuBakr!ThenthebrotherofAdi (Umar)ruled.Hestroveandundertook(theofficeofthecaliphate)fortenyears.Butwhenhe perished,hisnameperishedexceptthatasayersays:Umar!ThenourbrotherUthmanruled.He ruledasaman.Nonewaslikehiminlineage.Hedidwhathedid,and(thepeople)didwhatthey didtohim.Butwhenheperished,hisnameperished.Whathadbeendonetowardhimis mentioned.AsforthebrotheroftheBanuHashim(ProphetMuhammad),heismentionedfive timesaday(intheazanwhenitissaidIbearwitnessthatMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah). Soalldeedsafterthis(azan),mayyourmotherloseyou,willbecompletelyburied![1] ThisspeechclearlyindicatesMuawiyasunbelief,atheism,andstrongmalicetowardtheProphet. HebecamedispleasedwhenheheardtheProphetsnamementionedfivetimesadayduringthe azan.Ifhehadfoundawaytoremovethat,hewouldhavedoneit.Anexampleofhisstrong hatredtowardtheProphetsprogenyisthathedidnotcalldownblessingupontheProphetfor fortyFridays.Thatwasduringtheperiodofhisreign.Hewasaskedaboutthat,andheanswered: Nothingpreventsmefrommentioninghim(theProphet)exceptthatsomementurnuptheir noses(atme)![2]Thehistorianshavesaid:He(Muawiya)heardthecallerofazansay:Ibear witnessthatMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah.Hesaid:Howgreat,OsonofAbdullah!You haveahighdetermination!Youarenotsatisfiedwithanythingexceptthatyouarecomparedto theNameoftheLordoftheworld![3] AbolishingtheprescribedPenalties MuawiyapaidnoattentiontotheIslamicprescribedpunishmentsandtoadministeringthem. Thatwaswhenhepardonedthoseonwhomtheprescribedpunishmentshadbetoadministered. Somethieveswerebroughtbeforehim.Heorderedtheirhandstobecutoff.Thenheordereda thieftobepardoned.ThethiefreciutedsomeversesofpoetrythatinvadedMuawiyasheart,and hesaidtohim:WhatshallIdotoyou?Wehavecutoffthehandsofyourcompanions! Thethiefsmotherrepliedhim:OCommanderofthefaithful,placeitamongyoursinsofwhich youwillrepent!Accordingly,Muawiyaorderedthethieftobereleased.Sothiswasthefirst

punishmenttobeabolishedinIslam. RegardingUsuryaslawful Islamhasstronglyprohibitedusuryandregardeditasamongoffencesandmajorsins.Ithas cursedtheonewhogivesusury,thetaker,themediator,andthewitness.HoweverMuawiya paidnoattentiontowhatIslamhadprohibited.IthasbeenreportedontheauthorityofAttabin Yasarthat [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.357. [2]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.97. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.10,p.101. Muawiyasoldagoldcontainerformorethanitsweight.AbualDarda[1]saidtohim:Ihave heardthatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadprohibitedthatexcepttitfor tat!Muawiyaopposedhimandshowedhimthathepaidnoattentiontothethingsmade prohibitedandforbiddenbyAllahsApostle,saying:Icanseenoharmindoingsuchathing!As forAbualDarda,hebecamedispleasedwithMuawiyasimprudence.Hebecameangryand sorrowful.Hesaidtohim:WhoexcusesmefromMuawiya?ItellhimaboutAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,buthetellsmeabouthisownviewpoint!MayAllahdonotmake youliveinthelandwhereyouare! ThenheleftShamandwenttothecapitaloftheProphet(Medina).Hewasexcitedandangry.He resignedhisoffice.[2]TheazanintheEidPrayerTheIslamicLawhasdecidedthattheazanand theIqamashouldbeperformedbeforethedailyobligatoryprayers.AsfortheazanandIqama beforetherecommendedprayerssuchasthesuperfluousorbeforetheobligatoryprayerssuchas thoseofthetwoeidsorthoseofthesigns(aayaat),theyshouldbeleftaccordingtotheIslamic Law.InthisrespectAllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:ThereisneitherazannorIqamainthetwoEids Prayer[3][4]TheCaliphsafterAllahsApostlefollowedthissunna.[5]However [1]IthasbeendifferedoverthenameofAbualDarda.ItwassaidthathisnamewasAamiror Uwaymir.Ithasalsobeendifferedoverhisfathersname.ItwassaidthathisnamewasAamiror MalikorAbdullah.HislineagegoesbacktoKabbinalKhazrajjalAnsari.AbualDardabecame MuslimattheBattleofBadr.HetookpartintheBattleofUhd.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,saidinrespectofhim:AbualDardawasthewisemanofmycommunity.Abual DardawasamerchantbeforeIslam.WhenhebecameaMuslims,heabandonedcommerce. MuawiyaappointedhimoverDamascusjudgeshipduringthecaliphateofUmar.Hediedtwo yearsbeforetheendofUthmansreign.Itwassaidthathediedintheyear32.Itwassaidthathe diedat(theBattleofSiffin).Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba.In(thebook)alKuna waalQaab,72,ithasbeenmentioned:MostsurelyAbualDardanarratedfromAllahsApostle

thathesaid:Mostsurelytheheaviestthinginthescaleofthebelieversmoraltraitsisthegood manner;andAllahdeteststheonewhoisobscene. [2]AlNasaaih,p.94. [3]ThetwoIdsaretheLesserBairam(1stofShawwal)andtheGreaterBairam,Feastof Immolation. [4]AlSharani,KashifalGhumma,vol.1,p.123. [5]AbuDawud,Sunan,vol.1,p.79. Muawiyadidnotpayattentiontothat.HeinnovatedtheazanandIqamabeforetheEid Prayer.[1]InthismannerheopposedAllahsApostleandturnedawayfromwhathadbeen narratedfromhim.Sohewasinnovatorinhislegislation. TheSermonbeforetheEidPrayer TheIslamicSunnarequiredtheImamtodeliverasermonaftertheIdprayer.Thatisbecausethe Prophet(a.s)performedtheEidulFitrPrayer,andthenhedeliveredthesermonbeforehis companions.TheProphetsdeedisasunnajustashisword.Itisobligatorytofollowit.The Caliphsafterhimdidashehaddone.[2]However,Muawiyapaidnoattentiontothat.Thatwas whenhedeliveredthesermonbeforetheEidPrayer;thentheUmayyadsfollowedhisdeed.[3]In thismannerheabandonedtheProphetsSunna. ImposingZakatonGifts Islamhasimposedzakatoncertainincomesthatthereligiousjuristshavementioned.Zakatisnot obligatoryonotherthings.HoweverMuawiyaturnedawayfromthat.Heimposedzakatongifts whileitwasnotlegislatedinthisconcernaccordingtotheunanimousagreementofthejurists. Muawiyadidthatbecauseeitherhewasignorantofthereligiouspreceptorhedeliberatelydid thattoopposetheSunna.Thelatterismoreappropriateforhislineofconduct.[4] Perfuminghimself Itisincumbentonhimwhohasenteredthestateofritualconsecrationtorefrainfromperfuming himselfaslongasheisinthisstate.Whenhehasfinishedhisihram[5],itispermissibletohimto perfumehimself.HoweverMuawiyaopposedthatandperfumedhimselfduringtheihram.[6]He waseitherobstinatetoIslamorignorantofitsteachingsandduties. UsingsilverandgoldWares Itisreligiouslyforbiddentousesilverandgoldcontainers.YetMuawiyaintentionallyopposed

that.Heusedthemforhiseatinganddrinking.WhenthetraditionofAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,in [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.470. [2]AbuDawud,Sunan,vol.1,p.178. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.470. [4]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.207. [5]Ihrammeansthestateofritualconsecrationduringtheumra(minorhajj)andhajj. [6]AlNasaai,p.100. respectofmakingthatforbiddenwasrecitedtohim,hesaid:Iseenoharminthat.[1]Wearing silkGarmentsIslamhasmadeitforbiddenformentowearsilkgarmentsexceptduringwar. NeverthelessMuawiyaturnedawayfromthat.Heintentionallyworethem.[2]Hepaidno attentiontowhatIslamprohibitedandforbade. SeizingthePeoplesPropertiesaslawful Islamhasmadeitforbiddentotakethepeoplespropertiesunjustly.ButMuawiyadidnot conformtothat.Hetookthepropertiesofpeoplewithoutanyrecompense.[3] BuyingtheReligions Noviceintrademarketisworsethanbuyingtheconsciencesofpeopleandtheirreligions.That showstheevilintentionofthesellerandthebuyer.AsforMuawiya,hewasskillfulinthistrade. Heopenlydiditwithoutfearorcaution.NarratorshavementionedthatalAhnafbinQays,Jariya binQudama,alJohnbinQatada,andalHattatbinYazidcametoMuawiya.Muawiyagaveone hundredthousand(dirhams)toeachofthemwhereashegaveseventythousand(dirhams)toal Hattat.Ontheirwayhometheymentionedtheirgifts.SoalHattatangrilycamebackto Muawiya.Muawiyaturnedtohimandaskedhim:Whathasmadeyoureturn? YouhaveexposedmeamongtheBanuTamim,repliedalHattat,asformylineage,itiscorrect. AmInotanoldman?AmInotobeyedbymytribe?Yes,answeredMuawiya.Thenwhyhave youexcludedmefrommypeople,retortedalHattat,Youhavegiventothoseagainstyoumore thanthosewithyou?HemeantalAhnafandJariyawhowerewithImamAliattheBattleofal Jamal(thecamel),whilehedidnotfightforhim.Muawiyasaidtohimwithoutanyshame:I haveboughtthepeoplesreligion(formoney)andentrustedyouwithyourreligion! Buymyreligionfromme!retortedalHattat.SoMuawiyaorderedagifttobegiventohim.[4] [1]AlNasaai,p.101.

[2]Ibid.,p.101. [3]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.207. [4]AlKamilfialTarikh,vol.3,p.185. HisDissolutenessandImpudence ProstitutionandimpudencespreadovertheIslamiccapitalduringthetimeoftheUmayyads.That waswhenthepoetscelebratedinlovepoemsandcourtedthewomen.Muawiyawasthefirstto openadoortoprostitution.TheyhavenarratedthatAbdurrahmanbinHassaanbinThabit[1] celebratedinlovepoemswithMuawiyasdaughter.Yazid(Muawiyasson)heardofthatand becameangry.Hecameintohisfatherandsorrowfullysaidtohim: Ofather,killAbdurrahmanbinHassan! Why? Hehaswooedmysister! Whatdidhesay? Hesaid:MynighthaslengthenedandIhavebecomeaggrieved.Ihavebecometiredofresiding atJayrun!Muawiyasneeringlyrepliedtohim: Omylittleson,hislongnightandhissadnessdonotconcernus.MayAllahsendhimfar! Yazidturnedtohisfatherandsaidtohim: [1]AbdalRahmanbinHassanbinThabitalAnsarialKhazrajiwasbornduringthetimeofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewasapoetandnarratedfewtraditions.Ibn MaeenhasregardedhimasamongthesecondgenerationsinMedina.AsforIbnHayyan,hehas regardedhimasamongthetrustworthysecondgeneration.He(AbdalRahmanbinHassanbin Thabit)diedintheyear104.ThisviewpointwasabolishedbyIbnAsakir,whosaid:Itwassaid thathe(AbdalRahmanbinHassanbinThabit)livedforfortyeightyears.Thismeansthathedid notlivetoseehisfather,forhediedattheageoffiftyfour.Ithasbeenestablishedthathewasa grownupduringthetimeofhisfather.Ithasbeenestablishedthathisfathersaid:Sowhowill takecareofrhymesafterHassanandhisson?Andwhowilltakecareoftheoftrepeated(poetry lines)(alMathani)afterZaydbinThabit? I(theauthor)saidthatifhewasbornduringthetimeoftheProphetandliveduntiltheyear104 A.H.,thenhelivedfor98years.Perhapsthefortyyearsisdistorted.Thishasbeenmentionedin the(book)alIsaba,vol.3,p.67.Inhis(book)alKashif,alZamakhsharihasmentioned:Abdal RahmancomposedapoeminrespectofMuawiya,saying:Oh!InformMuawiyabinHarb,the Commanderoftheoppressive,ofmyspeech.MayAllahcurseMuawiyasonofHindandSakhr!

Heisathief!Wesufferedfromdeaththroughyourauthoritywhilethegenerous,sonsofthe generouspassedaway.AbualHasan,theCommanderofthefaithful,splitopenyour grandfathersheadwiththesword.Wearepatientandwillrespiteyouuntilthedayofloss,gain, anddispute. Hesaid:ForthisreasonIhaveemigratedtoShamtotheextentthatmyfamilyhadthoughtwith muchthinking!Omyson,hisfamilysthinkingdoesnotconcernus.Hesaid:Sheisbright.She islikeapearldistinguishedfromhiddenjewels!Heisright,Omyson,sheisso!Hesaid:Ifyou tracebackherlineage,youwillnotfindherbelowthehighrankofthenobletraits!Heisright,O myson.Hesaid:ThenIputmyarmaroundherwaist(andwentwithher)tothegreendome! Shewaswalkingonmarblesfashionedinshape!Andnotallofthis,Omyson! YazidwentonmentioningwhatAbdurrahmanhadsaidinrespectofcourtinghissister,while Muawiyadefendedhim.HeshowedAbdurrahmanasinnocentanddidnotdeservepunishment. ThecelebrationofAbdurrahmaninlovepoemspread;andMuawiyasdaughterwasexposed. SomepeoplewenttoMuawiyaandcriticizedhimforthisimpudencetowardhisdaughter,saying: Punishhim!ButMuawiyarefusedtorespondtothem.Hesaidtothem:No,butIwilltreathim inawayotherthanthat.IthappenedthatAbdurrahmanvisitedMuawiya,andhereceivedhim withthebestreceptionandmadehimsitonhischair.Heturnedtohimandsaid: Myotherdaughterisadmonishingyou!Forwhat?Forthatyouhavepraisedhersisterandleft her!Shehastherighttoadmonishme;itisanactofnobledeedtomentionher! Accordingly,AbdurrahmanbeganwooingMuawiyasotherdaughter.Whenpeoplecametoknow that,theysaid:CertainlywethoughtthatHassaancourtedMuawiyasdaughterforacertain thing,butsuddenlywehavecometoknowthathefollowsMuawiyasopinionandcommand![1] ThisexampleindicatesthatMuawiyawasdissoluteandhadbadmanners.Throughthathe openedadoortocorruptionandenabledthedissolutetointerferewiththeMuslimsdaughters, totheextentthattheyextremely [1]AbualFarajalIsfahani,alAghani,vol.13,p.149.rusheduponpleasureduringMuawiyas reignandthereignoftheotherUmayyads.YetanotherexampleonthatwasthatAbuDahbalal Jahmi[1]wooedMuawiyasdaughter,butthelattergentlytreatedtheformer.Helinkedandgave him.[2]TheUmayyadsfollowedthisplan.Theytriedtochangetheworldintoatheatreoffunand dissolute.Theymadethepeoplelovedebaucheryandprostitution.Theydrovethemto misguidance,falsehood,andcorruption. AnotherexampleofMuawiyasdissolutenessisthatheboughtabeautiful,whiteslavegirl.His retainerKhudayjjmadetheslavegirlcomeintohimnaked.Muawiyahadabarinhishand.He

indicatedwiththebartoherenjoyment(lit.herprivatepart).Thenhesaid:Thisistheenjoyment ifIhadanenjoyment![3] ThenheorderedhertobegiventohissonYazid.Thenhechangedhismindandorderedhertobe giventoAbdullahbinMasadaalFazari.[4]Hesaidtohim:TakethisRomansalvegirlandwhiten yourchildren![5] ThehistorianshavementionedmanyexamplesofMuawiyasdissolutenessandrecklessness whichindicatethathewasvoidofallhumanvalues. [1]HisnameisWahabbinZamabinUsayd.Hewasagoodpoet.Hewasfamousforpraise. ThishasbeenmentionedinMujamalShura,vol.1,p.117.Alotofhispoetryhasbeen mentionedintheBritish,AsianMagazine. [2]AbualFarajalIsfahani,alAghani,vol.6,pp.39159. [3]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.140. [4]AbdullahbinMasadabinHikmaalFazariwasstillyoungwhenhewastakenasaprisonerof war.AllahsApostle(a.s.)grantedhimtohisdaughterFatim.Shereleasedhimwhilestillyoung. Thenhewaswith(Imam)Ali.ThenhejoinedMuawiyaandwasthemosthostileofthepeopleto (Imam)Ali.Hewas(acommander)overDamascustroopsaftertheBattleofalHirrah.Helived untilthereignofMarwan.Itwassaidthatheinvadedintheyear49.AbdalRahmanbinKhalid binalWaleedwas(acommander)overtheArmy.WhenhediedinthelandoftheRomans, AbdullahalFazaritookhisplace.Thiswasthefirstauthorityheundertook.Thepoetsaysin respectofhim: OsonofMasud,setupthestraightspearjustasSufyanbinAwfsetitup. Whenhe(AbdullahbinMasud)cameintoMuawiya,thelatteraskedhimaboutpoetry,andhe saidtohim:ThepoetaddedmetotheonetowhomIamnotequal,whoisSufyanbinAwf.This hasbeenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba,vol.2,p.359.[5]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.140. FabricatingTraditions InHisHolyBook,Allah,themostHigh,hassaid:Onlytheyforgetheliewhodonotbelievein Allahscommunications,andthesearetheliars.[1]Muawiyabroughtnighthosewhoforgedlie againstAllahandHisApostle,anddidnotbelieveinAllahandtheafterlife.Hebroughtthemnigh tohimandgavethemenormousproperties.Hecommandedthemtofabricatetraditionsand ascribedthemtoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Inthesetraditionshe commandedthemtomentionhisexcellences,aswellasoftheUmayyadsandthecompanions.In themeantimehecommandedthemtodegradethedignityofthepurefamilyoftheProphetand

todisparagethem,especiallyasitconcernstheirmasterImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful, peacebeonhim.Hewroteanoteconcerningthattoallhisgovernors.Inhisnotehehas mentioned:SearchforthosewhoareUthmansfollowerswhonarratehisexcellenceandtalk abouthislaudabledeeds.Givegenerouslytothemandennoblethem.Writetomeaboutwhat theynarrateconcerninghim.Mentiontometheirnames,theirfathers,andwhattheyare. ThegovernorsyieldedtoMuawiyascommand.Theybroughtnighthemercenarynarratorsand laudedthem.Theygavethemalotofmoney.Theywrotedownwhatthenarratorsfabricatedin respectofUthmansexcellenceandsentittoMuawiya.Whenthepeoplecametoknowthatthe governmentencouragedthefabricators,welcomedthemheartily,andgavethemalotofmoney, othershurriedtofabricatetraditionsandtookcompensationfromtheresponsibleauthorities. TheynarratedmanytraditionsaboutMuawiyasexcellence.Examplesoftheirfabricated traditionswerethattheProphetsaid:OAllah,teachhim(Muawiya)theBookandreckoning, protecthimfromthechastisement,andcausehimtoentertheGarden!AlTirmidhihasnarrated thattheProphetsaidtoMuawiya:OAllah,makehimaguideandrightlyguided! AlHarithbinUsamahasnarratedthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Abu Bakristhegentlestofmycommunityandthemostmercifulofthem.Thenhementionedthe laudabledeedsofthefourCaliphsandofagroupofothercompanions.Thenhe,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,mentionedMuawiyasaying:AndMuawiyabinAbiSufyanisthemost clementofmycommunityandthemostgenerousofthem![2] [1]Quran,16,105. [2]TatheeralJinanandalLisanprintedonthefootnoteofalSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.24. TheynarratedthattheProphet(a.s)praisedtheexcellenceofhiscompanions,andthenhesaid concerningMuawiya:AndMuawiya,thegenerous![1] AlMaqdisihasnarratedthathewasinWasitMosqueandsuddenlyhesawamansurroundedby thepeople.Heapproachedthemanandheardhimreportingtraditionsontheauthorityofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:OntheDayofJudgmentAllahwillbring Muawiyaclosetohim,makehimsitbesideHim,andcoverhimwithHishand.Thenhewilldrive himawaylikeabride.SoalMaqdisiaskedhim:Forwhat?Themansaid:Forfightingagainst Ali!SoalMaqdisiansweredhim:Youhavetoldalie,Oyouwhoarestraying!Themansaid: TakethisRafidite!Sothepeoplepushedeachothertopunishhim,butapersonwhorecognized himsavedhimfromthem.[2] AlMaqdisialsonarratedthathewasliabletokillingwhenhecriticizedthepersonforhissaying thatMuawiyawasasentprophet![3]

Oneofthemnarrated:IhaveseenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,(sitting) withAbuBakr,Umar,Uthman,Ali,andMuawiya.ThenamancameandUmarsaid:OAllahs Apostle,this(man)disparagesus.ItwasasifthatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,rebukedhim(theman).Sohe(theman)said:OAllahsApostle,Idonotdisparagethem but(Idisparage)this(Muawiya).TheProphet(a.s)said:Woeuntoyou!Ishe(Muawiya)not amongmycompanions?Hesaidthatthreetimes.ThenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,tookaswordandgavetheswordtoMuawiyaandsaidtohimstrikehimwithit. Muawiyastruckhimwithit.Iwenthomeandsuddenlycametoknowthatthemansufferedfrom thestrokeofthenightandhedied.ThemanwascalledRasheedalKindi.[4] [1]TatheeralJinanandalLisan,p.26.IbnHajarhasdependedonthefabricatednarrationsabout Muawiyaandregardedhimasabovethesinsandoffenseshehadcommittedandasamongthe companions(oftheProphet)whoconformedtotheirreligion.AllahblindedIbnHajarsinnersight andmadehimgoastrayfromthestraightpath.SohelaudedtheenemiesofAllahandthe opponentsofIslam,whoareapageofshameanddisgraceagainstthehumancommunity.The Muslimshavebeenafflictedwithsuchhistorianswhodonotlookattherealityexceptthrough blackbinoculars.TheycommittedcrimesagainstIslamandMuslimsthroughtheirfabricationsand lies. [2]AlMaqdisi,p.126. [3]AlMuntazam,p.60. [4]AlGhadir,vol.10,p.138. ThenaveandsimplemindedsidedwithMuawiyaandwenttoofarinrespectinghimbecauseof thesefabricatedtraditionsandfalserumors.ThehistorianshavementionedthatAbdurrahmanal NisaienteredDamascusandaskedaboutMuawiyaandwhatwasnarratedabouthisexcellence. Theyhavesaidthathesaid:IsMuawiyanotsatisfiedthathebringsoutaheadforaheadthathe maybepreferred?!InanothernarrationAbdurrahmansaid:Ihavenotcometoknowthat Muawiyahasanexcellenceexceptthat(mayAllahdonotsatisfyhisstomach!).Sothepeople revoltedagainstAbdurrahmanandwalkedonhim.Accordingly,hewascarriedtoalRamlah,and hediedbecauseofthat.[1]ThepeopleofShamwenttoofarintheirfanaticismthattheykilled MuhammadbinMaslamaalAnsariwhenherefusedtotakepartinMuawiyasbattles.[2] ThroughthesetraditionsissuedbytheCommitteesofFabrication,Muawiyawantedtogive himselfagarmentofsacrednessandfaith,thatthecommunitymightgranthimconfidenceand yieldtohimbecauseofthethought.Howeverhefailedinthat,fortheMuslimshaddoubtabout himandhisIslam.ThatisbecausehebelongedtothecursedtreeintheQuran;hisfamilyfought againsttheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andledthetroopstobattleagainsthim. BesideshecommittedgreatincidentssuchashisfightingagainsttheProphetsguardian,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheGateofthecityofhisknowledge(ImamAli).Hekilledmany

goodpeople,pursuedtherighteous,andcreatedinnovationsinIslam.Moreoverhecommitted othermajorsinsandoffencesthroughwhichhehadblackenedthefaceofhistory.Ofcourse theserumorsandliescouldnoteffacefromhimtheshameanddisgrace. AnywaythetraditionstheswindlersfabricatedaboutMuawiyasandUthmanbinAffans excellenceweremany.Muawiyafearedthathewouldmisshispurpose,hisaffairwouldbe exposed,andhewouldnotreachhisownobjective,whichwasrebellionagainstthepurefamily (oftheProphet),sohewroteanotetohisgovernors.Inthenotehecommandedthemthatthe fabricatorshadtorefrainfrom(fabricatingtraditionsabouthim)andhadtofabricatetraditions ontheexcellenceofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar),foritwasamongthenearestways andoneofthemostimportantmeanstofightagainsttheprogenyoftheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,andtodegradetheirimportance.Thisisthetextofwhathewrote.Most surelythetraditionsaboutmehavebecomemanyandspreadallover [1]AlSabaki,Tabaqat,vol.2,p.84.WafayatalAyan,vol.1,p.37. [2]TahdhibalTahdhibin thecountriesanddistricts.Ifthisletterofminecomestoyou,thensummonthem(the fabricators)tonarrate(traditions)aboutAbuBakrandUmar.Thatisbecausetheirexcellenceand precedencearemorelovableanddelightfultomeandmorerefutingtotheproofofthishouse (theProphetsFamily)andmoreintensetothemthanUthmanslaudabledeedsandhis excellence.Thejudgesandthecommandersrecitedhislettertothepeople.Accordingly,the fabricatorshurriedtofabricatetraditionsaboutthelaudabledeedsofAbuBakrandUmar.Then Muawiyaorderedthetraditionstobewrittendownandtosendcopiesofthemtoalltheleaders andthegovernorstoreadthemtothepeoplefromthepulpitsandinthemosques.Healso commandedthemtosendthemtotheteacherstoadoptthemasprogramsintheirlessonsandto forcethechildrentomemorizethem.Thelocalgovernmentstookgreatcareofthat.Theyforced childrenandtherestofclassestomemorizethosefabricatedtraditionstotheextentthat children,women,andservantsmemorizedthem.[1]ImamalBaqir(a.s)mentionedandcriticized thetraditionsduringhistalkwithAban.Thelatteraskedtheformer:MayAllahsetyouright, mentiontomesomeofthat? TheImam(a.s)said:[Theyhavenarrated:] MostsurelythetwomastersofthemiddleagedoftheGardenareAbuBakrandUmar.[2] MostsurelytheangelstalkwithUmar.TheangelteachesUmar.Mostsurelytranquility uttersonUmarstongue.MostsurelytheangelsareashamedofUthman.[3] ThenImamalBaqirwentonmentioningthefabricatedtraditionstotheextentthathementioned morethanahundredtraditionsthepeopleregardedastrue.[4]

[1]SaleembinQays,p.29.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. [2]Themercenariesfabricatedthetraditiontoopposetheauthentictraditionnarratedfromthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,concerninghistwograndsons:AlHasanandal HusaynarethetwomastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden.ImamalJawadwasaskedaboutthe fabricatedtradition,andherefuteditsaying:ByAllahtherearenomiddleagedintheGarden; ratherallofthemarebeardlessyoungmen. [3]Thesignoffabricationinthistraditionisclear.WhyweretheangelsashamedofUthmanbin Affan?Didhepassbythemandseethemdouglydeedsandcommitsomethingabominable,and sotheywereashamedofhim?Ordidhedothat,andtheywereashamedofhim?I(theauthor) thinkthatthisclaimedshameismeaningless! [4]Inanarration:Totheextentthathementionedmorethantwohundredtraditions. Thenhe(a.s)said:Allofthemareuntrueandfalse![1] ThetraditionistIbnArafa,betterknownasNaftawayh,[2]says:Mostsurelymostfabricated traditionsabouttheexcellenceofthecompanions(oftheProphet)wereinnovatedduringthe daysoftheUmayyadstoseeknearnesstothem,fortheythoughtthattheywouldsubduethe Hashimites.[3] Muawiyawasnotsatisfiedwiththemanytraditionsfabricatedaboutthelaudabledeedsofthe twoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar);ratherheencouragedthefabricatorstoinnovatetraditions againstthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Hespentalotofmoneyon themforthat.HegaveSamrabinJundub,acriminalperson,fourhundredthousand(dirhams) providedthatheshouldaddressthepeopleofShamandtellthemthatthefollowingHolyVerses wererevealedinconnectionwith(Imam)Ali.Theversesare:Andamongthemenishewhose speechaboutthelifeofthisworldcausesyoutowander,andcallsonAllahtowitnessastowhat isinhisheart,yetheisthemostviolentofadversaries.Andwhenheturnsback,herunsalongin thelandthathemaycausemischiefinitanddestroythetilthandthestock,andAllahdoesnot lovemischiefmaking.[4]Samranarratedthattothem[5]andtookmoneyfromtheMuslims PublicTreasurywhileIslamhasmadeitincumbentontherulertospendthemoneyinitonthe Muslimsinterests.HoweverMuawiya,sonofHind,spentitonfightingandplottingagainstIslam, anddefamingtheMuslimgreatfigureswhodefendedAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,duringalltheattitudesandbattles,andforcedMuawiyaandhisfathertoembraceIslam. [1]SaleembinQays,p.45. [2]HisnameisIbrahimbinMuhammedbinArafaalAzdi.HewasborninWasitintheyear244A. H.Hehasgoodbooks.HewascalledNaftawayhbecauseofhisugliness.Hewaslikenedtooil (naft).Someofhispoetryarethefollowinglines:

Myheartiskindertoyouthanyourtwocheeks;andmystrengthisweakerthanthestrengthof youreyelids. Whydoyounotbegentletohimwhounjustlytortureshimselfandmakeshislovesympathize withyou?AbuAbdullahalWasitisatirizedhimsaying:Whoeverwantstobepleasednottoseea dissoluteone,lethimdohisbestnottoseeNaftawayh!Allahhasburnthimwiththehalfofhis name,andmadetherestascryingoverhim!He(Naftawayh)diedinthemonthofSafar,inthe year323A.H.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)WafayatalAyan,vol.1,p.30. [3]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.74.Othersourceshavementionedthat. [4]Quran,1,203204. [5]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.253.Othersourceshavementionedthat. AnyhowthemenofambitionsandthedeviousfromIslamhurriedtofabricatetraditionsto degradetheProphetsHousehold,thattheymightobtainmoneyandwidewealth.IbnalAas narratedtothepeopleofShamthattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidin respectofAbuTalibsfamily:MostsurelyAbuTalibsfamilyarenotmyfriends;rathermyfriends areAllahandthegoodbelievers.[1] InthismannerthefabricationcommitteesinnovatedsuchtraditionsagainsttheHouseholdofthe Prophet,whomAllahhadkeptawayuncleannessfromandthoroughlypurified.Throughthat, theyattemptedtoputoutAllahsLight,toturntheMuslimsawayfromtheirrealleaderswhom theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,mentionedandappointedassuccessorsafterhim overhiscommunity.ImamalBaqir(a.s)talkedaboutthosefalsetraditionssaying:Theynarrate uglythingsabout(Imam)Ali,alHasan,andalHusayn.Allahknowsthattheyhavenarrated falsehood,lying,anduntruth.[2] IbnAbialHaddeedhassaid:AndourSheikhAbuJafaralIskafihasmentionedthatMuawiya appointedagroupofthecompanionsandagroupofthesecondgeneration(successors))to narrateuglytraditionsabout(Imam)Ali(a.s)requiringdefamingandrenouncinghim.Hegave themmoneyforthat,andtheyinnovatedthatwhichpleasedhim.SomeofthemareAbuHurayra, AmrbinalAas,andalMughirabinShuba.AmongthesecondgenerationwasUrwabinal Zubayr.[3] CertainlythesemeasuresMuawiyatookagainstthemembersofthetheAhlulBayt(a.s)have spreaddivisionamongMuslimsandopenedadoortolyingagainstAllahandHisApostle.The goodcompanions(oftheProphet)turnedawayfromsuchtraditionsanddidnotlistentothose whonarratedthem.Thenarratorshavereported:BashiralAdawi[4]cametoAbdullahbin Abbasandnarratedtohim:AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid. HoweverIbnAbbasdidnotpermithimnordidhelookathim.Hemade

[1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. [2]SaleembinQays,p.45. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.63.PrintedbyDarIhyaalKutubalArabiya. [4]HisfullnameisBashirbinKabbinAbialHimyarialAdawi.Itwassaidthathisnicknamewas alAmiri.IbnSadhasmentionedhimasamongthesecondclassfromamongthepeopleof Basrah.Hesaidthathewastrustworthy,ifAllahwilled.AlNisaihassaid:He(BashiralAdawi)is trustworthy.(Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook)TahthibalTahthib,vol.1,p.471.I(the author)donotknowhowheistrustworthywhileAbdullahbinAbbasturnedawayfromhis tradition! littleofanddisdainedhim.SoBashirhurriedtoask:Whydoyounotlistentomytradition?Iam relatingtoyoufromAllahsApostle,whileyoudonotlisten! SoIbnAbbasrebukedhimsaying:WhenweheardamansayingthatAllahsApostlesays,we lookedathimandlistenedtohim.Butwhenthepeoplerodethedisobedientandtheobedient (shecamel),wetakenothingfromthemexceptthatwhichwehaveknown.[1] Mostsurelythepeoplerodethedisobedientandobedientshecamel,asIbnAbbasstated,and followedallwaysthatopposedthereligion.TheydidnotrefrainfromlyingagainstAllahnordid theyabstainfromsininconnectionwithfabricatingtraditionsandascribingthemtoAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Therefore,itisimportantforustostudythetraditions carefully. ThegreatestordealwithwhichtheMuslimswereseverelyafflictedwasthatthetraditions fabricatedbytheFabricationCommitteesreachedthetrustworthypeopleandthememorizers(of theQuran),andtheywrotethemdownintheirbooks.Withoutdoubtiftheyhadcometoknow theirreality,theywouldhaveabandonedthem,disownedthem,andwouldhavenotnarrated them.AlMadainihasmentionedthatinhisspeechaboutthefabricatorsduringthetimeof Muawiya.Wewillmentionthetextofhisspeechinrespectofthat.Hehassaid:Manyfabricated traditionsappearedandslanderspread.Thejurists,judges,andthegovernorsfollowedthat.The greatestofthepeopleinthatwerethehypocritesfromamongthereciters(oftheQuran)and thosedeemedweakwhoshowedhumblenessandworship.Theyinnovatedtraditions,thatthey mightseeknearnesstotheirrulers,comeneartotheirassemblies,togetthroughthemmoney, countryestates,andhouses,totheextentthatthetraditionspassedtothehandsofthereligious peoplewhodidnotregardlyingandslanderaslawful.Theyacceptedthetraditionsandnarrated them.Theythoughtthatthetraditionsweretrue.Iftheyhadcometoknowthattheywere untrue,theywouldhavenotnarratedthemnorwouldhavetheyfollowedthem.[2] ThebooksarefullofsuchtraditionsandarefilledwiththeIsraelifables(Israiliyat)[3]andAbu

Hurayrastraditions.Withoutdoubtthesetraditions [1]FajralIslam,p.258.Othersourceshavementionedthat. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.16. [3]TheIsrailiyatarethefablesmadeupbythehypocritesfromamongtheJewswhobecame MuslimsandaffectedIslamtoputinitthingsofwhichitisinnocent.KabalAhbarwasonthetop ofthoseJewswhofabricatedsuchfables. damagedIslam,distorteditstolerantlaw,spoiledtheIslamicbeliefs,dividedtheMuslimsand turnedthemintofollowersandparties. WithoutdoubtiftheCaliphshadwrittendownthetraditionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,theywouldhaveprotectedthecommunityfromdifferenceandturnedthemaway fromthetroublesandmisfortunes.Buttheydidnotdothat.AbuBakrcollectedsometraditions, andthenheburntthem.[1]AfterhimUmarcameandconsultedthecompanions(oftheProphet) aboutwritingdownthetraditions,andtheyalladvisedhimtodothat.Hethoughtoftheaffairfor aperiodoftimebuthegaveup.Hesaidtothem:MostsurelyImentionedtoyouthewriting downofthetraditions,asyouhavecometoknow.ThenIsuddenlyrememberedthatsome peoplefromamongthepeopleoftheBook(ChristiansandJews)beforeyouwrotebooksalong withAllahsBook.TheytookcareofthemandleftAllahsBook.Mostsurely,byAllah,Iwillnever mixAllahsBookwithanything.[2] Theproofdoesnothelpthisjustification.ThatisbecausethetraditionoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,doesnotdeviatefromAllahsBooknordoesitopposeitatall.Besides, writingdownthetraditionsdoesnotbringaboutabandoningtheHolyQurannordoesitrequire turningawayfromit.Mostlikelytheyrefusedtowritethemdownbecausemostofthetraditions concernedtheexcellenceofthepurefamily(oftheProphet),madeitobligatorytoshowlovefor themandtoresorttotheminallaffairs.Itwasimpossibletodividethetraditions;thatistosay thattheSunnahadtobewrittenandthetraditionsinrespectoftherightsofthemembersofthe House(AhlalBayt)hadtobeleft.Ofcourse,writingthemopposesusurpingtheirrights,their unanimousagreementonwrongingthemandremovingthemfromtheirranksinwhichAllahhad placedthem.Theyharboredgreatmaliceagainstthemtotheextentthatwhentheyfeltthatthe Prophetwantedtoentrustthemwiththeauthorityandtowriteadocumentonthat,theyrefused todothatwhiletheProphet(a.s)wasinhislasthours.Theysaidtohim:Sufficientuntousis AllahsBook! Itwasreportedfromthemthattheysaid:TheProphethoodandthecaliphateshouldnotcome togetherinonehouse!Afterthishowwasitpossibleforthemtowritedownthetraditionsofthe Prophet(a.s)concerninghisHousehold?

[1]TadhkiratalHuffaz,vol.1,p.5. [2]TaqyyidalIlim,p.50.(Aspeech)similartoit(speechhasbeenmentioned)inIbnSads Tabaqat,3\1,p.206. AnywaythegreatestdisasterwithwhichtheMuslimswereafflictedwasthefabricatedtraditions MuawiyaundertookfortheybroughtaboutdivisionanddisagreementstotheMuslims.Without doubttheywereamongthegreatestsinsofMuawiya,sonofHind!
AscribingZiyadtohis(Muawiya)Father AllahsApostle(a.s)hassaid:Thechildbelongstobed;andtheprostituteistobestoned. CertainlyMuawiyaturnedawayfromthespeechofAllahsApostle(a.s)withoutfearandcare.He openlyopposedhisspeechandrefusedhisdecisiontostrengthenhisdomainandestablishhis authority.Asaresult,headdedZiyadbinAbeeh(theillegitimate)tohimself(consideredhimas hisbrotherfromhisfatherAbuSufyan)accordingtotheproceduresbeforeIslam. Allah,theMostHigh,says:Isitthenthejudgementof(thetimesof)ignorancethattheydesire? AndwhoisbetterthanAllahtojudgeforapeoplewhoaresure?[1]CertainlyMuawiyawanted thetimeofthosewholivedbeforeIslamandenlivenedtheirlaws.ThatwaswhenheaddedZiyad binAbeehtohimself,whileZiyadwasthesonofaprostitute.ForsurelySumayya,Ziyadsmother wasamongthewomenofflags(openlyprostitute)inalTaif.ShegavetaxtoalHarithbin Kildah[2]fromherprostitution.Shewenttotheplacewheretheprostituteswentoutsideal Hadar,inadistrictcalledHaratalBaghayaa(thedistrictoftheprostitutes).[3]ThiswasZiyads motherindirtinessanddissoluteness.AsforMuawiya,hedidnotfeelshameinjoiningthis illegitimatetohim. ThehistorianshavementionedthereasonsofjoiningZiyad,saying:ImamAli(a.s)hadappointed Ziyad(asagovernor)overadistrictofPersiaandchosehimforhimself.WhentheImam(a.s)was martyred,Ziyadwentonpracticinghiswork.Muawiyawasafraidofhisside,cametoknowofthe difficultyofhisdistrict,andfearedhisinclinationtoalHasanbinAli(a.s)sohewrotehimthis letter: FromtheCommanderofthefaithfulMuawiyabinAbiSufyan,toZiyadbinUbayd.Nowthen, surelyyouareasalve;youhavebeenungratefulfortheblessingandyoucalledforthe

vengeance.Mostcertainlygratefulnessismore [1]Quran,5,50. [2]AlHarithbinKildahbinUmaralThaqafiwasafamousphysicianamongtheArabsandhewas apoet.Thishasbeenmentioned(inthebook)MujamalShuara,p.172. [3]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.310. appropriateforyouthanungratefulness;surelythetreetakesrootandbranchesfromitsorigin. Youaremotherless;ratheryouhavenofather.Youhaveperishedanddestroyed(others).You havethoughthatyoucancomeoutofmygrip,andthatmyauthoritydoesnotreachesyou.How far!Notallthepossessorsofmindarecorrectinopinion,norallthepossessorsofopinionare loyalintheiradvice.Yesterdayyouwereaslave;andtodayyouarethecommanderofaplan nonelikeyouhaseverascended,OsonofSumayya!Whenthisletterofminecomestoyou,then urgethepeopletoobeyandtopledgeallegiancetome.Respond(tome)quickly!Forsurelyifyou did,youwouldspareyourbloodandsetrightyourself;otherwiseIwouldkidnapyouwiththe weakestfeatherandobtainyouwiththeeasiesteffort!IhavetakenanoaththatIwillbringyou amongflutesandmakeyouwalkbarefootedfromthelandofPersiatoSham.Iwouldshowyou inthemarketplace,sellyouasasalve,returnyoutowhereyouwereandbringyououtofit!With Greetings. InhisletterMuawiyahasascribedZiyadtoUbaydandacknowledgedhisslavery.Hesaidthatif hehadcapturedhim,hewouldhavesoldhiminthemarketplacesofDamascusandreturnedhim tohisorigin.WhenthisletterreachedZiyad,hebecameangry.Heorderedthepeopletogather. Hemadespeechbeforethem.HepraisedandlaudedAllah.Thenhesaid:(Muawiya)thesonof thewomanwhoate(Hamzas)liverandkilledthelionofAllah(Hamza),theonewhoshowedthe difference,hidhypocrisy,theheadofthealliesandwhospenthismoneyonputtingoutAllahs Lighthaswritten(aletter)tome.Hethunderedandlightenedfromawaterlesscloud;shortlythe windwillchangethecloudintorack.Thethingthatshowsmehisweaknessishisthreatbefore thepower(overme).Isitanactofmercyonmethathewarnsandexcuses(me)?No!Buthehas followedanotherway.HehasclatteredtoonewhogrewupamongTuhamathunderbolts!How shallIfearhimandthereisbetweenmeandhim(alHasan),thesonofthedaughterofAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.(Thereisbetweenhimandme)thecousinofhisuncle withwhomthereareonehundredthousand(people)fromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar. ByAllah,ifhe(alHasan)permittedmeinrespectofhimorsummonedmetohim,Iwouldshow himthestarsduringthedaylightandmakehimsnuffmustardwater!Thespeechisbeforehim today;themeetingistomorrow;andtheconsultationisafterthat,Allahwilling! Ziyadlightened,thundered,threatened,andpromised.Thatisbecausehehadnoknowledgeof thatwithwhichImamalHasansarmywasafflictedwith.Hethoughtthatthemembersofthe armywerestillintheirfirstcondition,thattheystillhadtheiractivityandstrength,andthatthey

wereonethousand(fighters)fromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar.Hedidnotknowthat theysufferedfromweaknessandtroublesthatdividedthemandputanendtotheiractivity.He alsodidnotknowthatthegreatfiguresfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsarwere destroyedattheBattlesofSiffinandalNahrawan,andthatthearmyhadfewpeoplefromamong thosebraveheroes.I(theauthor)swearbyAllahthatifImamalHasanhadsummonedZiyad,he wouldhavebetrayedhimandwouldnothaverespondedtohim.Theproofisthatwhenhecame toknowabouttheweaknessoftheImamsarmy,hesidedwithMuawiyaanddesertedtheImam. Howwashenotdeceivedwhilehewasamongtheshakyconsciences?Thenthetimeshowedhis wickednessandhisbadintention.HebecameoneofthebitterestenemiestoImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,hischildren,andhisfollowers(Shia).ThatwasafterMuawiyahad addedhimtohimself. Anywayafterhisspeech,ZiyadwrotealettertoMuawiya.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Your lettercametome,OMuawiya.Ihaveunderstoodwhatisthereinit.Ihavecometoknowthat youarelikethedrownedonecoveredwithwaveswhocatchestheweedsandclingstothefrogs legsasasignofcarvingafterlife.Theonewhoisungratefulfortheblessingishewhoturnsaway fromAllahandHisApostle,andmakesmischiefintheland.Asforyourcursingme,wereitnotfor theclemencythatwithheldmefromyouandforthatIcalledfoolish,Iwouldmoveagainstyou disgracesnowaterwouldwash.AsforyourrevilingmebecauseofSumayya,thenyouaretheson ofagroup(ofmen).[1]Asforyourclaimingthatyoucankidnapmewiththeweakestfeatherand capturemewiththeeasiesteffort,haveyoueverseenthatalarkcanterrifyafalconorhaveyou everheardthatalambcaneatawolf?Now,carryoutyourplananddoyourbest,forIwillnot stopexceptatwhereyoudislike,norwillIdomybestexceptaboutthatwhichdispleasesyou! Youwillcometoknowwhowillyieldtohiscompanion!WithGreetings. WhenMuawiyareadZiyadsletter,hebecameterrified,sohesummoned(alMughirabin Shuba),thecraftypersonoftheArabs.Hesaidtohim:OMughira,Iwanttoconsultyouabout anaffairthatconcernsme!Therefore,advisemeinrespectoftheaffair!Counselmewiththe opinionofsomeoneexpert!Beforme,andIwillbeforyou!Ihavesingledyououtwithmyown secretsandpreferredyoutomysons! [1]Hereferstothatwhichhistorynarratesthat(hismother)Hindhadbecomepregnantbefore shemarriedAbuSufyan.Shemarriedhimtocoverhercrime.AgroupoftheBedouinswere accusedofthat. AlMughirasaidtohim:Whatisthat?ByAllah,outofmyobediencetoyou,youwillfindme strongerthanthewater(running)fromaslopeandtheswordinthehandofabravehero! WhenalMughirayieldedandsubmittedtoMuawiya,thelatterpresentedhisaffair,saying:O Mughira,surelyZiyadhasresidedinPersiaandrattledtousassnakesdo.Heisamanwitha

shrewdopinion,astrongdetermination,andwanderingthinking.Whenheshoots,hehits(his target).Ihavebecomeafraidofhim.Iamnotsafefromhimifhiscompanion(ImamAli)wasalive. IfearhisinclinationtoalHasan.Therefore,howisthewaytohim?Andwhatisthestratagemto setrighthisopinion? Whenthecraftyperson(alMughira)cametoknowMuawiyasaffair,headvisedhimtodeceive Ziyad,makehimdesire,andtowritetohimasoftletter.Hisopinionwasbasedonhisstudying Ziyadspsycheandhisknowledgeofhistrendsandinclinations.AlMughirasaidtoMuawiya: SurelyZiyadlikeshonor,fame,andascendingpulpits.Ifyouflatteredhimandwrotetohimasoft letter,hewouldbelenienttoyouandhaveconfidenceinyou.Thereforewrite(aletter)tohim andIwillbethemessenger. MuawiyarespondedtoalMughirasadvice.HewroteZiyadaletterinwhichhedisplayed equivocationanddeception.Thisisthetextoftheletter:FromtheCommanderofthefaithful, MuawiyabinAbiSufyan,toZiyadbinAbiSufyan.Capricemaythrowmanintotheplacesof destruction.Youaretheonewhohasbeensetasanexample(forothers).Youhavecutoffthe relationsandlinkedtheenemy.Yourbadopinionofmeandyourdetestationtowardmehave urgedyoutodisobeythekinshiptome,cutofftherelationshipswithme,turnawayfrommy lineage,andtodepriveme(ofyou). Itisasifthatyouarenotmybrother,SakhrbinHarb(AbuSufyan)isnotyourandmyfather. Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenyouandme.IavengethebloodofIbnAbialAaswhileyou arefightingagainstme.However,theweakracefromwomenhasreachedyou,andyouhave becomelikethatwhichhasleftitseggsintheopenandcoveredwithitswingtheeggsof others.IhaveseenthatIhavetosympathizewithyouandnottopunishyoubecauseofyourbad effort,tolinkyourrelations,andtoseekarewardinrespectofyouraffair.OAbualMughira, knowthatifyouwadedintotheseafortheobediencetothepeoplethroughstrikingwiththe sworduntilitsbackiscutoff,youwouldincreasenothingexceptfarnessfromthem.Thatis becausetheBanuShamsaremoredetestabletotheBanuHashimthanthebladetotheoxwhich hasbeentiedforslaughtering.Therefore,return,mayAllahhavemercyonyou,toyouroriginand linkyourpeople.Donotbelikealmosoolthatflieswiththefeathersofotherthanit.Certainly youhavebecomeastray(becauseoflosingyour)lineage.Bymylife,nothinghasdonethattoyou exceptobstinacy;therefore,keepitawayfromyou,foryouhaveclearlyunderstoodyouraffair andyourproof.Ifyoulikedmysideandhadconfidenceinme,thentherewouldbeanauthority foranauthority.Andifyoudislikedmysideandhadnoconfidenceinme,thentherewouldbea gooddeedwhichwasneitheragainstyounoragainstme.WithGreetings. AlMughiratookthedeceivingletterwhichMuawiyahadwrittenaccordingtoalMughiras suggestion,andinwhichtherewasnorayoftruthfulness.HeleftDamascusforPersiaandcame toZiyad.WhenZiyadsawhim,hewelcomedhimandbroughthimnightohisassembly.Thecrafty

person(alMughira)talkedwithZiyadthroughdifferentwaysandvariousstyles,totheextentthat heinvadedhisheartanddominatedhisfeelings.SoZiyadrespondedtowhathewanted. AfterZiyadhadfallenintothesnaresofalMughira,heleftPersiaforDamascus.Whenhearrived inDamascusandwaspresentbeforeMuawiya,Muawiyawelcomedhim,broughthimnigh,and orderedhissisterJuwayriyah,daughterofAbuSufyan,toinvitehim.WhenZiyadwaspresent beforeher,sheuncoveredherhairinhispresenceandsaidtohim:Youaremybrother.Abu Maryamhastoldmeaboutthat.ThenMuawiyatookZiyadtothemosqueandorderedthe peopletocometogether,thathemightdeclarebeforethemthatZiyadwashisbrother.Asfor AbuMaryamalSaluli,avintner,heroseinfrontofthepeopleandwitnessedthatAbuSufyanhad fornicatedwithSumayyawithawitnessthatdisgracedAbuSufyanandMuawiya,andinflicted shameonZiyad.Thisisthetextofthetestimony:ItestifythatAbuSufyancametousinalTaif (atthetimewhen)IwasavintnerduringthepreIslamicperiod(alJahiliya).Hesaid:Iwanta prostitute.Icametohimandsaid:Ihavefound(noprostitute)exceptalHarthbinKullidahs slavegirlcalledSumayya.Hesaid:Bringhertomeregardlessofherstenchanddirt.Asfor Ziyad,hebecameexcitedandinterruptedAbuMaryamstestimonysayingtohimwithvoice drippinganger:SlowlyAbuMaryam!Youhavebeensentasawitnessonly!Andyouhavenot beensentasanabuser! SoAbuMaryamsaid:Ifyouexemptedme,thenitwouldbemorelovabletome!Ionlybear witnessastowhatIhaveseen! Thenhewentonexplaininghistestimony,saying:ByAllah,hetookthroughyouherbreastplate. ThenIclosedthedoorforthem.Isatdownwithastonishment.Shortlyafterthathecameoutto merubbinghisforehead,soIaskedhim:What,OAbuSufyan?Ihadfoundnonesimilartoher, hereplied,wereitnotfortheflabbinessofherbreastsandthestenchofhermouth! ThiswasAbuMaryamswitnessastoSumayyasdissoluteness.Thefaceofmankindbecomes moistbecauseofitshorriblenessanddisgrace.HoweverMuawiyadidnotfeelshamebecauseof it.HowdidMuawiya(Hindsson)feelshameofthesebaddeedsandscandalswhilehedrewhis tailonvicesanddeception,ashesaid[1],totheextentthatvicewasoneofhiselementsand amonghisbasics? CertainlyMuawiyaaddedZiyadtohimthathemightgetridofhishostilityandtoseekhelp throughhimtoachievehisobjectivesandtostrengthenhissupremeauthority. TheinclusiveDispleasure MuawiyasaddingZiyadtohimselfcreatedaninclusivedispleasureintheMuslimssouls,forthey cametoknowthatMuawiyaintentionallyopposedtheProphet(a.s)andabandonedhisSunna.

Theyfearedhimfortheirreligion.Accordingly,somefreepeopleandreformershurriedtodeclare theirdispleasureandtheirdenialagainsthimandZiyad.Wewillmentionsomeofthosewho deniedandcriticizedhimforhisdeed.Theyareasfollows: A.ImamalHasan ImamalHasan(a.s)sentalettertoZiyadinwhichheexplainedthecorruptionofhisaddingto Muawiya.HeexplainedtohimthatIslamdidnotacknowledgethatatall.Thisisthetextofthe letter:FromalHasanbinFatimatoZiyadbinSumayya.SurelyAllahsApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,said:Thechildbelongstothebed(istobeascribedtotheownerofthebed [thehusbandortheowneroftheadulteress]whereadulteryiscommitted),andtheprostituteis tobestoned.[2] He(a.s)saidtoZiyadinthepresenceofMuawiya,AmrbinalAas,andMarwanbinalHakam:O Ziyad,whatistherelationshipbetweenyouandQuraysh?Idonotknowthatyouhavewiththem acorrectorigin,agrowingbranch,constantoldness,oranoblesource.Ratheryourmotherwasa prostitutewhomtheQurayshimenandthedissoluteArabsalternated.Whenyouwereborn,the Arabsdidnotcometoknowofyourfather.Sothis(Muawiya)claimedthatyou(werehisbrother) afterthedeathofhisfather.Youhavenopride!SufficientuntoyouisSumayya,andsufficient untousisAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[3] [1]AlJahidh,alTaj,p.103. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.73. [3]AlBayqahi,alMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,p.58. B.ImamalHusayn WhenImamalHusayn(a.s)cametoknowthatMuawiyacarriedthedestructiveaxetodestroyall theIslamicfoundations,hehurriedtorevoltagainsthimandtosendhimaletterinwhichhe mentionedtohimallhisoffencesandpresentedinithisaddingZiyadtohimself.Thisisthetextof whathewroteinconnectionwiththat:HaveyounotclaimedZiyadbinSumayyawhowasborn onthebedofUbaydThaqif?Soyouhaveclaimedthatheisthesonofyourfatherwhereas AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:Thechildbelongstobed;andthe prostituteistobestoned.SoyouhaveintentionallylefttheSunnaofAllahsApostleandfollowed yourmeandesirewithoutanyguidancefromAllah.[1] C.YunusBinUbayd YunusbinUbaydwasamongthosewhoattendedthistragedyandwitnesseditsstages.Sohe hurriedtoopposeMuawiyaandcriticizehimforit,saying:OMuawiya,AllahsApostle,may

Allahblesshimandhisfamily,hasdecidedthatthechildbelongstobed;andtheprostituteisto bestoned,whileyouhavejudgedthatthechildbelongstotheprostitute.Thisisanopposition totheBookofAllah,theMostHigh,andturningawayfromtheSunnaofAllahsApostleaccording toAbuMaryamswitnessconcerningAbuSufyansfornication. SoMuawiyathreatenedhimwithkilling,saying:ByAllah,youshouldstoporIwillkillyou! InthewayofAllah?askedYunus.Yes,repliedMuawiya.[2] D.AbdurrahmanbinalHakam EventheUmayyadswerenotsatisfiedwiththisascription.TheycriticizedMuawiyaforthat. AbdurrahmanbinalHakamwithagroupoftheUmayyadswenttoMuawiya.Abdurrahmansaid tohim:OMuawiya,ifyouhadfound(none)excepttheNegroes,youwouldregardthemastoo manyagainstus.HemeanttheBanualAas,whowerefewinnumberandmean. SoMuawiyaturnedtoMarwanandsaidtohim:Takethisdissolute(person)awayfromus! Yes,byAllah,heisdissolute!Icannotstandhim!,retortedMarwan. [1]AlKashi,Rijal,p.33. [2]alMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.311. Muawiyasaid:Wereitnotformyclemencyandtolerance,Iwouldcometoknowthathewas unbearable.DidhispoetryaboutmeandZiyadnotreachyou?Marwansaid:Whathashesaid? Hesays: Oh!InformMuawiyabinHarbthatthehandshavebecomenarrowbecauseofwhathecommits. Doyougetangrywhenitissaidthatyourfatherischasteandyouaresatisfiedwhenitissaidthat yourfatherisafornicator? ItestifythatyourbloodrelationshipwithZiyadislikethebloodrelationshipbetweentheelephant andtheyoungofthefemaledonkey. IwitnessthatSumayyagavebirthtoZiyadwhileSakhrdidnotapproachher! Muawiyafeltpainwhenhereadthispoetryandsaid:ByAllah,Iwillnotbepleasedwithhim unlesshegoestoZiyad,pleases,andapologizetohim! MuawiyabecameangrywithAbdurrahman.SothelatterwenttoKufaandheadedforZiyadto apologizetohim.Heaskedpermissiontocomeintohim,butZiyaddidnotpermithim.The Qurayshigreatfiguresmediatedinrespectofhisaffair,andhepermittedhimtoenter.Whenhe cameintohim,heturnedawayfromhim.Thenheturnedtohimandaskedhim:

Areyouthesayerofwhatyousaid?WhatdidIsay?Yousaidthatwhichisnotsaid!MayAllah setrighttheCommander.Surelyhewhoadmonisheshasnocrimebutthepardonisforhimwho commitsasin.ThereforelistentowhatIsay.Givemewhatyouhave.Abdurrahmansaid, AbualMughira,IhaverepentedtoyouofwhathadhappenedinShambecauseofthenonsense ofthetongue. ImadetheCaliphangryinrespectofyoutotheextentthathisexcessiveangermovedhimto satirizeme. Isaidtohimwhoabusedmeaboutmyapologizingtoyou:Goaway!Youraffairisotherthan mine. Ihavecometoknowthetruthafterthemisguidanceofmyopinionandaftertheerror(that issued)fromthedeviationoftheheart. ZiyadisabranchofAbuSufyanswingingfreshlyamongthegardens.Iseethatyouareabrother, anuncle,acousinbutIdonotknowthedefectthroughwhichyouseeme.Surelyanadditionto Harbsfamilyismorelovabletomethanmymiddlefinger.Oh!InformMuawiyabinHarb,forI haveobtainedwhatthehandsbring. Ziyadsaid:Icanseethatyouarefoolishandapoetwithskilfultongue.Yoursalivaissavoryto youwhetheryouarepleasedordispleased.However,wehaveheardyourpoetryandaccepted yourapology;thereforetellmeaboutyourneed!WillyouwritetotheCommanderofthe faithful(Muawiya)thatyouarepleasedwithme?Yes. Thenhesummonedhissecretarytowritetohimaletterabouthispardonandpleasure. AbdurrahmantooktheletterandwenttoMuawiya.Whenthelatterreadthepoetrylines,he said:MayAllahcurseZiyad!WhyhashenotpaidattentiontotheadditiontoHarbsfamily? ThenhewaspleasedwithAbdurrahmanandreturnedhimtohisfirststate.[1] E.AbulAryan AbualAryanwasablind,oldmanofasharptongue.Ziyadpassedbyhiminaprocession,andhe asked:Whataboutthisnoise?ItistheprocessionofZiyadbinAbiSufyan,wastheanswer.By Allah,AbuSufyanleft(none)exceptYazid,Muawiya,Uttba,Anbasa,Hanzalah,and Muhammad,retortedAbualAryan,sofromwherehascomeZiyad? AdulatorsconveyedAbualAryansspeechtoZiyad.Someofhisspecialassociatesadvisedhimto gifthimwithmoneythathemightwithholdhistonguefromhim.Heregardedtheirviewpointas correct.Thenheorderedtwohundreddinarstobegiventohim.Themessengerbroughtthe moneytohimandsaid:OAbualAryan,yourcousinZiyad,theemir,hassentyoutwohundred dinars,thatyoumayspendit.WhenAbualAryanheardofthat,hebecameveryhappy.Thenhe

said:Thelinkofthebloodrelationship!Yes,byAllah,heisreallymycousin! [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.71.AlIstiab,vol.1,pp.552554. OnthefollowingdayZiyadsprocessionpassedbyhim,andZiyadgreetedhim.SoAbualAryan wept,anditwassaidtohim:Whathasmadeyouweep?IfeltAbuSufyansvoicethroughthat ofZiyad!Inthismannermoneymovedthedirtyconsciencesinwhichthethoughtwasnot impressed.AsforAbualAryan,hewasvoidoffaith.Hechangedthroughthislittlegift.When Muawiyaheardofhisspeech,hewrotetohim:ShortlyafterthedinarsIsent,youhavebeen changedintomanycolors,OAbulAryan!Ziyadsoriginwasunknowntoyoubutnowtheone whomyouhaddeniedhasbecomeknown! HowgoodZiyadis!Ifhehadgivenit(themoney)sooner,itwouldhavebeenasacrificeforhim forwhathehadfeared.WhentheseverseswererecitedtoAbulAryan,heanswered: YouhavecreatedforusalinkthroughwhichthepeoplelivewhileyouOIbnAbiSufyanwasabout toforgetus!AsforZiyad,hislineagehasbecomecorrectwithme,soIdonotseekslanderin respectofthetruth!Whoeverdoesgood,heobtainsit.Whenhedoesevil,hegetsitwhereverit is![1] E.AbuBakra AmongthosewhocriticizedMuawiyaforaddingZiyadtohimselfwasAbuBakra[2],Ziyads brother.Hestronglyrebukedhisbrother.Heboycottedhim [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.71. [2]AbuBakrasnameisNufaybinalHarithbinKulidda.Itwassaidthathisfathersnamewas Masruh.HewasalHarithsservant.SoalHarithaddedhim,Ziyadsbrother,tohimself.Hewas giventhenicknameofAbuBakrabecausehedescendedfromthestrongholdofalTaiftothe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,withapulley.Sohewascalledwiththisname.He andagroupofhiscompanionshadcommittedacrime.SoUmarbinalKhattabwhippedthem. Thentheyrepented,andUmaracceptedtheirwitnessaftertherepentanceexceptAbuBakra,for hedidnotregardhistestimonyaspermissible.IbnSadhassaid:He(AbuBakra)diedinBasrah duringthereignofZiyad.AlMadainihassaid:AbuBakradiedintheYear50A.H.Itwassaid thathediedintheyearwhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,died.Thishasbeenmentionedin(the book)TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.10,p.469.In(thebook)alIstiabprintedonthefootnoteof(the book)alIsaba,vol.3,p.537,ithasbeenmentionedthathetoldhischildrenwhenhewasabout todie:Surely,myanddidnotcommunicatewithhim.WhenZiyadintendedtogototheSacred HouseofAllah(theKaaba),AbuBakracametohim.Whensomebodyguardssawhim,they quicklywenttoZiyadandsaidtohim:OEmir!ThatisyourbrotherAbuBakra.Hehasentered

thepalace. Woeuntoyou,haveyouseenhim? Thatishe.Hehascomeforward. AbuBakracameandstoppedbesideZiyad,whohadembracedaboyofhis.Headdressedtheboy anddidnotaddressZiyadasasignofprideanddisrespecttohim.Hesaidtotheboy:Oboy, surelyyourfatherhascommittedagreatsininIslam.Hefornicatedhismotheranddisownedhis father.ByAllah,IhaveneverseenthatSumayyasawAbuSufyan.Thenyourfatherwantsto commitsomethinggreaterthanthat.Hewantstocometotheseason(ofhajj)tomorrowandto cometoUmmHabiba,daughterofAbuSufyan,whoisamongthemothersofthefaithful.Ifhe cametoaskpermissiontoenterherhouse,andshepermittedhim,thenitwasafabricatedlieto AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Ifshepreventedhim,thenitwouldbeagreat scandalagainstyourfather! Thenhelefthimandwentaway.Ziyadsaid:Mybrother,mayAllahrewardyouwithgoodforthe advice,whetheryouarepleasedordispleased![1] G.YazidbinalMufarragh ThisgeniuspoetsatirizedZiyadwithtwoversesofpoetrythatwereasdisgraceandshameonhim throughoutgenerationsandtimes. Think!Thereisalessoninthatifyouthought.Haveyouobtainedalaudabledeedbutwithbeinga commander?Sumayyalivedwhatshelivedanddidnotcometoknowthathersonwasfrom Qurayshinthemasses.Ziyadbecameafraidandsadbecauseofthissatire.Sohesaid:Nosatire issevereragainstmethanthesetwoversesofpoetry![2]Thisuniquepoetdidnotconfine himselftothat.Hecomposedthebestofallkindsofpoetryinbitterness,criticism,andsatire againstZiyadandMuawiyabecauseoftheircommittingthiscrimethroughwhichthesacredness ofIslam fatherisMasruhalHabashi. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.550.InAlIstiab,vol.1,p.550,ithasbeen mentionedinalittledifference. [2]NihayatalIrabfiFununalArab,vol.3,p.281.Inanothernarration:Ihaveneverbecomesad atathingsevererthanIbnalMufarraghsspeech! wasviolated.Wewillmentiontoyousomeofwhathistalentandhisrichimaginationdidwell:I havebornewitnessthatyourmother,whoworethemask,didnotsleepwithAbuSufyan.Butit

wasanaffairinwhichwasconfusionwithstrongcautionandfear.WhenMuawiyawasperished, thenconveygoodnewstoyourpeopleofdivision. Hehasalsosaid: SurelyZiyad,Nafi,andAbuBakraareamongthemostwonderfulwonderwithme.Theyarethree mencreatedinafemaleswomb;andallofthembelongtoonefather.ThisisaQurayshi,asyou say.Thisisaretainer;andthisis(theman)whosecousinisanArab.InhisbookMurujalDhahab, alMasudihasmentionedthatthesepoetrylinesbelongedtoKhalidalNajjari,andthathesaid theminsatirizingZiyadwhenheaddedAbbadtohimself: OAbbad,meannessisnotremovedfromyou.YouhaveneithermothernorfatherfromQuraysh. AndsaytoUbaydillah:Youdonothavearealfather;andnoneknowshowtotracebackyour ancestry.CertainlyZiyadaddedAbbadtohimselfasMuawiyahadaddedZiyadtohimself.He opposedtheSunnaofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whohassaid:Whoever claims,inIslam,afatherotherthanhisownfather,thenitisforbiddenforhim(toenter)the Garden.ItwasMuawiyawhoencouragedZiyadtocommitsuchasin.Itwashewhoopeneda doortocorruption.HeopposedtheIslamicpercepts,teachings,anddutieswithoutanyfearand caution. H.AlHasanalBasri AmongthosewhocriticizedandrebukedMuawiya(forhisaddingZiyadtohimself)isalHasanal Basri[1].HeregardedthisaddingasoneofMuawiyas [1]AlHasanalBasrisfatherwasAbuYasar.HewastheretainerofZaydbinThabitalAnsari.His motherKhayyarahwasthefemaleservantofUmmSalama,thewifeoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.HewasborninMedinatwoyearsbeforetheendofthecaliphateof UmarbinalKhattabinItwassaidthathewasbornasaslave.Hewasamongthemastersandthe leadingfiguresofthesecondgeneration.HediedinBasrahatthebeginningofthemonthof Rajab,intheyearseriousoffencesandamonghisbaddeeds.Hesaid:Muawiyahadfour qualities.Ifhehadhadonlyoneofthem,itwouldhavebeenagravesin.Hecontrolledthis communitythroughthefools.Soheusurpeditsaffair(thecaliphate)withoutaskingpeople whethertherewereamongthemtheremainderofthecompanions(oftheProphet)andthemen ofvirtue.HeappointedhissonYazidasasuccessorwhilehedrankwine,woresilk(garments),and playedthelutes.HeclaimedthatZiyadwashisbrotherwhileAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,said:Thechildbelongstobed;andtheprostituteistobestoned.Woeuntohim fromHajarandhiscompanionstwice.[1] Thesefourcrimes,whicharesomeofMuawiyasgravesins,areregardedasamongthegreatest

sinshehadcommittedandforwhichhewillbeseverelyreckonedbyAllah.Thatisbecauseofthe badcomplicationswithwhichtheMuslimshavebeenafflicted. I.AlSaktwari AllamaalSaktwarihassaid:ThefirstaffairofthoseofAllahsApostletobeopenlyrefusedwas thatMuawiyaclaimed(that)Ziyad(washisbrother).HoweverAbuSufyanhaddisownedhim (Ziyad),claimedthathewasnotamonghissons,anddecidedhisancestrytobecutoff.However whenMuawiyabecameacaliph,hebroughthimnighandappointedhimasagovernor.SoZiyad binAbeehdidwhathedidjustoutoftyrannyanddamagetowardtheProphetsHousehold.[2] ThesearesomepeoplewhocriticizedandrebukedMuawiyaforhisaddingZiyadtohimself. WithoutdoubttheydidthatbecauseoffaithandzealforIslam.Theycametoknowthat Muawiyadeliberatelygavelifetothelaws110.Thepeopleovercrowdedinapeerlesswayto escorthimtohisfinalrestingplace.HameedalTaweelhassaid:AlHasandiedonThursday evening.WhenweenteruponmorningonFriday,wefinishedhisaffair.Wecarriedhimafter Fridayprayerandburiedhim.Allthepeoplefollowedhiscoffinandwerebusywithhim,tothe extentthattheafternoonpayerwasnotperformedinthemosque. AsfarasIknowthattheprayerwasnotleftfromtheadventofIslamtothatday.Thatisbecause allofthemfollowedhiscoffin.Nonewasinmosquetoperformtheafternoonprayer.IbnSireen didnotattendhisfuneralprocessionbecausetherewasathingbetweenthem.Thishasbeen mentionedinWafayatalAyan,vol.4,p.124.AlHasan(alBasri)wasamongthosewhosupported theBanuMarwan,totheextentthattheysaidabouthim:WereitnotforalHasanstongueand alHajjajjssword,theMarwanistatewouldbeburiedinitsgraveandwastakenfromitsden.Al HafizhasmentionedthatalHasanwasfraudinhis(reporting)traditions. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.157.AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.196. [2]MuhadaratalAwaail,p.136. andheresiesofthepreIslamicera.InthemeantimehetriedtodeadentheIslamicduties.He respondedtohisurgentsentimentsincontrollingtheMuslimsandtomaketheopposingforces yieldtohimwithallmeansandstyles. AnywayZiyadusedallmeanstoestablishhisancestrythathemightjointheUmayyadrace.An exampleonthatisthathewrotealettertoAishaandstartedtheletterwith:FromZiyadbinAbi Sufyan!Hethoughtthatshewouldacknowledgehisancestrywhenhewouldusethatasaproof onthehislineage.ThatwascleartoAisha,soshewrotetohim:FromAisha,motherofthe faithful,tohersonZiyad.[1]Thus,hiseffortfailed,andhegotnothingexceptfailureand disgrace.WhenhebecameagovernoroverKufa,hesaidtoitspeople:

Ihavecometoyouforanaffair!Ihavedemandedtheaffairfornoneexceptforyou! Summonustowhateveryouwill. YouhavetoaddmyancestrytoMuawiya! Thefreeandthebelieversrefusedtorespondtohim,saying: Notothefalsewitness![2] TheArabsrefusedtoaddthisbastard(Ziyad)tothem.However,theUmayyadauthoritieswrote downhisnameintheQurayshiDivan.Soheandhischildrenremainedso.WhentheUmayyad statecametoanendandthestateofthetheAbbasidscame,theCaliphalMahdicancelledthis addingandorderedZiyadsfamilytobeomittedfromtheQurayshiDivanandfromtheArabs. Thatwasintheyear159A.H.ThroughthatZiyadsfamilyreturnedtotheirearlygrandfather UbaydalRoomi(theRoman). HisGovernors DuringthedaysofMuawiya,theMuslimpeoplessufferedfromterriblekindsofordealand misfortunes.Thestandinggovernmentwasbasedonviolence,tyranny,severepunishment, exhaustion,usingupwealth,andrefusingallthehumanvalues,totheextentthatthesocietywas fullofoppression,tyranny,anddictatorship.Sofear,terrorism,anddisorderincludedallthe Muslimcountries. AmongtheaspectsofthatsocialoppressionisthatMuawiyaempoweredon [1]AlNasaaih,p.58. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.123. theMuslimssomeignoblepeoplefromamongthedeviousheadsmenandbloodshedders.They wenttoofarinsheddingblood,intentionallyplunderedthewealthofthepeople,andarbitrarily ruledthecountryaccordingtotheirmeandesiresandpleasures.Accordingly,thepeople witnessedneitherwelfarenorjustice.TheKharijitesdescribedtheseverity,deviation,andtyranny ofthatgovernment,saying:SurelytheUmayyadswereasect;theirpunishmentwassevere.They punishedaccordingtosuspicion,decidedaccordingtocaprice,andkilledaccordingtoanger.[1] ThisisanexactdescriptionofthetyrannicalUmayyadpolicythatfollowedaseveremethodinall fields.ThatisbecausetheUmayyadsdidnotbelieveinmansrights,dignity,andhisrighttolive. Sotheydrovethecitizenstomassacresandprisons.Theydecidedaccordingtomeandesiresand pleasures.TheydidnotdependonAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphetinrespectoftheir

judgments.Theykilledaccordingtorageandangerforthesakeoftheirnarrowinterestsand objectives. AmrbinalAas,MuawiyasministerandgovernorofEgypt,expressedwhatheharboredinhis wickedsoulfromamongrecklessnessanddisdainingtheMuslimsrights,saying:AlSawad(Iraq) isagardenbelongstoQurayshonly!SurelyalSawad,whichbelongedtoalltheMuslims,andall theeconomicaffairs,inhisviewpoint,belongedtoQuraysh.Whatrightdidtheyhaveinthat, whiletheyfoughtagainsttheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,declaredwaragainst hisobjectivesandteachings,stronglydefendedtheirpreIslamicbeliefsandtheiridols?Sowhat rightdidtheyhaveintheMuslimsproperties?Andwhatrightdidtheyhaveincontrollingtheir rights? Anyhow,KhousrowoftheArabs(Muawiya),astheysay,enabledthecriminalsandtheblood shedderstocontroltheMuslims.Heentrustedthemwithanabsolutegovernment,andthey freelyactedinrespectofthepeopleslivesofthecountries.Heacceptedtheirtyrannyandtheir oppression.Heprotectedthem,andtheyinreturnenslaved,abased,andexhaustedtheMuslims. Wewillgiveabriefaccountonthebiographiesofthesebloodsheddersalongwithanexplanation towhatissuedfromthemfromamongthebarbaricdeeds.Thatisuptoreaders: [1]AlBayan,vol.1,p.95.
ChapterXVII:TheReasonsofthePeacemakingPart3 A.SamraBinJundub AmongMuawiyashirelingsandhelpersinspreadingoppressionandtyrannywasSamrabin Jundub,thesinful,cursedone.Hiscrimeshaveblackenedthefaceofhistoryandpagesof biographies. Beforewetalkabouthislineofconductduringthetimeofhisauthoritybythe Umayyadauthority,webrieflyhavetomentionhislifetimeduringthedaysoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Thiswickedmanwasfamousforhishypocrisyandmutinyduring thetimeoftheProphet.ThenarratorshavementionedthathebotheredoneoftheAnsar concerningsomedatepalmshehadinthegardenofthatAnsariperson.SotheAnsaricomplained totheAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,ofSamra.TheProphetsummoned Samraandcommandedhim:

Sellyourdatepalmtreestothismanandtakeitsprice! Iwillnotdothat. Takesomedatepalmtreesinplaceofyours! Iwillnotdothat. Buythegardenfromhim! Iwillnotdothat. Leavethisforme,andyoushallbeintheParadise! Iwillnotdothat. WhenAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,cametoknowSamrasstubbornness, evil,wickedness,violence,andharmtowardtheAnsari,hebecamedispleasedwithhim.Thenhe turnedtotheAnsariandsaidtohim:Goandcutoffhisdatepalmtrees,forhehasnorightin them![1] ThisstoryindicatesthatSamrawenttoofarinpracticingsinanderror,thathewasvoidof humanityandnobleideals.Muhammad,theMasteroftheprophetsandnoblestofcreatures, askedhimtoputanendtothedisputeand[1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1, p.363.InhisbookalFaaiq,alZamakhsharihassaid:Surely,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,saidtoSamra:Youareaharmfulman.Thereisnoharmandcausingharmin Islam.ZararanarratedontheauthorityofAbuJafar,peacebeonhim,saying:Surely,Allahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtotheAnsari:Go,uprootthem(thedatepalms), andthrowthemathim.Thatisbecausethereisneitherharmnorcausingharm.Inhisbookal Idah,ChapteronMortgage,FakhralMuhaqiqeenclaimedthatthetraditionisensuredbymany linesoftransmission.Thesaidtransmissioniseithergeneralorabstract.Asfortheliteral,itis incorrectbecausethewordsofnarratingthetraditionaredifferent.I(theauthor)haveindetail mentionedtheruleintheVolumeThreeofmybookIdahalKifaya. guaranteedhiminplaceofsomedatepalmtreesaplaceinParadise,theplaceoftheprophets andtherighteous,thathemightenjoyit.HoweverhedidnotrespondtotheProphet(a.s)and insistedonhismutinyanddisobedience,sohedeprivedhimselfofhappinessandwassatisfied withunhappiness.AmongSamrasmajorsinsandbaddeedswasthathesoldwineafterIslamhad forbiddenit.UmarbinalKhattabheardofthatandsaidtohim:MayAllahfightSamra.Surely, AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:AllahcursedtheJews.Itwas forbiddenforthemtosellfat,buttheysoldit.[1]ThisisSamrasconditioninhisrudeness, turningaway,andhismutiny.WhenMuawiyabecameacaliph,ZiyadappointedSamraasa governoroverBasra,andhewenttoofarinkillingtheinnocentpeopleunjustly.Muhammadbin Saleemnarrated:IaskedAnasbinSireen[2]:HasSamrakilledanyone? Anashurriedtosaywithanger:CanthosewhomSamrakilledbecounted?Ziyadappointedhim asagovernoroverBasra,andhewenttoKufaandkilledeightthousandpeople.Sohe(Ziyad)said

tohim:Areyouafraidthatyouhavekilledanyoneinnocent?Samra,thesinfulone,paidno attentiontosheddingtheMuslimsblood,saying:IfIkilledthelikeofthem,Iwouldbenot afraid![3]AbuSawaralAdawi[4]said:Inonemorning,Samrakilledfortysevenpeoplefrommy peoplewhogatheredtheQuran.[5]AwfnarratedaboutSamras [1]AhmedbinHanbel,Musnad,vol.1,p.25.InhisbookalFaiq,alZamakhsharihasnarrated: AllahcursedtheJews.Itwasforbiddenforthemtosellfat.Buttheymeltandsoldit. [2]AnasbinSireenalAnsariwasbornoneortwoyearsbeforetheendofthecaliphateof Uthman.Henarrated(traditions)ontheauthorityofsomecompanionsoftheProphet,anda groupoftraditionistsnarratedonhisauthority.IbnMaeenandthelikesaid:Surelyheis trustworthy.IbnSadsaid:Heistrustworthy.Henarratedfewtraditions.AlIjjlisaid:He belongedtothesecondgeneration.Heistrustworthy.Hediedintheyear118.A.H.Itwassaid thathediedintheyear120A.H.ThishasbeenmentionedinTahdhibalTahdhib,vol.1,p.374. [3]AlKamil,vol.3,p.183.AlTabari,vol.6,p.132. [4]ItwassaidthatthenameofSawaralAdawiwasHassanbinHurayth;anditwassaidthathis namewasHuraythbinHassan;anditwassaidthatitwasMunqidh.Henarratedtraditionsfrom ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,andfromImamalHasan.Another groupoftraditionistsnarratedfromhim.IbnSadhassaid:Heistrustworthy.AbuDawudhas said:Heisamongthereliablepeople.InhisbookalKuna,alNisaaihassaid:AbuSawar, HassanbinHuraythalAdawiistrustworthy.ThishasbeenmentionedinTahdhibalTahdhib,vol. 12,p.123. [5]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.132.Othersthanhimhavealsomentionedthat. crimes,saying:SamracametoMedina.WhenhewasnearthehousesoftheBanu(familyoftribe of)Asad,somemancameoutofoneofthestreets.Themansuddenlymetthevanguardof people.Amanattackedhimandstabbedhimwithhisswordasasignofplayandinsolence.Then thehorseswentaway.Samrapassedbythemanwhilehewascoveredwithhisblood.Heasked: Whatisthat?TheEmirsfirsthorseshithim,wastheanswer.Samrasaidwithinsolenceand haughtiness:Ifyouheardthatwerodeourhorses,thenguardagainstourspearheads.[1] Thistyrannicalperson,whowasthirstytosheddingblood,killedpeoplebecauseofsuspicionand accusation.Hewasasked:OSamra,whatwillyousaytoyourLordtomorrow?Apersonis broughttoyou.ItissaidtoyouthatthepersonisfromtheKharijites,andyouorderedhimtobe killed.Thenanotherpersonisbroughttoyouanditissaidtoyou:Thepersonyouhadkilledwas notfromtheKharijites.Ratherhewasgoingtosatisfyaneedofhis.Wewereconfused.The Kharijiteisthisperson.Neverthelessyouorderthesecondpersontobekilled.

Samraansweredthroughwhathissoulharboredofsavagenessandcrimeandwhatwasinhis natureofdeviationandmisguidance,saying:Andwhichharmresultsfromthat?Ifhe(thekilled person)wasfromthemenoftheGarden,hewouldgototheGarden!Ifhewasfromthemenof thefire,hewouldgotothefire![2] AlHasanalBasrinarrated:AmanfromKhurasancametoBasra.Themanpaidthezakatonhis propertytothePublicTreasury.Hetookareceipt,andthenhecameintothemosqueand performedtworukas.ThenSamratookhimandaccusedhimofbeingaKharijite.Heorderedhim tobebeheaded.Theycheckedwhatwaswithhimandfoundthathewasinnocent.Hejusthada bookwrittenbythedirectorofthePublicTreasury.Asaresult,AbuBakrahurriedtorebukehim forthat,saying:OSamra,haveyounotheardAllah,theExalted,say:Heindeedshallbe successfulwhopurifieshimself,andmagnifiesthenameofhisLordandprays? Samrasaid:Yourbrother(Ziyad)commandedmetodothat![3] SamrawentonaccompanyingZiyad.WhenZiyaddied,Samrawasattheserviceofthesinfulone, Ubaydillah,Ziyadsson.Hewasthecommanderof[1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.183.ImamSharafal DeenhasmentioneditinhisbookalFusoolalMuhimma,p.122. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.363. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.363. hispolicemen.Hetookpartinthemosthorriblecrimehistoryhaseverwrittenthatwasthe murderofImamalHusayn,thebestofblessingsandpeacebeonhim,themasteroftheyouthsof theGarden.HeprovokedthepeopletowaragainstImamalHusayn(a.s).[1]Yetanotherexample ofhiscrimesandgravesinsisthatsomeMuslimswerebroughttohim,andheaskedeachof them:Whatisyourreligion?Eachofthemsaid:IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah, andthatIaminnocentof(theopinion)oftheHarawriyya(theKharijites).Nevertheless,he orderedthemtobebeheaded,totheextentthathekilledovertwentyMuslimsduringone assembly.[2]SamradidtheseseriousoffencesfornothingbuttopleaseMuawiya.Howeverhe saidafterhedeposedfromtheauthorityoverBasra:MayAllahcurseMuawiya!ByAllah,ifIhad obeyedAllahasIobeyedMuawiya,Hewouldneverhavechastisedme![3] AnywaytheseatrocitiesthatissuedfromSamraindicatethathissoulwasvoidofhumanityand mercy.Hewenttoofarindisobedience(toAllah),incommittingcrimes,andevil. B.BisrBinArtaa AmongMuawiyasgovernorsandhelpersinachievingoppression,tyranny,injustice,and terrorismwasBisrbinArtaa,thesinfulone,whodidtheabominabledeeds.Hekilledoldmenand

slewsucklingbabies,thathemightstrengthenMuawiyasdomainandauthority.WhenMuawiya senthimalongwithhisArmytoYemen,hedidtheabominabledeedsthelikeofwhichhistoryhas neverseeninhorriblenessandseverity.Beforethissinfulpersonheadedforhistask,Muawiya hadsummonedhimandsuppliedhimwithhisteachingsthatcontainedterrifyingandkillingthe Muslims.Thisisthetextofhisteachings:GoandpassthroughMedina.Dismissthepeople. Terrifythosebywhomyoupass.Plunderthepropertiesofallthoseyouthinkthattheyhave propertiesfromamongthosewhohavenotenteredtheobediencetous.Whenyouenter Medina,showthemthatyouwant(totake)theirsouls.Tellthemthattheyhaveneither innocencenoranexcusewithyou.Whentheycometoknowthatyouwillkillthem,thenrefrain fromthem.ThengoandcomeintoMeccaanddonotinterferewithanyone.Terrifythepeople [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.363. [2]AlNasaaih,p.54. [3]Ibid.ItisstrangethatalBukharidependedonSamrasspeechandtraditionsinhisSaheeh,vol. 8,p.138.Accordingtothesecrimesmentionedbythetraditionists,Samraisregardedasamong thosewhorenouncedthereligion.Sononehastherighttodependonhisnarrationsand traditions.ButmayAllahfightfanaticism,forithasthrownthepeopleintogreatevilandturned themawayfromthestraightpath! betweenMedinaandMeccaandmakethemhomeless.ThengotoSanaandalJindbecausewe havefollowersinthem.Theirletterhascometome.[1]Thiscriminalpersonyieldedtothe teachingsofHindsson(Muawiya).SoheterrifiedtheMuslims,madeterrorandfearentertheir hearts.Hespreadmurderingandcorruptionintheland.HetookthewomenofHamadanas prisonersofwar.Theywereplacedinthemarkets.Thegreatestoftheminlegwassold.Sothey werethefirstMuslimwomentobetakenascaptives.[2]Hepassedbysomepeoplestanding besideawell.Hethrewthemallwiththeirboysintothewell.[3]Thenheleftthemandheadedfor Yathrib(Medina).HeenteredMedinawithoutanywar.Hewentuponthepulpitandexpressed hisarroganceandunbelief,saying:ByAllah,wereitnotforthatwithwhichMuawiyahas entrustedme,Iwouldnotleaveinit(Medina)evenaboy.Hestayedinitforonemonth.He demolishedthehousesofitspeople.Hereviewedthepeople. WhenitwassaidtohimthatsomeonetookpartinkillingUthman,hekilledhim.Thenhetookhis ArmyandmarchedtowardsYemen.Therehekilledmanypeoplefromamongthefollowersof ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Hedemandedtwochildrenof UbaydillahbinalAbbas.Whenhefoundthem,heorderedthemtobekilled.Soamanfrom Kinanarosetohimandasked:Whyhaveyoukilledthese(twochildren),whiletheyhaveno crime?Ifyouaregoingtokillthem,thenkillmewiththem!SoheorderedtheKinanitobekilled, andthenhekilledthetwochildren.ThenawomanfromKinanabecamesoexcitedbecauseofthis horribleact.Sheopposedandsaidtohimwithwordsdrippingpainandsadness.Fellow,you havekilledthemen!Sowhyhaveyoukilledthesetwo(children)?ByAllah,(thepeople)before

IslamandinIslamdidnotkill(children).ByAllah,OIbnAbiArtaa,thesupremeauthoritythat whichstandsonnothingexceptkillingchildren,oldmen,mercilessness,disobediencetorelatives isbad![4] [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.117. [2]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.165.AlAlamalShamikh,p.570. [3]AlNasaaih,p.54. [4]AlKamil,vol.3,p.194.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.80.InhisbookSharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1, p.120,IbnAbialHadeedhasmentioned:SurelyBisrturnedtothewomenfolkofKinanaandsaid tothem:ByAllah,Ihaveintendedtoputtheswordintoyou.Sooneofthemcriticizedhimforhis tyranny:ByAllah,itismorelovabletometodothat.ThenthiscriminalpersonheadedforSana andtherehekilledonehundredoldmenfromamongthepeopleofPersia(Iran).Thatisbecause awomancalledthedaughterofBazrajjfromamongthemhadhiddenUbaydAllahschildrenin herhouse. Yes,byAllah,Muawiyasauthoritywasbad,foritwasbasedonoppressionandtyranny;itwas establishedonsheddingblood,causingterrorandfeartothesoulsoftheinnocent.Thenarrators havementionedthatthissinfulpersonkilledthirtythousandMuslimsinadditiontothosewhom heburntwithfire.[1] C.AbuHurayra SheikhalMudhira,AbuHurayraalDousi,wasmeanandlow.Helovedacatduringhisearly childhood.Hewasfondofthecattotheextentthathewasnicknamedbyit.[2]Hespentagreat partofhislifetimepoorandneedy.Helivedonbegging.Hebecameaservantinthehouses.He hiredhimselftosatisfyhisstomach.[3]Hewassatisfiedwithmeannessandhumiliation. WhenthelightofIslamappeared,AbuHurayraembraceditasthosewhoembracedit.Hewasin hisfirstconditionofpovertyandmisery.HeincludedhimselfasoneofthepoorinalSuffa[4].He livedontheleftoversofthehousesandtheMuslimsalms.Hedescribedhispovertyandhisbad condition,saying:IwasamongthepoorpeopleofalSuffa.[5]HecommunicatedwithAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tosatisfyhisstomachandhisdefect.[6]Inthis mannerheremainedinhisbitterconditionforsomeyears.Hewashungryandnaked.Hehad neitherhomenormoney.WhenthecaliphatereachedUmar,hedidhimafavor.Hesavedhim frompovertyandabjectmisery.HeappointedhimasagovernoroverBahrainintheyear21A.H. Thenheremovedhimfromtheofficeintheyear23A.H.,fortreason.Umartookbackfromhim thepropertyhehadstolenfromtheMuslimsproperties.Hesaidtohim:Youcametoknowthat IhadappointedyouasagovernoroverBahrainwhileyouhadnosandals.ThenIhaveheardthat yousoldsomehorsesforathousandandsixhundreddinars.

[1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.120. [2]AlMaarif,vol.1,p.93.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:SurelyAbuHurayrasaid:Ihavebeen giventheKunyaofAbuHurayra(thefatherofthekitten)becauseofasmallcatwithwhichIused toplay.Ashewassofondofthecat,henarratedatraditionfromAllahsApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily:Surelyawomanenteredthefirebecauseofthecatshetiedanddidnotleave ittoeatofthethingsintheearth.ThetraditionhasbeenmentionedbyalBukhariinhisbookal Saheeh,vol.2,p.149. [3]AlIsaba,vol.4,p.207.Thishasbeenmentionedby:AbuNaeeminhisbookalHulya,andIbn SadinhisbookalTabaqat. [4]AlSifawasashadyplaceoftheMosqueoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. TheguestsofIslamspentthenightinit.ThishasbeenmentionedbyalFayruziinhisalQamoos, entryalSaf. [5]AlBukhari,Saheeh,vol.2,p.1. [6]AlIsaba,vol.4,p.204. AbuHurayrafearfullysaid:OCommanderofthefaithful,Ihadhorsesthatreproducedandgifts followedoneanother!Umarangrilysaidtohim:Ihavefixedyourlivelihoodandyourprovision. Thisisasurplus,sogiveitback!Thisdoesnotbelongtoyou!ByAllah,Iwillhurtyourback! Thenheroseandfloggedhimuntilhemadehimbleed.WhenAbuHurayrasufferedpain,he acceptedtogivebackthemoney,andthenhesaid:Iwillbringitandsacrificeitinanticipationof Allahsreward!Umaropposedhimandrefutedhisclaimaboutthisanticipation,saying:Thatis (right)ifyouhadtakenitfromsomethinglawfulandwillinglybroughtitback!Youcamefromthe remoteststoneofalBahrain!Thepeoplecollected(taxes)toyou,neithertoAllahnortothe Muslims.Umayma[1]willbringyoubackto(nojob)exceptgrazingthesheep! ThenUmartookbackthepropertiesAbuHurayrahadstolen.[2]AbuHurayrareturnedtohis earlycondition.Hekepttothecornersofinactivity.Hewasdisgracedbytreasonand embezzlement.WhenthecaliphatereachedUthman,AbuHurayrajoinedhimandbecame amonghishelpers.Hefabricatedtraditionsinrespectofhisexcellence.Hesaid:[AllahsApostle hassaid:]Surelyeveryprophethasabosomfriendfromamonghiscommunity;andmybosom friendisUthman.[3]EveryprophethasacomradeintheGarden;andmycomradeinitis Uthman.[4]ThereareothertraditionshefabricatedandascribedtoAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,inrespectofUthmanandtheUmayyads.Whenthecommunityrevolted againstUthmanandkilledhimbecauseofhisbadconductandmanagement,andwhenthe caliphatereachedImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)AbuHurayrareturnedto witheringafterthefreshness.ThenheleftMedinaforDamascus.TherehejoinedMuawiyas campandflatteredhimandtriedtopleasehimwithallmeanspossible.Henarratedtothepeople ofShamtraditionsfromAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saying:[Allahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimand

[1]AbuHurayrasmother. [2]AlAqdalFareed,vol.1,p.25. [3]AlDhahabihasmentioneditinhisMizanalItidal,inthebiographyofIshaqbinNujayh.Hehas decidedthatthetraditionisfalse. [4]AlDhahabihasmentioneditinhisMizanalItidal,inthebiographyofUthmanbinKhalid.He hasregardedthetraditionasamongthedeniedtraditions. hisfamily,hassaid:]AllahentrustedHisrevelationtothree:I,Gabriel,andMuawiya!Healso saidtothem:SurelytheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,gaveMuawiyaanarrow andsaidtohim:TakethisarrowuntilyoumeetmeintheGarden![1] InthismannerAbuHurayrafabricatedtraditionsoneafteranotheraboutMuawiya,the Umayyads,andthecompanionsexcellence.ThroughthathesoughtnearnesstoMuawiyathat hemightgetsomethingofhisworld.AsaresultMuawiyashoweredhimwithenormousmoney andraisedhisimportance.Hemadehimwearsilkandflaxgarments.[2]WhentheYearofUnity came,AbuHurayraandMuawiyawenttoIraq.Whenhesawmanypeoplecomingtoreceivehim, hesatonhisknees.Thenhehithishairlessheadseveraltimesandsaid:OPeopleofIraq,doyou claimthatItellliesagainstAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andburnmyselfin thefire?ByAllah,IhaveheardAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:Every prophethasasanctum,andmysanctumisMedina.Whoeverbringsaboutaneventinit,thenthe curseofAllah,theangels,andofallpeoplebeonhim!AndIbearwitnessthatAlibroughtabout (anevent)init. WhenMuawiyaheardofthat,herewardedandhonoredhimandappointedhimasagovernor overMedina.[3]AbuHurayradeservedthisgreatpositionbecausehefabricatedatradition againstImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Throughthathesought nearnesstoMuawiyaandtriedtoachievehisinterestsandambitions. AbuHurayraterriblyharmedIslamthroughhisfabricatedtraditions.HedistortedtheIslamicLaw, addedtoitfablesandimaginations,addedtothereligionwhatthereligionwasfreefrom,divided theunityoftheMuslims,madethempartiesandsectsdifferentinthefundamentalsand branchesofthereligion.InhisimmortalbookAbuHurayra,hisEminence,lateImam SharafuddeenhasmadearesearchonthetraditionsfabricatedbyAbuHurayra.Inhisbook SheikhalMudhira,hisEminence,thegreatAllamaSheikhMahmoodAbuRiyyahasalsocriticized AbuHurayra.HehassaidthatAbuHurayrawasonthetopofthosewhofabricatedtraditionsand distortedtheHolyIslamicLaw.TheMuslimsareinurgentneedofsuchfree [1]AlKhateebalBaghdadihasnarratedthetraditioninhisbookTarikh.InhisbookAbuHurayra, p.27,HisEminenceImamSharafalDeenhasestablishedthatthetraditionisamongthe fabricatedones.

[2]AlBukhari,Saheeh,vol.1,p.175. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.358. researchesthatuncoversuchswindlerswhosparednoefforttoschemeagainstIslamandplot againstMuslimsthroughthenarrationstheyfabricated,andwhichhavenorealityandnoshareof truthfulness. D.ZiyadBinAbeeh ZiyadbinAbeehisthemostdangerousofMuawiyasgovernorsintyrannyandoppression.The narratorshavementionedthathewasthefirsttostrengthentheauthorityandmakefirmthe dominionofMuawiya.Hedrewhissword,punished(thepeople)becauseofsuspicionand doubt.[1]HewasthefirstpersonbeforewhomthebodyguardswalkedcarryingIronstaffs.He wasthefirstpersoninfrontofwhomthepeoplesatonchairs.Hewasthefirsttoemploy policemenandbodyguards.[2]Muawiyaincreasedtheareaofhisauthority.Heappointedhimas agovernoroverBasra,Kufa,Sajistan,Persia,Sind,andIndia.[3] TheseIslamiccountriesunderhisinfluencewereafflictedwithordeals,tribulation,and unhappiness.Chaosdominatedthem,allfreedomswereremovedfromthem,theopinionsof theirpeoplebecamedisorderedowingtotheterrorandfearofthetyrannicalauthoritiesthat werevoidofmercyandcompassion.Theauthoritiespunishedthepeopleonaccountofsuspicion andaccusation,cutofflegsandhands,andknockedouteyes,totheextentthatdeathspread everywhere.ZiyadsnamewasareasonformovingterrorintheIraqissoulsbecausehehad spreadoppressionandtyranny,totheextentthattherewasnowaytopicturetheseverityand violence.Ziyadhimselfhasexpressedhisblindpolicyinhisalbattra[4]speech.Inhisspeechhe hasmentioned:AndsurelyIswearbyAllahthatIwillpunishafriendbecauseofafriend,the residingbecauseofthedeparting,thecomingbecauseoftheturningback,andthesoundfrom amongyoubecauseofthesick.Sothemanfromamongyoumeetshisbrotherandsaystohim: OSad,escape!ForSaeedhasbeenperished! Headded,saying:Wehavedecidedthatthereisapunishmentforeachcrime.Sowhoever drownspeople,wewilldrownhim!Whoeverburnspeople,wewillburnhim!Whoeverboresa house(torobit),wewillborehisheart!Whoeverdigsagrave,wewillburyhimalive! [1]AlKamil,vol.10,p.183. [2]SubhalAsha,vol.1,p.416. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.416. [4]IthasbeencalledalbattrabecausehehasnotpraisedAllahinit. Thenhesaid:ByAllah,Iwillkillmanyofyou!Thereforeeachoneofyoushouldbewareofthat

heisamongthoseIwillkill![1]Themeaningofthisspeechisthat,inZiyadsviewpoint,the punishmentsprescribedbyAllahandHisApostlewerenotenoughtomakethepeopleofBasra andKufafollowthestraightpath.ThatisbecauseIslamdoesnotdrownhimwhodrowns (people),doesnotburnhimwhoburns(people),anddoesnotborethethiefsheartevenifhe boreshouses(torobthem).Islamdoesnotburypeoplealiveingraveseveniftheydigthegraves ofthedead.Islamdoesnotadministerthepunishmentbecauseofsuspicion;ratheritturnsit away.Thisisthereligiouslegislation.AsforZiyadsseriousoffences,theyarenotfew.Surelythe MuslimsdidnotknowthisabominablepolicydeclaredbyZiyadandwerenotfamiliarwithit.This policyindicatesthatitsownerwastyrannicalandwantedtorulethepeoplethroughaggression, tofilltheirheartswithterrorandfear,andtousurptheobedienceandyieldingtohimbyforce. Throughhiscrookedpolicy,Ziyaddecidedtopunishthesoundbecauseofthecrimeofthesick andthecomingbecauseoftheturningback.Thisdecisionisarbitrary,voidofjusticeandmercy. Whenhehadfinishedhisseverespeech,AbuBilalMirdasbinAdiyaroseforhim,whispered,and saidtohim:Allahhasinformeduswithsomethingotherthanwhatyouhavesaid.Allah,the GreatandAlmighty,hassaid:AndIbrahimwhofulfilled(thecommandments).Thatnobearerof burdenshallbeartheburdenofanother.Andthatmanshallhavenothingbutwhathestrivesfor. [2]ThereforeAllahpromisedus(something)betterthanwhatyouhavepromisedus,OZiyad. Ziyadopposedhimwithwordsdrippingangerandvengeance,saying:Surelywefindnowayto whatyouandyourleaderwantunlessyoushouldwadeintobloodforit![3] Ziyadfollowedthisterrorist,tyrannicalplanthathadthesignsofdeathandexecutingofallthe freeandthinkers,totheextentthathesettherecordoftheoppressiveauthority.Hewasso criminalthathekilledsomepeoplethoughheknewthattheywereinnocent.Theydidnot interfereandtooknopartinanyofthepoliticalaffairs.Once,hispolicemenarrestedaBedouin. TheBedouinwasbroughttohim,andheaskedhim: Haveyouheardthecall? [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.226. [2]Quran,53,37,38,39. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.135. NobyAllah,Ibroughtacow.Itgotdark,soIwasforcedtogotoaplacetospendthenightthere tillmorning.IhadnoknowledgeofwhattheEmirhaddecided. ByAllah,Ithinkyouareright!Howevermurderingyousetsthecommunityright!Thenhe orderedhimtobebeheaded.[1]TheBedouinwaskilledthoughhecommittednocrime.Inthis mannerZiyadwenttoofarinsheddingtheMuslimsblood.Hedidnotrespectit,nordidhe refrainfromsheddingit.Thissinfulmanwenttoofarinsheddingthebloodofthefollowersofthe

Prophetsprogeny(a.s).HedeclaredaviolentwaragainsttheShiaonthefirstdayofhisauthority overKufa.Hedidnotpermitthemtomeeteachotherintheirhouses.Iftheywantedtodothat, theyhadtocometogetherinthemosques,thattheywouldbeunderhissupervision.[2]He broughtthemtogetherandforcedthemtodisownImamAli.[3]Hekilledseventymenfromthem, fortheyrefusedtocurseImamAli.[4]Hewenttoofarinexhaustingandkillingthemeverywhere. Hecutofftheirhandsandtheirlegs,crucifiedthemonthetrunksofthedatepalms,knockedout theireyes,andrenderedthemhomeless.[5]Thereforethatpurebloodwhichwasshed,the womenwhowerewidowed,andthechildrenwhowereorphanedweresacrificedinanticipation ofAllahsreward! ThesearesomeofMuawiyasgovernorsandheadsmenwhomheempoweredovertheMuslim community,andtheykilledMuslimschildren,employedtheirwomenfolkasservants,plundered theirwealth,andspreadcorruptionamongthem. TheInclusiveOppression ThegovernorsofMuawiyaintentionallyspreadtyrannyandoppressionalloverthecountries.So theirofficeswereasourceofupsetanddisorder,andoneofthedoorstotribulationagainstthe people.Whensomeonewenttothem,heorshewasburntbytheirfire.Describingthem,Abdal Maliksaid:Themostcomfortableofthepeopleinlifeishewhohasthatwhichsufficeshim,a wifewhopleaseshim,anddoesnotknowourwickeddoorsthathurtshim![6] [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.135. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6p.132. [3]AlBayqahi,alMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,p.39. [4]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.1,p.210. [5]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. [6]AlKamil,vol.10,p.183. Thegovernorswenttoofarinwrongingandpersecutingthepeople.Theyunjustlyplunderedtheir properties.Theywerestrictintheaffairoflandtax,andforcedthepeopletopayitwithallcruel means.FanFlotinhassaid:InsteadofthattheCaliphs(theUmayyadkings)shouldtakethe procedurestopunishthegovernorsandpreventthemfrompracticingoppression,wefindthat theysharedwiththemintheinterestsofthepropertiestheyhadcollectedthroughthosecruel ways.Thismeansthatthecaliphsweresatisfiedwiththegovernorsbadbehaviorstowardthe peopleofthecountry.Besides,itisaproofshowingthatsomeofthem,inthefirstplace,took careoftheinterestsofthecentraltreasury.[1] SurelyMuawiyaandtherestoftheUmayyadkingsdidnotpunishanyoftheirgovernors,nordid theypreventthemfrompracticingoppressionandaggressionagainstthepeople.Aqababin

HubayraalAsadicriticizedMuawiyaforthegreedinessofhisgovernorsandtheirextortingthe subjectsproperties.Hesaidtohim: OMuawiya,surelywearehumanbeings;begentletous,forweareneithermountainsnoriron. Youhaveswalloweddownourlandandmadeitbarren.Soisthereanythingstandingorasa crop? Supposethatweareacommunityofnoavail,(but)YazidandYazidsfatherareitscommanders. Doyoucraveafterthecaliphatewhenweperishwhileneitheryounorwehaveimmortality? Leavetheslavesofthecaliphate,berighteous,and(leave)appointingthelowandtheslavesas commanders! Giveusequality,forthesoldiersfollowedbysoldiersdonotsupportyou! AlNimyari,apoetandshepherd,explainedtoAbdulMelikbinMarwanthathisgovernors wrongedandpersecutedhispeople,totheextentthattheybecamepoorandtheyescapedtothe desert,andthattheyhadnothingexceptweakcamels.Theshepherdsaidtohim: OvicegerentoftheMostMercifulOne,surelywearetruepeoplewhoprostrateintheearly morningandthelateafternoon.Surelythegovernorsdisobeyedyouonthedaywhenyou commandedthem,andbrought,ifyouknew,lowmisfortunes.Theytookthenoblemaster standingandshackled,andcutoffthemiddleofhischestwiththewhip. [1]AlSiyadaalArabiya,p.28. Whentheyleftnothingofhisfleshonhisbonesandnothingreasonableinhisheart,theybrought theirtitledeedtoaplumponewhomthewhipsmadecowardlyandfearful. Theytookhiscamels,andhebecamesittingandcannotleavethehouse.HecallstheCommander ofthefaithfulandinfrontofhimisawidedesertthroughwhichthewindsdrawtails.Heislike thehoopoeswhosewingstheshootershavebrokenandthatcoointhemiddleoftheroad.O VicegerentoftheMostMercifulOne,surelythelivestockofmyclanhavebecomedefeated groups.They(myclan)havetakencareofIslam;theyhavenotleftpayingZakat,norhavethey lostsaying:ThereisnogodbutAllah.TheycoveredalYamama;theyweredrivenawayasifthat theywerepeoplewhohitoppressorswithsomething.Fortwospringmonthstheirmilkeweshave tastednothingbutbitter,salty,bad,andwitheredtrees.Yehyahavecometothemandmadefirm acontracttheMuslimsregardasheavy.Lettershavemadetheirrichpooraftertherichesand madetheirpooremaciated.Ihaveleftmypeople.Shalltheyentrusttheiraffairstoyouorshall theywaitforashorttime?[1] Thispoetryisfullofsorrowandpain.Initthepoethaspicturedthetyrannyandoppressionthe governorspoureduponthepeople.ThetyrannycontinuedevenatthetimeofUmarbinAbdal

Aziz,whowasthemostjustoftheUmayyadkings,astheysay.Thatisbecausehisgovernors sparednoefforttoplunderthepropertiesofthepeopleandtoloottheirwealth.Inthis connectionKabalAshari,apoet,addressedhim,saying: Ifyouprotectwhatfollowsyou,thenthegovernorsofyourlandarewolvesinthecountry.They donotrespondtothatwhichyousummontounlessyoucutoffheadswiththesword.Through thehandsofbraveonesendowedwithinsight;intheirstrikingtherearerestraintsand punishment.[2] [1]TabaqatFuhoolalShuara,pp.439441.JamharatAsharalArab,p.341. [2]AlJahiz,alBayanwaalTabiyin,vol.3,p.358. WhileUmarbinAbdalAzizwasdeliveringasermononthepulpit,amaninterruptedhim, saying:Surelythosewhomyouhavesentinthecountrieshaveleftyourletterandregardedas lawfultheunlawful.Thosewhoseclothesaredirty(aresitting)onthepulpitsofourland;allof themtyrannize(thepeople)andallof(thepeople)complain(ofthem).Youwantajustonefrom amongthemtoundertakethetrust.HowfaristhetrustworthyMuslim![1]TheMuslimswere severelyafflictedwiththosegovernorsandwereexhaustedbytheUmayyadgovernmentthat intendedtodeadenthetruth,battleagainstjustice,andspreadpovertyandmiseryalloverthe countries. Anywaythesepractices,whichwehavementionedaboutMuawiyaandtheUmayyads,madethe vengeanceofthepeopleuponthemstrongthroughoutthehistoricalstages.TheUmayyadshave showedtheirpreIslamicreality,whichhasnorelationwiththereligiouslaws.Thisisthe wonderfulvictoryImamalHasan(a.s)wonduringhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.The peacemakinghasbroughtaboutdefeattotheUmayyads,slanderingandcriticizingtoMuawiya whendeadandalive.IthasalsoshowedthattheUmayyadgovernmentwasanexampleofthe tyrannicalauthorityholdingthesloganofoppression,dictatorship,andmakinglightofthe peoplesrights.WearesatisfiedwiththisbriefaccountofMuawiyasseriousoffencesthathave blackenedthefaceofhistory.ImamalHasan(a.s)hasshownthemthroughhismakingpeacewith Muawiya.
ThePolicyofAhlalBayt Wearetryingtoexplainthereasonsforthepeacemaking.Sowehavetodealwithsomesidesof

thepolicyofAhlalBayt(theProphetsHousehold),peacebeonthem,toknowtheextentofthe originalityoftheirconstructivepolicyandtounderstandthehighobjectivetheywantedto achievethroughtheirgovernment.Thatisbecauseexplainingthesesides,aswethink,givesus lightsaboutImamalHasanspeacemakingwiththetyrannicaloneofhistime(Muawiya)and showsusthereasonsthatmadetherebelliousforcesunitetofightagainsthimastheyhaddone tohisfatherbefore.Wewillmentionthattoreaders. [1]AlJahiz,alBayanwaalTabiyin,vol.3,p.359. TheConstructivePolicy Surelythepolicythatprevailsalloverthecountry,intheviewpointofAhlalBayt,shouldbe constructive.Itshouldguaranteetheinterestsofsociety,findsomesoundmeansnecessaryforits progress,andreachitsobjectivesandhopes.Itshouldprotectpeoplefromoppressionand aggression,establishjustequalityintheirareas,andfindequalopportunitiestotheirchildrento protectthemfrommiseryanddeprivation. SurelythepolicyofAhlalBaytwasbasedonpurejusticeandtruth.ItrepresentedtheIslamic viewpointandobjectivesintheworldofpolicyandgovernment.Thatisbecauseitisthemost developedpolicythepeoplehaveeverknownandthemostmeritorious(ofallpolicies)in achievingpoliticalandsocialjusticeamongpeople.Thatisbecausetheirpolicyseekstranquility freefromupset,securityfreefromfear,andjusticevoidofoppression.It,inallitsaspects,differs fromtheUmayyadtyrannicalpolicy,whichraisedthesloganofoppressionandtyranny,usedas meanstricksanddeceptiontobargainfortheinterestsofthepeoples,tostripthemoftheir abilitiesandtoovercomethem. SurelytheoriginalpolicyofAhlalBaytisthatwhichdoesnotdependoncunning,equivocation, deception,propaganda,misguidance,andthelikefromamongthewaysthathavenosideof reality.Besidesitshouldbefrankandclearinallitsobjectivesandprinciplefeaturesthatitmay establishjusticeinthecountries.Becauseoftheirfirmandstrictpolicyinrespectofthetruthand justice,theopportunistsandthedeviousrevoltedagainstthemanddemandedthemtofollowa waythatdidnotopposetheirinterestsandambitions.Iftheyhadrespondedtothem,the caliphatewouldnothavereachedotherthanthem.Howeverthey,peacebeonthem,preferred Allahspleasure,followedtheclearway,andwerefarfromthecrookedplansthereligiondidnot accept. TheirViewpointoftheCaliphate SurelythecaliphatewiththemwastheshadowofAllahintheearth,soitwasobligatorythat,in itsshadow,exclusivejusticeshouldbeestablished,welfareshouldspread,andsecurityshould spreadoverallthecitizens.Whenauthoritywasvoidofthesegoals,thentheyhadneither

ambitionsnoraimsinit.WhileImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)wasmendinghis sandalsatDhiQar,heaskedIbnAbbasaboutthem:OsonofAbbas,howmuchdoyouvalue them(theshoes)? Theyhavenovalue. ByAllah,theyaremorebelovedtomethantheseaffairsofyoursbutforthefactthatImust establishwhatistrueandwardoffwhatisfalse. Hisshoes,whichweremadeofcoir,weremorelovabletohimthantheauthoritythroughwhich whatwastruewasnotestablishedandwhatwasfalsewasnotwardedoff.Forthisreasonhe refrainedfromtheoppressiveauthoritythatlostjustice,gavelifetotyranny,anddeadenedthe truth.Insomeofhiswords,ImamAli(a.s)hasdisclosedthesecretforhisturningawayfrom pledgingallegiancetoAbuBakr.Inthisconnectionhehassaid:OAllah,surelyYouknowthatthat whichissuedfromuswasnotforacompetitionforauthority,norwasitforseekinganythingof theremainderofthevanities,butthatwemayreturntheprinciplefeaturesofYourreligionand showrighteousnessinYourearth,sotheoppressedfromamongYourservantsissafe,andthe suspendedonefromamongthepunishmentsprescribedbyYouisputintoeffect.[1] ForthesefirmreasonstheImamdeclaredhisdispleasurewithAbuBakrandrefrainedfrom payinghomagetohim.Heputbeforehimashowerofproofsforhisbeingworthierofthe caliphatethanhim(AbuBakr).Howeverhedidnotfightagainsthim.Hecametoknowthatitwas incumbentonthecommunitytoyieldtohimasAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily hadcommanded.InrespectofthatAllahsApostlehadordered,sayingtohim:OAli,youareof thesamerankwiththeKaaba;peoplecometoyou,butyoudonotgotothem.Soifthesepeople cametoyouandhandedit(thecaliphate)overtoyou,thenacceptitfromthem.Andiftheydid notcometoyou;thereforedonotgotothemuntiltheycometoyou.[2] SurelyitwasincumbentontheMuslimstoyieldtothefamilyoftheirProphetandtoresortto them,thattheymightjudgeamongthemwithwhatAllahhadrevealedandtoreturnthemtothe cleartruthandtothestraightpath.Howevertheworlddeceivedthepeople,andtheauthority cheatedthem.Sotheyfollowedtheirambitionsandtheirmeandesires,andtheyturnedawaythe authorityfromitsmenandplaceditinaplaceotherthanitsplace,andthatledtohardordeals andblackmisfortuneswithwhichtheMuslimswereafflictedthroughouttheirages. TheIdeals AsforthehighobjectivesandidealsthatAhlalBaytraisedandadoptedinallthefields,theyare asfollows: [1]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.18.

[2]AsadalGhaba,vol.4,p.31. Justice TheIslamicpolicyinallitsconceptshasadoptedjustice,absolutelybelievedinitandfocusedon itslightsinrespectofallitsaims.Ithasdemandedtherulersandthegovernorstoestablishiton thearenaoflife,andthatthedecisionthatissuesfromthemshouldnotresultfromameandesire andtherestofpurposesthathasnothingtodowithjustice.Allah,theMostHigh,hassaid:And thatwhenyoujudgebetweenpeopleyoujudgewithjustice[1]andODawud,surelywehave madeyouarulerintheland;sojudgebetweenmenwithjusticeanddonotfollowdesire,lestit shouldleadyouastrayfromthepathofAllah.[2] TheMuslimshaveunanimouslyagreedthatifthejudgedeviatedinrespectofhisjudgement,itis incumbentontherulertoremovehimfromtheoffice.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful, removedoneofhisgovernorswhenSoda,daughterofImarahalHamadaniya,toldhimthatthe judgewasnotjustinhisdecision.TheImamweptandsaid:OAllah,Youbearwitnessastome andastothemthatIhavenotcommandedthemtowrongYourcreaturesortoleaveYourright! Thenheimmediatelyremovedhim.[3]ImamalSadiqhassaid:FearAllahandbejust,foryou criticizethepeoplefortheirbeingunjust.[4]Surelythehappinessandprogressofacommunity dependonthejusticeoftheirrulers.Whentherulersturnawayfromjusticeandbecomeunjust intheirdecisions,thecountryisliabletocrises,chaosandtrendsspreadoverit.Islamtakesgreat careofthatthegovernmentshouldbeinthehandsoftherighteousandthetrustworthy.Thatis becausegovernmentseducespeople,andnoneescapesitexceptthosewithpure,noblesouls, andsuchpeoplearefew.Wehavetalkedindetailsabouttheaspectsofjusticeinourbookal NizamalSiyasifialIslam(thePoliticalSysteminIslam).Sowethinkthatthereisnoneedtodeal withtheseresearches.WeonlywanttosaythatthepolicyofAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem,was basedoninclusivejusticeandallitsgoalswerebuiltonit. [1]Quran,4,58. [2]Ibid.,38,26. [3]AlIqdalFareed,vol.1,p.211. [4]UsoolalKafi,vol.2,p.147. Equality Islamhasbestowedtheblessingofequalityonmankindinapeerlessmannerinthehistoryofthe worldsociety.Ithasdeclaredthejustequalityamongindividualsandcommunitiesandamong races.Therefore,thewhitehavenoexcellenceovertheblack,andtheArabshavenoexcellence overthenonArabs.Sopeopleareequalandliketheteethofacomb.Someofthemhaveno

excellenceoversomeothersexceptthroughfearofAllahandgooddeeds.ProfessorJeepsays: SurelyIslamisstilltheonlyreligionthat,throughitspower,wonderfullysucceedsinuniting humandifferentelementsandracesinonefrontwhosefoundationisequality.Andifthedisputes betweentheeastandthewestthoroughlystudied,thenthereisnoescapefromresortingto Islam.[1] ImamAli,thecommanderofthefaithful,inclusivelyputintoeffectthejustequalityduringhis reign.Hecommandedhisgovernorstotreatthepeopleequallyevenifinglanceandlook.Inone ofhisletters,hehasmentioned:Andloweryourwingingentlenesstothesubjects.Havea cheerfulfacetothem,andmakethemequalinglanceandlook,gestureandgreeting,thatthe greatmaynotcraveafteryourinjustice,andtheweakmaynotdespairofyourjustice.[2] Thisjustpolicymovedspitesandhatredagainsthim,madetherebelliousforcesuniteandfight againsthim.ThishasbeenmentionedbyalMadaini,whohassaid:Themostimportantreason forthattheArabsdesertedAlibinAbiTalib(a.s)washisfollowingtheprincipleofequalityamong thepeople.Hedidnotpreferthenobletothehumble,nordidhepreferanArabtononArab,nor didheflatterthechiefsofthetribes.[3] MostsurelytheQurayshityrantsandtheirfollowersfromamongthetyrannicalArabsdidnot understandtheoriginalobjectivesIslambroughtsuchasgeneralizingequality,spreadingjustice, andputtinganendtoinjustice.Surelytheywanteddistinctions,possessingalonetheMuslims properties,andshowingarrogancetowardthepoorandtheweak.Thatwascontrarytothe behaviorofImamAli(a.s),thepioneerofsocialjusticeonearth.AsforImamalHasan,he followedhisfatherswayandbehavior.Hedidnotturnawayfromhismethod,andthiswasthe reasonofthatthepeopleharboredmaliceandhatredagainsthim. [1]AlNizamalSiyasifialIslam,p.319. [2]MuhammedAbda,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.85. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.180. Freedom Islamhasadoptedgeneralfreedomforallcitizensandmadeitincumbentonthestatetoprotect itandtoputitintoeffectonthearenaoflife.Ithasadoptedthefreedomofthought,thinking, opinion,andtherestofthepoliticalfields.Ithasregardedfreedomasamongmansnaturaland necessaryrights.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,putintopracticefreedominallits aspectsduringthetimeofhiscaliphate.Hedidnotforcethepeopletopayhomagetohimorto obeyhim.Ratherheleftthemwiththeiraffairtoenjoytheirfreedom.Hedidnotsubjectthemto anyharmanddetestedthing.Similarly,hetreatedtheKharijites.Thatwaswhenhedidnotfight againstthemuntilhewarnedthemanddiscussedwiththemtorefutetheirvagueerrors.When

theyinsistedontheirthought,hereleasedthem.However,whentheymademischiefintheland anddisturbedthepeace,hebattledagainstthem.ItwasaccordingtothesewordsofAllah,the Exalted:Andiftwopartiesofthebelieversquarrel,makepeacebetweenthem;butifoneof themactswrongfullytowardtheother,fightthatwhichactswrongfullyuntilitreturnstoAllahs command.Whenhehadfinishedthebattleagainstthem,thereweremanyIraqipeople embracingtheirbeliefs,buthedidnotsubjectthemtoanydetestedthingnordidhedeprive themofbooty(fayya)nordidhepreventanyofthemtogoout(tobattle)ifhewantedthat.He grantedthemacompletefreedom.Sotheauthoritiesdidnotwatchthemnordidtheyfollow themorpunishanyofthem.HealsogaveafreedomtotheUmayyadparty.Hedidnotinterfere withthemthroughanykindofharmoradetestedthing,thoughheknewwellthattheywerehis opponentandenemy. ThiswidefreedomImamAligavetotheopposingpartieswasthewidestfreedomhistoryhasever known.Hisconstructivepolicyrequiredthatthepeopleshouldnotbeforcedtoshowobedience tohimandtodowhattheyhaddisliked. FranknessandTruthfulness SurelythewisepolicythatAhlalBaythadadoptedwastruthfulandreal.Itdidnotdependon equivocationandhypocrisy.Itdidnotseducethepeoplethroughfalsepromisesnordiditmake themhopeforhoneywishes.Itswasbasedonfranknessandtruthfulness.ThepolicyofAhlal Baytwasfulloffranknessinallfields.Deceptionandhypocrisywerenotofitslogic.Imamal Husayn(a.s)wasthegrandsonoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthe representativeofIslam.HefranklytoldthepeoplewhoaccompaniedhimfromMeccatoKufa aboutthemurderofthegreatmartyrMuslimbinAqeel(a.s)hismessengerandrepresentativeto theIraqis.HetoldthemthatMuslimhadbeenkilled,andthepeopleofKufahaddesertedhim andbrokentheirpromisesandcovenants.Healsotoldthemthathewouldheadforthefieldof death.Asaresult,theambitiousandmenofdesiresseparatedfromhim.Duringthatterrible hour,he(a.s)toldthemaboutthefact,hisplanandhisobjectives.Hedidso,thattheymight cometoknowtheiraffairsandtoactaccordingtothecommandsofIslam,whichrequired franknessandtruthfulness,anddidnotregardaspermissibleallmeansofbetrayalanddeception. SurelyifallkindsofequivocationwerepermissibleinIslam,Muawiya,theopponentofIslam, wouldnotovercomeImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.TheImamwas abletobargainwithMuawiyaafterthemurderofUthman.Hewasabletolethimremainasa governoroverDamascus,andthenhewouldremovehimfromtheofficeandgetridofhisevil andmutiny.However,Islamdidnotallowhimtodothatcheapbargain.Soherefusedtolethim remaininthebodyofgovernmentevenforashorttime.Yetthereisanotheraffairthatismore importantineffectandfurtherintheextentoftheworldoffranknessthanthat.Theaffairisthat ImamAlirefusedtorespondtoAbdurrahmanbinAwf,amemberoftheConsultativeCommittee

nominatedbytheSecondCaliph(Umar)toelectthenewcaliphafterhim.Abdurrahmanstrongly insistedonImamAlitoelecthimandtopayhomagetohimfortheIslamicgreatofficeof caliphateprovidedthatheshouldfollowtheconductlineofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrand Umar)andtheirpolicy.However,theImam(a.s)refusedtorespondtothiscondition.Herefused allthingsexceptfollowingAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphetinhispolicy,administrative works,andthelike.Hewasabletoacceptthisstipulationinthefirstplace,andthenhewouldbe abletoturnawayfromitandtofollowhispolicyaccordingtotheobjectivesIslamhaddecided andtoarrestallthosewhoopposedhimandhisgovernment,butherefusedallthingsexcept franknessandtruthfulnessinwordandact. SurelyIslamcommandsitsfollowerstoclingtotruthfulnessanditdoesnotmakeitpermissible forthemtousecrookedwaysthathavenothingtodowithrealityinmakingfirmthegovernment andstrengtheningauthority.TheApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:Stickto truthfulness,fortruthfulnessleadstokindness,andkindnessleadstotheGarden.Manstilltells thetruthandsearchesfortruthfulnessuntilheiswrittenverytruthfulwithAllah.Bewareoflying, forsurelyingleadstolicentiousness,andlicentiousnessleadstothefire.Manstilltellsliesand lookforlyinguntilheiswrittenaliarwithAllah.[1] [1]IthasbeennarratedbyMuslim. SurelyAhlalBaytbuilttheirpolicyontruthfulnessandfrankness.Theyavoidedcunningand deception. ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)hassaid:Wereitnotforthatcunningand deceptionleadtothefire,Iwouldbethemostcunningofthepeople. He(a.s)alwayssigheddeeplybecauseoftheexhaustingpainhemetfromhisopponentsandsaid: Alas!Theydeceiveme,andtheyknowthatIamknowledgeableoftheirdeceptionandmost knowledgeableoftheminthekindsofcunning.HoweverIhavecometoknowthatcunningand deceptionleadtothefire.Therefore,Iampatienttowardtheircunning,andIdonotcommitthe likeofwhichtheycommit.[1]Concerningcunninghehasalsosaid:Everyperfidioushasa standardthroughwhichhewillbeknownontheDayofResurrection.[2] Betrayalissuesfromthesoulthatdoesnotbelieveinhumanidealsandreligiousvalues.ImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,hasdescribedtheperfidious,saying:He,whoknowshowthe returnis,doesnotbetray.Wehavebecomeinatimewhosemostmenhaveadoptedbetrayalas courtesy.Inrespectofit,themenofignorancehaveascribedthemtogoodstratagem.Whatis thematterwiththem?MayAllahfightthem!Theonewithaskillfulheartmayseekawayto stratagem.ButbeforeitthereisadeterrentfromAllahscommandandprohibition,soheleavesit withhisowneyesafterthepoweroverit,andhewhodoesnotsticktothereligionseizesthe

opportunityofit. Theslavesofpleasuresandofficesduringhisreignsaid:He(ImamAli)hasnoknowledgeof politicalaffairs.Muawiyaisexperiencedinthemandworthyofmanagingthegovernment. TheImam(a.s)said:ByAllah,MuawiyaisnotcraftierthanIam,buthebetraysandactssinfully. Wereitnotforthatbetrayalisabominable,Iwouldbethecraftiestofallthepeople.[3] ThepolicyofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andtherestoftheImamsofAhlalBayt,in allitsaffairs,hasexpressedallthegoodpoliticalvaluesIslamdeclared.Itdoesnotaccept desertion,cunning,anddeception,nordoesitbelieveinanyofthemeansofsocialhypocrisyeven iftimely [1]JamialSadat,vol.1,p.202. [2]NahjalBalagha. [3]NahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.206. politicalsuccessdependsonit.ThatisbecausetheIslamiccaliphateisthemostimportantofall thesensitiveofficesinIslam.Therefore,thereisnoescapefromthatitshouldbebasedonfirm moralsanddeepfaithintherightsofsocietyandcommunity. AsforImamalHasan(a.s)hefollowedhisfathersplansanddecisionsintheworldofpolicyand government.Hedidnotdependonanymeansthereligiondidnotaccept.Herefrainedfromall theirregularwaysthatdonotmeetwiththereality.Ifhehadfollowedsomeoftheways Muawiyahadfollowed,he(Muawiya)wouldnothaveovercomehim.He(a.s)saidtoSulayman binSurad:IfIwasresoluteinrespectoftheaffairoftheworld,actedandtoiledfortheworld, MuawiyawouldnotbebraverormorepowerfulthanIwould.Howevermyopinionisdifferent fromyours. Thisindicatesthatifhehadworkedfortheworld,thenhewouldhavebeenmorepowerfuloverit thanhisopponent,becauseovercomingeventsandobtaininggovernmentdependonusingthe meansthatdidnotagreewiththereligion,whilehe(a.s)wasthegreatestofMuslimsin protectingIslamandtakingcareofit.Hewasthestrongestofthepeopleinpietyandstickingto theaffairsofthereligion. TheGovernors AhlalBayt,peacebeonthem,maintainedthattheofficialsofthebodyofgovernmentshouldbe thebestofmeninmerit,honesty,qualification,andabilitytoruntheaffairsofthecountry.They hadtoputbeforetheireyesthegeneralinterestandtobehaveamongthepeoplewiththe

behaviorbasedonpurejusticeandtruth.Theyhadtobehonestinwhattheycollectedfromthe peopleandwhattheyspentonthepublicutilities,andtheyhadtobe,beforeeverything,farfrom bribeandfromthatwhichwasinthehandofthepeople,forbribeleadstothecollapseofmorals, spreadingoffalsehoodandcorruptionintheearth.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s) sentalettertothecommandersofhistroopsinwhichhesaid:Thosewhowerebeforeyou perishedbecausetheypreventedthepeoplefrom(getting)theirright,andtheyboughtit(for bribe),andbecausetheytreatedthemwithfalsehood...[1] Surelyamongthemostimportantreasonsthatleadtothedestructionandremovalofa governmentisthatwhenthecitizensareveiledfromtheirrights,andsotheyareforcedtotake themforbribe.Ofcoursesuchadeedleadsthesocietyintodisorder,andmakesoppressionand tyrannyspread. [1]NahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.151. IndeedAhlalBaytthoughtofsomethinggreateranddeeperthanthat.Theymadeitincumbent ontheirgovernorstobefarfromthepeoplethroughallkindsoflinkevenifitbroughtabout affectionandsentimentforfearthatitmighthaveaneffectonthecourseofjustice.Forthis reasonImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)wrotealettertoSahlbinHunayf,his governoroverBasra,whenhewasinvitedtoabanquet,andheattendedit.Thisisthetextof whathewrotetohim:OIbnHunayf,IhavecometoknowthatayoungmanfromBasrainvited youtoafeast,andyouleapttowardsit.Foodsofdifferentcolorswereservedforyouandbig bowlswereputbeforeyou.Ineverthoughtthatyouwouldacceptthefeastofapeoplewhoturn awaythebeggarsandinvitetherich.Lookatthemorselsyoutake,leaveoutthataboutwhich youareindoubtandtakethataboutwhichyouaresurethatithasbeensecuredlawfully.[1] AlAshathbinQayswantedtoseeknearnesstoImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andto communicatewithhim.Hemadehimagoodcandyandofferedthecandytohim.Lethimtellus abouthisattitudetowardthisaffair.Hesays:Andmorewonderfulthanthatisanightvisitorwho camebynight(andbroughtus)awrappedup(candy)whosepieceofmeatwaskneadedasitwas kneadedwithasnakessalivaandvomit.SoIsaid:Isthisalink,zakat,oralms?Hesaid:Neither thisnorthat,butitisagift!SoIsaid:Mayyourmotherloseyou!Haveyoucometometo deceivemethroughthereligionofAllah?Areyoumentallydisordered,crazy,ordelirious?By Allah,ifIwasgiventhesevenregionsandthatwhichwasundertheirorbitsinorderthatImight disobeyAllahthroughstrippinganantofahuskofgrainofbarely,Iwouldnotdo.Andsurelyyour worldwithmeiseasierthanaleafinalocustsmouth(and)iteatsit.Aliisfarawayfromthebliss thatperishesandthepleasurethatdoesnotlast.WeseekrefugeinAllahfromthesleepofreason andtheuglyslip!WeaskHimforhelp![2] Throughthisconstructivepolicysocialjusticeisestablished,securityandwelfarespread,andall kindsofoppressionandinjusticecometoanend.

MilitaryService ThepolicyofAhlalBaytdidnotrequireforcingthepeopleinrespectofthemilitaryservice.Ithas notbeenreportedfromthemthattheyforcedthepeopletogooutforwar;ratherthey summonedthemtoperformjihadasoneofthereligiousdutiesimposedbyAllah.Sowhoever wishedtogooutfor [1]MuhammedAbda,NahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.78. [2]Ibid.,vol.2,p.244. jihadwentouttoperformthedutyimposedonhim,andwhoever(refrainedfromgoingoutfor jihad)refrainedanddidnotyieldtothatwhichAllahmadeobligatoryonhimwithbeingliableto punishment,displeasure,andterrorism.ThiswastheplanofImamalHasan(a.s)whenhewanted tobattleagainstMuawiya.Hedidnotforceanyonetodothat;ratherhesummonedthemto jihad.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,haddonethatbeforeattheBattlesofalJamal (theCamel),Siffin,andalNahrawan.Hewantedthepeopletogotojihadoutoftheirthoughtand faithinthatwhichAllahhadmadeobligatoryonthem.AsfortheUmayyads,theywereonthe contrarytothat.Theyimposedseverepunishmentsonthosewhorefrainedfromwar.Historyhas toldusaboutthebehaviorofUbaydillahbinZiyadwhenhewentouttobattleagainstImamal Husayn,themasteroftheyouthsoftheGarden,peacebeonhim.HekilledShamibecausehewas notamongthosewhodidnotcommandthepeopletogoouttothebattle.HealsokilledalHajjaj binAmrbinDaabialBarjamibecausehedidnotrespondtojoiningtheArmyofalMuhallabbin AbiSuffra.Aboutthatapoetsays: Choose,eitheryouvisitUmayrbinDaabioryouvisitalMuhallab. Thisterroristplanforcedthepeopletorespondtothemunwillingly.IfImamalHasanhadforced hisArmytoobeyhim,severelypunishedtherebels,theweak,andotherpeoplebecauseof suspicionandaccusation,hisArmywouldnothavestrickenbythoseshocksanddefeats.However he,thepeaceofAllahbeonhim,followedtheclearpathinwhichtherewasneithercomplexity norcrookedness.HepreferredAllahspleasuretoallthings. FiscalPolicy AhlalBayt(a.s)followedacertainfinancialpolicy.Theymadeitincumbentontherulerstospend themoneyinthecentraltreasuryongeneralinterestssuchasestablishingfoundations,finding vitalprojectsthroughwhichlifewouldberegulatedandthroughwhichtheghostofpovertyand deprivationwouldcometoanend.Itwasnotpermissiblewiththemtospendevenonedirhamon thingsthatdidnotbringaboutprofitandinteresttothecommunity.Theytookgreatcareofthis

affair.ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,putoutthecandleinthepublictreasurywhen TalhaandalZubayrcametohimanddiscussedwithhimabouttheirpersonalaffairs.Thatis becausethecandleinthepublictreasurybelongedtotheMuslims,soitwasnotpermissibleto useitexceptfortheirinterests. ThisstrictpolicymovedagainsthimtheArabsspitesandthehatredofQuraysh.Agroupofhis companionscameandaskedhimtochangehispolicy.Theysaidtohim:OCommanderofthe faithful,givetheseproperties,preferthesenoblepeoplefromamongtheArabsandQurayshto thenonArabMuslimsandthenonArabs,andattractthepeopleofwhoseoppositionyouare afraid. Thischeapspeechhurthim,andhesaidtothem:Areyoucommandingmetoseekvictory throughtyranny?[1]SurelypreferringtheArabstothenonArabMuslimsandgivingproperties tothegreatfigureswereregardedastyrannyandaggressionintheviewpointofImamAlibinAbi Talib,thepioneerofequalityandjusticeintheearth. SurelytheMuslimspropertiesshouldbespentontheirinterestsandonsatisfyingtheirneedy anddeprivedones.TheleaderofthestatehasnorighttochooseanythingofMuslimswealthfor himselfortopreferhisrelativestoothers.DoingsoistreasontoAllahandtheMuslims.ImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,putthispolicyintopracticeonthearenaoflifewhenhebecame thecaliph.Hehadneitherhousesnorcountryestates.Hedidnotamusehimselfnordidhepay attentiontohiswornoutgarment.Hedidnoteatdeliciousfoodnordidheenjoyanyofthe pleasuresoflife.Ratherheledthelifeofthepoorandthemiserable.Harunnarratedonthe authorityofhisfatherAntara,whosaid:IcameintoAliwhenhewasatalKhuwarnaqand wearinganoldshortgarment.Itwasverycold.Isaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,surely Allahhasappointedashareofthispropertytoyouandtoyourfamily,whileyoudothisto yourself! TheImam(a.s)answered:ByAllah,Iwillnotoppressyouinanything.ItismyoldshortgarmentI broughtfromMedina.[2] TheImamhadnogarmenttoprotecthimfromcoldexceptawornoutgarmenthebroughtfrom Medina.Ofcoursehewasabletowearembellishedsilkgarments.Howeverherefusedtochoose anyoftheMuslimsproperties.Healsodidnotpreferanyoneofhisfamilyandchildrentoothers. AbuRafi[3],whowasthetreasurerofthepublictreasury,said:Ali,theCommanderofthe faithful,cameintome.Ihadgivenhisdaughterapearlfromthepropertiesin [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.182. [2]AlKamil,vol.8,p.173. [3]ItwassaidthatthenameofAbuRaafiwasIbrahim.ItwassaidthatitwasAslam.Hewasa

Coptic.ItwassaidthathewastheretainerofalAbbas,sohegrantedhimtoAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.WhenalAbbasbecameMuslim,AbuRaafigavegoodnewsto AllahsApostleabouthisbeingMuslim.Sohereleasedhim.He(AbuRaafi)diedduringthe caliphateofUthman.ItwassaidthathediedduringthecaliphateofImamAli,theCommanderof thefaithful.AlIstiab,vol.4,p.70. thepublictreasury.Whenhesawthepearl,heknewit.Heturnedpaleandshookalloverwith fear.Thenheasked:Fromwherehasshetakenit?ByAllah,Iamgoingtocutoffherhand! WhenAbuRaaficametoknowthattheImamwasseriousanddeterminedtodothat,hesaidto him:ByAllah,OCommanderofthefaithful,itisIwhohavegivenittoher!Itisaguaranteed, simpleloan.SotheImamsfearcalmeddown,andhisangerabated.Thenhesaidtohim:I marriedFatimaandIdidnothaveanybedexceptaskinofaram.Wesleptontheskinbynight andonitwegavefoodtoourcamelthatwasusedforwateringbyday.Ihavenoretainerother thanher.[1]SurelyhishighidealsdidnotpermithimtopreferhisdaughtertotheMuslims daughters.Thisistheutmostjusticenoneotherthanheestablished.Anotherexampleonhis treatingtheMuslimswithequalityandonhistakinggreatcareoftheirpropertieswaswhat AasimbinKulayb[2]narratedthathisfatherhadsaid:ApropertycametomefromIsbahan (Isfahan).He(ImamAli)dividedthepropertyintosevenparts.Thenhesummonedthe commandersoftheoneseventhandmadethemchoosebylot,thathemightseewhowouldbe thefirsttobegiven.[3] AlHakamsaid:IsawAlicomingtoalane,summoningtheorphansandsayingtothem:Drive away(theflies)andlick.TotheextentthatIwishedthatIwasanorphan.Healsosaid:IsawAli bringingpomegranates.Hedividedthemamongthepeople.Ourmosquegotten pomegranates.[4]ImamAliusedtoperformtheprayerinthepublictreasury,andthenhe orderedittobeswept.Hewouldsay:PraisebelongstoAllahWhohastakenmeoutofitasIhad comeintoit.[5] [1]AlKamil,vol.8,p.173. [2]AasimbinKulaybbinShahabalJarmialKufinarrated(traditions)ontheauthorityofagroup oftheleadingcompanions(oftheProphet).Anothergroupnarratedonhisauthority.IbnMaeen andalNisaaihavesaid:Heistrustworthy.IbnShahabhassaid:Hewasamongthe worshippersandamongthosebestofthepeopleofKufa.HewasaccusedofalMurjia,andthem hewasregardedasfarabovethat.IbnHayyanhasregardedhimasamongthetrustworthy.He said:Surelyheistrustworthyandreliable.Hediedintheyear137A.H.TahdhibalTahdhib,vol. 5,p.55. [3]AlKamil,vol.8,p.173. [4]AnsabalAshraf,vol.1,Q1,p.161. [5]Ibid.

Thehistorianssay:ImamAlicameintothepublictreasuryanddivided(thepropertiesin)it. Therewasasmallgirlwithhim.ThegirlbelongedeithertoalHasanortoalHusayn.Shetook someoftheproperties.TheImamwentafterherandtookitfromherhand.Sohiscompanions saidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,surelyshehasarightinit. He(a.s)said:Whenherfathergetssomethingofit,thenlethimgiveherwhateverhe pleases.[1] Surelythisisthejusticethatpeoplehavenotestablishedinallthestagesofhistory.Despitetheir experiences,progress,andcreationinthetechniquesofgovernment,theyneverformapolitical regimethroughwhichthegreatestjusticeisestablishedinamannersimilartothatfollowedby ImamAliandhissonsafterhim. WiththispointwewillendourspeechonsomehighidealssoughtbyAhlalBaytduringtheir reign.ImamalHasan(a.s)didnotdeviatefromtheseidealsnordidhefollowduringhispolicythe wayofthosewhoworkedfortheworld.Hedidnotfollowthewayofthosewhowanteddomain andauthoritynordidhedodgeandflatter.Hedidnotspendmoneyonthingsotherthanthe lawfulthings.Ifhehaddoneallthesethings,thentheauthoritywouldnothavecometo (Muawiya)Hindsson,whofollowedallthemeanstoreachthegovernment.Howeverhe(a.s) preferredprotectingIslam,andkeepingitsfatesandmorale.Generallyspeaking,hefollowedthe behaviorofhisgrandfatherandofhisfather,whodidnotacceptallthewaysopposingthe religion. YetthereissomethingmentionedbythosewhocriticizedImamalHasanforhismakingpeace withMuawiya.ThethingisthatImamalHasandidnotdieamartyrashisbrotherImamal Husayn(a.s)died.Wewillmentiontheanswerindetailwhenwespeakabouttheattitudeof ImamalHusayn(a.s)towardthepeacemaking. [1]AnsabalAshraf,vol.1,p.160.
ChapterXVIII:TheStipulationsofthePeacemaking Thehistorianshavegreatlydifferedovertheonewhohadstartedmakingpeace.IbnKhaldunand agroupofhistorianshavemaintainedthatitwasImamalHasan(a.s)whobeganthatwhenhe

cametoknowthathisaffairbecameweak.[1]AnothergrouphasmaintainedthatitwasMuawiya whostartedmakingpeaceafterhesenthimhiscompanionsletterscontainingperfidyand assassinatinghimwheneverhewishedandwanted.[2]AlSibtbinalJawzihasmentionedthatit wasMuawiyawhosecretlycorrespondedwithImamalHasanandsummonedhimtomake peace,buttheImamdidnotrespondtohim.Thenherespondedtohimafterthat.[3]Mostlikely itwasMuawiyawhohurriedtomakepeaceandtooktheinitiativetoit,becausehewasafraid thattheIraqismightreturntotheirreason,fortheywerefamousforthequickchangeinopinion. ThereasonforthatitwasMuawiyawhostartedseekingpeacewastheImamalHasansspeech inalMadain.Inhisspeechhehasmentioned:MostsurelyMuawiyahassummonedustoan affairinwhichthereisneitherglorynorjustice! Anywayitisnotimportanttoexaminethat,becausetherewouldhavebeennoharmonImamal Hasanifhehadhurriedtothepeacemakingowingtothehardordealsthatsurroundedandforced himtomakepeace.IfitwasMuawiyawhohadhurriedtothepeacemaking,alsotherewouldnot havebeenharmontheImambecauseofwhatwehaveexplainedaboutthereasonsofthe peacemaking.Themostimportantthingisexaminingthestipulations [1]IbnKhaldun,Tarikh,vol.2,p.186.InthebookalIsaba,ithasbeenmentioned:WhenImam alHasanwasstabbedwithasword,hesummonedAmrubinSalamaalArjahiandsenthimto Muawiyaandstipulatedagainsthim.InthebookalKamil,vol.3,p.205,ithasbeenmentioned: WhenImamalHasancametoknowthathiscompanionsscatteredfromhim,hewroteto Moawiya.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8.,hasalsomentionedthat. [2]AlShaykhalMufid,alIrshad,p.170.KashfalGhumma,p.154.MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.26. [3]TadhkiratalKhawas,p.206.InhisbookFadailalAshab,p.157,alHajjAhmedAfandihas mentioned:SurelyitispossibletogatherthenarrationsandsaythatitwasMoawiyawhofirstly correspondedwithalHasanconcerningthepeacemaking.SoalHasansecondlywrotetohimand demandedwhathe(Moawiya)hadmentioned.Somesourceshavebrieflymentionedtheaffair. InhisbookTarikh,vol.2,p.192,alYaqubihasmentioned:WhenalHasancametoknowthathe hadnopowerandthathiscompanionshadscatteredfromhim,hemadepeacewithMoawiya. Othersthanhimhavementionedthat. theImammadeagainsthisopponent.Historyisgreatlydifferentinrespectofthem.The historiansstatementsaredisorderedaboutthem.Thefollowingaresomeoftheirstatements: 1.AhistorianhasmentionedthatImamalHasansenttwomessengerstoMuawiya.The messengerswereAmrbinSalamaalHamadaniandMuhammadbinalAshathalKinditobesure ofMuawiyassituationandtoknowwhathehad.SoMuawiyagavethemtheletterthatreadsas follows:IntheNameofAllah,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful.ThisisalettertoalHasan

binAli,fromMuawiyabinAbiSufyan.SurelyIhavemadepeacewithyouforthatyoushallhave theauthorityafterme.ToyoubelongAllahspromise,Hiscovenant,Hisprotection,andthe protectionofHisApostle,Muhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheseverestof whatAllahtookagainstanyofHiscreaturesfromamongthepromisesandcovenants.Iwillseek againstyouneitheracalamitynoradetestedthing.Ishouldgiveyouamilliondirhamsfromthe publictreasuryeveryyear.YoushallhavethelandtaxofBasraandDarAbjard.Yousendtothem yourgovernorsandtodowiththemasyoulike.AbdullahbinUmar,AmrbinSalamaalKindi, AbdurrahmanbinSamra,andIbnalAshathborewitnessastothat.Itwaswritteninthemonthof RabeealAakhar,intheyear41A.H. ThedocumentindicatesthatMuawiyahasgivenalHasanthreethings: 1.Heappointedhimashishireapparent. 2.TheImamshallhaveamilliondirhamsfromthepublictreasuryeveryyear. 3.Hegavehimtwodistricts.TheImamhadtosendhisgovernorstothemandtodowiththem whateverhewished. ImamalHasankeptMuawiyasletter.SohesenttohimamanfromtheBanuAbdalMuttalib. ThemansnamewasAbdullahbinalHarthbinNawfal.HismotherwasMuawiyassister.The Imamsaidtohim:Gotoyouruncleandsaytohim:Ifyougavesecuritytothepeople,Iwould pledgeallegiancetoyou. WhenAbdullahreachedMuawiya,hetoldhimaboutImamalHasanstask,whichwasseeking thegeneralsecuritytoallthepeople.Muawiyarespondedtohim.Hestampedaparchmentat thebottom.Hegavetheparchmenttohimandsaid:LetalHasanwriteonitwhateverhe wishes.SoAbdullahreturnedcarryingthisabsoluteauthorizationtotheImam.SotheImam(a.s) wrotewhathewantedfromamongthestipulations.Wewillmentionthetextofwhathewrote whenwedealwithsomeofthenarrations,foritdoesnotdifferfromthem.Dr.TahaHusaynhas dependedonthisnarration.[1] [1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.2,p.200. 2.AlTabariandIbnalAthirhavenarratedanothercopysayingthatImamalHasancorresponded withMuawiyaregardingthepeacemakingandmadesomeconditionsagainsthim;ifMuawiya conformedtotheconditions,hewouldmakepeacewithhim;otherwise,hewouldnotconclude it.WhentheImamsletterreachedMuawiya,hekeptit.Beforethislettercametohim,hehad senttheImamablankpagestampedatthebottomandwrotetohim:Stipulatewhateveryou wish!ThisdocumentreachedtheImamafterhehadsentMuawiyathedocumentinwhichhe wrotewhathewanted.ThentheImamwroteonthatblankpageadditionalstipulationstothe oneshehadstipulated,andthenhekeptthem.Whenhehandedovertheauthoritytohimand askedhimtofulfilltheconditionshehadstipulated,he(Muawiya)didnotfulfillthemandsaidto

him:Youshallhavewhatyouhadwrittenandaskedmetogivetoyou.SosurelyIgavethemto youwhenyourlettercametome.AlHasan(a.s)saidtohim:AndIstipulatedwhenyourletter cametomeandgavemethecovenanttofulfillthatwhichwasinit.Accordingly,theydiffered overthat.MuawiyadidnotfulfillanythingtoalHasan.[1] ThenarrationhasnotmentionedtousthestipulationstheImamhadmadenorhasitmentioned whathewroteontheblankpageMuawiyahadsenttohim.HoweverinhisbookTarikh,Abual FidahasmentionedtheconditionstheImamhadmade,saying:AndalHasanwrotetoMuawiya andmadesomeconditionsagainsthimandsaid:Ifyourespondedtothem,Iwouldlistenand obey.SoMuawiyarespondedtothem.ThethingalHasandemandedwasthatMuawiyahadto givehimwhatwasinthepublictreasuryofKufa,thelandtaxescollectedfromDarAbjardof Persia,andnottocurseAli.ButMuawiyadidnotrespondtohimconcerningcursingAli.Soal HasanaskedhimnottocurseAliwhileheheard.Muawiyarespondedtohim,andthenhedidnot fulfillthattohim.[2] I(theauthor)thinkthatwhatIbnalAthirandalTabarihavementionedisfarfromcorrectness. ThatisbecauseiftheconditionsImamalHasanlastlymadewereofgreatimportance,thenwhy didheneglectthemanddidnotmentionthematthebeginningoftheaffair?Ifweoverlooked that,thenwhatwasthebenefitofwritingthemwhileMuawiyadidnotcometoknowthemand didnotacknowledgethem?Apartfromthat,Muawiyawasatthatstagereadytorespondto anythingtheImamdemandedfromhim. 3.IbnAbdalBirrhasnarrated:SurelyImam(alHasan)wrotetoMuawiyaandtoldhimthathe wouldpasstheauthoritytohimprovidedthatheshould [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.205.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.93. [2]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.192. notpursueanyofthepeopleofMedina,alHijaz,andIraqbecauseofanythingthathappened duringthedaysofhisfather.Muawiyarespondedtohimandwasabouttoflybecauseof happiness.Howeverhesaid:Iwillnotgivesecuritytotenpeople.SoalHasanwrotetohimagain regardingthem,buthe(Muawiya)wrotebacktohim,saying:SurlyIhavetakenanoaththatifI arrestedQaysbinSad,Iwouldcutouthistongueandcutoffhishand!AlHasanwrotehimback again(andsaidtohim):IwillneverpayhomagetoyouwhileyoudemandQaysandotherthan himbecauseofacertainresult,whetheritwasgreatorsmall.SoMuawiyasenthimatthattime ablankdocumentandsaid:WritewhateveryouwishandIwillconformtoit.Sotheymade peacewitheachother.AlHasanstipulatedthatheshouldhavetheauthorityafterhim,and Muawiyaconformedtoallofthat.[1] ThenarrationcontainsthatthemostimportantthingtheImamdemandedisaskingthegeneral

securitytoallhisandhisfatherscompanions.Withoutdoubtthisconditionisamongthefirstand mostimportantconditionswiththeImam.Asforthatthepeacemakinghappenedinthismanner, thenI(theauthor)havedoubtaboutthat. 4.SomehistorianshavementionedthatImamalHasanandMuawiyamadepeacewitheach otherandhadamutualconsentaboutwhatthefollowingdocumenthascontained.Theyboth signedit.Thisisitstext:IntheNameofAllahtheMostGracious,theMostMerciful.Thisisfor whichalHasanbinAlibinAbiTalibhasmadepeacewithMuawiyabinAbiSufyan.Hehasmade peacewithhimthatheshouldhandovertheauthoritytohimprovidedthathe(Muawiya)should actaccordingtoAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisApostleandtheconductoftherighteous Caliphs.MuawiyabinAbiSufyanhasnorighttoentrustacovenanttoanyoneafterhim.Rather, theauthorityafterhimshouldbeconsultationamongtheMuslims.Thepeopleshouldbesafe wherevertheyareofAllahsearth,intheirSham,theirIraq,theirHijaz,andtheirYemen.Alis companionsandfollowersshouldbesafeinrespectoftheirsouls,properties,womenfolk,and theirchildren.AllahspromiseandcovenantandwhatHetookagainstanyonefromHiscreatures throughfulfilling,andthroughwhatHegaveofHisOwnSelfbeonMuawiyabinAbiSufyan regardingthat.He(Muawiya)shouldschemeneithersecretlynoropenlyagainstalHasanbinAli, hisbrotheralHusayn,andthemembersoftheHouseofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.Heshouldnotterrorizeanyoftheminanyofthehorizons(regions).Soandsohas bornewitnessastothat.EnoughforawitnessisAllah![2] [1]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.370. [2]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.145.AlArbali,KashfalGhumma,p.170.Biharal Anwar,vol.10.p.115.FadailalAshab,p.157.AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.81. Thisdocumentisthebestofthepreviousonesinexplainingthewayofmakingpeace.Itcontains someimportantaffairsthatachievedmanybenefitstoMuslimsingeneral.Idoubtthatthe documentcontainsallwhatImamalHasandemandedandwanted.Inthefollowingwewill mentionalltheconditionsthetraditionistshavementionedeveniftheyhavenotmentionedthe wholeofthem.Howeversomehistorianshavementionedsomeofthem,andsomeothershave mentionedanothergroupofthem.Thetwopartieshaveconfessedthateachpartyhasnot mentionedalltheconditionstheImammade.Theconditionsareasfollows: 1.TheImamhandedovertheauthoritytoMuawiyaprovidedthatheshouldactaccordingto AllahsBook,theSunnaofHisProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,[1]andtheconductof therighteousCaliphs.[2] 2.Muawiyahadnorighttoentrusttheauthoritytoanyoneafterhim.Theauthorityafterhim wouldbeforalHasan.[3]Ifsomethinghappenedtohim,theauthoritywouldbeforalHusayn.[4]

3.Thegeneralsecurityshouldbegiventothepeopleingeneral;theredandtheblackofthem wereequalinit.Muawiyahadtostandtheirslipsandnottopursueanyofthemaccordingtothe pastandnottopunishthepeopleofIraqoutofagrudge.[5] 4.(ImamalHasanstipulated)thathehadnottocallhim(Muawiya)theCommanderofthe faithful,[6] 5.Thathedidnothavetobearwitnessinhispresence,[7] [1]Thisconditionhasbeenmentionedinthedocumentwehavementioned.Ithasalsobeen mentionedbyIbnAbialHadeedinhisSharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.10p.115.AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.159(secondedition).Hequoteditfrom FathalBariandSaheehalBukhari. [3]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.329.AlSharani,alTabaqatalKubra,p.23.AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan, vol.1,p.57.TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.229.AlNawawi,TahdhibalLughatwaalAsmaa,vol.1, p.171.AlQunduzi,YanabeealMawadda,p.293.Ithasbeenmentionedinit:Theauthority afterhimwouldbeconsultationamongtheMuslims. [4]JamalalHasani,UmdatalTalibfiAnsabAalAbiTalib,p.52. [5]AlDinyawari,p.200.MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.26. [6]IbnalJawzi,TadhkiratalKhawas,p.206. [7]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.43. 6.ThatMuawiyahadtorefrainfromcursingImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful;[1]hehad nottomentionhimexceptwithgood,[2] 7.Thathehadtorepayrightstotheirowners.[3] 8.MuawiyahadtogivesecuritytothefollowersofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,and nottosubjectthemtoanydetestedthing.[4] 9.Hehadtodivideamilliondirhamsamongthechildrenofthosewhowerekilledwithhisfather (ImamAli)attheBattlesofalJamalandSiffin,andhehadtoappointthatfromthelandtaxofDar Abjard.[5] 10.HehadtogivehimwhatwasinthePublicTreasuryofKufa[6],tosettlehisdebts,andtogive himahundredthousand(dirhams)ayear.[7] 11.HeshouldnotplotsecretlyandopenlyagainstalHasan,hisbrotheralHusayn,andthethe Prophetsprogeny,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Heshouldnotterrorizeanyoftheminany ofthehorizons(regions).[8] Thesearethestipulationsanditemsofthepeacemakingthetraditionistshavementioned.Asfor thatImamalHasanstipulatedallofthemorpartofthem,wewillmentionthatwhenwedeal withstudyingandanalyzingthestipulations.Beforeweendthischapter,wehavetodealwiththe placeandtimeofthepeacemaking:

[1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.43. [2]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.26.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.15. [3]IbnalSabbagh,alFusoolalMuhimma,p.144.IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.167. [4]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.43.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.97.IlalalSharaaiya,p.81. [5]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.101.TarikhDuwalalIslam,vol.1,p.52.AlImamwaalSiyasa,p. 200.IbnAsakir,vol.4,p.221.IthasbeenmentionedinitthatMoawiyahadtogivealHasanthe landtaxesofBisaandDarAbjard. [6]TarikhDuwalalIslam,vol.1,p.53. [7]JawhartalKalamfiMadhalSadaalAlaam,p.112. [8]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.115. ThePlaceofthePeacemaking Asfortheplacewherethepeacemakingtookplace,itwasatMaskanaccordingtowhatthe trustworthysourceshavementioned.Atthatplacethepeacemakingwasconcludedandcarried outinthepresenceofalotofpeoplefromamongtheIraqiandSyrianarmies.Somehistorianhas mentionedthatthepeacemakinghappenedinBaytalMaqdis.[1]Anotherhistorianhas mentionedthatitwasconcludedatAdhruhofthelandofSham.Thesetwostatementsaretoo irregulartodependonthem. TheYearofthePeacemaking Ashistorianshavedifferedovertheplacewherethepeacemakinghappened,theyhavediffered overthetimewhenitoccurred.ItwassaidthatitwasinthemonthofRabeealAwwal,inthe year41A.H.ItwassaidthatitwasinthemonthofRabeealAakhar,andsaidthatitwasinthe monthofJamadialUla.Accordingtothefirstdate,ImamalHasanscaliphatewasfivemonths andahalf.Accordingtotheseconddateitwassixmonthsandsomedays.Accordingtothethird dateitwassevenmothsandsomedays.[2]Itwassaidthatthepeacemakingtookplaceinthe monthofRabeealAwwal,intheyear40A.H.[3]Otherthanthatwasalsosaid.Thecorrect statementisthattheperiodofhiscaliphatewassixmonthsaccordingtowhatmosthistorians havementioned. Anywaysomehistorianshavecalledthatyear,immortalintheworldofsorrows,theYearofthe Unity(AamalJamaaa)becauseofthatthewordoftheMuslimsbecameunitedafterthedivision andthatunitywasachievedafterdisagreement.Howeverthisnameiscontrarytothereality,for sincethatyeartheMuslimshavefalleningreatevil.Troubleshavebeenpoureduponthemlike theshadowsofthedarknight,totheextentthattheprinciplesofthereligionhavebeenchanged. ThelawsofIslamhavebeenaltered.TheIslamiccaliphatehascometoapainfulfateduetothe factthatithasbeenhandeddownfromfathertoson,fromanoppressortoanoppressor,tothe extentthatthenationhasbeendrownedintoblood,tragedies,andsorrows.AlJahizsays:

Muawiyacontrolledtheauthorityandovercametheremainderofthe [1]TarikhalKhamis,vol.2,p.323.AlBustani,DairatalMarif,vol.7,p.38. [2]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.193. [3]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.299.InthebookalIstiabithasbeenmentioned:Imam(al Hasan)handedovertheauthoritytoMoawiyainthehalfofJamadialUlaa,intheyear41.A.H. Allthosewhosaidthatitwasintheyear40A.H.aremistaken.InSinashistory:ImamalHasan abdicatedthecaliphateonthe26thofRabeealThani,intheyear41A.H. consultationandthecommunityoftheMuslimsfromamongtheAnsarandtheMuhajreeninthe yearthatwascalledtheYearofUnity(AamalJamaaa).Thiswasnotayearofunity;rather,it wasayearofdivision,overcoming,andcompulsion;theyearwhentheImamatechangedinto KhousrowiandominionandthecaliphatechangedintoaCaesarianoffice.[1] Thedoortooppressionwaswidelyopenedfromthatyearwhentheauthorityreachedtothe KhousrowoftheArabs(Muawiya).TheMuslims,especiallyasitconcernsthefollowers(Shia)of thefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,mettiredness,oppression,and exhaustionthelikeofwhichhistoryhasneverwitnessed.IbnAbialHaddeedsaysregardingwhat befelltheMuslimsaftertheyearofthepeacemaking:Thebelievershadeitherfearfortheir bloodorwerehomeless.Theysoughtsecuritybuttheydidnotfindit.Afterthisinclusive oppressionandexhaustingtyranny,isitrighttocallthatyeartheYearofUnityandFriendliness? StudyandAnalysis ItisnecessaryforustopausetoexaminetheconditionsImamalHasanmadeagainstMuawiya; likewise,itisnecessarytostudyandunderstandthemevenifgenerally,becausetheycontain affairsofgreatimportancethattheyendangeredMuawiyasvictory,broughtoutdisgracetohim, broughthimoutofthejustrulersintounjustones. I(theauthor)believeinallthesaidconditionsexcepttwoofthem,whicharethatImamalHasan wouldhavethepropertyinKufaPublicTreasury,andthatMuawiyawouldgiveayearlysalaryto himandhisbrotheralHusayn. Asforthefirstcondition,itisfar.ThatisbecauseImamalHasanwasinchargeofthepossessions andthepropertiesintheKufanPublicTreasury.Heactedfreelyinrespectofthem.Theywerenot veiledorwithholdfromhimthathemightmakeaconditiononMuawiyatogranthiman authorityoverthem.IdoubtthatthereweremanypropertiesinthePublicTreasury.Thatis becausethepolicyofAhlalBaytrequiredspendingthepropertiesonthatwhichIslamhad specified.

Asforthesecondcondition,itisincorrect,forImamalHasanwasinnoneedofMuawiyas properties.Ifweacceptedthat,thentherewouldbenoharmontheImamfromtakingthem.That isbecausesavingtheMuslimspropertiesfromtheunjustrulersisanecessaryaffair.Wewill explainthatwhenwedealwiththeImamstraveltoDamascus.IthinkthatMuawiyagavethese twostipulationsatthebeginning.However,somehistorianhas [1]AlGhadir,vol.10,p.227. imaginedthattheywereamongtheconditionsImamalHasanhadmade. Anyhow,thestipulationsaimedatseekinggeneralsecurityandinclusivepeaceforallthe Muslims.InthemeantimetheyurgedtheMuslimstobealertandtofreethemselvesfromthe Umayyadenslavement.MoreovertheyindicatethattheImamwasskillfulinkeepinghislawful right,thatMuawiyahadusurpedit,andthattheImamhadnotdisposedofhisright.Asforthe contentsofthestipulations,theyareasfollows: MuawiyashouldactaccordingtoAllahsBook ImamalHasandidnotletMuawiyaactfreelyinrespectoftheMuslimsaffairs.Hestipulated thatMuawiyashouldactaccordingtotheBookandtheSunnainrespectofhispolicyandthatof hisgovernors.IfhehadcometoknowthatMuawiyahadfollowedthelightoftheQuranand Islam,hewouldnothavestipulatedthatagainsthim,andregardedthatasamongthemost importantconditionsheimposedonhim. TheSuccession ImamalHasantreatedanimportantpoint.ThepointisthefateoftheIslamicsuccessionafter Muawiyasdeath.Hestipulatedonhimthatthecaliphateafterhimwouldreturntohim(Imam alHasan)andhisbrother.SomesourceshavementionedthattheImamstipulatedthatthe caliphateshouldbeconsultationamongtheMuslimsafterMuawiyasdeath.Accordingtoboth statements,theImamreturnedthecaliphatetoitshighentity.Hestipulatedthatonhimbecause hehadcometoknowhisbadtrends,thathewouldmovetheIslamiccaliphatefromitsrealitytoa hereditarykingdom,andplaceitamonghisprogenythedeviants,thecriminals.Asaresultthe ImamintendedtoenlightenthepeopleandurgethemtofightagainstMuawiyaifhedidthat. ThegeneralSecurity ThemostimportantthingfromamongthosestipulationsImamalHasansoughtwasspreading securityandwellbeingamongtheMuslimswhethertheywereblackorred.Thisindicatesthathe hadmercyandaffectiononalltheMuslims.Thisstipulationalsosaidthatheshouldnotfollow afteranyonebecauseofthepast,andshouldnotpunishthepeopleofIraqbecauseofthepast

grudge.AlHasanstipulatedthatonMuawiyabecausehehadcometoknowthathewould exhaustthemandseverelypunishthemasasignofvengeanceonthatwhichissuedfromthem duringthedaysofSiffin. MuawiyashouldnotbecalledtheCommanderofthefaithful ImamalHasan(a.s)refusedtocallMuawiyatheCommanderofthefaithfultodeprivehimofthe religiousauthorityoveralltheMuslims.Muawiyawasnotattentivetothisdangerousstipulation. IfhewasnotacommanderoveralHasan,hehad,ofcourse,noauthorityandcommandoverthe Muslims.AccordingtothatMuawiyawasamongtheunjust,rebelliousrulers.Throughthathe stripedhimoftheofficeoftheImamateandcaliphate,andprovedthathe(Muawiya)usurped thisgreatoffice. WitnessisnotborneinthepresenceofMuawiya ThisstipulationexposedanddisgracedMuawiya.Itindicatedthathewasamongthetyrannical rulers.Witness,asthejuristshavementioned,wouldbeborneinthepresenceofthelegaljudge asapartofhisduty.IfbearingwitnesswasincorrectinthepresenceofMuawiya,thenhewas notajustruler;rather,hewasatyrannicalruler;andthejudgmentofthetyrannicalrulerswas invalidandtheirconductwasnotacceptedintheviewpointoftheIslamiclaw.Soitwas incumbentofthecommunitytoremovethemfromthisofficetowhichsparingtheblood, protectingthehonor,andkeepingthepropertieswereentrusted.ThroughthisstipulationImam alHasanshowedthathewastheownerofaright,andthatMuawiyausurpedthatright. MuawiyashouldgiveupcursingImamAli ThroughthisconditionImamalHasan(a.s)showedthatMuawiyawenttoofarincommittingsin. HehadcometoknowthatMuawiyawouldnotleavecursingImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful,anddegradinghisdignity.Sohe(a.s)wantedtoshowtheIslamiccommunitythat MuawiyawasveryrecklessanddidnottakecareoftheIslamicaffairsandteachings.Islamhas madeitforbiddentocurseanddisparageaMuslim.HoweverMuawiya,Hindsson,paidno attentiontoIslam.HeopenlycursedImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,afterconcluding thepeacemaking.WewillexplainthatwhenwedealwithMuawiyasviolatingthestipulationsof thepeacemaking.ItisclearthatImamalHasanexposedMuawiyathroughthisstipulationand removedfromhimthethincoverwithwhichhecoveredhimselfinthenameofthereligion. ThegeneralSecurity ImamalHasan(a.s)tookgreatcareofhisandhisfathersfollowers(Shia).Hemadepeacewith Muawiyatosparetheirbloodandtoprotectthem.HestipulatedthatMuawiyashouldnot

subjectthemtoanydetestedthing.Withhimthisconditionwasthemostimportantandgreatest ofallotherconditions.HisEminencelateAalYaseenhassaid:Andhe(ImamalHasan)sought protectionwithit(theagreement)toachievesecurityforhisandhisfathersfollowers(Shia)and torefreshtheirorphans.Throughthat,hewantedtorewardthem(thefollowers)fortheir steadfastnesswithhimandtheirloyaltytohisfather.Healsowantedtokeepthemasloyaltohis creedandassinceresupporters,thathemightstrengthenhispositionandthatofhisbrotheron thedaywhenthetruthwouldreturntoitspeople.[1] SurelymostoftheconditionsImamalHasanmadeaimedattheinterestsofhisfollowers, guaranteeingtheirrights,andturningthemawayfromharmanddetestedthings. ThelandtaxofDarAbjard ImamalHasanstipulatedonMuawiyaspecialproperties,thathemightspendonhisandhis fathersfollowers.ThepropertieswerethelandtaxesofDarAbjard[2]Themeaningofthis specificationisthatsomeofthetaxescollectedtothestatearecalledalFay,whichisthetax imposedonthelandsconqueredbyforce.Suchakindoftaxisspentonthegeneralinterestsand socialaffairssuchasimprovingthearmy,establishingfoundations,andthelikefromamongthe vitalprojects.Somepropertiesarecalledalms,whicharefinancialtaxesIslamimposedoncertain propertiesandkindsofimportsonwhichthetrademarketintheworlddepends.Islamhas imposedsuchataxontherich.Thistaxistakenfromtherichandgiventothepoortocombat againstpovertyandtouprootmisery.TheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:I havebeencommandedtotakealmsfromyourrichandgiveittoyourpoor.AsaresultImamal Hasanhatedtotakesuchakindofpropertyforhimselfandhisfollowers.Itwasforbiddenforhim totakesuchakindofproperty,foritwasforbiddenforAalalBayttotakealms.He(a.s)hatedto givealmstohisfollowersanddecidedtogivethempropertiesfromDarAbjardthatwas conqueredbyforce;andthatwhichwasconqueredbyforcewasnotconsideredasalms.Through thathechosetohisfollowerssomepropertiesfarfromthesuspicion.DarAbjardbelongedtothe MuslimsanditwasobligatoryontheImamtospenditsrevenueonMuslimsinterests. [1]SulhalHasan,p.258. [2]DarAbjardisawidelandofPersiaonthebordersofalAhwaz.TheMuslimsconquereditby force. Muawiyashouldnotoppressthem AmongthestipulationsoftheagreementwasthatMuawiyashouldnotoppressalHasanandal Husayn.HeshouldnotharborgrudgeagainsttheProphetsprogeny,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,norshouldheterrifyanyofthem.Hemadesuchaconditionduetothefactthathehad cometoknowthatMuawiyawouldplotagainstthemthroughevilandcunning.Outofhis

grudge,MuawiyaputpoisonintosomefoodandofferedittoImamalHasantoeatit.Wewill explainthat.Throughthisstipulationandthelikefromamongthestipulationsofthe peacemaking,ImamalHasanwantedtoremovethecurtainfromMuawiya,toshowhisdefects andshortcomings,andtodisplaythathehadneitherprotectionnorreligiousness. Thesearesomeofthestipulationsofthepeacemaking.Theyarefullofelementsofgreat importance.TheyindicatethatImamalHasanwasskillfulandhaduniqueabilitiesinovercoming hisopponent.Inrespectofthisagreement,hisEminencelateAalYaseenhassaid:Itisanactof truthtoconfessthatalHasanbinAlihadwonderfulpoliticalabilities.Inthelightofwhat transmittedfromhimproceduresandlawsthatarethebestthingsthediplomatictacthas reached,appearedclearlyinhistraditions.Ifhehadassumedtheauthorityinaconditionother thanthiscondition,hewouldhavebeenonthetopoftheexperiencedpoliticiansandtheMuslim, brilliantrulers.Neitherthedeprivationonsomedaynorthefailureinsomefieldthroughits reasonsstandingonthenatureoftimeisaproofofweaknessorawaytoacriticism.
ChapterXIX:ImamalHusaynsAttitude TheattitudeofImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs(a.s)towardtheaffairofthepeacemaking waslikethatofhisbrotherImamalasan(a.s).ImamalHusaynwasperplexedandastonishedat hisbrothersattitude.Howeverafterhehadstudiedtheattitude,hecametoknowthatthe conclusionofatrucewasnecessaryandmakingpeace(withMuawiya)wasamust.(Healsocame toknowthat)itwasnotanactofwisdomnorwasitanactoflogictoopenadoortowaragainst Muawiya,forsuchawarwouldbringaboutbadcomplicationstoIslam,misfortunesanddisasters totheMuslims,becausethearmythatwentwiththembecamedivided.Inthepreviouschapters wehavereferredtotheflagranttreasonofmostmilitarycommandersandleaders,theirjoining Muawiyascamp,theirreadinesstoassassinateImamalHasanorhandhimoverasacaptive.So howwasitpossibleforImamalHasantobattleagainstMuawiyathroughthesetreacherous forceswhohadharboredgrudgesagainsthimandwaitedforanopportunitytokillhim? ImamalHusayn(a.s)thoughtthathisbrotherhadtorespondtothepeacemakingandnottofight againstMuawiyabecauseofthebitterfactorsthatsurroundedhim,totheextentthatitmadeit impossibletoovercomeMuawiyaandtowinavictoryoverhim.SothepeaceImamalHasan madewasobligatory,andtherewasnowayotherthanit,aswehaveexplainedinthereasonsof thepeacemaking.SohowwasitpossibleforImamalHusayntoopposehisbrotherinrespectof thatandnottoagreewithhimonthat?

SomehistorianclaimedthatalHusayndislikedwhathisbrotherdid,andthathesaidtohim:I adjureyoubeforeAllahthatyoushouldnotbelieveMuawiyasspeechanddenyyourfathers speech! ImamalHasanansweredhim:Iammoreknowledgeableofthematterthanyouare.[1]They havealsonarratedthatalHasansaidtohiscousinAbdullahbinJafar:Ihaveanopinion,andI wantyoutofollowmeinrespectofit.AbdullahbinJafaraskedhim:Whatisit? IthinkthatIhavetogotoMedinaandresideinit,saidalHasan,Iwillleavethisaffairto Muawiya.Forthetroublehaslasted.Bloodhasbeenshedbecauseofit.kinshiphavebeencut off,andthefortifiedborderlinecitieshavebeenclosed. [1]UsdalGhaba,andthelike. AbdullahbinJafarconfirmedhisviewpointsaying:MayAllahrewardyouwithgoodonbehalfof thecommunityofMuhammad;andIamwithyou.ThenhesentforalHusayn.Whenhewas beforehim,hesaidtohim:IhaveanideaandIwantyoutofollowmeinrespectofit.Whatis it?askedalHusayn.Hementionedtohimhisviewpointinrespectofthat. AlHusaynopposedhimangrilyandsaidtohim:IseekrefugeforyouwithAllahfromthatyou denyAliinhisgraveandbelieveMuawiya!SoalHasanwasdispleasedwithhisspeechandsaid tohim:ByAllah,whenIwantanaffair,youopposeme(andsuggest)otherthanit!ByAllah,I haveintendedtothrowyouintoahouseandimprisonyouinit,thatImaycarryoutmyaffair! WhenalHusayncametoknowthathisbrotherwasangryandseriousintheaffair,hewithdrew fromhisideaandabdicatedhisopinion.Thenhesaidtohimwithafaintvoice:Youaretheoldest ofAlischildren.Youaremycaliph.Ourcommandfollowsyourcommand.Therefore,dowhatever seemstoyou![1] Withoutdoubtallofthatwasfabricated.Itwascompletelyfalse,becauseImamalHusaynwas knowledgeableofthefactorsandthereasonsthatforcedhisbrothertomakepeacewith Muawiya.Definitelyhisopinionaboutthepeacemakingagreedwiththatofhisbrother.Hedid notopposeitnordidhedifferwithhisbrotheronit.WhenImamalHasanconcludedthe peacemaking,agroupoftheleadersandthegreatfigurescametoalHusayn.Theyaskedhimto violatewhathisbrotherhadconcludedwithMuawiyaandtofightagainsthim.Howeverhe refusedthatandrefrained(fromrespondingtothem).Ifhisopinionhadbeendifferentfromthat ofhisbrother,hewouldhaverespondedtotheminrespectofthat.WhenImamalHasanpassed away,agroupoftheleadingpersonsinIraqsentalHusaynmanylettersandaskedhimtodeclare therevoltagainsttheUmayyads.Butherefusedtorespondtothemandsaidtothem:Aslongas Muawiyaisliving,Iwillnotmovethroughallthings.Whenhedies,Iwillconsiderthematter.[2]

SurelyhisrefrainingfromundertakingtheaffairaslongasMuawiyawasalivefranklyindicates thathethoughtthatconcludingatruceandtimelypeacemakingwasnecessary,becausethe revoltwouldnotsucceedandthe [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.21. [2]AlShaykhalMufid,alIrshad,p.206.Othersthanhimhavementionedthat. sacrificewouldachievenothingaslongasMuawiyawasalive,forhewouldclotheitinagarment thatwouldbringitoutoftheframeofthereform,aswehavealreadyexplained.Yes,without doubtthepeacemakingleftinalHusaynssoulbittersorrowandexhaustingsadness.Inthe meantimeitleftinalHasanssoulagonyandsadness.Butwhatwouldtheyboth,peacebeon them,doaslongasthecircumstanceswerenotappropriateforthemtofightagainstMuawiya? Thesestorieswerefabricatedandincorrectthatithasbeenmentionedinthesecondnarration thatImamalHasansaidtohisbrotheralHusayn:WhenIwant(todo)anaffair,youopposeme inrespectofit! Surelythisseverespeechisaproofofthefabrication,fortheidealspreventedImamalHusayn (a.s)fromopposinganddisobeyinghisbrother.Theybothwerebroughtupunderthecareofthe greatlegislator(theProphet),andhesuppliedthemwithhisideals,education,andguidance,to theextentthattheywereatruecopyofhim.Therefore,howwasitpossibleforhimtoopposehis brothersordersandnottoobeyhiminrespectoftheaffairthatbroughtaboutageneralinterest totheMuslimsingeneral? SurelyImamalHusaynmagnifiedandrespectedhisbrother.Hedidnotopposehiminanything. HisgrandsonImamalBaqir(a.s)narratedaboutalHusaynsgreatreverenceandrespecttoward hisbrother,saying:AlHusayndidnotspeakinthepresenceofalHasanasasignofrespect towardhim.[1]Afterthisrespectandmagnification,wasitrightforalHasantosaytohis brother:WhenIwant(todo)anaffair,youopposemeinrespectoftheaffair? Dr.TahaHusaynhasdependedonthisfabricatednarration,saying:He(alHusayn)dislikedthe peacehisbrothermadeandintendedtooppose(him).Sohisbrotherwarnedhimthrough shacklinghimwiththeironuntilthepeacemakingwasconcluded.Andhesaid:AndalHusayn criticizedthepeacemaking,foritwasadenialtohisfatherslineofconduct. Andhealsosaid:He(alHusayn)sawtheloyaltytohisbrotherasaright,sohewasloyaltohim andobeyedhimashehadobeyedhisfatherbefore.Ihavenodoubtthat,duringtheseyearshe spentinMedinaafterthepeacehisbrothermade,hefeltburningdesirefortheopportunitythat wouldenablehim

[1]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.143. toresumethejihad(intheplace)wherehisfatherhadleft.[1] AsforDr.TahaHusaynssayingHe(alHusayn)dislikedthepeacehisbrothermadeandintended tooppose(him).Sohisbrotherwarnedhimthroughshacklinghimwiththeiron.Hecriticized thepeacemaking.Foritwasadenialtohisfatherslineofconduct.Thisspeechisrefutedbythat ifhehaddislikedthat,thenhewouldhaverespondedtotheKufanswhentheyintendedtofight againstMuawiyaafterthepeacemakinghadbeenconcluded,andthathewouldhavedeclared therevoltagainsthimafterhisbrothersdeath.Besidesifthepeacemakinghadbeencontraryto thelineconductofImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)alHusaynwouldnothavekeptsilent,forkeepingsilencefrom sayingthetruthiscowardlinessandsin.If(thepeacemaking)hadbeencontrarytotheconductof ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,whichwasextensiontothatofAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,alHasan(a.s)wouldnothaveconcludedthepeacemaking.Yes,al Husaynhankeredafterjihadasthethirstyhankeredafterwater.Hisheartharboredexhausting sorrowandsadness.Alsohisbrothersharedhimallhisordealsandsorrows.Theybothwaitedfor anappropriateopportunitytorevoltagainsttheUmayyadgovernment.Howevertheopportunity throughwhichthevictoryandtheconquestwerehopedwasnotavailableaslongasMuawiya wasalive,becauseopeningadoortowaragainsthimwouldbringaboutagrievousdamageto IslamandtheMuslims. Athinghasremained.Wehavenotmentionedthethinginthereasonsforthepeacemaking.Itis thatwhydidImamalHasannotopenadoortothewaragainstMuawiyaevenifhehadneither supportersnorhelpersandtodieamartyrjustashisbrother,themasterofthemartyrs(a.s)had done?Thosewhocriticizedthepeacemakingmaintainedthisvagueerror.LetoneoftheImamsof theMuslims,whoislateAayatAllahSayyidAbdulHusaynSharafuddeen,answerthequestion.He hasremovedthecoverfromitinanarticleentitledThawratalHusaynSadaaliSulhalHasan(Al HusaynsrevoltistheechoofalHasanspeacemaking.Thearticlewaspublishedinmostofthe localnewspapers.Wewillmentionthewholearticle,forithasanadditionalbenefit.He,may Allahhavemercyonhim,said:SincethepastithasbeeninmyselfthatI(haveto)takecareof researchingthisprobleminaresearchthatrebelsfromAbuMuhammad(alHasan)thisvague errorinthesoulsofthoseunabletounderstandhistorywithacorrectunderstanding.Manyof thesepeopledonotresorttoasciencesourceastoweighthisgroup [1]AlFitnatualKubra,vol.2,p.213.ProfessorMahmudalAqqadhasdependedonthese fabricatednarrationsinhisresearchesonthefatherofmartyrs(ImamalHusayn). fromamongAhlalBaytandtosubjugatetheirmovementsinthetwostatesoftheirebbandflow

totheHighestPrinciple(Allah),forHerenderedthemobedienttoservingHimandannihilatetheir selfnessinHisselfness.SotheycontractedwhenHedesiredthecontractiontothem,andthey alsoexpandedwhenHedesiredtheexpansiontothem. IthasbeeninmysoulthatI(haveto)refutethisvagueerrorfromAbuMuhammad(alHasan) throughestablishingthisscientificbalancethatmakesclearthisactandremoveitsveil.Butthe incoming,heavy,endlessbusinesseshaveturnedmeawayfromthatwhichisinmyselfinrespect ofthat.Now,Iwillsummarizethehinttothisvagueerrorandrefuteit.Itmaybethatthisseed becomesaplant.Iwilltakecareofthatwhichmakesitgrowwhentheopportunitycomes; otherwise,oneoftheseshinypensdippedintheheartsofthefreeandthemindsofthereligious scholarsfromamongtheservantsoffactswillmakeitgrow.Asforthevagueerror,itisasoldas thefeeblesightinthosewhoapparentlytakethings.Asforthosewhoarefamiliarwiththehistory ofalHasan(a.s)theyknowthatsomeofhiscompanionshadcriticizedhimforhisrefrainingfrom fightingagainstMuawiya.Sohewasthenabouttobethevictimofthattrouble,andtotheextent thatoneofhisspecialassociatesrudelygreetedhim,saying:AssalamualaykaOyouwhohave abasedthefaithful! Perhapstheyhadanexcusebecauseoftheirenthusiasm Thatmightbe.But,now,wedonotwanttoapologizetothem;rather,wewanttoprovethepart ofthisvagueerrorfromthefirsttoseethatitcomessuccessivelyfromhim.Itappearsfromtime totime,sometimesonthetongueofhisfriendsandsometimesonthetongueofhisopponents; andit,hereandthere,doesnotappearbuttoindicatetheignoranceoftheseandthose. Sowhenweweighhispeacemaking(a.s)andhiswar,thescaleofthepeacemakingoutweighs. Thatiswhentheobservedcriterionistakenintoconsideration.Andbe,ifyouwished,materialor spiritualtoexceedthroughyourfaithandunderstandingtherageofthesensibleandthevisible. Inthefirstplace,bematerialanddiscussthewarofalHasan.Thearmyfeltdefeatbefore enteringwar.Muawiyainvadedit.Thearmyhadresisted(Imam)Alibefore,whileAlihada militarymorale;theearthshookoutoffearofit.Inadditiontohisothermoralethelikeofwhich ImamalHasandidnotenjoyinthesoulsofhiscontemporariesbyvirtueofhisfollowinghis father. Yes,youhavetherighttosaythatitwasincumbentonalHasantobemartyredandtodiedear. However,reconsiderthehistoryofthisperiodthatyoumayseethatmartyrdomgivesoneofthe meaningsofgoingout(inrevolt).Soatthattimetherewasnonational,stablefact,norwasthere afirmtentativespiritthatmartyrdommightbeaccordingtothedecidedrules;andthereis nothing,inthiscondition,moreinsignificantthandeaththathelpsagainstitsdoerandcausehim todieanothertime.

ReallytheIslamiclifewasrelapsingandchangingintoahereditarymonarchy.Theambitions weredraftedinthekingsstirrup,escapingfromthebordersofthecaliphate.Howeveritwasstill keepingthemeansofIslamanditsapparentprinciplethroughtheopportunismMuawiyaformed throughhiscunning.ThisisbyitselfcanbeanexcuseforalHasanthroughtwosides: 1.Itwashisexcuseinrespectofthepeacemaking,fortheworldsupportedMuawiyathrough strippinghimofhis(alHasans)cousinandcommanderofhisarmy. 2.Thenitwashisexcuseinrespectofrefrainingfrommartyrdom,forthatitselfwasnotthe circumstanceofmartyrdom,forhewasabletotransformit.Thenwhichmaterialbenefitwould havebeenthroughdeathifalHasanhadchosenitasthesepeoplewant,exceptthathewould helpMuawiyaagainsthimselfaliveanddead? SurelyIcanseenothingmoreindicativeofalHasansgreatnessthanthismaterialpolicythat limitedhisattitudeinthismannerduringthemostdangerousperiodduringwhichIslampassed. SoitwasthenucleusofoverthrowingandexposingtheUmayyadgovernment;likewise,itwasthe materialofthatgreat(gun)powderthatexplodedthroughthemartyrdomofalHusayn,peacebe onhim.Thatwastheexplosion.HaditnotbeenforthisattitudeofalHasan,Muawiyawould haveundertakenasupremeauthoritywhoseresultsthepeoplewouldnotknow;andalHusayn wouldnothavebeenable(toachieve)theimmortalsacrificefortheimmortalcreed. Youwerematerial,nowtrytobespiritualanddiscussthewarofalHasanthatallthe considerationsmaycometogetherforyoutoshowyouthesuperiorityofthescaleofthe peacemaking. AlHasanwasnotamongthosewhosoughtauthorityforauthority;rather,hewasamongthose whowantedthecaliphatetobeameansforreform,establishingjusticeandpeaceamongthe people.Idonotthinkthatthisspiritualthoughtlacksitsmaterialproof,forhisfatherandhis grandfatherprovedinIslamthatitwasso;andhehad,beforeIslam,inheritancerisesasaproof forthathebelongedtoareformativeoriginthatdidnotseekinfluenceifitwasinnoneedof doinggood. Fromhereitwaseasyforhimtoabdicatethecaliphate,forhelivedduringaperiodoftimethat wasunabletoshowgoodduringthatsuppressedgenerationyearningforthepleasuresfrom whichittookmorethanitssufficiencyatMuawiyasdiningtables.Ratheritwasincumbenton himtoabdicate(thecaliphate),forhehadnoabilitytoovercometheobstacleofsubjugatingthe rushingUmayyads.Thatisbecausehisabdicating(thecaliphate)cameaccordingtotheplanhis principleshadmade. Thosewhocriticizedhimforhisabdicating(thecaliphate)werenotgreaterthanhiminfeeling

thepainoftheabdication;itwashewhowasinjured.Howeveritwasthehugesacrificethat urgedhimtostandthepainoftherefrainingthathishighidealsandgoodprincipleshadwritten againsthim. Itwasasacrificethatwasnotless,ifitwasnotmore,thanthatofalHusayn,peacebeonhim. Now,bewhateveryouwishtobe.Bematerialorbespiritual,for,atlast,youwillreacha wonderfulresult;itisthatalHasanspeacemakingwasamongthegreatsourcesofalHusayns liberatingrevolt,andthattheessenceofthesacrificewasonewiththetwoImamseveniftheir appearancesweredifferent.ThetruthisthattheDayofalTaff(theBattleofKarbala)wasan echototheDayofalMadain.MayAllahblessthetwomastersoftheyouthsoftheGardenand maketheMuslimsmakeuseoftheirmemories,therenewer,thenew,maketheArabsandthe Muslimsfollowtheirguidanceinthisdifficultstageoftheirs.[1] TheopinionofhisEminenceSayyidSharafalDeenistrustworthy,confirmedbyproofs,and supportedbyscientificspeechinallitssides.ThetruthisthatifImamalHasanhadsacrificedhis life,thenhissacrificewouldhavebeenuseless,wouldnothaveestablishedthetruthnorwould haveitchangedfalsehood.Thatisbecausethroughhiscunninganddeception,Muawiyawould regardalHasanasresponsibleandregardhimselfasinnocentofcommittingthecrime.Hewould saytothepeople:SurelyIsummonedalHasantomakepeace(withme),butherefused(all things)exceptwar.Iwantedhimtolive,buthewantedmetobekilled.Iwantedtospareblood, buthewantedtodestroythepeoplebetweenmeandhim.Muawiyahadsuchabilities throughwhichhewouldshowhimselfasjustandfair.InthismanneralHasanssacrificewouldbe useless. [1]AlSaaaNewspaper,no.908(concerningImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs,peacebeon him),thethirdyear.ThearticlewasalsopublishedinalGhariMagazine,no.11(regardingImam alHusayn,peacebeonhim),theninthyear. AsforalHusayn,hisimmortalsacrificewassuitabletoitsappropriatecircumstanceandwasin harmonywiththerequirementsofthetime.Thatisbecausethesinfulone,Yazid,hadnonewith himtomanagehisaffairsandtodeterhimfromhisrecklessnessandvainglory.Thatisbecause thatgroupofpeopleonwhomMuawiyadependedtorunhisaffairssuchasAmrbinalAas,al Mughira,andthelikefromamongthecraftyArabsperished.Noneofthemremainedwithhim; forthisreasonImamalHusayn(a.s)declaredhissuccessfulrevoltthatbroughtaboutan inevitableendtotheUmayyadstate. Generallyspeaking,alHasanspeacemakingandalHusaynsmartyrdomwerebasedonadeep thoughttakenfromtheinspirationoftheirgrandfather,theApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.HaditnotbeenforalHasanspeacemakingandthemartyrdomofhisbrother,Islamwould havegoneforever.ThishasbeendeclaredbyImamKashifalGhitainhisintroductiontothe

book.He,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hassaid:ItwasincumbentonImamalHusaynandhis companionstorevoltagainstthetyrannicaloneofhistime(YazidbinMuawiya)duringthose circumstances.Theyallwerekilled,andtherestofImamalHusaynsfamily,whowerethefamily ofAllahsApostle,weretakenasprisonersofwar.Thiswasincumbentonhimaccordingtothe techniqueofpolicy,thelawsofvictoryandprudenceregardlessofthedivinecommandsandthe eternalwill.ItwasalsoincumbentonalHasan(a.s)duringhisconditionstomakepeacewiththe tyrannicaloneofhistime(MuawiyabinAbiSufyan).Haditnotbeenforthepeacetreatyofal HasanandthemartyrdomofalHusayn,Islamwouldhavehadneitheranamenoratrace,andthe effortsofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thegood,theblessing,theguidance, andthemercyhehadbroughtforpeoplewouldhavebeenlost. Yes,haditnotbeenforalHasanspeacemakingandalHusaynsmartyrdom,Islamwouldhave beendestroyedanditsstandardwouldhavebeenfolded,becausethroughhispeacemaking,al Hasan(a.s)exposedMuawiyaandshowedhisfragrantenmitytowardIslamandtheMuslims. Likewise,throughhissacrificeandmartyrdom,alHusayn(a.s)destroyedtheUmayyadstate.He putanendtoitandtoalltheoppressivedictators.Hegavecreativelessonstoallthereformers whowanttorevoltagainstoppression,tyranny,andselfishness.
ChapterXX:ImamalHasanmeetswithMuawiya Perhapstheseverestordealthroughwhichthesoulofanymanpassedwasthatwhichbefell ImamalHasan(a.s)whenhemetwithMuawiyabinAbiSufyan,forthatmeetingfilledhisnoble soulwithanexhaustingpainandabittersorrow.HecametoknowthatMuawiyasfalsehood becamefirmandhistyrannybecamevictorious.Thethingthatincreasedhissadnesswasthat fromwhichthecommunitywouldsufferduringthereignofthistyrantofcalamitiesand misfortunes.Thisleftinhissoulthedeepestpainandsadness. ImamalHasanunwillinglymetwithMuawiya.ThemeetingwasatalNukhaylah.[1]Itwassaid thatitwasinKufa.[2]ManyMuslimsattendedthemeeting.Theyimpatientlywaitedforwhatthe victoriouskingwouldsayinrespectofsecurity,welfare,andestablishingjusticeamongthe people.WhatwouldMuawiyadoduringthatterriblehour?Hewentuponthepulpitandshowed thewickednessofhisselfnessandhisbadintention.Hedeclaredwhathehadharboredagainst theMuslimsfromamongevilandexhaustion.Healsoshowedthemthereasonforhiswarring againstImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andhissonalHasan,saying:Opeople,ifthe affairofacommunityisdifferentafteritsprophet,thenmenofitsfalsehoodwillovercomethe

menofitstruth. Whenhestartedhisspeechthroughwhichhesaidthetruth,hepaidattentionthathemeant himselfbyit.Herepentedofthatandmadeitright,saying:Exceptthiscommunity! ThenherudelyaddressedtheIraqisexpressingtothemtherealityofthewarhelaunchedagainst them.Hetoldthemaboutthatandtheaimhesoughtfromthatwarwascontrollingtheauthority andnotavengingUthmansblood.Hesaidtothem:OpeopleofKufa!DoyouthinkthatIfought youinorderthatyoumayofferprayersorgivezakatorperformthepilgrimage?Iknowthatyou dopray,payzakat,andperformthepilgrimage.Indeed,Ifoughtyouinordertotakecommand overyouwithcontempt,andAllahhasgivenmethatagainstyourwishes.Restassuredthat whoeverkilledanyofuswillhimselfbekilled.Andthetreatybetweenusofamnestyisundermy feet.[3]Nothing [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.16.Hehasmentionedthatthefollowing speechofMoawiyawasatalNukhaylah. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.192.AlMufid,alIrshad,p.170. [3]InthenarrationofAbiIshaqalSubayi:AllthethingsIhadgiventoalHasanbin willsetrightthepeopleexceptthreethings:givingsalariesintime,sendingthetroopsintime, andinvadingtheenemyinhishomeland.Ifyoudonotinvadethem,theywillinvadeyou. Indeedthisistheexcessivenessinsin.WhenAbdurrahmanbinShurayk[1]narratedthat,hesaid: ByAllah,thisistheimpudence!AbuIshaqalSubayi,amongthosewhonarratedMuawiyas speech,hassaid:ByAllah,he(Muawiya)wastreacherous!ThenMuawiyacursedImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful(a.s)andhissonalHasan.Hepaidnoattentiontothesinresulted fromthat.Inthismannerheviolatedthestipulationsofthetreatyhehadsigned. ImamalHasansSpeech MuawiyaaskedImamalHasantogouponthepulpitandtellpeopleabouthisabdicatingthe authority.ItwassaidthatitwasAmrbinalAaswhoadvisedMuawiyatodothat,thathemight, asheclaimed,showthepeopleImamalHasansincapabilityofexpressinghimselfandofmaking aspeech.Hewasmistakeninthat.ImamalHasanaddressedthepeoplemorethanonetime duringhisfatherslifetimeandafterhisdeath.Hewasnotknownforincapabilityofexpressing himselfandaphasia,forhewasfromamongAhlalBayt,whoweretheoriginofgoodstyle, eloquence,andsoundjudgment.TheImamwentuponthepulpit.Thepeoplewhowerewilling andunwillinglistenedtohim.Hemadealongwonderful,eloquentspeech.Hepreachedtothe peopleandsummonedthemtofriendlinessandlove.Inhisspeechhepicturedtheterribleevents thatbefellAhlalBaytafterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.

HeascribedthattotheearlymenwhoturnedpeopleawayfromtheAhlulBayt(a.s).Herefuted Muawiyaattheendofhisspeech.Thisisthetextofhisspeech:PraisebelongstoAllah wheneveramanpraiseshim.ItestifythatthereisnogodbutAllahwheneveramantestifiesto him.ItestifythatMuhammadisHisservantandHisapostlewhomHehassentwiththetruthand whomHeentrustedwiththerevelation,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ByAllah,IhopethatI shallalwaysbewithAllahspraiseandkindness.IamthesincerestofAllahsAliareunderthese twofeetofmine.Iwillnotfulfillthem.ThishasbeenmentionedbyIbnAbialHadeedinhisbook SharhNahjalBalagha.AnarrationsimilartothathasbeenmentionedbyalMufidinhisalIrshad. [1]AbdalRahmanbinShuraykalNakhaialKufinarratedontheauthorityofhisfather,andal BukharinarratedonhisauthorityinhisKitabalAdabinIbnHabbanregardedhimasamongthe trustworthy.Hesaid:Perhaps,hemadeamistake.He(AbdalRahmanbinShurayk)diedinthe year227A.H.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.6,p.194. creaturesingivingadvicetothem.IhavenotbecomeonewhobearsmalicetoanyMuslim,nor onewhowishesevilormisfortunetoothers.Indeedwhatyoudislikeinunityisbetterforyou thanwhatyoulikeindivision.Iseewhatisbetterforyouthanyouseeforyourselves.Therefore donotopposemycommandsanddonotrejectmyjudgement.MayAllahforgivebothmeand youandmayHeguidemeandyoutothatinwhichthereisloveandsatisfaction.[1] Thenheturnedtothepeopleandsaidtothem:Opeople,surelythepiousisthecleverestofthe clever,andthesinfulisthemostfoolishofthefoolish.ByAllah,ifyousearchforamanwhose grandfatherisAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,betweenJabliq[2]andJabris[3], youwouldnotfindhimotherthanmeandotherthanmybrotheralHusayn.Youhavecometo knowthatAllahhasguidedyouthroughmygrandfatherMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.SoHehassavedyoufrommisguidancethroughhim,raisedyoufromignorancethrough him,strengthenedyouaftertheabasementthroughhim,andmadeyoumanyafterthefewness throughhim.Muawiyahasdisputedwithmeaboutarightthatbelongstome,withtheexclusion ofhim.SoIhaveconsideredthatwhichsetsrightthecommunityandputsanendtothediscord. YouhadpledgedallegiancetomeprovidedthatyoushouldmakepeacewithwhomImakepeace withandfighthimwhomIfight.SoIthinkIhavetomakepeacewithMuawiyaandtoputanend tothewarbetweenhimandme.Ihavepledgedallegiancetohim.Ithinkthatsparingbloodis betterthansheddingit.ThroughthatIdonotwantanythingexceptsettingyourightandyour survival.Iknowthatthatmaybeatrialforyouandaprovisionforatime.[4] [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.169. [2]IthasbeennarratedontheauthorityofIbnAbbasthatJabliqwas(aplace)intheFarWest, andthatitsinhabitantsbelongedtoAdschildren.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookMujam alBuldan,vol.3,p.32.

[3]JabriswasacityintheFarEast.TheJewsclaimedthatthechildrenoftheirProphetMusa, peacebeonhim,escapedeitherduringtheBattleofTalootorduringtheBattleofBuchtNussar. SoAllahmadethemwalktoitandmadethemliveinthisplace,sononereachedthem.Hefolded theearthtothemandmadethenightandthedaysimilartothemuntiltheyreachedJabrisand livedinit.NonecanaccounttheirnumberbutAllah.WhenaJewwenttothem,theykilledthe Jewandsaid:Youhavecometousbecauseyourlawhasbecomecorrupt!Accordingtothis considerationtheyregardedaslawfulkillinghim.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookalMujam, vol.3,p.33. [4]KashfalGhumma,p.170. Thenhe(a.s)mentionedthepersecutionsfromwhichAhlalBaytsuffered,saying:Andthat MuawiyahastoldyouthatIhaveseenhimworthyofthecaliphateandhavenotseenmyselfas worthyofit.WearemoreappropriateforthepeoplethanthepeopleintheBookofAllah,the GreatandAlmighty,andonthetongueofHisProphet.We,AhlalBayt,havebeenoppressed sinceAllahtookHisProphettoHim. SoAllahisbetweenusandhimwhohaswrongedus,controlledus,movedthepeopleagainstus, preventedusfromtakingourshareofalFay,anddeprivedourmotherofthatwhichtheProphet (a.s)hadapportionedtoher.IswearbyAllah,ifthepeoplehadpledgeallegiancetomyfatherat thetimewhenAllahsApostledepartedfromthem(died),theheavenwouldhavegiventhemits rain,theearth(wouldhavegiventhem)itsblessing,andyou,Muawiya,wouldnothavecraved afterit Whenit(thecaliphate)cameoutofitsorigin,Qurayshdisputedwitheachotheraboutit.Sothe released(prisonersofwar),sonofthereleased,youandyourcompanions,havecravedafterit. AllahsApostlehassaid:Whenacommunityentrustsitsaffairtoamanandthereisamongitone whoismoreknowledgeablethanhim,itsaffairwillcometonothinguntilitreturnstowhatithas left.ThechildrenofIsraelleftHarunwhiletheyhadcometoknowthathewasthevicegerentof Musaamongthem,andfollowedalSamiri.Andthiscommunityleftmyfatherandpaidhomage tootherthanhim,whileithadheardAllahsApostlesaytohim:YouaretomeasHarunwasto Musaexceptforprophethood.TheysawAllahsApostleinstallingmyfather(asacaliph)onthe DayofGhadirKhumandorderingthepresenttoinformtheabsent.AllahsApostleescapedfrom hispeoplewhilehewassummoningthemtoAllahuntilhecameintothecave.Ifhehadfound helpers,hewouldnothaveescaped.Myfatherwithheldhishand(fromthem)whenhe summonedthemandaskedthemforhelp,butnonehelpedhim.SoAllahplacedHaruninease whenpeopledeemedhimasweakandwereabouttokillhim.AndAllahplacedtheProphetin easewhenheenteredthecaveanddidnotfindhelpers.LikewisemyfatherandIareineasefrom Allahwhenthiscommunityhasdesertedus.Thelawsandexamplesfolloweachother.[1] Thenheturnedtothosewhoattendedthemeetingandsaidtothem:ByHimWhosent

Muhammadwiththetruth,whensomeonedecreasesourright,Allahdecreaseshisdeed.When thecircumstanceisagainstus,thefinalresultbelongstous.Andmostcertainlyyouwillcometo knowofitafteratime. Thenhe(a.s)turnedtoMuawiyaanddeniedhiscursinghisfather,sayingto [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10p.114. him:OyouwhomentionAli,IamalHasanandAliismyfather.YouareMuawiyaandyour fatherisSakhr(AbuSufyan).MymotherisFatimandyourmotherisHind.Mygrandfatheristhe ApostleofAllahandyourgrandfatherisHarb,MygrandmotherisKhadijaandyourgrandmother isFutayla.MayAllahcursehimwhotriestodegradeourreputationandtodiminishournobility, whodoesevilagainstourantiquityandyetwhohasbeenaheadinunbeliefandhypocrisy. Groupsofthepeopleinthemosqueshoutedout:Amen!Amen!Thosewhoheardthemsaid: Amen!Andwesay:Amen!Amen! Thisisthemosteloquentspeechhistoryhaseverknown.InittheImamhasclearlyexplainedall things,picturedthecriticalsituationwherehewas,madeacomparisonbetweentheeventshe metandthosehisfatherhadmet.Hehasindicatedthattheeventsdatedbacktothosewho usurpedthecaliphateafterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hadit notbeenforthem,MuawiyawouldnothavecravedafterthecaliphateanddisputedwithImam alHasanaboutit.TheAttitudeofLeaderQaysWhenthegreatleaderQaysbinSadheardofthe painfulnews,hebecameastonished,awaveofcaresdominatedhim,andcloudsofsorrows coveredhim,totheextentthathewishedthathehaddepartedlife.Herepeatedwithhimself: HowdidtheCommanderofthetruthmakepeacewiththecommanderoffalsehood? Hestoodwithaperplexedmind.Hisabilitieswereweak.Hewantedtomovehisfeetfromthe groundbuthecouldnot.Heshookalloverwithfear.Perplexityprevailedhisheart.Stormypain appearedonhisface.Thenheburstintotearsandcomposedpoetry,saying:Hehascometome inthelandofalAalfromthelandofMaskan(andtoldme)thattheImamofthetruthhas becomepeaceful.SinceIsawhimIhavelookedrightandleft.IhaveobservedthestarswhileIam humbleheartedandsilent.[1]Defeatovercamehim.Impatienceandastonishmentprevailedover him.Heturnedtothetroopsandsaidtothemwithafaintvoiceandsadtones: [1]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.167. Choosebetweentwo!EitheryoufightwithoutanImamoryoupledgeallegiance(toMuawiya) withpledgeofmisguidance!Abasementandhumiliationdominatedthem,sotheyanswered him,saying:RatherwefightwithoutanImam!Thentheyadvancedtowardsthetroopsofthe peopleofShamandreturnedthemtotheirranks.AsforMuawiya,hebecameverydisordered.

HewrotealettertoQaystomakehimwishandtothreatenhim.HoweverQaysansweredhim: No,byAllah,youwillnotfindmeasyoulike.Onlytheswordandthespeararebetweenmeand you! WhenMuawiyadespairedofhim,hesenthimaletterinwhichhecursedandthreatenedhim. Thisisthetextoftheletter:SurelyyouareaJew.Youaremakingyourselfunhappyandkilling yourselfforthatwhichisnotyours.Ifthemorebelovedofthetwopartiestoyouovercame,he wouldforsakeanddesertyou.Ifthemoredetestedoneofthemtoyouovercameyou,hewould severelypunishandkillyou.Yourfatherstringed(abow)otherthanhisbowandshotatother thanhistarget.Hemademuchcuttingoffandmadeamistakeinrespectofthejudgement.Sohis peopledesertedhim.Hisday(death)reachedhim,andhediedstrangeinHawran.With Greetings Qaysansweredhim:Youareanidol,andsonofanidol!YouunwillinglyembracedIslam,timely followedit,andwillinglywithdrewfromit.Allahhasnotplacedforyouashareinit.YourIslamis notold,andyourhypocrisyisnotnew.YouarestillfightingagainstAllahandHisApostle.Youare oneofthepartiesofthepolytheists,anenemytoAllah,toHisProphet,andtothefaithfulofHis servants.Youhavementionedmyfather.Bymylife,hestringed(nobow)buthisownbowand shotat(notarget)buthisowntarget.However,those,towhomyouarenotlikeinglory, provokedagainsthim.YouhaveclaimedthatIandmyfatherareJews,whileyouandthepeople havecometoknowthatIandmyfatheraretheenemiesofthereligionfromwhichyouwithdrew (preIslamicbeliefs)andarethesupportersofthereligionyoufollowedandcometoit(Islam). WithGreetings. ThisletterhasshownMuawiyasfactandreality.WhenMuawiyareadtheletter,hebecame angry,andhewantedtowriteananswertoit,buthiscrafty,cunningminister(AmrbinalAas) preventedhimfromdoingthat,sayingtohim:Surelyifyouwrotehim(aletter),hewould answeryouwitha(letter)severerthanyours.Ifyoulefthim,hewouldfollowwhatpeoplehave followed. Muawiyaregardedhisviewpointascorrectsoheturnedawayfromstrictnessandviolence.[1]He senthimaletterinwhichhehasmentioned:Accordingtowhoseobedienceareyoufighting? Theonetowhomyouhadpledgedallegiancehaspledgedallegiancetome! Qayswasnotsatisfiedwiththat,andheinsistedonhisopinion.HoweverMuawiyawasafraidof thetroubleandofthedevelopmentoftheevents,sohesenthimaparchmentandstampedat thebottomoftheparchment.Hesaidtothemessenger:Saytohim:Writeonitwhateveryou wish!AmrbinalAaswasdispleasedwiththat,foritcontainedakindofwelcometoQays.He turnedtoMuawiyaandsaidtohim:Donotgivehimthat!Fighthim!

MuawiyacametoknowthatAmrbinalAashadharboredmaliceagainstQaysandthathewas notsincereinwhatheadvisedhim.Soheansweredhim:Slowly!Wedonotreachkillingthem unlessanumberfromthepeopleofShamequaltotheirnumbershouldbekilled.Sothereisno goodinlifeafterthat.Surely,byAllah,IwillnotfighthimuntilIfindnoescapefromfightinghim. ThemessengerhandedtheparchmenttoQaysandtoldhimaboutMuawiyasstatement.Qays carefullyconsideredtheaffair.Hethoughtofitforalongtime.Atlasthecouldfindnoescape fromfollowingwhatthepeoplehadfollowed.Hehadnoforceswithwhichhehadtofightagainst Muawiya.Therewasnopowerfulpersontowhomhehadtoresorttogetridofthepledgeof allegiancetoMuawiya.Accordingly,heansweredthemessengerthroughacceptingMuawiyas summons.Hewroteintheparchmentaboutsecurityforhimandhisfollowers.Heaskednothing otherthanthat.[2]HoweverherefrainedfrommeetingwithMuawiya,forhehadpromisedAllah thathewouldnotmeetwithhimunlessthereshouldbeaswordandaspearbetweenthem. WhenMuawiyacametoknowofthat,heorderedaswordandaspeartobebroughtbetween theminorderthatQaysmightfulfillhisoath,anddonotbreakit.SoQayswasreadytomeetwith him.Hecameandwassurroundedbygroupsofpeople.Thepeoplelookedathimwhilehewas bowinghishead,walkingheavily,beingunabletoseehiswaybecauseofsorrowandabasement, andsighingdeeply.Whenhesatdown,heturnedtothegroupsofpeopleandsaidtothem:O people,youhavereplacedevilby [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.15.InhisbookMurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p. 319,alMasudihasmentioned:ThisspeechoccurredbetweenMoawiyaandQaysduringthe lifetimeof(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.ThatwaswhenQayswas hisgovernoroverEgypt. [2]AlKamil,vol.3,p.207.AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.94. good,abasementbyglory,andunbeliefbybelief.Aftertheauthorityof(ImamAli)the Commanderofthefaithful,thelordoftheMuslims,andcousinoftheApostleoftheLordofthe worlds,youhavebecomeundertheauthorityof(Muawiya)thereleasedprisonerofwar,sonof thereleasedone.Hewilltreatyouunjustlyandbehavetowardyouthroughthesword.Sohow haveyoufailedtoknowthat?OrhasAllahsetasealuponyourheartssoyoudonotunderstand? Abasementanddefeatappearedonhisface.ThenheturnedtoImamalHasanandaskedhim withafaintvoiceandshakingtones:AmIfreefromthepledgeofallegiancetoyou? TheImamgreatlyburntwithgriefowingtoQayssstatement,soheansweredhimwithoneword: Yes.Muawiyawasnotsatisfiedwiththat.Impudenceurgedhimtoask:Willyoupledge allegiance(tome),OQays?Yes,repliedQayswithafaint,sadsound. Thenheloweredhishead,puthishandonhisthigh,anddidnotstretchitouttoMuawiya.The

latterrosefromhischair,walkedtowardstheformer,stooped,andrubbedhishand,butthe formerdidnotlifthishand. WiththistopicwewillendourspeechaboutImamalHasansmeetingwithMuawiya.The meetingwasamongthemostdifficultandseverestordeals.AfterthatImamalHasan(a.s)got readytogotoYathrib(Medina)andtoleavetheIraqiswhodesertedhimandhaddesertedhis fatherbefore,whodidnotfulfilltheircovenantandpromisetowardthem(ImamAliandImamal Hasan).TheImamdecidedtoleaveMuawiyaandtheUmayyadstoactfreelytowardtheIraqis andaccordingtotheirwishes.TheUmayyadsbroughtIraqoutofease,welfare,andsecurityinto strictness,severity,andtorture.AftertheImamsdeparture,theIraqisrememberedthedaysof theirlifeundertheHashimitegovernment.Theygrievedverymuchandstronglyrepentedoftheir deserting(ImamAli)theCommanderofthefaithfulandhissonalHasan,peacebeonthem.
ChapterXXI:TheCriticsofthePeacemaking ImamalHasansimmortalordealandtribulationwasnotlimitedtowhathemetfromamongthe hardtrialandthesevereordealresultedfromhismakingpeacewithMuawiyaandhismeeting withhim.Histribulationexceededtothatwhichwasgreatestininfluenceonhim.Thatisthe speechofthecriticsfromamonghisopponentsandhiscompanions.Thatwaswhenthey criticizedhimforhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.Theyfacedhimwithstatementswhoseeffect onhimwasstrongerthanthatofasharpsword.Hemetfromthemacoarsespeech,rudetalks, andstrongalienation.Sohe(a.s)wasdispleasedwithhisfollowers(Shia)morethanhewaswith hisenemies,forthey(hisfollowers)knewwelltheblackcircumstancesandthebitterfactorsthat forcedhimtomakepeacewithMuawiyaandtoconcludeatrucewithhim.Thefollowingarethe statementsofthecriticsalongwiththeImamanswerstothem. HijrBinAdiy Theheroofthought,theexampleoffaith,andtheprideofIslam(HijrbinAdi)wenttoImamal Hasan.Heshookwithfear,andsadnessprevailedhim.Hesaidtotheimam:Wouldthatyouand wediedonthatdayanddidnotseethisday.Weunwillinglyreturnedwiththatwhichwehad disliked,andtheyhappilyreturnedwiththatwhichtheyhadliked. I(theauthor)donotknowhowHijrsaidsucharudespeechwhilehewasthemost knowledgeableofpeopleoftheImamspositionandreality.Hewasthemostknowledgeableof

theminthedifficultcircumstancesandseverehardshipsthatsurroundedtheImam(a.s)and forcedhimtomakepeacewithMuawiya.Howeverheisexcusedbecausetheagonyofthe misfortuneandtheastonishmentofthesoulmakemandeviatefromthebalanceofmoderation andstraightness.AnywayImamalHasan(a.s)rose,tookHijrbythehandandwasalonewithhim inacornerofthehouse.HeexplainedtohimthereasonwhyhemadepeacewithMuawiya.He saidtohim:OHijr,IheardyourspeechinMuawiyasmeeting.Notallthepeoplelikewhatyou like,northeiropinionislikeyours.SurelyIdidnothingexceptkeepingyou.AndAllah,theMost High,isinastate(ofglory)everymoment.[1][1]IbnShahrashub,alManaqib,vol.2,p.169. ImamalHasan(a.s)explainedthathehadnoloyalpeopleintheIraqiarmy,thatifhehadhad peoplesimilartoHijrincreed,faith,opinion,andsincerity,hewouldnothavemadepeacewith Muawiya.He(a.s)explainedthathemadepeacewithhisopponenttokeepsafeHijrandthelike ofHijrfromamongthefaithful. AdiyBinHatim AdiybinHatimwasuniqueandideal.Hesetarecordinthought,faith,andsacrificeinthewayof Allah.Accordingtohispsychological,violentexcitement,thisgreatcompanion(oftheProphet) hurriedtocriticizeImamalHasanformakingpeacewithMuawiya.Hisspeechwasmodern;the speechofsomeonecompletelypolite.Hissoulmeltedoutofsadnessandsorrow.Sohesaid:O sonofAllahsApostle,wouldthatIdiedbeforewhatIhadseen.Youhavebroughtoutofjustice intotyranny.Sowehaveleftthetruthwehadfollowedandenteredthefalsehoodfromwhichwe hadescaped.Wehavebeengivenvicebecauseofus;andwehaveacceptedthelowthatisnot suitabletous. AdisspeechleftintheImamssoulstrongsorrowandsadness.SotheImam(a.s)explainedto himthereasonwhyhemadepeace(withMuawiya),saying:OAdi,surelyIhavecometoknow thatmostpeopledesiredformakingpeaceandhatedwar.Ididnotwanttoforcethemtodo whattheydisliked.IhavethoughtthatIhavetopostponethiswartosomeday,forsurelyAllahis inastate(ofglory)everymoment. Inhisanswer,ImamalHasanhasexplainedthathisarmywastiredofwar,inclinedtowellbeing, andpreferredpeacetowar,andthathewasdeterminedtobattleagainstMuawiyaduringa suitabletimethatwouldguaranteesuccessandvictory.HoweverAdiwasnotsatisfiedwiththe Imamsspeech.RatherhewalkedtoImamalHusayn(a.s)withheavysteps.Hisheartwasboiling withangerandenthusiasm.UbaydillahbinUmarwaswithhim.WhenhereachedImamal Husayn,hesaidtohimwithtonesdrippingenthusiasmanddeterminationforstartingwar:O AbuAbdullah,youhaveboughtabasementforglory.Youhaveacceptedthelittleandleftthe much.Obeyustodayanddisobeyusthroughoutthetime!LeavealHasanandwhathehas thoughtofthispeacemaking.GatheryourfollowersfromamongthepeopleofKufaandthelike.

Appointmycompanionandmeoverthisvanguard.SoHindsson(Muawiya)willnotfeelbutwe fightagainsthimwiththesword. ImamalHusayn(a.s)saidtohim:Surely,wehavepledgedallegiance(toMuawiya)and promised(him)andthereisnowaytobreakourallegiance(tohim).[1] AlMusayyabBinNujba AlMusayyabBinNujba[2]wasamongthegreat,good,righteousbelieverswhowereknownfor theirloveandloyaltytoAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem.Hewasdispleasedwiththepeacemaking. Hefeltpaininthefullsenseoftheword.HewalkedtoImamalHasanwhilehewassadand distressed.Hesaidtohim:Myastonishmentatyoudoesnotcometoanend.Youhavepledged allegiancetoMuawiyawhileyouhavefortythousand(fighters).Youhavenottakenadocument andamanifestcovenant.Hegaveyouanaffairbetweenyouandhim.Thenhesaidwhatyouhave heard.Hemeantnoneotherthanyou. ImamalHasanaskedhim:Whatdoyouthink?Ithinkthatyouhavetoreturntothatwhich hadbeenbefore.Thatisbecausehe(Muawiya)hasbrokenwhatisbetweenyouandhim.The Imamdeniedhim.Heexplainedtohimthattheinterestrequiredpeacemaking,saying:O Musayyab,ifIwanted,throughwhatIdid,(thelifein)theworld,thenMuawiyawouldnotbe morepatientthanIwouldinmeeting(inwar),norwouldhebemoresteadfastthanIwouldin war.However,Isoughtyourrighteousnessandwantedtopreventyoufromfightingagainsteach other.[3] Inhisspeech,ImamalHasan(a.s)hasexpressedthatifhehadbeenamongthosewhosoughtthe lifeinthisworld,loveddomainandauthority,Muawiyawouldnothavebeenmorepatientthan hewas,norwashemoresteadfastthanhewas.HowevervictoryinMuawiyasviewpoint dependedon [1]AlDaynwari,p.203. [2]AlMusayyabBinNujbawasaKufan.HenarratedtraditionsontheauthorityofImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,andHudhayfa.Agroupoftraditionistsnarratedon hisauthority.HeandSulaymanbinSuradwentout(inrevolt)toavengethebloodofalHusayn. Hewaskilledintheyear65A.H.IbnSadhassaid:AlMusayyabbinNujbabinRiyahbelongedto thefirstclassfromamongthepeopleofKufa.Hewitnessed(theBattleof)alQadisiyaandthe battlesledbyImamAli.HewaskilledattheBattleofAynalWarda.AlAskarihassaid:Al Musayyab(binNujba)narratedincompletelytransmitted(traditions)ontheauthorityofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hehadnocompanionship(withtheProphet).This hasbeenmentionedin(thebook)TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.10,p.154. [3]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.225.

thewaysthereligiondidnotacceptsuchasequivocation,flattering,deception,andthelike.As forImamalHasan,herefusedtoemploysuchways.Hefollowedhisfathersplanaimingat clingingtothetruthandjustice. MalikBinDhamra MalikbinDhamra[1]cameintoImamalHasan.Hesaidtohimsomerudewords.ImamalHasan saidtohim:SurelyIfearedthattheMuslimswouldbeuprootedfromthefaceoftheearth.I wantedsomeonetospreadthereligion.[2]InhisspeechImamalHasanhasexpressedthathe tookcareofsparingtheMuslimsblood,andthatifhehadopenedadoortowaragainst Muawiya,therewouldnothavebeenaMuslimonthefaceoftheearth.Asaresulthemade peacetosparetheMuslimsbloodandtokeepthemsafe. SufyanBinAbiLayla SufyanbinAbiLaylawasamongthosewhoembracedtheKharijitesthought.HecameintoImam alHasanandsaidtohimsomewordsindicatinghisalienationandignorance.Hesaidtohim: Assalamualayka,Oyouwhohaveabasedthefaithful!TheImamwasdispleasedwithhim,so hehurriedtosay:Woeuntoyou,OKharijite!Donotrebukeme!Thethingthatmademeinneed ofwhatIdidwasyourkillingmyfather,yourstabbingme,andyourplunderingmypossessions. WhenyouwalkedtoSiffin,yourreligionwasbeforeyourlifeinthisworld,whiletodayyour presentlifeisbeforeyourreligion.Woeuntoyou,OKharijite!SurelyIhavecometoknowthat nonehasconfidenceinthepeopleofKufa.Nonefeelsstrengththroughthembutoneabased. Theiropinionsaredifferent.Myfathermetfromthemdifficultaffairsandbitter [1]MalikbinDamraalDamriwasfamousforabundantknowledgeandexcellence.Heassociated AbuDharr,thegreatcompanionof(theProphet).HelivedduringthelifetimeoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Whenhewasabouttodie,heorderedhisweapontobegivento themujahideenfromamongtheBanuDamra.HestipulatedthattheyshouldnotfightagainstAhl alBayt,peacebeonthem,withit.Hisbrothersaidtohim:Atdeathyouaresayingthat?Itis so,hereplied.WhenImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrscametoIraq,andthepeopleof Kufawentouttofightagainsthim,oneofIbnZiyadshelperscametoMusabinMaliktoborrow hisfathersspeartofightagainsttheplantofsweetbasilofAllahsApostle(ImamalHusayn).He gavehimthespear.Whenhe(thehelper)wentout,awomanfromamongMalikswomenfolks askedhim(Malik):OMusa,didyounotrememberyourfatherswill?Whenheheardofthat,he lookedforhim.Hetookthespearfromhimandbrokeit.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook) alIsaba,vol.3,p.460. [2]BiharalAnwar.

hardships.Kufaisthequickestofthecitiestobedestroyed.Itsinhabitantsarethosewhodivided theirreligionandbecameparties. BashiralHamadani BashiralHamadanicameintoImamalHasanandsaid:Assalamualayka,Oyouwhohave abasedthefaithful!AlaykaAssalamu,sitdown,saidImamalHasan.WhenBashirhadsat down,theImam(a.s)saidtohim:Throughmymakingpeace(withMuawiya)Iwantednothing butdrivingkillingawayfromyou.ThatwaswhenIcametoknowthatmycompanionslaggedand recoiled. SulaymanBinSurad SulaymanbinSuradwasamongthesincerecompanionsofImamalHasaninhisfaith,creed,and obediencetoAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem.HewasnotpresentinalMadainwhenthe peacemakingoccurred.Whenheheardofthepainfulnews,heheadedfortheImam,whowasin Yathrib(Medina).Whenhereachedhim,hesaidtohim:Assalamualayka,Oyouwhohave abasedthefaithful!AlaykaAssalamu,sitdown,saidImamalHasan. Afterhehadsatdown,herushedtosay:Surelyourastonishmentatyourpledgingallegianceto Muawiyadoesnotcometoanend!Youhaveahundredthousandfightersfromamongthe peopleofIraq.Allofthemtakethepay.Inadditiontothemthereis(anumber)equaltothem fromamongtheirfollowerswiththeexceptionofyourfollowersfromamongthepeopleofBasra andalHijaz.Thenyoudidnottakecertaintyinrespectofthecovenantnordidyoutakeluckof theaffair.Youdidwhatyoudidandhegaveyouwhathegaveyoubetweenyouandhimfrom amongthecovenantandagreement.Ifyouwroteadocumentagainsthimaboutthat,andmade witnessesfromamongthepeopleoftheeastandthewestbearwitnessagainsthimthatthe authoritywouldcometoyouafterhim,theaffairwouldbeeasiertous.Buthegaveyouthisand youweresatisfiedwithitaccordingtohisspeech.Thenhesaidandclaimedopenlywhatyouhave heard:SurelyImadesomeconditionstosomepeople.Ipromisedthemwithsomepromises,forI wantedtoextinguishthefireofthewarandtocomplywiththediscord,forAllahhasgatheredfor usourwordandourunity.Howeverallthatwhichwasthereisunderthesefeetofmine.By Allah,hemeantnothingexceptviolatingthatwhichwasbetweenyouandhim.Thereforeprepare atrickforthewar.AllowmetogotoKufa,toremoveitsgovernorfromit,andtodeclarehis deposition.Thenthrowbacktothemontermsofequality.SurelyAllahdoesnotguidethedevice oftheunfaithful. SulaymansspeechindicatesthathewasobedientandloyaltoImamalHasan,peacebeonhim. HeurgedhimtorevoltagainstMuawiyasgovernmentandtobreakthepledgeofallegiance(to him).Hedidnotfulfillthecovenantanddidnotconformtothestipulationsofthepeacemaking,

justashedeclaredthatinthepresenceofthepeople.Sulaymansspeechwassuitabletothe desiresofthosewhoattendedtheImamsmeeting,sotheyconfirmedhisspeech,saying:Send Sulaymanandsenduswithhim.Thenfollowuswhenyoucometoknowthatwehavedismissed Muawiyasgovernorandannouncedhisdeposition. AstheMuslimsgeneralinterestdidnothelpdeposingMuawiyaandbreakingthetruce,Imamal Hasan(a.s)orderedthemtokeepsilentandhecalmedtheirexcitement.Thatwasimpossible becausetheatmospherewascoveredwithdiscordsanddisorders,thesupporterswerefew, thosewholovedtheImamdesertedhim,andtheenemiesweremanyandpowerful.Imamal HasanpraisedAllahandlaudedhim,andthenhesaidtothem:Youareourfollowers,themenof affectiononus,andamongthosewhomweknowforloyalty,companionship,andstraightness towardus.Ihaveunderstoodwhatyoumentioned. IfIwasdeterminedinrespectoftheaffairofthelifeinthisworld,workedandtoiledforthe presentlife,MuawiyawouldbenotbraverthanIamandnotgreaterthanmeinthesenseof honor.Howevermyopinionisotherthanyours.IbearwitnessbeforeyouthatIdidnotwant anythingthroughwhatyouthoughtexceptsparingyourbloodandcorrectingdiscord.Therefore, fearAllah,handovertheaffairtoAllah,keeptoyourhouses,andholdbackyourhandsthatthe piousmaygetrestoryougetridofthedissolute.MyfathertoldmethatMuawiyawould undertaketheauthority.ByAllah,ifwewalkedtohimwiththemountainsandthetress,Ihadno doubtthathewouldwinavictory.SurelythereisnorepellerofAllahsjudgment,andnonerepels Hisdecree. Asforyourstatement,Oyouwhohaveabasedthefaithful,byAllahifyouwereabasedandhad wellbeing,thenthatwouldbemorebelovedtomethantobepowerfulbuttobekilled.IfAllah returnedtousourrightinwellbeing,wewouldacceptthatandaskAllahforhelpinrespectofHis affair.IfHeturneditawayfromus,wewouldbesatisfiedandwouldaskAllahtoblessturningit awayfromus.ThereforeallofyoushouldkeeptoyourhousesaslongasMuawiyaisalive.Ifhe died,youandwewerealive,wewouldaskAllahforadeterminationforguidingusandhelpwith ouraffairandnottoentrustustoourselves.SurelyAllahiswiththosewhoguard(againstevil) andthosewhodogood(toothers).[1] [1]AlBayqahi,alMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,pp.6065. ImamalHasanorderedhisfollowerstoinclinetopatienceandcalmnessaslongasMuawiyawas alive.Hejustifiedhismakingpeaceaswehavepreviouslyexplainedindetail. AbdullahBinalZubayr AbdullahbinalZubayrwaswicked.HewasfamousfordetestandenmitytowardtheAhlulBayt (a.s).HecriticizedImamalHasanformakingpeacewithMuawiya.TheImam(a.s)answeredhim,

saying:AnddoyouclaimthatIhavehandedtheauthorityovertoMuawiya?Howisthat? Fatima,themistressofwomen,gavebirthtome.Woeuntoyou!Ididnotdothatoutof cowardlinessandweakness.Butthoselikeyouhadpledgedallegiancetome.He(Muawiya) demandedrevenge.Heflatteredmethroughtheaffection.Ihavenoconfidenceinhishelping me. AbdullahbinalZubayraccusedImamalHasanofcowardliness,whilehewasfarfromthat.From wheredidcowardlinesscometohim?Diditcometohimfromhisfather,whowasthelionof AllahandofHisApostle?Orfromhistwograndfathers,theProphet(a.s),andAbdulMuttalib?Or fromhistwounclesHamzaandJafar,thegreatmastersofmartyrs?Orfromhisbrother(al Husayn),thefatherofmartyrs?Orfromhisfamousattitudesinthevariousfields,suchastheDay (battle)ofalDaar,theDayofBasra,andatMuzlimSabat?Hewasthelionwho(whenhewalked, deathwalkedwhereverhewalked),accordingtohisenemysexpression. AbuSaeed AbuSaeedwenttoImamalHasan.HeadmonishedhimforhismakingpeacewithMuawiya.He rebukedhimsaying:OsonofAllahsApostle,whyhaveyouconcludedatrucewithMuawiyaand madepeacewithhim,whileyouhavecometoknowthattherightbelongstoyou,andnottohim, andthatMuawiyaisdeviousandrebellious?OAbuSaeed,amInottheproofofAllahoverhis creaturesandanImamoverthemaftermyfather? Yes. OAbuSaeed,thereasonformymakingpeaceisthereasonwhyAllahsApostlemadepeace withtheBanuDamra,BanuAshja,andthepeopleofMecca.Thatwaswhenhewentawayfrom alHudaybiya.ThosewereinfieldsaccordingtotheRevelation.AsforMuawiyaandhis companionsareinfieldsaccordingtotheinterpretation. OAbuSaeed,ifIwasanImamappointedbyAllah,theMostHigh,thenmyopinionshouldnotbe stultifiedinrespectofwhatIdidfromamongconcludingatruceorfighting,thoughthemeaning ofwhatIdidwasvague.DidyounotknowthatwhenalKhidrtoretheship,killedtheboy,and demolishedthewall,Musabecamedispleasedwithhisdeed,forthereasonwasvaguetohim? Whenhetoldhim,hebecamepleased.AndsoamI.Youhavebecomedispleasedwithme becauseyouareignorantofthereason(forthat).HaditnotbeenforwhatIdid,ourfollowerson thefaceoftheearthwouldhavebeenkilled. SurelytheImamspositionissimilartothatoftheProphet.Hedidnothingexceptthatwhichhad ageneralinterest.Howevertheinterestissometimesvaguetothepeople;theydonot understanditbutafteratime.ImamalHasanlikenedhispeacemakingtoalKhidrswhenhetore theship,demolishedthewall,andkilledtheboy.Ashiscompanion(Musa)didnotunderstandthe

interestinthat,hebecamedispleasedwithhim,stronglyopposed,andcriticizedhim.WhenMusa cametoknowthat,heyieldedtoalKhidrandobeyedhim.SuchwasImamalHasaninhismaking peace,becausethereasonswerevaguetomanyofhisfollowers.Theyhurriedtoexpresstheir displeasurewithhimandcriticizedhimformakingpeace. ACompanion OneofImamalHasanscompanionscameintohim.Thecompanionwasveryexcited,sadand sorrowful.HesaidtotheImam:OsonofAllahsApostle,youhaveabasedusthroughyour handingovertheauthoritytothistyrant(Muawiya).TheImamansweredhim:ByAllah,I handedovertheauthoritytohimbecauseIdidnotfindsupporters.IfIhadfoundsupporters,I wouldhavefoughthimdayandnightuntilAllahwouldjudgebetweenhimandme.HoweverI cametoknowthepeopleofKufaandItestedthem.Icouldnotsetrightthecorruptfromamong them.Theyfulfilledneithertheirspeechnortheirdeed.Theyweredifferentandtheysaidtous: Ourheartsarewithyou,andourswordsareagainstyou. ImamalHasan(a.s)explainedthathehadneithersupportersnorhelperstofightMuawiya.He hadnoneexcepttheKufanswhofulfilledneithertheirspeechnortheiract.Sohowwasitpossible forhimtofightMuawiyabythem?TheImam(a.s)refutedthevagueerrorsofthecritics.He explainedtothemthereasonsforhismakingpeace.Heansweredtheiradmonitionwithaskillful proof,awonderfulpresentation,andanoriginalopinion.
ChapterXXII:ToYathrib(Medina) ImamalHasanremainedinKufaforsomedays.Hewasheavyhearted.Caresandpainappeared onhim.Hemetfromhisfollowersbitterwordsandrudecriticism.Likewise,hemetfrom Muawiyaandhispartymakinglightofhishighposition.Nevertheless,hewaspatientanticipating Allahsreward.HerestrainedhisangerandentrustedhisaffairtoAllah.HedecidedtoleaveIraq thecountrythatdesertedhimandhaddesertedhisfatherbeforeforthecityofhisgrandfather. Heshowedhisdeterminationandintentiontohiscompanions.Whenthatwasannounced,al MusayyabbinNujbaalFazariandZabyanbinAmmarahalTamimi[1]wenttoseehimoff.He turnedtothemwhilehissacredsoulwasfullofpainandsorrowatwhattheMuslimshad reached.Hesaidtothem:PraisebelongstoAllahWhoisMasterofHisaffair!Ifallthecreatures hadagreedonthatwhichwasnottobe,theycouldnot(doit).

FromhisspeechweunderstandthathesubmittedtoAllahsdecree.Hewassadanddistressed forlosinghislegalright.AlMusayyabsawthatsadnessappearedonthefacesofalHasanandal Husaynoutoffearthattheirfollowerswouldbewrongedduringthetimeofthistyrant (Muawiya).Soheturnedtothem,calmedtheirfear,andsaidtothem:ByAllah,thisaffairisnot greattousexceptthatyouwillbewrongedanddisparaged.Asforus,theywillrequestour affectionasfaraspossible. ImamalHusaynthankedhimforhisallegianceandloyalty,saying:OMusayyab,weknowthat youloveus.ImamalHasanturnedtohimandgavehimgoodnewsofhisloveforthem,saying: Whoeverlovessomepeopleiswiththem.AlMusayyabandZabyanaskedImamalHasanto stayinKufa,butherefusedtorespondtothem,saying:Thereisnowaytothat.[2] [1]ZabyanbinAmmarahalTamiminarratedtraditionsontheauthorityofImamAli,the Commanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.AlBukharihasmentionedhimasamonghis companions.IbnHatamandIbnHabbanhaveregardedhimasamongthesuccessors.Thishas beenmentionedin(thebook)alIsaba,vol.2,p.232.InthebookLisanalMizan,vol.3,p.215,it hasbeenmentioned:IbnHabbanhasregardedZabyanasamongthetrustworthy.IbnHatamhas notcriticizedhim. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. ImamalHasan(a.s)gotreadytotravel.Thenheandhishouseholdheadedforthecapitalofhis grandfather(Medina).ThepeopleofKufa,ofallclasses,wentouttoseehimoff.Someofthem wept,andsomeofthemfeltsorry(forhisdeparture).[1]Theyweptfortheirmiserableluckand theirlosthappinessthattheyhaddestroyedwiththeirownhands.Thecaliphateandthepublic treasuryweremovedfromtheircountrytoDamascus.Thatdeprivedthemofsleep,butitwastoo late.Theyweretheleadersofthestate.Suddenlytheircountry,aftertheirdesertingImamal Hasanandrefrainingfromsupportinghim,becameonelikeanyothercity.TheSyrianmilitary unitsenteredtheircountryandcontrolledthem.Aterrorist,violent,mercilessgovernmentwas establishedintheircountry. ImamalHasan,hishousehold,alongwithAbuRafi,thetreasurer,departedKufa.Depressionand sadnessdominatedKufa.Unhappiness,plague,anddestructionbefellit.Allahletdownupon themplagueafterthedepartureofImamalHasan.TheplagueputanendtomanyKufans.Al MughirabinShuba,thegovernorofKufa,escapedfromKufa,andthenhereturnedtoitaftera time.Whenhearrivedinit,theplagueswepthimaway,andhediedofthat.[2] TheImamscaravanwalkedandcoveredthedesert.WhenitarrivedinDeirHind[3],theImam lookedathiscapitalwithsorrowandagony.Thenrecitedapoetrylinefromwhichweunderstand thathewasdispleasedandsad.Hesaid:

NotbecauseofhateIhaveleftthehouseofmyassociates,whohadprotectedmypossessions andmysacredthings.[4]ImamalHasansaidfarewelltoKufawithsorrowandsighs.Hedidnot mentionthedesertionandtreasonhemetfromitsinhabitants.Therefore,whatanangelicthis soulwas!Hemetanoppositionandmisfortunesfromthiscity.Thenhesaidfarewelltoitthrough thisverseofpoetry.Hementionednothingofitslong,widehistorybutthefaithfulnessofthe faithful,whoprotectedhispossessionsandhissacredthings,protectedhimfromthosewho attackedhiminalMadain,andobeyedhimontheharddayatMaskan.Sotheyweretruthful brothersandgoodsupportersthoughtheywerefewinnumber. [1]AlFakhuri,TuhfatalAnam,p.67. [2]AlMasudi,vol.6,p.97. [3]DeerHindisaplaceatalHira.Hind,daughterofalNumanbinalMundhir,becameanunatit, anditwascalledbyhername. [4]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. TheprocessionoftheImamwalked.ShortlyafterthatMuawiyasmessengercameandaskedthe ImamtocomebacktofightagainstagroupoftheKharijiteswhorevoltedagainstMuawiya. HowevertheImam(a.s)refusedtoreturn.HewrotetoMuawiya:IfIpreferredtofightagainst anyofthemenoftheqibla(theMuslims),Iwouldstartwithfightingyou.SurelyIhaveleftyouto reformthecommunityandtospareitsblood.[1] ThentheImamwentawayandpaidnoattentiontoMuawiya.Whenhisprocessionmoved throughadistrictoravillage,itspeoplehurriedtoreceivehimandtohavethehonorofmeeting him.InthefirstplacetheyaskedhimabouthisaffairwithMuawiya.Sohe(a.s)toldthem immediately.Theyexpresseddispleasure,grumble,anddissatisfaction,fortheywereafraidof Muawiyasauthority.However,whatwouldtheImamdoatthetimewhenhisarmyandhis peoplewereafflictedwithmutinyanddesertion,totheextentthattheyforcedhimtomake peacewithMuawiya? ThecaravanofImamalHasanarrivedinYathrib(Medina).Whenitspeopleknewabouthis arrival,allofthemhurriedtoreceivehim,fortheythoughtthatgoodcametothem,happiness andmercyhaltedatthem,andthegoodthatceasedfromthemwhenImamAli,theCommander ofthefaithful(a.s)leftthem,returnedtothem.ImamalHasancametoYathribandresided thereinfortenyears.Hefilleditsdistrictswithhisflowingmercy,gentleaffection,andclemency. WewillgiveabriefaccountoftheImamsworksandaffairswhenheresidedthere. HisSchool ImamalHasanestablishedhisgreatschoolinYathrib.HeworkedhardtospreadtheIslamic culture,directtheMuslimstowardsthereligion,andtomakethemunderstandtheIslamic

rulings.Thegreat,religiousscholars,thetraditionists,andthenarratorsjoinedhisschool.He foundthemgoodhelpersindeliveringhisimmortal,reformativemessagethatcrystallizedthe mindsofthepeopleandawakenedthemfromtheinattentivenessandinactivity.Thehistorians havementionedsomeofhisprominentstudentsandthenarratorsofhistraditions.Theyareas follows:HissonalHasanalMuthanna,alMusayyabbinNujba,SwaydbinGhafla,alAlaabin Abdurrahman,alShabi,HubayrabinBarkam,alAsbaghbinNabata,JabirbinKhuld,Abual Jawza,IsabinMamunbinZurara,NufalabinalMamum,AbuYahyaUmayrbinSaeedal Nakhi,AbuMaryamQaysalThaqafi,TuhrubalIjjli,IshaqbinYasar(thefatherofMuhammadbin Ishaq),AbdurrahmanbinAwf, [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.208. andAmrbinQays.[1]Yathribflourishedthroughthisgroupofreligiousscholarsandnarrators.It wastherichestoftheIslamiccitiesinknowledge,literature,andculture.ImamalHasan undertookspreadingknowledgeinYathrib.Inthemeantimehesummonedthepeopletofollow noble,moraltraits,goodmanners,andtheSunnaoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Hehoistedthesignpostofthemoralshisgrandfather,theApostle,hadbroughttoreform thepeopleandtoeducatethem.Anexampleofhishighmoraltraitsisthathedidfavorstohis enemiesandhisopponents.HeheardthatalWaleedbinAqabawasill.Hewenttovisithim thoughhehadcometoknowthatalWaleedwasfamousforharboringmaliceandenmityagainst AhlalBayt.AftertheImamhadsatdown,alWaleedturnedtohimandsaid:IwillturntoAllahin repentanceofthatwhichisbetweenmeandallthepeopleexceptthatwhichwasbetweenme andyourfather.Iwillnotrepentofit.[2] TheImamturnedawayfromhimanddidnotreplytohim.Perhapshegavehimsomegiftsanddid himsomefavors. BeingkindtothePoor ImamalHasan(a.s)didgoodandkindnesstothepoorandthemiserable.Hespentallwhathe hadonthem.Hefilledtheirheartswithdelightthroughhischarityandfavors.Anexampleofhis generositywasthataneedymancametohim.TheImamsaidtotheman:Writedownyourneed onaparchmentandhanditovertous.Themanwrotedownhisneedandhandeditovertohim. TheImam(a.s)orderedhisneedtobedoubled.Oneofthosewhowerepresentsaidtohim:How greattheblessingofthisparchmentis,OsonofAllahsApostle! TheImam(a.s)answeredhim:Itsblessingtowardusisgreaterwhenwehavebeenmade qualifiedforfavor.Didyounotknowthatfavoristhatwhichisdonebeforebegging?Asforhim whomyougiveafterbegging,youmakehimloseface.Perhapshespendshisnightrestlessand sleepless.Heinclinesbetweendespairandhope.Hedoesnotknowthatwhichhewouldreturnin hisneed,withdepressionorwiththedelightofthesuccess.Hecomestoyoushakingwithfear,

andhisheartbeating.Ifyoumeethisneedthroughthatwithwhichhemayloseface,thenthat wouldbegreaterthanthatwhichheobtainsofyourfavor. [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.12.AphotographavailableintheLibraryofImam(Ali),Amiral Muminin. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.364. ImamalHasanwasarefugeforthepoor,thedeprived,thewidows,andtheorphans.Inthefirst partofthebookwehavementionedsomeexamplesofhisgenerosityandfavorwhichwerecited asanexampleforgenerosityandliberality. SeekingProtectionwithhim Inthecapitalofhisgrandfather,ImamalHasan(a.s)wasanimpregnablecaveforthosewho resortedtohim,andawellfortifiedshelterforthosewhosoughtrefugewithhim.Hededicated histimeforgrantingthepeoplesneedsanddrivingoppressionwayfromthem.SaeedbinAbi SarhescapedfromZiyadbinAbeeh.HesoughtprotectionwiththeImam,andtheimamprotected him.ThenarratorshavementionedthatSaeedwasfamousforhisobediencetoAhlalBayt, peacebeonthem.ForthisreasonZiyadsummonedhim.SaeedescapedtoYathribandsought refugewiththeImam.WhenZiyadknewthat,heimprisonedhischildrenandhiswife,demolished hishouse,andconfiscatedhisproperties. WhenImamalHasanheardofthat,hebecamedispleased.SohewrotealettertoZiyad.Inthe letterheorderedhimtogivesecuritytoSaeed,toreleasehischildrenandhiswife,torebuildhis house,andtoreturnhisproperties.Thisisthetextofhisletter:Yousummonedamanfrom amongtheMuslims.He(theman)haswhattheyhaveandonhimthereisthatwhichisonthem. Youhavedemolishedhishouse,takenhisproperty,andimprisonedhischildrenandwife.When thisletterofminereachesyou,rebuildhishouse,returnhisproperty,andacceptmyintercession concerninghim,forIhaveprotectedhim.WithGreetings. InthisletterImamalHasanorderedZiyadtodogoodandprohibitedhimfrompracticingevil.He advisedhimtoreturntoSaeedwhathehadtakenfromhimandnottopunishhim,forhehad madenomischiefinthelandinorderthathemightdeservetortureandpunishment.WhenZiyad readthisletter,hebecameangry,becausetheImamdidnotascribehimtoAbuSufyan.Sohe answeredtheImamwithananswerindicatinghiswickednessandhisignoblerace.Thisisthetext oftheletter:FromZiyadbinAbiSufyantoalHasanbinFatima.Yourletterhasreachedme.Init youhavestartedwithyourselfbeforeme,whileyouareaseekerofaneed.Iamasultanwhile youarefromamongthecommonpeople.Inityouhavecommandedmewiththecommandof someoneobeyedandhaspoweroverhissubjects.Youhavewrittentomeconcerningasinnerto whomyouhavegivenaresidenceaccordingtoyourbadopinionandsatisfactionwiththat.By

Allah,youwillnotprecedemetohimevenifheisbetweenyourskinandyourflesh.IfIobtained someofyou,Iwouldnotbegentletoyou.Surelythemostlovablefleshtometoeatisthatin whichyouare.Thereforehandhimover(tome)becauseofhisguilttowardsthosewhoaremore appropriatethanyouforhim.IfIpardonedhim,Iwouldnotacceptyourintercessionregarding him.IfIkilledhim,Iwouldnotkillhimbutbecauseofhisloveforyourfather,thesinner.With Greetings. ThisletterindicatesthatZiyadwasimpudent,shameless,andungrateful.HeforgotthatImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,andhissonalHasan,peacebeonthem,didhimafavorthrough appointinghimagovernoroverPersia.Howeverhereturnedthefavorwithanoffense,andthe blessingwithingratitude.Ughbeuponyou,Otime!Woetoyou,Otime!Sumayyasson(Ziyad) hadtheaudacitytotheProphetsgrandsonanddisparagedhim.Nothingmadehimturnuphis noseathimexcepttheauthorityheenjoyed.Hehadneitherexcellencenorlaudabledeeds throughwhichhehadtopridehimselfonhim.WhenImamalHasanreceivedZiyadsletter,he readitandsmiled.Hecametoknowthesecretforhisangerandexcitement.Itwasbecausehe didnotascribehimtoAbuSufyan,theheadofthehypocritesandleaderofthepartiesthat opposedIslam. ImamalHasanwrotealettertoMuawiya.Intheletterhemadehimknowhistask.Heenclosed withitZiyadsletter.He(a.s)wroteZiyadanotherletterinwhichhedestroyedhisentity,repelled hisexcessiveness,andspoiledhisjoiningAbuSufyan.Wehavepreviouslymentionedtheletter. WhenMuawiyareceivedtheImamsletterandsawZiyadsimpudence,recklessness,andhis makinglightoftheImamsposition,heimmediatelywrotehimaletter.Thisisthetextofthe letter:AlHasanbinAlisentmeyourlettertohim(whichwas)ananswertoaletterhehad writtentoyouconcerning(Saeed)binAbiSarh.Iamveryastonishedatyou.Ihaveknownthat youhavetwoopinions.OneofthembelongstoAbuSufyan,andtheotherbelongstoSumayya.As fortheopinionbelongstoAbuSufyan,itisclemencyanddetermination.Asforthatwhichbelongs toSumayya,itissimilartoheropinion.OfthatisyourlettertoalHasan(inwhich)youhave cursedhisfatherandaccusedhimofsin.Bymylife,youaremoreappropriateforsinthanhis fatheris.AsforthatalHasanhasstartedwithhimselftobefaraboveyou,thatdoesnot disparageyouifyouunderstand. Asforthathehasgainedpoweroveryou,itisrightforthelikeofalHasantogainpower.Asfor yourleavinghisintercessionforthemanwhomheintercededwithyou,thatisaluckyoupushed fromyourselftohimwhoismoreappropriateforitthanyou.Whenmyletterreachesyou, releaseSaeedbinAbiSarh,rebuildhishouse,returnhisproperty,anddonotinterferewithhim.I havewrittentoalHasan(peacebeonhim)totellhim(Saeed):Ifhewilledtoresidewithhim(he coulddo),andifhewilledtoreturntohiscity(hecoulddo).Youhavenoauthorityoverhim neitherwithahandnorwithatongue.AsforyourlettertoalHasan(peacebeonhim)inhis

nameandhismothersname,andyouhavenotascribedhimtohisfather,surelyalHasan,woe untoyou,isglorious.Withwhichmotherhaveyouentrustedhim?Mayyouhavenomother!Did younotknowthatshewasFatima,daughterofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family?Thatisgreatertohiminprideifyouknewandunderstoodit. AtthebottomoftheletterMuawiyawrotethefollowingpoetrylines: AsforalHasan,heisthesonofhimwhowasbeforehim.Ifhewalks,deathwalkswherehewalks. Doesthelionbegetaughtbutitslike.ThisisalHasan,whoishislikeandequal.[1]Inthisletter MuawiyahasconfessedImamalHasanstalents,honor,greatposition,andgreatclemency. ThereforewoetothetimethatmadeZiyaddaretodisparageImamalHasan(a.s)andaggress againsthim! WithHabeebBinMaslama HabeebbinMaslamaalFihri[2]wasamongtheQurayshiroguesandoneofMuawiyashirelings whoharboredmaliceagainstAhlalBayt.ImamalHusayn(a.s)methimduringcircumambulating theKaabaandsaidtohim:OHabeeb,youmaymakeajourneyforsomethingotherthan obediencetoAllah!Habeebsaidwithmockery:Asformyjourneyfromyourfatherisnotof that! TheImamrefutedhisstatement,saying:Yes,byAllah,butyouhaveobeyedMuawiyaforthe little,transientlifeintheworld.Ifhehasundertakenyouinyourpresentlife,hewilldesertyouin yournextlife.Ifyou,whenyoudid,saidgood,thatwouldbeasAllah,theMostHigh,said:And othershaveconfessedtheirfaults,theyhavemingledagooddeedandanevilone.[3]Butyouare asAllah,glorytoHim,said:Nay!Rather,whattheyusedtodohasbecomelikerustupontheir hearts.[4]Thenhelefthimandwentaway. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.72. [2]HabeebbinMaslamabinMalikalQarashialFihriwascalledtheloveroftheRomans.Thatis becausehealwayswenttothemandobtainedfromthem.Hewasthemostloyalofthepeopleto Moawiya.HedidnotpartwithhimattheBattleofSiffin,andthelike.Moawiyaappointedhimas agovernoroverArmenia,andhediedinitintheyear42A.H.Thishasbeenmentionedin(the book)alIstiab,vol.1,p.327. [3]Quran,9,102. [4]Ibid.,83,14. ImamalHasanrefusestoberelatedbyMarriagetotheUmayyads MuawiyawantedtoberelatedbymarriagetotheHashimitesthathemight,throughthat,obtain

honorandglory.HewrotealettertohisgovernoroverMedina,MarwanbinalHakam,tomarry YazidtoZaynab,daughterofAbdullahbinJafar,accordingtoherfathersdecisionregarding dowry.Heintendedtopayherfathersdebtswhatevertheywere,andtoreconcilethetwo families;theHashimitesandtheUmayyads.MarwansentforAbdullah.Abdullahcame,and Marwannegotiatedwithhimabouttheaffairofhisdaughter.Abdullahansweredhim:Surelythe affairofourwomenfolkisinthehandofalHasanbinAli;therefore,goandaskhimforthat. MarwanwenttotheImamandaskedhimforAbdullahsdaughter.TheImamsaidtohim:Gather whomeveryouwant!MarwansetoutandgatheredtheHashimitesandtheUmayyadsinone place.Thenheaddressedthem,saying:TheCommanderofthefaithful,Muawiya,has commandedmetomarryZaynab,daughterofAbdullahbinJafar,toYazid.Thatisaccordingto herfathersdecisionregardingdowry.(Hehasdecided)topayhisdebtswhatevertheyare,andto reconcilethetwofamilies;theHashimitesandtheUmayyads.YazidbinMuawiyaiswellqualified, andnoneisequaltohim.Bymylife,oneenviesyouYazidmorethanheenviesYazidforyou. Yazidisamongthosethroughwhomtheprayerforrainissaid. Inhisspeech,Marwanexpressedhisfoolishnessandignorance.ImamalHasanrefutedhisfalse thingsandcommentedonalltheparagraphsofhisspeech.HepraisedandlaudedAllah,andthen hesaid:Asforwhatyouhavementionedaboutherfathersdecisionregardingdowry,wedonot turnawayfromtheSunnaofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,withregardtohis familyandhisdaughters.[1] Asforpayingthedebtofherfather,whendidourwomenfolkpaythedebtsoftheirfathers throughtheirdowries?Asforreconcilingthetwotribes,wehaveshownenmitytowardyoufor AllahandinAllah;therefore,wedonotmakepeacewithyouforthelifeintheworld. Asforyourstatement,Yazidiswellqualified,noneisequaltohim,histodayequalsarehis yesterdayequals.Hisauthorityhasincreasedhimnothing. [1]TheSunnaofAllahsApostle,(a.s.)withregardtothedowryofhiswivesandhisdaughterswas fourhundreddirhams. Asforyourspeech,oneenviesusforYazidmorethanheenvieshimforus,ifthecaliphateled theprophethood,thenwewereenvied.Iftheprophethoodledthecaliphate,thenhewasenvied throughus.Asforyourspeech,surelyrainisaskedthroughYazidsface,thatdoesnothappen butthroughthefamilyofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. ThroughhisspeechImamalHasanrefutedMarwansclaimsandslanders.Thenhe(a.s)frustrated hiseffortsanddestroyedhishopes,saying:Wehaveseenthatwehavetomarryher(Zaynab)to hercousinalQasim,MuhammadbinJafar.Ihavemarriedhertohim.Ihavespecifiedmycountry estateinMedinaasadowryforher.Muawiyahasaskedmetosellittohimfortenthousand

dinars. WhenMarwanheardofthat,helosthismindandunwillinglyshoutedout:Youhavebetrayedus, OBanuHashim!SurelyMarwanwasmoreappropriateforbetrayalandwickedness.Imamal HasandidwellwhenherefusedtoberelatedbymarriagetoYazid,thesinner,thedissolute. MarwanimmediatelywrotealettertoMuawiyaandtoldhimaboutthematter.Whentheletter reachedMuawiya,hesaidwithdispleasure:Weproposedtotheirdaughter,buttheydidnotdo. Iftheyproposedtoourdaughter,wewouldnotrefusethem.[1] ImamalHasanhadcometoknowMuawiyasobjectivesandwhathewantedfromamong buildinghisfamilyandcreatinggloryforit.SotheImamdidhisbesttofrustratehismeans.He heardthatMuawiyasaid:TheHashimitemustbegenerous,theUmayyadmustbeclement,al Zubayrimustbebrave,andalMakhzumimustbehaughty. [1]AlKhawarizmi,MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.124.InthebookMajjmaalZawaid,vol.4,p.278, ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofMoawiyabinKhudayj,whosaid:MoawiyabinAbi SufyansentmetoalHasanbinAlitomarryYazidtoadaughterofhisorasisterofhis.Iwentto himandmentionedYazidtohim,buthesaid:Wedonotmarryourwomenfolkunlessweask them.SoIwenttoherandmentionedYazidtoher,butshesaid:ByAllah,thatwillnotbeuntil yourleaderleadsusasFirounledthechildrenofIsrael;heslaughteredtheirsonsandlettheir womenlive.IcamebacktoalHasanandsaidtohim:Yousentmetoarestlesswoman.Shecalls theCommanderofthefaithfulFiroun.He,alHasan,peacebeonhim,said:OMoawiya,beware ofdetestingus.ThatisbecauseAllahsApostle,(a.s.)said:Ifsomeonedetestsandenviesus,he willbedrivenawayfromthepondwithwhipsoffireontheResurrectionDay. ImamalHasan(a.s)cametoknowthatMuawiyaaimedatdestroyingtheHashimitefamilyand buildinghisfamily.Soherefutedhisstatement,saying:MayAllahfighthim!Hewantsthe Hashimitestobegeneroussothatwhatisintheirhandsmayrunout.HewantstheUmayyadsto beclementsothattheyshowlovetothepeople.HewantsthefamilyofalZubayrtobebraveso thattheyperish.AndhewantstheBanuMakhzumtobehaughtysothatthepeopledetest them.[1] InthismannerImamalHasanexposedMuawiyaswickednessandbadintention.Heindicated thatMuawiyadidnothinggoodtothepeoplethroughanyofhisways. WithMuawiyainYathrib AlKhawarizminarrated:MuawiyatraveledtoYathrib.Hesawthepeoplewelcomeandadmire ImamalHasan.ThatdispleasedhimsohesummonedAbualAswadalDualiandalDhahhakbin QaysalFihri.HeconsultedwiththemabouttheaffairofalHasanandabouthowhecould

disgracehim,thathemightusethatasameanstodegradehispositionanddecreasehis importancebeforethepeople.AbualAswadadvisedhimtoleavethat,saying:Theopinionofthe Commanderofthefaithfulisbetter.Ithinkhehasnottodoso.IftheCommanderofthefaithful saysastatementwithregardtohim,thosewhohearitfromhimregarditasenvy,andthey promotehim.AlHasan,OCommanderofthefaithful,ismoderateinhisyouth;themostpresent ofallthingsishisanswer. Ifearthatherefutesyourspeechwithpenetrating(words)thatdeteryourarrows.So,through that,hestrikesyourshinboneandshowsyourdefects.Forsurelyyourspeechabouthimwillbe anexcellenceforhimandfatigueagainstyouexceptthatyouknowthathehasadefectin(his) goodmannersoraslanderin(his)lineage.Andmostsurelyheiswellmannered.Hehasbecome fromthepureArabsintheirmightyessence,nobleorigin,andtheirgoodrace.Therefore,donot do,OCommanderofthefaithful. AbualAswadgavehimagoodadvice.WhichshortcomingordefectdidImamalHasanhavethat Muawiyamightdisgracehimwith?ImamalHasanwaspurifiedfromallkindsofuncleannessand defect,astheHolyQuransays.HoweveralDahhakbinQaysadvisedMuawiyatodosomething contrarytothat.HeurgedhimtodisparagetheImamandtohavetheaudacitytohim.Hesaidto him:Useyouropinionwithregardtohimanddonotturnawayfromhimthroughyourmalady.If youshoothimwithyourbitingspeechandyourfirmanswer,hewillyieldtoyouastheoldcamel does. [1]IbnQutayba,UyunalAkhbar,vol.1,p.196. MuawiyarespondedtoalDahhaksviewpoint.OnFridayheascendedthepulpit.HepraisedAllah andlaudedhim,andcalleddownblessingsuponHisProphet.HedisparagedImamAlibinAbi Talib,theCommanderofthefaithfulandMasteroftheMuslims,peacebeonhim.Thenhesaid: Opeople,thefateshavetiredsomeQurayshiboyswithfoolishness,recklessness,andtroubled life.Satanhasusedtheirheadsasseatsandtheirtonguesasfiles.Hehasstayedandmultipliedin theirheartsandwalkedthroughtheirthroats.Hehasmadethemcommitslips,madenonsense fairseemingtothem,madeblindthewaystothem,guidedthemtowrong,aggression,falsehood, andslander.Thereforetheyarehispartners,andheistheirassociate;andasforhimwhose associateistheShaitan,anevilassociateishe!EnoughforeducatorisHe,andAllahisHeWhose helpissought. ImamalHusaynenthusiasticallyrefutedMuawiyasfalsehood.Hesaid:Opeople,whoever recognizesmeknowsme,andwhoeverdoesnot,(letmetellhimwhoIamandtowhatfamilyI belong):IamalHasanbinAlibinAbiTalib.Iamthe(grand)sonofAllahsProphet.Iamthesonof himtowhomtheearthhasbeenmadeasaprayerplaceandpurity.Iamthesonofthelight givingtorch.Iamthesonofthebearerofgoodnews,thewarner.Iamthesonofthelastofthe prophets,masteroftheapostles,Imamofthepious,theApostleoftheLordoftheworlds.Iam

thesonofhimwhowassenttothejinnandmen.Iamthesonofhimwhowassenttopeopleas mercy. ImamalHasansspeechwasdifficulttoMuawiya,soheinterruptedit,saying:OHasan,stickto describingripedates!TheImam(a.s)said:Thewindpollinatesthem,heatmakesthemripe, nightcoolsthemandmakesthemgood,inspiteofyou,OMuawiya! ThentheImamwentonintroducinghimself,saying:Iamthesonoftheobeyedintercessor.Iam thesonofthefirsttoshakedustoffhisheadandtoknockonthegateoftheGarden.Iamtheson ofhimwithwhomtheangelsfought,andhadnotfoughtwithaprophetbeforehim.Iamtheson ofhimwhowasgrantedvictoryovertheallies.IamthesonofhimtowhomQurayshyieldedin spiteofthem. Muawiyabecameangryandshoutedout:Youaretalkingyourselfintothecaliphate! TheImam(a.s)answeredhimaboutonewhowasworthyofthecaliphate,saying:Asforthe caliphate,itbelongstoonewhoactsaccordingtoAllahsBookandtheSunnaofHisProphet.The caliphatedoesnotbelongtohimwhoopposesAllahsBookandstopstheSunna.That(man)is likethemanwhoobtainsadominionandenjoysit.Thenhewithdrawsfromit,butits consequenceslastagainsthim.Muawiyadodged,andhispridewasdegraded.Thenhesaid: WehavedonefavorstoallthemenfromQuraysh.TheImamrefutedhim,saying:Yes,those throughwhomyouhavebecomepowerfulaftertheabasementandbecomemanyafterthe fewness.Whoarethose,OHasan?askedMuawiya. Thosewhodivertyoufromknowingthem,repliedalHasan.ThenImamalHasan(a.s)wenton introducinghimselftothepeople,saying:IamthesonofhimwhoruledQurayshwhenyoung andmiddleaged.Iamthesonofhimwhogovernedthepeoplewithgenerosityandnobility.Iam thesonofhimwhoruledthepeopleoftheworldthroughthetruemunificence,thetallbranch, andtheprecedingexcellence.IamthesonofhimwhosepleasureisAllahspleasure,andwhose displeasureisHisdispleasure. Canyoucompetewithhimforhighness,OMuawiya?askedtheImam.Isaynoas confirmationtoyourspeech,repliedMuawiya.AlHasansaid:Thetruthhasshone,andthe falsehoodhasstammered.Whoeverfollowsthetruthdoesnotregret,andwhoeverfollows falsehoodfails.Thepossessorsofreasonknowthetruth. AsusualMuawiyadodgedandsaid:Nowelcometohimwhotreatsyoubadly! ThePoliticalParty

Dr.TahaHusaynthoughtthatImamalHasan,duringhisresidenceinMedina,formedapolitical partyandundertookitsleadership.Itisanactofgoodtomentionhisspeech.Hesaid:Ithinkthat onedayalHasanmetthedelegationfromamongthepeopleofKufa,heardfromthemwhathe heard,saidtothemwhathesaid,anddrewtothemtheirplan.OnthatdayheformedtoAlis followersandhischildrenapolitical,organizedparty.Thepartywasorganizedduringthat assemblyandalHasanbecametheheadofit.ThenoblefromamongthepeopleofKufareturned totheirfollowersandtoldthemaboutthenewregulationandthedrawnplan.Theyprepared themforthistimelypeacemakingandforthewarwhichwouldbemovedwhenthecommandof movingitcamefromtheImamresidinginYathrib. Atthebeginningofitsformation,theprogramofthepartywas,asyousee,clearandeasy;there wasneitherdifficultynorcomplicationinit.(Itincluded)theobediencetotheImamfromamong Alissonsandwaitinginpeaceandeaseuntiltheywouldbeordered(tomove)thewar,andthey wouldmoveit. Dr.Tahasopinionisfirm.ImamalHasantraveledtoDamascustocriticizeMuawiyaandto spreadhisevildeedsandhisdefectsinhiscapitalandroyalcourt.Amongtheobjectivesofthat travelwasthatImamalHasanpropagatedthepartyhehadformedtooverthrowtheUmayyad governmentandtoreturntheIslamicstatetoitsjustregime.
ChapterXXIII:ToDamascus ThehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedthatImamalHasan(a.s)cametoMuawiyainDamascus. Howevertheyhavedifferedoverwhetherhetraveledonetimeormorethanonetime.To elaborateonthistopicisuseless.Themostimportantthingistoknowthereasonwhyhe traveled.I(theauthor)thinkthathetraveledtopropagatetheprinciplesofAhlalBaytandto displaytheUmayyadrealitytothosepeopleMuawiyamisledandturnedawayfromthestraight path.TheproofforthatistheImamsattitudesanddebateswithMuawiya,whichwewill mention.Throughthemhecouldexposehim,showedhisdefectsandshortcomings,and destroyedthethronesofhisstate.SupposethathetraveledtotakethepayfromMuawiya,as somepeoplemaintain. Itwassaidthathowwasitpermissibleforhimtotakethepaywhilemostofitwasusurped properties?TheMuslimjuristshavesufficedustheburdenoftheresearchonthisproblem.They havementionedthatthedonationsandgiftsofanunjustrulerarepermissibleunlesstheyinclude

usurpedpropertiesandthattheonewhohasusurpedthemisdefinitelyknown.Otherwise,itis notpermissibletotakethem.Iftheyaretaken,itisobligatorytoreturnthemtotheirowners.[1] MostpropertieswhichweretakenfromMuawiyawerefromthepropertiesofthelandtaxes, zakat,andthelikefromamongthepropertiesthatthestatecollected.Muawiyaunlawfully controlledthembecausehewasamongtheoppressive,tyrannicalrulers.Howeverthegood Muslimshadtherighttosavethemandtoreturnthemtotheirowners.Besides,theImamhada generalauthorityovertheMuslims. AsforthosewhomaintainthatImamalHasantraveledtotakethepay,theyhavedependedona fabricatednarration,aswethink.ItwasnarratedthathewenttoMuawiyaeveryyear,andhe gavehimahundredthousand(dirhams).Oneyearhedidnotgo,soMuawiyaforgothimanddid notsendhimthepay.TheImamintendedtowritetohim.HoweverhesawAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,inhissleep(andheardhim)saytohim:OHasan,whyareyou goingtowritetoacreaturetoaskhimforyourneedandleaveaskingyourLord? WhatshallIdo?askedalHasan.AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,taughthim thissupplication:OAllah,Iaskyouforeveryaffairtowardwhichmystrengthis [1]AlShaykhalAnsari,alMakasibin weak,towhichmydesiredoesnotcome,whichdoesnotcometomymindanddoesnotrun throughmytongue.ThatisfromamongthethingsYougivetoanyofthecreatures.Thefirstare theMuhajireeen,andthelastaretheAnsar. AlHasanwokeupandmemorizedthesupplication.Hesupplicatedwithit.Shortlyafterthat MuawiyasenthimthepayafteroneofhisspecialassociateshadremindedhimthatImamal Hasanhadnotcometohiminthatyear.[1]NonecandependonthisnarrationbecausetheImam wasfamousforglory,senseofhonor,andselfesteem.SohowdidheyieldtoHindsson (Muawiya),intendtowritetohimtoaskforthepay,andAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,hadprohibitedhimfromthat?ItisworthmentioningthatImamalHasanwasinno needofMuawiyasgifts.ThatisbecausehehadinYathribmanycountryestatesthatproduced himenormouspropertiesaswellasthegood,righteousMuslimswhosenthimlegaldues.Asfor thepropertieshereceivedfromMuawiya,hedidnotspendthemonhimselforonhisfamily.It hasbeenmentionedthathedidnottakefromthemtheamounttheridinganimalcarriedwithits mouth.[2]ImamMusabinJafar(a.s)narrated:SurelyalHasanandalHusaynrefusedtoaccept thegiftsofMuawiyabinAbiSufyan.[3]Therefore,itwasnotpermissibleforImamalHasanto traveltoMuawiyatotakethepayfromhim. HisDebates MuawiyawasunabletostandImamalHasanwhenhewasinDamascus.Hesawthepeople

comeandwelcomehim.Hewasdispleasedwiththat.Soheheldmeetingsandfilledthemwith theforcesthatdeviatedfromAhlalBaytandshowedenmitytowardthemsuchasAmrbinal Aas,alMughirabinShuba,MarwanbinalHakam,alWaleedbinAqaba,ZiyadbinAbeeh,and AbdullahbinalZubayr.HeorderedthemtohavetheaudacitytoImamalHasan.Healsoordered themtodisparagehim,thathemightinducethepeopletoabstainfromhimandtosatisfyhimself forrevengeonthe(grand)sonoftheonewhoconqueredMeccaanddestroyedQurayshsidols. TheseroguesmetImamalHasanwithbitterspeechandobscenewords.Theywenttoofarin showingrecklessnessandaggressiontowardhim.HowevertheImamgavethemstronganswers ofhisflowingspeech.Hedefeatedthem,madeshameanddisgracefollowthem.Hemadethem feeltheirevildeeds, [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh.MashariqalAnwar.NooralAbbsar. [2]JamaAsraralUlama.AhandwrittenbookavailableinthePublicLibraryofKashifalGhita. [3]HayatalImamMusabinJafar,vol.2,p.332. thedeviationandcorruptionforwhichtheywerefamous.Heunwillinglyansweredthem.He refutedtheirobscenityandsaid:ByAllah,wereitnotforthattheUmayyadsascribedmeto feeblenessofspeech,Iwouldrefrainfromdebatingwiththemasasignofneglectingthem. Becauseofhiswonderfulspeechandhisstrongproofs,IbnAbbaskissedhimbetweenhistwo eyesandsaidtohim:MayIdieforyou,Ocousin!Yourseaisstillfull,andyouassaultuntilyou satisfiedme(forrevengeon)thechildren. InallthesedebatestheImamwassuccessfulandvictorious.Hisopponentswereweak. Submission,defeat,andastonishmentbefellthem.TheirleaderMuawiyaadvisedthemtorefrain fromdebatingwithhimafterhehadseentheirdefeat.[1] Anywaythetextsofthesedebateswitheloquentformsandliteraryvaluesareworthyof presentationasanArabicoriginalinheritanceindicatingbyitselfthecorrectnessofitsascription, andgiveusthroughhisstyleandformationapictureoftheliteratureofthedebatesathistime. TheclubsandassembliesinDamascuswerebusyrepeatingthedebates.Theyadmiredand respectedtheImam.Inthemeantimetheymadelightofhisopponentsanddisrespectedthem. Thefollowingarethetextsofthedebates: MuawiyacametoImamalHasan(a.s)andsaidtohim: OHasan,Iambetterthanyou. Howisthat,OHindsson. Becausethepeoplehaveunanimouslyagreedonme,andtheyhavenotunanimouslyagreedon you.

AsauthorityinIslamdoesnotbringaboutdistinctionandpride,ratherpietyandgooddeedbring themabout,ImamalHasan(a.s)refutedMuawiyasclaim,saying:Howfar!Thethingthrough whichyouhavebecomehighisevil,Osonofthewomanwhoatethe(Hamzas)liver.Thosewho haveunanimouslyagreedonyouaretwomen.Theyareeitherobedientorforced.Theonewhois obedienttoyouisdisobedienttoAllah,andtheonewhoisforcedisexcusedaccordingtoAllahs Book.AllahforbidsthatIsaythatIambetterthanyou,foryouhavenogood.SurelyAllahhas clearedmefromvicesasHehasclearedyoufromvirtues.[2] [1]AlZarkali,Alam,vol.2,p.215. [2]AbuAlialNisaburi,RoudatalWaizeen. Thisisthespeechofthefreewhocondemnoppressionandresistforbiddenthings;thisisnotthe speechoftheonewhowantspayandproperties. 2.ImamalHasancameintoMuawiya.WhenAmrbinalAassawtheImamsgreatveneration anddignity,hebecamedispleased,burstwithrage,andsaid:Thefeebleonewhocannotexpress himselfhascometoyou! AbdullahbinJafarwaspresent.Hewasdispleasedwithhisspeech,soheshoutedathim:Stop! ByAllah,youhavemeantasolidrockfromwhichfloodwaterflowsdown,ofwhichibexesfall short,andwhichthearrowsdonotreach.BecarefulofalHasan!Foryouarestillrevelinginthe fleshofamanfromQuraysh.Youshot,butyourarrowdidnotleave.Youstruck,butyourflintdid notkindle. ImamalHasanheardthespeech.WhentheassemblyofMuawiyawasfullofpeople,theImam (a.s)addressedMuawiya,imposedonhimtheguiltofhisministerAmrbinalAas.Thenhe threatenedhimwithdeclaringwaragainsthimifhedidnotrefrainfromhisdeceptionanderror, andhementionedtohimthehighqualitiesstandinginhisnoblepersonality,saying:OMuawiya, youhaveaservantwhoisstillrevelinginthefleshesofthepeople.ByAllah,ifyouwilled,there wouldbebetweenussomethingbecauseofwhichtheaffairsbecameaggravatedandthehearts becamenarrow. Thenherecited: OMuawiya,youhaveorderedAbdSahmtocurseme.Thepeoplefromusarewitnesses. WhenQurayshtaketheirassemblies,theywillcometoknowwhatyouwant. Youwillfoolishlygooncursingmebecauseofarancorthatdoesnotendandperish. Youdonothaveafatherlikemyfather,thatyoumaycompetewiththosewhocompeteorplot. Nordoyou,OsonofHarb,haveagrandfatherlikemygrandfather,AllahsApostle,whenthe grandfathersarementioned.

NordoyouhaveamotherfromQurayshlikemymotherwhentheoldancestryoccurs. Soyou,OsonofHarb,donotmockatthelikeofme,nordoesthethreatfrightenthelikeofme. Slowly!Donotmove,fromus,affairsthatmakethenewbornchildwhitehairedoutoffearof them.[1] [1]AlJahiz,alMahasinwaalAzdad,p.95.AlBayqahi,alMahasinwaalMasawi, ImamalHasan(a.s)hasshowedhisexcellenceandachievements,spreadMuawiyasbaddeeds anddisgracefulactsthroughthiswonderfulspeechinwhichappearedhiseloquent,miraculous nature,marvelousbrevity,quickwittedness,andstrongproof.Throughithedegraded Muawiyasimmoderationandhitthemostprominentofhiselementsfromamonghisknown ancestryandlineage.Therefore,whereisthefeeblenessandincapabilityofexpressinghimself,O AmrbinalAas? 3.TheImamsaffairinShambecamegreat.Thepeoplesuccessivelycametovisithimandlistento hisspeech.Sohe(a.s)possessedthehearts,thefeelings,andthesentiments.Theclubsandthe assembliestalkedabouthisgreatexcellenceandtalents.MuawiyashirelingswereAmrbinal Aas,alWaleedbinAqaba,UtbabinAbiSufyan,andalMughirabinShuba.Whentheysawthat, theywereafraidthatsomethingdangerouswouldhappen,theauthoritywouldescapethem,and thethronesoftheUmayyadgovernmentwouldbedestroyed.Sotheyheldameetingintheroyal court.TheymentionedtoMuawiyathatthepeoplewelcomedImamalHasan,honoredhim, overcrowdedtovisithim,andthathis(ImamalHasan)existencewasdangeroustotheUmayyad state.Theythoughtthatthebestwaytodegradehisdignityandtomakethepeopleturnaway fromhimwastosummonhim,toaccusehisfatherofkillingUthman,andtocursehimbecauseof that.Thisisthetextoftheirspeech:SurelyalHasanhasenlivenedhisfatherandhisname.He said,andthepeoplebelievedhim.Hecommandedthem,andtheyobeyedhim.Theyhurriedto him.Thatwillraisehimtothatwhichisgreaterthanheis.Whatdispleasesusstillreachesusfrom him. SoMuawiyaaskedthem:Whatdoyouwant? Theysaid:Sendforhimandlethimcome,thatwemaycursehim,cursehisfather,revileand rebukehim,andtellhimthathisfatherhadkilledUthman,andmakehimacknowledgethat.He willchangenothingofthat. ItwaswellknowntoMuawiyathattheiropinionwassillyandtheirthinkingwasfarfrom correctness.ThatisbecausehehadcometoknowthattheImamwoulddefeatandsucceedin disgracingthem.Sohesaidtothem:Idonotseethatanddonotdoit.Wehavedetermined,O Commanderofthefaithful,todothat. Woeuntoyou!retortedMuawiya,Donotdo!ByAllah,wheneverIseehimsittingwithmeI

amafraidofhisposition.vol.1,p.62.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.102. JamharatalKhutab,vol.1,p.428.Anywaysendforhim!theydemanded. SurelyifIsentforhim,Iwouldtreathimfairly,stipulatedMuawiya.SoIbnalAassaid:Are youafraidthathisfalsehoodwillputanendtoourrightorhisspeechwillexceedours?When Muawiyasawthattheyinsistedonhim,hesaidtothem:SurelyifIsentforhim,Iwould commandhimtospeakwiththewholeofhistongue.Commandhimtodothat,theysaid. Muawiyarespondedtowhattheywanted.Hecommandedthemtofollowaspecialplanduring theirspeechwiththeImam,saying:Ifyoudisobeyedmeandsentforhimandrefused(allthings) exceptthat,thendonotbeweakinspeakingwithhim.Knowthathebelongstothemembersofa Housewithwhomnonecanfindfaultoronwhomcanfastenshame.Butthrowastoneathim throughsayingtohim:SurelyyourfatherkilledUthmananddislikedthecaliphateofthecaliphs beforehim. ThenhesentforImamalHasan.TheImamrose,askedforhisclothes,andputthemon.Heknew thepurposeforthissummons.Sohewentoutsupplicatingwiththissupplication:OAllah,Iseek refugewithyoufromtheirevil,repelthroughYouintheirthroats,andseekhelpfromYouagainst them!Therefore,sufficemeagainstthemhoweverYouwillandwheneverYouwillthroughmight andstrengthfromYou,OMostMercifulofthemerciful! ThenImamalHasan(a.s)walkeduntilhereachedMuawiya.WhenMuawiyasawhimcoming towardshim,hewelcomedandhonoredhim.Thenheturnedtohimandapologizedtohim:O AbuMuhammad,surelythese(people)sentforyouanddisobeyedme. HowevertheImamexplainedtohimthathisapologywasnotreal,saying:GlorybelongstoAllah! Thehousebelongstoyou,andaskingpermissiontoenteritbelongstoyou.ByAllahifyou respondedtowhattheywantedandtothatwhichwasintheirsouls,thenIfeelshameforyouof theobscenity.Iftheyovercameyouropinion,thenIfeelshameforyouofweakness.Therefore whichofthemdoyouacknowledge?Andwhichofthemdoyoudeny?IfIhadcometoknowtheir place,IwouldhavebroughtanumberequaltothemfromamongtheBanuAbdalMuttalib,thatI mightnotfeellonelybecauseofyouandthem.SurelymyguardianisAllah,andHebefriendsthe good. Muawiyasaid:SurelyIdislikedsummoningyou.HowevertheyurgedmetodothatthoughI dislikedit.TheyandIwilltreatyoufairly.Wehavesummonedyoutomakeyouconfessthat Uthmanwasunjustlykilled,andthatitwasyourfatherwhohadkilledhim.Thereforelistento andanswerthem.Yourlonelinessandtheirgatheringshouldnotpreventyoufromspeakingwith thewholeofyourtongue.

WhenMuawiyakeptsilent,AmrbinalAasbeganspeaking.HecursedImamAli,theCommander ofthefaithfulandaccusedhimofcursingAbuBakr.Hesaidthathedislikedthecaliphate,took partinkillingUmarbinalKhattabandunjustlykilledUthman.Heascribedallbadqualitiesto him.ThenheturnedtoImamalHasanandsaidtohim:OBanuAbdalMuttalib,Allahdoesnot giveyouthedominionforyourkillingthecaliphs,yourregardingaslawfulwhatAllahprohibited fromamongtheblood,yourcravingafterthedominion,andyourdoingtheunlawful.Thensurely you,OHasan,saytoyourselfthatthecaliphatewillreachyouwhileyouhaveneithermindnor reason.HowdoyouseethatAllah,theMostHigh,hasdeprivedyouofyourreasonandmadeyou asthemostfoolishofQurayshand(madethepeople)mockatyou?Thatisbecauseofyour fathersbaddeed.Wehavesummonedyoutocurseyouandyourfather.Asforyourfather,Allah wasalonewithhimandsufficedusagainsthim.Asforyou,youareinourhands,andwewill choosethequalitiesregardingyou.Ifwekilledyou,thenwewouldcommitnosintowardsAllah, andthepeoplewouldfindnodefectwithus.Thereforecanyourefuteusandaccuseusoflying? Ifyouthoughtthatwetoldalieregardingathing,thenrefuteusinrespectofwhatwehavesaid; otherwise,youshouldknowthatyouandyourfatherareunjust! Thereisnothinginthisspeechexceptslanderandcursingthatissuedfromasoulfulloffalsehood andenmitytowardAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem. Afterhim,alWaleedbinAqaba,asinfulperson,said:SurelyyouareUthmansuncle.Hewasan excellentchildtoyou.Heknewyourright.Youarehissonsinlaw.Hewasanexcellentfatherin lawtoyou.Hehonoredyou.Howeveryouwerethefirsttoenvyhim.Yourfatherunjustlykilled him;hehasneitheranexcusenoraproof.SohowdoyouseethatAllahavengedhisbloodand placedyouinyourposition?ByAllah,theUmayyadsarebettertotheHashimitesthanthe HashimitestotheUmayyads,andMuawiyaisbettertoyouthanyourself. Thenhekeptsilent.Afterhim,UtbabinAbiSufyanspoke.Heshowedhisevilinnersandenmity towardAhlalBayt,saying:OHasan,yourfatherwasthewickedestofQurayshtoQuraysh,forhe shedtheirblood,severedtheirbloodrelations,waslonginswordandtongue,killedtheliving, andfoundfaultwiththedead.YouwereamongthosewhokilledUthman,andwewillkillyou becauseofhim.Asforyourhopeforthecaliphate,youhavenotstruckitsflintnorareyou outweighinginitsinheritance.You,theHashimites,killedUthman.Itisanactoftruthtokillyou andyourbrother.Asforyourfather,AllahsufficedusagainsthisaffairandkilledhimforUthman. Asforyou,therewouldbeagainstusneithersinnorenmityifwekilledyoubecauseofUthman. Afterhim,alMughirabinShubaspoke.HestartedwithcursingImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful,peacebeonhim.Thenhesaid:ByAllah,Ifindnofaultwithhimregardingamatterhe betrayed,buthekilledUthman. Thentheykeptsilent.ImamalHasanfacedthem.Hedebatedwiththem.Hespreadtheirdefects

andtheirdisgracefulacts.HelaudedtheexcellenceofhisfatherImamAli,theCommanderofthe faithful,peacebeonhim.InthefirstplaceheaddressedMuawiya,saying:OMuawiya,these (people)havenotcursedme.Butyouhavecursedmeoutofobscenitywithwhichyouare familiar,abadopinionforwhichyouarefamous,abadmoraltowhichyouhavestuck,and aggressionagainstusbecauseofanenmityfromyoutowardMuhammad,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.However,listen,OMuawiya,andyoulisten!Iwillsayregardingyouandthem somethinglessthanyouhave.IadjureyoubeforeAllah,Opeople,didyouknowthattheperson youcursedtodayperformedprayerstowardsbothqiblas?Asforyou,OMuawiya,you disbelievedinthem(thetwoqiblas).Youthoughtthattheyweremisguidance. YouworshippedalLaatandalUzzaa[1]outoferror.IadjureyoubeforeAllah,didyouknowthat hepledgedtwoallegiancestheallegianceofalfath(theconquest),andtheallegianceofal ridwan(thegoodpleasure)?Asforyou,OMuawiya,youdisbelievedinoneofthemandbroke theother.IadjureyoubeforeAllah,didyouknowthathewasthemostappropriateforfaith?As foryou,OMuawiya,andyourfather,youwereamongthosewhoseheartswerereconciled(al mualafatuqulubuhum).YouconcealedunbeliefandshowedIslam;andyouwereattractedwith money.IadjureyoubeforeAllah,didyouknowthathe(ImamAli)wasthebearerofthestandard ofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,attheBattleofBadr,andthatthestandard ofthepolytheistswaswithMuawiyaandhisfather?ThenhemetyouattheBattleofUhudand oftheAlliescarryingthestandardofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whilethe standardofthepolytheistswaswithyourfather.DuringallofthatAllahgrantedhimconquest, showedhisproof,supportedhissummons,andconfirmedhisspeech.InallthoseplacesAllahs Apostle,mayAllahbless [1]AlLaatandalUzzaaweretwoidols. himandhisfamily,waspleasedwithhimandwasdispleasedwithyouandyourfather.Iadjure youbeforeAllah,OMuawiya,didyourememberthedaywhenyourfathercameridingared camelthatyoudrove,andyourbrotherUtbaled?AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,sawyouandsaid:OAllah,cursetherider,theleader,andthedriver!Didyou,O Muawiya,forgetthepoetryyouwrotetoyourfatherwhenheintendedtobeaMuslimand prohibithimfromthat?(Yousaid:) OSakhr,donotbeMuslimonedaylestyoushouldexposeusafterthosewhoweretornat(the Battleof)Badr. (Theywere)mymaternaluncle,paternaluncle,granduncle,thethirdofthem,andHanzalofgood whogifteduswithsleeplessnessByAllahwhatyouhaveconcealedfromamongyouraffairis greaterthanwhatyouhavemanifested.IadjureyoubeforeAllah,Opeople,didyouknowthatAli abstainedfrompleasuresamongthecompanionsofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis

family?Soithasbeenrevealedregardinghim:Oyouwhobelieve,donotforbid(yourself)the goodthingswhichAllahhasmadelawful.[1]AndthatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,senttheleadingcompanionstoBaniQurayza.Theyapproachedtheirstrongholdandwere defeated.SohesentAliwiththestandard,andhemadethemfollowAllahsjudgmentandthatof HisApostle,andhedidthelikeatKhaybar. OMuawiya,IthinkthatyoudonotknowthatIknowwhatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,saidaboutyouwhenhewantedtowritealettertoBaniKhuzayma.Hesentfor you,andyoudidnotcometohim.Soheinvoked(Allah)againstyouwithOAllah,untilyoudie. Andyou,Opeople,IadjureyoubeforeAllah,didyounotknowthatAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,cursedAbuSufyaninsevenplacesthatyoucannotrefute:Firstly,when hemetAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whowasgoingoutofMeccatoalTaif tosummonThaqiftothereligion.He(AbuSufyan)attacked,cursed,stultified,abused,accused himoflying,andintendedtoassaulthim(theProphet).SoAllahandHisApostlecursedhimand thentheProphet(a.s)wentaway. Secondly,onthedayofthetrainofbeastsofburden(youmaleer)whenAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,interferedwiththem[1]Quran,5,87. whiletheywerecomingfromSham.HoweverAbuSufyandrovethemawayandmadethemwalk bythecoast.SotheMuslimsdidnotobtainthem.AllahsApostlecursedhimandinvoked(Allah) againsthim.Accordingly,theBattleofBadrtookplace.Thirdly,attheBattleofUhudwhenhe (AbuSufyan)stoodatthefootofthemountainandAllahsApostlewasonthetop.Hewascalling outmanytimes:ExaltHubal!SoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,cursedhim tentimes;andtheMuslimscursedhim.Fourthly,onthedaywhenhe(AbuSufyan)broughtthe alliesalongwithGhatafan,theJews,soAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,cursed himandinvokedAllahagainsthim. Fifthly,onthedaywhenAbuSufyanbroughtQurayshandpreventedAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,fromtheHolyMosqueinMecca,andtheanimalsforimmolationwere readytoreachtheirplaceonthedayofalHudaybiya.SoAllahsApostlecursedAbuSufyan.He cursedtheleadersandthefollowersandsaid:Allofthemarecursed.Noneofthemwillbelieve. Itwassaid:OAllahsApostle,isIslamnothopedforanyofthem?Sohowisthecursing?Hesaid: Thecursingwillbefallnoneofthefollowers.Asfortheleaders,noneofthemwillsucceed. Sixthly,onthedayoftheredcamel. Seventhly,onthedaywhentheystoodinfrontofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,tostartlehisshecamel.Theyweretwelvemen.AmongthemwasAbuSufyan.Sothis belongstoyou,OMuawiya.Throughhisspeech,ImamalHasan(a.s)broughtdownMuawiya fromhispalacetohisgrave,fromhisthronetohiscoffin.Hemadesadnesshurthim.Thenhe

turnedtoAmrbinalAasandsaidtohim:Asforyou,ObinalAas,surelyyouraffairiscommon. Yourmothergavebirthtoyou(whileyouwere)unknownbecauseofadultery.Sofour(men)from Qurayshsuedoneanotheraboutyou.Herbutcherovercameyou.Hewasthemeanestofthemin lineageandthewickedestoftheminposition.Thenyourfatherroseandsaid:Idetest Muhammad,thechildless.SoAllahrevealedregardinghimwhatHerevealed. YoufoughtagainstAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,atallthebattles.You satirizedandharmedhiminMecca,andyouplottedagainsthimwithallyourscheme.Youwere theworstofallthepeopleinaccusinghimoflyingandenmity.Thenyoualongwiththeownersof theshipwentoutintending(togoto)alNejashi(toaskhim)torepatriateJafarandhis companionstothepeopleofMecca.Whenwhatyouhopedescapedyou,Allahreturnedyou disappointedandprovedyoualyinginformer,andyouspecifiedyourpunishmentagainstyour companionAmmarahbinalWaleed.SoyouinformedalNajashiagainsthimasenvyforwhathe committedwithhiswife.SoAllahexposedyouandyourcompanion.Therefore,youarethe enemyoftheHashimitesduringthepreIslamicperiodandIslam.Thenyouandallthesepeople havecometoknowthatyousatirizedAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,with seventyversesofpoetry.SoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:OAllah, surelyIdonotsaypoetryandIshouldnot(sayit).OAllah,cursehimathousandtimesforeach letter.Therefore,therearecountlesscursesonyoufromAllah.Asforwhatyouhavementioned regardingUthmansaffair,itwasyouwhosettheworldwithfireagainsthim.Thenyouwentto Palestine.Whenyouheardofhismurder,yousaid:IamAbuAbdullah.WhenIhurtanulcer,I makeitbleed.ThenyoudevotedyourselftoMuawiyaandsoldyourreligionforyourlifeinthis world.Therefore,wedonotblameyouforhatrednordoweadmonishyouforaffection.ByAllah, youdidnotsupportUthmanwhenhewasalivenordidyoubecomeangryforhimwhenhewas killed.Woeuntoyou,ObinalAas!DidyounotsayregardingtheHashimiteswhenyouleftMecca foralNajashi? Mydaughtersays:Towhereisthisdeparture?Andmygoingisnotcondemned. Isaid:Leaveme!SurelyIamaman(who)wants(togoto)alNajashiastoJafar. ThatImayburnhimwithaburningthroughwhichIsetrightthechivalryofthewrynecked. AndmyaffairisAhmed(Muhammad)fromamongthem,andIwillsayastohimwiththe abominable. AndIwillruntoUtbadiligentlyevenifhewasliketheredgold. AndIwillnotturnawayfromtheHashimitesandasfarasIcaninabsenceandpresence. Ifheacceptedmyadmonitiontohim;otherwise,IwilldrawmyswordtowardshimTherefore,this istheanswertoyou.Haveyouheardit. ImamalHasan(a.s)mentionedwhatwasstandinginAmrbinalAasfromamongthevices,the disgracefulacts,theviolentmaliceagainstIslamandtheMuslims,histakingpartinshedding Uthmansblood,andhisjoiningMuawiyaascravingafterhisworld.ThentheImam(a.s)turned

toalWaleedbinAqabaandsaidtohim:Asforyou,OWaleed,Idonotblameyoufordetesting Ali.Thatisbecausehewhippedyoueightytimesasto(yourdrinking)wineandhekilledyour fatherbeforeAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ItisyouwhomAllahhascalled thetransgressorandcalledAlithebeliever.Thatwaswhenyouviedinglorywithoneanother. Yousaidtohim:OAli,keepsilent!Iambraverthanyouinheartandlongerthanyouintongue. SoAlisaidtoyou:Keepsilent,OWaleed!Iamabeliever,andyouareatransgressor.SoAllah revealedHisspeechtoconfirmhisspeech:Ishethenwhoisabelieverlikehimwhoisa transgressor?Theyarenotequal.[1]ThenHerevealedtoconfirmhisspeech:Ifanevildoercomes toyouwithareport,lookcarefullyintoit.[2]Woeuntoyou,OWalled!Whateveryouforget,do notforgetthespeechofthepoetastoyouandhim. ThenImamalHasan(a.s)mentionedtheversesofpoetryonthem: Hewhoisbeliever,mayAllahprolongyourlife,isnotlikehimwhoistransgressor,traitor. Shortlyafter,alWaleedandAliwillbeopenlysummonedtothereckoning. Aliwillberewardedwithgardens,andalWaleedwillberewardedwithdisgrace. ThereisnorelationshipbetweenyouandQuraysh.Youareaninfidelfromamongthepeopleof Saforiya.IswearbyAllahthatyouareolderinbirthdaythanwhatyouclaim. ThereasonbehindalWaleedsdetestingImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)and showingenmitytowardhimwasthattheImamwasthemodelofbeliefandalWaleedwasthe modelofunbelief.Itiswellknownthatthecontradictionbetweenbeliefandunbeliefisselfand natural.Besides,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,whippedhimeightytimesforhis drinkingwine.IndeedthisbroughtaboutinhimselfhatredtowardImamAli,theCommanderof thefaithful.AfterImamalHasan(a.s)haddisgracedalWaleed,heturnedtoUtbabinAbiSufyan andsaidtohim:Asforyou,OUtba,byAllah,youarenotprudenttoansweryounorareyou sanetodebatewithandadmonishyou.Youhavenogoodtobehopednorhaveyoueviltobe avoided.Yourreasonandthatofyourslavegirlarethesame.IfyouopenlycurseAli,thatwillnot harmhim.Asforthreateningmewithkilling,whydidyounotkillalLahyaniwhenyoufoundhim inyourbed?DoyounotfeelshameofthesayingofNasrbinalHajjajastoyou: Omen,occurringtimes,andtheshamethathasdisgracedAbuSufyan. IhavebeeninformedthatUtbabetrayedhimastohiswife.(Hebelongsto)araceignoblein originfromLahyan. [1]Qur'an,32,18. [2]Qur'an,49,6. AfterthisIdeemmyselfasabovementioningitbecauseofitsatrocity.Sohowcanonefearyour

swordwhileyouhadnotkilledtheonewhoexposedyou?HowcanIblameyouforyourdetesting AliwhilehekilledyouruncleduringaduelingattheBattleofBadr,helpedHamzainkillingyour grandfatherUtba,andkilledyourbrotherHanzalainoneplace? ImamalHasan(a.s)hasexplainedthatUtbawasfoolish,hadnoreason,andvoidofhonor,that ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)killedwithhisswordhisgrandfather,hisuncle,and hisbrotherattheBattleofBadr.Forthisreasonheharboredmaliceandhatredagainsthim.Then ImamalHasan(a.s)turnedtoalMughirabinShubaandsaidtohim:Asforyou,OMughira,you arenotworthyofinflictingonmethisandthelikeofit.Youarelikethemosquitothatsaidtothe datepalm:Standfirm,forIamflyingfromyou.Thedatepalmsaid:DidIfeelthatyouhadbeen sittingonme,thatImightcometoknowthatyouwereflyingfromme?Wedonotfeelyour enmitytowardusnordowegrieveifwecometoknowofit.Yourspeechisnotdifficulttous.The punishmentprescribedbyAllahastofornicationisestablishedagainstyou.Umarturnedaway fromyouarightaboutwhichAllahwillaskhim. YouaskedAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily:Canmanlookatthewomenhe wantstomarry?Thereisnoharminit,OMughira,hereplied,unlesshehadintendedto fornicateher.Thatisbecausehehadcometoknowthatyouwereafornicator.Youarepriding yourselfonusthroughtheauthority.ButAllah,theMostHigh,says(inthisconcern):Andwhen Wewishtodestroyatown,WesendOurcommandmenttothepeopleofitwholeadeasylives, buttheytransgresstherein;thusthewordprovestrueagainstit,soWedestroyitwithutter destruction.[1]WiththistheImamsdebateswithhisopponentscametoanend.TheImam(a.s) showedthemtheirdefects,theirmentalandgenealogicalvices.Heexposedtheirdisgracefulacts. Hestrippedthemofthegarmentofpride.He(a.s)madesorrowandsadnesshurtthem.Whenhe wantedtogoaway,AmrbinalAasclungtohisclothesandsaid(toMuawiya):OCommanderof thefaithful,youhavewitnessedhisspeechastoslanderingmymother.Idemandhimoftheright ofslandering. Muawiyashoutedathimwithrage:Leavehim!MayAllahnotrewardyouwithgood! ThenMuawiyaturnedtohisretinue.Hecondemnedandblamedthemfortheirdisobeyingand opposinghim,saying:Ihadtoldyouthathewasamongthosewhoseoppositionwasunbearable. Ihadprohibitedyoufromcursing [1]Qur'an,17,16. him.Howeveryoudisobeyedme.ByAllah,hedidnotriseuntilhemadethehousedarktome.Go awayfromme!IndeedAllahhasexposedanddisgracedyoubecauseofyourleaving determinationandturningawayfromtheopinionofthecompassionateadviser.AndAllahisHe Whosehelpissought.[1]4.Muawiyametwithhisretinue.Theypridedthemselvesoneach otherandhadtheaudacitytooneanother.Muawiyawantedtomockatthem.Hesaidtothem:

Youhavepridedyourselvesoneachotherverymuch.IfalHasanbinAli(a.s)andAbdullahbin Abbaswerepresent,theywouldshortenyourlongreins. ZiyadbinSumayyahurriedtosay:Howisthat,OCommanderofthefaithful?Theywillnot challengeMarwanbinalHakambecausehehasastrongspeech,norwilltheychallengeus becauseweareproudandaudacious.Sosendforthemtomorrow,thatyoumayhearour speech.MuawiyaturnedtohisministerAmrbinalAastoconsultwithhimastothat:Whatdo yousay?Sendforthem(tocome)tomorrow,repliedAmr.
ChapterXXIII:ToDamascusPart2 MuawiyasenthissonYazidtothem.Whentheywerepresent,Muawiyasaidtothem:SurelyI magnifyyouanddeemyourpositionasfarabovethenightconversation,especiallyasitconcerns you,OAbuMuhammad(alHasan).Forsurelyyouarethe(grand)sonofAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,andmasteroftheyouthsoftheGarden. ImamalHasanandIbnAbbasthankedMuawiyaforhisspeech.ThenAmrbinalAashurriedto say:OHasan,wenegotiatedandsaidthattheUmayyadsweremorepatientinmeeting(inwar), strongerinwar,greaterinfulfillingcovenant,noblerinnature,andmoreprotectivetotheir followersthantheBanuAbdalMuttalib.Thenhekeptsilent.Afterhim,MarwanbinalHakam said:Howwillthatnotbeso?Wecametoblowswithyouandovercameyou.Wefoughtagainst youandcontrolledyou.Soifwewilled,wewouldpardon(you),andifwewilled,wewould destroy(you). Marwankeptsilent,soZiyadsaid:Theyshouldnotdenythefavorofthepeopleandthegoodof theauthority.Wearethemenofthecampaignduringwars.Wehavetheexcellenceoverallthe peopleinthepastandpresent. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p.101. ImamalHasanfacedthemlikealion.Hedestroyedtheirentityandpride,saying:Itisnotanact offeeblenessthatmankeepssilentwhenaproofismentioned.Howeveritisanactoffalsehood thatmansaysobscenityanddescribestheuntrueastrue.Thenhe(a.s)addressedAmrbinal Aas,saying:OAmr,youhavepridedyourself(onme)andshowedboldness(towardme)through tellinglies.Istillknowyourdefects.SometimesIshowthem,andsometimesIrefrainfrom

(showing)them.Howeveryouhaverefused(allthings)exceptabsorptioninmisguidance.Doyou rememberthelampsofdarkness,theeminentmenofguidance,theknightsofthepursuit,the deathofthecompanions,thechildrenofthestabbing,thespringoftheguests,theessenceof Prophethood,andtheplaceofthedescentofknowledge?Youhaveclaimedthatyouaremore protectivetoyourfollowers.ThatappearedattheBattleofBadrwhentheheroesturnedback, thecompanionsrusheduponeachother,thelionsattackedoneanother,deathintensified,the warbrokeoutandsmiled,andthesparksofthewarflew.Sowekilledyourmen.TheProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,waskindtoyourchildren.Bymylife,onthatdayyouwerenot protectivetoyourfollowersfromamongtheBanuAbdalMuttalib. Thenhe(a.s)turnedtoMarwanbinalHakamandsaidtohim:Asforyou,OMarwan,thereisno relationshipbetweenyouandtheincreasethroughQuraysh.Youwereanemancipated(captive), andyourfatherwasdrivenawaymovingfromadisgracetoanatrocity.Youwerebroughtto (ImamAli)theCommanderofthefaithful.Whenyousawthatthelionsclawswerecoveredwith bloodandhiscanineteethbecameinterlaced,youwereasthesayersaid: Alion,ifthelionshearhisroaring,theywagthetails,andthentheythrowthecamels. Whenhedidyouafavorthroughthepardoning,loosenedyourthroatafteritwastighttoyou, andyouchokedonyoursaliva,youwerenotgratefultous.Butyouregardedyourselfasequal andsimilartous.Asforus,shamedoesnotbefallusnordoesdisgracefollowus.Thenhe(a.s) addressedZiyad,sayingtohim:OZiyad,thereisnorelationshipbetweenyouandQuraysh.I knowthatyouhaveamongthemneitherarightlineagenoragrowingbranchnorconstant oldnessnoranobleorigin.RatheryourmotherwasaprostitutethemenfromQurayshandthe dissolutefromamongtheArabsalternated.Whenyouwereborn,theArabsdidnotknowwho yourfatherwas.Sothis(Muawiya)claimedyouafterthedeathofhisfather.Youdonothave pride.Sumayyasufficesyou.WearesufficedbyAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,myfatherAlibinAbiTalib(a.s)themasterofthefaithful,whodidnotturnbackuponhis heels,myuncleHamza,themasterofmartyrs,andbyJafaralTayyar.Iandmybrotherarethe twomastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden. Afterhehadsilencedhisopponentswiththearguments,heturnedtoIbnAbbasandsaidtohim: Ocousin,theyaremeresmallbirdsuponwhomahawkhasfallen!IbnAbbaswantedtospeak. HoweverMuawiyawasafraidofhisspeech.HeadjuredhimbeforeAllahtokeepsilent,andhe keptsilent.ThenImamalHasanandIbnAbbaswentout.SoMuawiyaturnedtohisretinueand mockedatthem,saying:Amrspokewell,buthisproofwasrefuted.Marwanspokebuthe recoiled.ThenheturnedtoZiyadandcriticizedhimforthisinterference,saying:Whatmade youdebatewithhim(alHasan).Youwere(nothing)butlikeapartridgeintheclawsofafalcon. AmrbinalAasturnedtoMuawiyaandsaidtohim:Oh,whydidyounotshootthosebehind

us?Therefore,Iwouldbeyourpartnerinignorance,repliedMuawiya,DoIvieinglorywitha manwhosegrandfatherwasAllahsApostle.Heisthemasterofthosewhopassedawayand thosewhohaveremained(alive),andwhosemotherwasFatimaalZahra,themistressofthe womenoftheworld?ThenMuawiyaturnedtoAmrbinalAasandsaidtohim:ByAllah,ifthe peopleofShamheardofthat,itwouldbeadeadlyshortcoming.SoAmrbinalAassaid:He keptyou.HoweverhedestroyedMarwanandZiyad. ZiyadhurriedtoconfirmthestatementofAmrbinalAasaboutthatImamalHasanhaddefeated them,saying:ByAllah,hedid.However,Muawiyarefused(allthings)exceptexciting(enmity) betweenthemandus.Withoutdoubt,byAllah,ifIwitnessedanassemblyinwhichtheywere,I wouldbewiththemagainsthimwhoviedinglorywiththem.IbnAbbaswasalonewithImamal Hasan.Hekissedhimbetweenhistwoeyes.Headmiredhisspeechandhisanswertothese rogues,saying:MayIbeyouransom,Ocousin!Yourseawasstillfull,andyouassaulteduntilyou satisfiedme(forrevengeon)thechildrenoftheprostitutes. 5.ImamalHasanwasabsentfromDamascusforsomedays.Thenhecamebacktoitandcamein toMuawiya.InMuawiyasassemblytherewasAbdullahbinalZubayr.WhenMuawiyasaw ImamalHasan,heroseandreceivedhim.Afterhehadsatdown,heturnedtotheImamandsaid tohim:OAbuMuhammad,Ithinkthatyouaretired,sogohomeandtakearest. ImamalHasanleftMuawiya.MuawiyaturnedtoAbdullahbinalZubayrandurgedhim,saying: WhydoyounotprideyourselfonalHasan?YouarethesonofthediscipleofAllahsApostle(a.s) andhiscousin.YourfatherhaddonewellforIslam.IbnalZubayrwasdeceivedbyMuawiyas speech.HeshowedhimhisreadinessfordebatingwithImamalHasanandpridinghimselfon him.Hesaidtohim:Iwillchallengehim! IbnalZubayrwentaway.Hespentthenightsleeplesslythinkingaboutsomethingwithwhichhe woulddisgracetheImam.Whenheentereduponmorning,hequicklycametoMuawiyas assembly,thathemightdebatewiththeImamandtoaggressagainsthimtosatisfyMuawiyas feelings.ImamalHasan(a.s)came.Muawiyaroseandwelcomedhim.AftertheImamhadsat down,IbnalZubayrhurriedtosay:Wereitnotforthatyouwereweakandnotboldduring battles,youwouldnothandovertheauthoritytoMuawiya.Youareinnoneedofpenetrating theremotelandsandcoveringthedeserts.Youseekhisknowledgeandstandathisdoor.You havenottodothat,foryouarethesonofAli(whowasfamousfor)braveryandhelp.Idonot knowwhatmadeyoudothat.Isitweaknessin(your)opinionorfeebleness(inyour)nature?I thinkyouhavenooutletfromthesetwoqualities.ByAllah,ifIhadwhatyouhave,youwould cometoknowthatIwasIbnalZubayr,andthatIwouldnotrecoilfromtheheroes.OfcourseIam so,formygrandmotherisSafiyya,daughterofAbdalMuttalib.MyfatherisalZubayr.Hewas amongthedisciplesofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hewasthegreatestof thepeopleinbravery,thenoblestoftheminlineageinthepreIslamicperiod,andthemost

obedientofthemtoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily? ImamalHasanhurriedtorefutehisfalseaccusationsandslanders,saying:ByAllah,wereitnot forthattheUmayyadsascribemetoincapabilityofspeaking,Iwouldrefrainfromyouasasignof neglecting(you).HoweverIwillexplainthattoyou,thatyoumaycometoknowIamnot incapableofspeechandnotweakintongue.Doyourevilemeandprideyourselfonme?Your grandfatherhadneitherahousenoranobledeedinthepreIslamicperiod.Hiswifewasmy grandmotherSafiyya,daughterofAbdalMuttalib. SohepridedhimselfonalltheArabsbecauseofherandbecamenoblethroughherposition.So howdoyouvieinglorywithonewhoistheheadandmasterofthenoble?Wearethenoblestof theinhabitantsoftheearthinorigin.Tousbelongtheclearhonorandtheprevailinggenerosity. ThenyouhaveclaimedthatIhandedovertheauthoritytoMuawiya!Woeuntoyou!Howisthat so?IamthebravestofalltheArabs.IwasbornbyFatima,themistressandthebestofthe womenoftheworld,peacebeonher.Ididthat,woeuntoyou,notbecauseofcowardlinessand weakness.Howeverthosewhoarelikeyouhadpaidhomagetome.Theywanttotakerevengeon meandflatterme(throughshowing)affection.Ihavenoconfidenceintheirsupport. Thatisbecauseyouarethemembersofatreacheroushouse.Howis(that)notaswhatIsay? Yourfatherpledgedallegianceto(ImamAli)theCommanderofthefaithful,andthenhebrokehis allegianceandturnedbackuponhisheels.HeusedasatrickoneofthecushionsofAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tomisleadthepeople.Whenheadvancedtowards thereinsandsawtheshineofthespearheads,hewaskilledinvain.Nonesupportedhim.You werebroughtasacaptive.Thearmedmenandthehorseswalkedonyou.AlAshtarraised(his swordover)you.Soyouchokedwithyoursalivaandsatuponyourheelslikeadogsurroundedby lions. We,woeuntoyou,arethelightofthenationanditsproperties.Thecommunitypridesitselfon us.Thekeysofimportantmattersareentrustedtous.Doyouattackwhileyoudeceivethe women?Thenyouprideyourselfonthechildrenoftheprophets.Ourstatementsarestill accepted.Yourandyourfathers(statements)arerefused.Thepeoplewillinglyandunwillingly followedthereligionofmygrandfather.Thentheypaidhomageto(ImamAli),theCommanderof thefaithful,peacebeonhim.HewenttoyourfatherandTalhawhentheybroketheallegiance. They(TalhaandalZubayr)deceivedthewifeofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.[1]Yourfather(alZubayr)andTalhawerekilled.Youwerebroughtasacaptive.Soyou wagedyourtailandappealedtohimthroughthekinshipnottokillyou.Hepardonedyou. Therefore,myfatheremancipatedyou.Iamyourandyourfathersmaster.Thentastetheevil resultofyourconduct. IbnalZubayrwasashamedandrepentedofwhatheneglectedastohisaffair.Sohesoftlyand

gentlytalkedwithImamalHasan.Heaskedhimforpardon.HemadeclearthatitwasMuawiya whohadurgedhimtodothat,saying:Excuseme,OAbuMuhammad!This(Muawiya)urgedme todebatewithyou.WhydidyounotrefrainfrommewhenIfailedtoknow(you)?Thatis [1]Bythathe,peacebeonhim,meantAaisha,thewifeoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily. becauseyouarethemembersoftheHousewhosenatureisclemencyandpardon.Imamal HasanturnedtoMuawiyaandsaidtohim:Look!DoIfallshortofdebatingwithanyone?Woe untoyou!DoyouknowtowhichtreeIbelong?StopbeforeIimpressyouwithanimpression aboutwhichthetravelerswilltalkinthecitiesandcountries!IbnalZubayrsaid:Heisworthyof that!MuawiyaturnedtoIbnalZubayrandsaidtohim:Surelyhehassatisfiedtheanxietiesof myheart!Hehasshownyourdefects.Youhavebecomelikeapartridgeintheclawsofafalcon thatplayswithithoweveritwants.Afterthis(debate)Idonotthinkthatyouwillprideyourself onanyone![1] 6.Amonghisvaluabledebateswithhisopponentsthroughwhichhe(a.s)destroyedtheirentity wasthatonce,hewenttoMuawiya.WhenMuawiyaschamberlainsawImamalHasan,hetold MuawiyaabouttheImamscoming.SoMuawiyaturnedtohisretinueandsaidtothem:Ifhe cameintous,hewouldspoilthatinwhichwewere. Marwansaidtohim:Permithimin.Iwillaskhimaboutthattowhichhehasnoanswer. Muawiyarebukedhimandsaid:Donotdo.Theyarethepeoplewhowereinspiredwith speech.MuawiyapermittedImamalHasan.WhentheImamcamein,Muawiyaroseand welcomedhim.MarwanturnedtotheImamandsaidwithmockery:OHasan,thewhitehairhas hurriedtoyourmustache.Itissaidthatitisofclumsiness.TheImamansweredhim,saying:Itis notasithascometoyourears.Howeverwe,theHashimites,havegoodbreaths,soourwives cometouswiththeirbreaths.Asforyou,OUmayyads,havebadbreaths.Soyourwivesturntheir mouthsandtheirbreathsawayfromyoutoyourtemples.Theheadofthevirginbecomeswhite becauseofthat. MuawiyabecameangryandshoutedatMarwan,saying:Ihadtoldyou,butyourefuseduntil youheardthatwhichmadeyourhousedarktoyouandspoiledyourassembly. ImamalHasanwentawayandmadetheirsoulsfullofsorrow.Hesaid: [1]AlBayqahi,alMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,pp.5861.AlJahiz,alMahasinwaalAzdad,pp. 9294. ThistimeIpracticedfiftyfiveproofs.Idelayedasayerafterasayer.Deathhashurriedtome.Iam surethatIamahostagetoaquickdeath.[1]7.InMuawiyasassemblyImamalHasan(a.s)talked abouthisgreatexcellenceandhisnoblelineage,saying:AllQurayshhavecometoknowthatI

belongtothemthroughtheirgloriousorigin.Iamnotdisposedbynatureforweaknessand humiliation.IamknownthroughmymatchandthatIbelongtomyfather.ThatdispleasedAmr binalAas,whosaid:Qurayshhavecometoknowthatyouaretheleastoftheminreason,the greatestoftheminignorance,andthatyouhavequalitiesthatifyouhadnoneofthembutone, itsdisgracewouldincludeyouasthewhitenessincludedthedeepblackness.ByAllah,youshould refrainfromwhatIseeyoudo;otherwiseIwillpressforyouanedgeliketheshecamelsskin. ThroughitIwillthrowatyousomethinghotterineffectthanthatofthestonesonwhichthe cookingpotsareplaced.IwillrubthroughityourskinasIrubthecommodity.Youoftenride somethingdifficultinslopeandstopatthesidesoftheruggedtosearchforadivisionandtowait foradiscord,andAllahwillincreaseyounothingbutanatrocity. ImamalHasanrefutedhisclaims,saying:ByAllah,ifyoubecamehighthroughyourancestryand workedaccordingtoyouropinion,youwouldnotfollowapurposenorwouldyouhaltatahillof glory.ByAllah,ifMuawiyaobeyedme,hewouldregardyouasamaliciousenemy.Youoften keepthissecretandhideitinyourheart.Thehopehasmadeyoudesirousoftheutmostdegree forwhichyourbranchdoesnotleafnordoesyourpasturebecomegreen.ByAllah,youareabout tofallintothejawsof(someone)fromQuraysh(whoislike)alion,strong,impregnable,ravenous, andwithmane.Hewillpressyouasthequernpressesgrains.Dodgingwillnotsafeyoufromhim whenthetworingsofthebeltcometogether.[2]OneveryoccasionAmrbinalAastriedto disparagetheProphetsHousehold.Heopenlyshowedenmityandhatredtowardthem.The reasonforthatisthathewaswickedandimpure.HesawImamalHasancircumambulatingthe Kaaba.Hequicklywenttohim.Whenhereachedhim,heraisedhisvoice,saying:OHasan,do youclaimthatthereligiondoesnotbecomemanifestexceptthroughyouandyourfather?You haveseenthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,hasmadeitmanifestthroughMuawiya.IsAllah pleasedwithUthmansmurder?Orisitanactoftruththatyougo[1]WafayatalAyan,vol.4,p. 121. [2]AlMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,p.65. aroundtheHouseasacamelcarryingflourgoesaround?Youarewearingclothesaswhiteasthe whiteofeggs.YoukilledUthman.ByAllah,itisgreater(forthecommunity)toreuniteandeasier (forittogetridof)thedifficultthatMuawiyahastoleadyoutothepondsofyourfather. ImamalHasan(a.s)directedtohimsomearrowsofhisspeech,saying:Theinhabitantsofthe Hellhavesignsthroughwhichtheyareknown.TheydisbelieveinAllahsfriendsandfollowthe enemiesofAllah.ByAllah,youhavecometoknowthatAli(a.s)didnotsuspecttheaffairnordid hedoubtAllahevenforatwinkleofaneye.ByAllah,you,OAmr,shouldstoporotherwiseIwill knockyourforeheadwithaspeechwhosereputationwilllastagainstyouaslongasyoulive.Be carefulofsurpassingme.ForyouhavecometoknowthatIamnotweakinreasonnoramIcrisp indeterminationnoramIdocile.IamfromQurayshlikethemiddleofthenecklace.Mylineageis known,andIbelongtomyfather.SomemenfromQurayshsuedoneanotherastoyou.Youwere

overcomebythemeanestoftheminlineageandthemostmanifestofthemincursing.Therefore, goawayfromme.Foryouaredirty.Asforus,wearetheHouseofpurity.Allahhasdrivenaway uncleannessfromusandthoroughlypurifiedus.[1] 8.AmongthatwhichhappenedtoImamalHasanwhenhewasinDamascuswasthatonce,he cameintoMuawiya.WhenMuawiyasawhim,heroseandwelcomedhim.Thatdispleased Marwan.Heburstwithrageandsaid:OHasan,wereitnotfortheclemencyoftheCommander ofthefaithful(Muawiya),thegloryandhighnesshisnoblegrandfathershadbuilt,hewouldnot seatyouinthisseat.Hewouldkillyou,andyoudeservethatbecauseofyourleadingthepeople. Whenyoufeltusandcametoknowthatyouhadnoability(toface)theknightsfromamongthe peopleofShamandthevaliantUmayyads,youyieldedthroughobedience,soughtprotectionin thepledgeofallegiance,andsent(aletter)askingforsecurity.Truly,byAllah,wereitnotforthat, yourbloodwouldbeshed,youwouldcometoknowthatwegavetheswordstheirrightatbattle. Therefore,praiseAllahwhenHetriedyouwithMuawiya.Sohepardonedyououtofhis clemency,andthenhedidtoyouwhatyousee. ImamalHasanansweredhim,saying:Woeuntoyou,OMarwan!Youtookchargeofthekeysof shameduringthebattleswhenyouwitnessedthem,andyoubecameweakwhenyoumixedwith them.Strongproofsbelongtous,mayyourmotherloseyou!Tousbelong,ifyouweregrateful, theample[1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.10.AlMahasinwaalMasawi. favorsagainstyou.Wesummonyoutosalvation,andyousummonustothefire.Thereisagreat differencebetweenthetwopositions.Youprideyourself(onus)throughtheUmayyads.You claimthattheyaremorepatientthanusinwarand(thattheyarelike)lionsatmeeting.Mayyour motherloseyou!TheBanuAbdalMuttalibarethemastershavingallgood,masters,protectors, defenders,generousmen,andleaders.Trulyyouhaveseenthemandallthosewhobelongtothis House.Terrorsdonotterrifythem. Theydonotswervefromtheheroes.Theyare(like)predatory,brave,angrylions.Atthattime youturnedbackandescaped.Youweretakenasacaptive.Soyouconferredshameuponyour peoplebecauseyouwerecowardlyduringthebattles.Doyouclaimthatmybloodisshed?Why didyounotshedthebloodofthosewhoattackedUthmaninthehouseandslaughteredhimasa camelwasslaughtered?Youwerebleatingasifyouwereaewe!Youwerecallingwithwoeand destructionasifyouwereameanbondmaid!Whydidyounotdefendhimwithahandorstand forhimwithanarrow?Youshookwithfear!Therewasacoveringoveryoureyes.Soyouasked meforhelpasaslaveaskinghislord.Isavedyoufromkillingandprotectedyoufromit. ThenyouhaveurgedMuawiyatokillme.Ifhewantedtodothattoyou,hewouldslayyoujustas heslew(Uthman)binAffan.You,incomparisonwithhim,areshorterinhand,narrowerin power,andmorecowardlyinheartthantohavetheaudacitytodothat.Thenyouhaveclaimed

thatIhavebeentriedwithMuawiyasclemency.Truly,byAllah,heismoreknowledgeableofhis affairandmoregrateful(tous)fortheauthorityoverwhichwehaveappointedhim.Whenit seemedtohim,lethimnotlowerhishandtowardyou.So,byAllah,Iwillfollowthepeopleof Shamwithanarmytowhichtheirspacewillbenarrowandthatwilluproottheirknights.Then,at thattime,escapeanddodgingwillnotavailyounorwillyourspreadingthespeechrepelfromyou thedemand.Wearewellknown.Ourforefathersareoldandgreat.Ourbranchesaregood masters.Setoutifyouaretruthful! Accordingly,AmrbinalAasmockedatMarwan,saying:Heutterswithobscenelanguage,and youutterwithtruthfulness!Thenhesaid:Thewildassmaybreakwindwhenthehotirontakes him.Thewildassdoesnotbreakwindwhenthehotironisinthefire!Headded,saying:Then tastetheevilresultofyourconduct,OMarwan!MuawiyashoutedatMarwan,saying:Ihad prohibitedyouform(debatingwith)thisman(alHasan).Howeveryourefused(allthings)except absorptioninthatwhichdidnotconcernyou.Stop!Yourfatherisnotlikehisfathernorareyou likehim.Youarethesonoftheonewhowasdrivenawayandwerehomeless.Heisthe(grand) sonofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thegenerous.Howevermanyaman searchesforhisdeath(andmanyaman)digsforhisknife! Marwanbecameangry,sohehurriedtosaytoMuawiya:andundertaketheproofofyour clan!ThenheturnedtoAmrbinalAasandsaidtohim:His(alHasans)fatherstabbedyou.You protectedyourselfwith(showing)yourtesticles.Forthisreasonyouarecautiousofhim! Thenherosewhilehisentitywasdestroyed.Hewasabasedanddegraded.Muawiyasaidtohim: Donotkeeppacewiththeseaslesttheyshouldcoveryounor(doyoukeeppacewith)the mountainslesttheyshoulddazzleyou![1]9.ImamalHasan(a.s)cameintoMuawiya.Therewas noplace,sohesatatMuawiyaslegs.Muawiyatalkedaboutwhathewanted,andthenhesaid: IwanderatAisha!SheclaimsthatIaminthatofwhichIamnotworthy,andthatinwhichIam isnotmyright.Thereisnorelationshipbetweenherandthis.MayAllahforgiveher!Thefatherof thisonewhoissittingheindicatedwithhishandtoalHasanhaddisputedwithme.Allahtook holdofhim(tookhimuntoHim). ImamalHasan(a.s)asked: Isthatwonderful,OMuawiya? Yes,byAllah. ShallItellyouaboutsomethingmorewonderfulthanit? Whatisit? Yoursittinginfrontoftheassembly,whileI(amsitting)atyourlegs! Muawiyasmiledanddodgedasusual,andthenhesaid:

Mynephew,Ihaveheardthatthereisadebtagainstyou.Howmuchisit?Ahundredthousands. Ihaveorderedthreehundred(dirhams)tobegiventoyou.Ahundredofthemisfor(paying) yourdebt.Divideahundredamongthemembersofyourhouse,andtakeahundredforyourself. Riseandyouarehonoredandtakeyourgift.ImamalHasanleftMuawiya.Yazidwaspresentin hisfathersassembly.[1]AlMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,pp.6365. Whenthosewhoattendedthemeetingleft,Yazidsaid:ByAllah,Ihaveneverseenamanlike you.He(alHasan)receivedyouinwhathereceivedyou.Thenyouorderedthreehundred (dirhams)tobegiventohim!Muawiyareplied:Omyson,surelytherightbelongstothem. Whoeverfromamongthemcometoyou,givetoolittletohim!Muawiyaacknowledgedthatthe IslamiccaliphatebelongedtoAhlalBayt,andthatheusurpeditfromthem.Thesearesomeof theImamsdebateswithhisopponents.AlBayqahiandalJahizhavenarratedmostofthem. Historiansotherthanthemhavealsomentionedthem.ThroughthesedebatesImamalHasan exposedMuawiyaandhisfollowers,showedtheirdefects,displayedtothepeopleofSham Muawiyasdisgracefulacts,andtheshortcomingsofAbuSufyansfamily.Indeedthedebates werearevoltagainstMuawiyasgovernment.Fortheydestroyedhisentity,broughthimdown fromhisthronetohisgrave. Somereligiousscholarshavedoubtedsomeofthedebates.Theyhavethoughtthatsomeofthem werefabricated,fortheyincludedthatImamalHasanreviledhisopponentsthroughastylethat wasimpossibletocomeoutofhim.TheyindicatedthatnoobscenewordissuedfromtheImam excepthisspeechtoMarwan:Youhavenothingwithmeexceptthatwhichinspiteofyou. Nevertheless,howdidthatissuefromhim?Thisisanimaginarypossibility.Thatisbecausehis meanopponentshadtheaudacitytohimandfacedhimwithrude,obscenewords.Asforhim,he refutedtheiraggressionagainsthim.Howeverhedidnotuselyingnordidheuseobscenitya meansastheyusedit. AnywayMuawiyawascautiousofImamalHasanandfearedhiminspiteoftheabasementand humiliationtheImaminflictedonhim.ThatisbecausetheImamhadaremarkablepositionwith theMuslimswhopreferredhimtothoseotherthanhim.TheMuslimssaidthatopenlyinthe presenceofMuawiya.ThetraditionistsmentionedthatMuawiyatalkedathisassemblyandsaid: Tellmeaboutthebestofthepeopleinfather,mother,paternaluncle,maternalaunt,maternal uncle,maternalaunt,grandfather,andgrandmother. HesaidthattoknowtheMuslimsimpressionaboutImamalHasan.MalikbinAjlanroseandsaid tohim:ThisheindicatedwithhishandtoalHasanisthebestofthepeople.HisfatherisAlibin AbiTalib.HismotherisFatima,daughterofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.His paternaluncleisJafar,theonewhofliesintheGarden.HispaternalauntisUmmHani,daughter ofAbiTalib.HismaternaluncleisalKasim,sonofAllahsApostle.HismaternalauntisZaynab,

daughterofAllahsApostle.HisgrandfatherisAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. AndhisgrandmotherisKhadija,daughterofKhuwaylid. SoMuawiyakeptsilentandwasunabletoanswer.WhenImamalHasanwentaway,Amrbinal AashurriedtoMalik.Hecriticizedhimforthat,saying:DidthelovefortheHashimitesurgeyou tosayfalsethings?Malikansweredhim,saying:Isaidnothingbutthetruth.Noneofthepeople seekthegoodpleasureofacreaturethroughanactofdisobediencetotheCreatorexceptthose whohavenotobtainedtheirwishinthelifeinthisworldandthosewhoseendwillbeunhappyin thenextworld.TheHashimitesarethenoblestandmostgenerousofthem. ThenheturnedtoMuawiyaandaskedhim:Aretheynotso?Muawiyacouldnotbutbelieve hisspeech.[1]SurelyMuawiyawasafraidofImamalHasanandwascautiousofhisrevoltagainst him.HerememberedthememoriesattheBattleofSiffinandwasafraidofthem.Hefearedthat theywouldreturntohim.ForthisreasonhetookcareoftheImamsfeelings.Thehistorianshave mentionedthatAmrbinUthmanbinAffanandUsama,theretainerofAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,suedoneanotherbeforeMuawiyaregardingaland.AmrsaidtoUsama: Itseemsthatyoudenyme!Usamadeniedhisspeech.Theydisputedwitheachothervery much.SoUsamathreatenedhimwiththeHashimites.ThenheroseandsatbesidealHasan, peacebeonhim.TheHashimitesroseandsatbesidehim.WhentheUmayyadssawthat,they joinedAmrbinUthman.AsforMuawiya,hefearedthatatroublewouldhappen.Sohehurried toputanendtothedispute,saying:Donothurry!IwaspresentwhenAllahsApostlegrantedit (theland)toUsama. ThroughthathedecidedforUsamaandpreferredhimtoAmr.WhenImamalHasanwentaway, theUmayyadsblamedMuawiyaforthat,sayingtohim:Whydidyounotmakepeacebetween us? Muawiyaansweredthemwithastatementindicatinghisfear,saying:Leaveme!ByAllah,whenI remembertheireyesIsawthroughtheholesinthehelmetsinSiffin,Ibecomeupset.The beginningofawarisasecretconversation,itsmiddleisacomplaint,anditsendisanaffliction. ThenhequotedasanexamplethepoetryofUmrualQays,saying: Whenawarbegins,itis(like)ayoungwoman(who)alongwithherornaments[1]AlMahasinwa alMasawi,vol.1,p.62.ornamentsapproachallthoseignorant.Whenitbecomeshotandits flameshootsup,itbecomes(like)anoldwomanwithoutahusband,grayhaired,(who)cutsher hair,disguiseunpleasantlyforsmellingandkissing. Thenhesaid:Whatisinheartsstirsupwars.Agreataffairismovedbyasmallone.Thenhe quotedasanexamplethepoetssaying:Thesmallmaybeaddedtothegreat,butthestallionisof theyoungcamel.Datepalmsaredestroyedbypalmshoots.Withthiswewillendourtalkabout

ImamalHasanstraveltoDamascusandhisdebatesinit.
ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart1 Nationsandpeoples,irrespectiveoftheirelementsandreligions,observefulfillingcovenantsand carryoutstipulations.Theydonotturnawayfromwhattheyobserve.Theycomplywithsocial relationshipsandkeepgeneralregulations.AsforIslam,ittakesgreatcareofthisaffair.It emphasizesthecareforcovenantsandthefulfillingofthem.Allah,theMostHigh,says:And fulfillthepromise;surely(every)promiseshallbequestionedabout.[1]AndHe,theExalted,says: Andiftheyseekaidfromyouinthematterofthereligion,aidisincumbentonyouexcept againstapeoplebetweenwhomandyouthereisatreaty.[2]InthisverseAllah,theMostHigh, summonstheMuslimstosupporttheirbrothersinreligionandtotakepartinwaroperations whentheysummonthemtothat.He,theMostHigh,hasexcludedtheMuslimsbetweenwhom andthepolytheiststhereareacovenantandatreaty.Thatisbecauseitisnotpermissiblefor themtoviolatethat,forcovenantsareofgreatimportancewithAllah.TheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,says:Thebelievers(shouldcleaveto)theirstipulations.He,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,says:Ifabelieverpromises,heshouldfulfill(hispromise). InhisdocumentofinstructionstoMalikalAshtar,ImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,has said:Ifyouconcludeanagreementbetweenyouandyourenemyorenterintoapledgewith him,thenfulfillyouragreementanddischargeyourpledgefaithfully.Placeyourselfasashield againstwhateveryouhavepledgedbecauseamongtheobligationsofAllahthereisnothingon whichpeoplearemorestronglyuniteddespitethedifferenceoftheirideasandvariationoftheir viewsthanrespectforfulfillingpledges.Besides,Muslims,evenunbelievershaveabidedby agreementsbecausetheyrealizethedangersthatwouldcomeinwakeofviolation(thereof). Therefore,donotdeceiveyourenemy,becausenonecanoffendAllahsavetheignorantandthe wicked.AllahmadeHisagreementandpledgedthesignofsecuritywhichHehasspreadoverHis creaturesthroughHismercyandanasyluminwhichtheystayinHisprotectionandseekthe benefitofnearnesstoHim. [1]Quran,17,34. [2]Ibid.,8,72. ThisistheattitudeofIslamtowardtreatiesandstipulations.IthasmadeitincumbentonMuslims tofulfillthemandtotakecareofthem.Ithasmadeitunlawfultoviolatethem.Afterthisletus

returntothetruceofthepeacemakingwhichwasconcludedbyImamalHasanandMuawiya, thatwemayseewhichofthepartiesobservedit.AsforthestipulationsImamalHasan(a.s)made againstMuawiya,therewasonlyonestipulationwhichwasthattheImamhadnottorevolt againsthim.TheImamfulfilledthat.Thatwaswhenhisloyalfollowershurriedtohimafter MuawiyahadbrokentheconditionshehadgiventotheImam.Theyaskedhimtorevoltagainst Muawiya.However,theImam(a.s)refusedtoviolatethecovenanthehadmade.Afterhisgoing outofKufatoYathrib,theleadersofhisfollowerscametohim.Theyaskedhimtofightagainst Muawiya.TheyguaranteedthattheywouldoccupyKufaandremoveMuawiyasgovernorfrom it.However,theImam(a.s)refusedtorespondtothemandorderedthemtoinclinetopatience aswehavepreviouslymentioned. AsforMuawiya,heviolatedhiscovenantandoathandhebrokehispromisesthoughhehad madeitincumbentonhimselfthroughstrong,sureoathstofulfillwhathehadgiventotheImam fromamongthestipulations.Hehasmentionedattheendofthetreaty:OnMuawiyabinAbi SufyanisAllahspromiseandcovenant,whatAllahtookagainstanyofHiscreaturefromamong thefulfillment,andwhatAllahgavefromamongHimself.However,afterafewdaysMuawiya violatedthetreatyhehadconcluded.HesaidbeforetheMuslims:TrulyallthethingsIhadgiven toalHasanbinAliareunderthesetwofeetofmine!Iwillnotfulfillthem!AlHusaynbinNumayr said:MuawiyadidnotfulfillanyofthethingshehadgiventoalHasan.HekilledHijrandhis companions.Hepledgedallegiancetohisson,andpoisonedalHasan.TheKhousrowofthe Arabs(Muawiya)violatedalltheconditionsthetreatycontained.Hefulfillednothingofthem. Throughthatheshowedhispolicythatraisedthesloganoftreachery,breakingpromises,and violatingcovenants.ThefollowingarethestipulationsMuawiyaviolatedanddidnotfulfill: CursingImamAliWhenmandies,hatred,spites,andalleffectsshoulddiewithhim.Peoplehave followedthatsincethedawnofhistory.HoweverMuawiya,sonofHind,turnedawayfromthat. Aftertheconcludingofthepeacemaking,MuawiyaopenlycursedImamAli,theCommanderof thefaithful,andwenttoofarindisparaginghim.ImamalHasanhadstipulatedthatMuawiya shouldrefrainfromcursinghisfather,butMuawiyapaidnoattentiontothat.ImamAlipassed away,butMuawiyawentoncursinghim.Itwassaid: Respectingthedeadisamusteveniftheyarefar.Justimaginehowmuchmoreitiswhenthey arenear.[1]MuawiyausedallhisabilitiestodisparageImamAliandtodegradehisposition.He employedalltheorgansofhisgovernmentforthat,totheextentthatheregardedcursingthe purefamily(oftheProphet)asamongthereligiouspractices.SotheMuslimsprotestedwhenit (thecursing)wasstopped,Theycalledeachothertoperformit,andfeltthattheycommittedasin whentheydidnotperformit. WithoutdoubtcursingImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,meanscursinganddisparaging theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.IthasbeennarratedfromtheProphet,mayAllah

blesshimandhisfamily,hissauying:WhoevercursesAlicursesme.Whoevercursesmecurses Allah.[2]Ithasbeennarratedthathehassaid:WhoeverhurtsAlihurtsme.[3]He,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:OAllah,befriendwhoeverbefriendshim,behostileto whoeveropposeshim,supportwhoeversupportshim,anddesertwhoeverdesertshim. TruetraditionstransmittedfromtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,havementioned thatImamAliwashisbrother,hisguardian,hisbosomfriend,andthegateofthecityofhis knowledge.Theyhavealsomentionedthathaditnotbeenforhisjihadandhisdefendingthe religionofAllah,nopillarofIslamwouldhavestood,noworshipperwouldhaveworshippedAllah, andnomonotheistwouldhaveprofessedtheunityofAllah.Itwassaidinthepast: Doyouopenlycursehimonthepulpitswhiletheirstickshavebeeninstalledforyouthroughhis sword?AsforthereasonthatMuawiyacursedImamAli,itwasthatMuawiyacametoknowthat theaffairswouldnotgowellexceptthroughcursingand [1]AlSafi,Diwan,p.589. [2]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.121.DhakhairalUqba,p.66. [3]ImamAhmedbinHanbal,Musnad,vol.3,p.483.AsadalGhaba,vol.4,p.113.InalHaythamis Majjma,vol.9,p.129,ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofSadbinAbiWaqqas,whosaid: Iandtwomenweresittinginthemosque.WedisparagedAli.SoAllahsApostle,(a.s.)angrily cametowardsus.Angerwasseenonhisface.SoIsoughtrefugewithAllahfromhisanger.He, (a.s.)said:Thereisnorelationshipbetweenyouandme.WhoeverhurtsAlihurtsme.Inthe bookDhakhairalUqba,p.65,ithasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofAmrubinShasal Aslami,whosaid:AllahsApostle,(a.s.)said:WhoeverlovesAlilovesme.WhoeverdetestsAli detestsme.WhoeverhurtsAlihurtsme.WhoeverhurtsmehurtsAllah. slanderinghim.MarwanbinalHakamdeclaredthat,saying:Theaffairdoesnotgowellwithus butthroughthat(throughcursingImamAli).[1]AnywaywhenMuawiyareturnedtoDamascus afterconcludingthepeacemaking,heorderedthepeopletogathertogether.Hearoseamong themandsaid:OPeople,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtome:Surely youwillundertakethecaliphateafterme.ChoosetheSacredLand,fortherearerighteouspeople init.Ihavechosenyou.Therefore,curseAbuTurab(ImamAli)!Thepeoplebegancursingand disparaginghim.[2]ThenMuawiyausedcursinghimasaconstantSunnaduringFridayandeid sermons.Headdressedthepeopleandsaidattheendofhissermon:OAllah,AbuTurab(Imam Ali)disbelievedinYourreligionandturnedawayfromYourway,socursehimwithaharmful cursingandpunishhimwithapainfulchastisement!Thesewordswerementionedonthe pulpits.[3]ThenMuawiyawrotetoallhisgovernorslettersinwhichhecommandedthemto cursethebrotherofAllahsApostleandmasterofthiscommunity(ImamAli).

TheoratorsdisownedImamAliandcursedhiminallthedistrictsandonallthepulpits.[4] [1]AlSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.33. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.361. [3]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.72.HequoteditfromAbuUthmanalJahizinthebookalRaddalaa alImamiya. [4]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15.Itisanactofgoodtomentionthe attitudeofImamAli,theCommanderofthefaithful,andofhissonalHasantowardcursing Moawiya.InthebookSharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.361,ithasbeenmentionedthatImamAli, theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,heardsomepeoplecursingthepeopleofal Sham(Syria).Soherebukedthemandpreventedthemfromthat,saying:SurelyIdislikethatyou cursethem.However,ifyoudescribedtheirdeedsandmentionedtheirconditions,itwouldbea betterwayofspeakingandamoreconvincingwayofarguing.Insteadofabusingthemyoushould say:OAllah,spareourandtheirblood,makepeacebetweenusandthem,andbringthemoutof theirmisguidancesothathewhoisignorantofthetruthmayknowit,andhewhoinclinestoward rebellionandrevoltmayturnawayfromit. AsforImamalHasansattitudetowardcursingMoawiya,onceamessengerfromMoawiyacame tohim.WhenthemessengersawtheImamsdignityandgreatness,hesaid:IaskAllahtoprotect youandtoruinthesepeople!ImamalHasanrebukedhimandsaidtohim:Slowly!Donot betrayhimwhotrustsyou.ItisenoughforyoutolovemebecauseoftheloveforAllahsApostle, (a.s.)andformyfatherandmother.Itisanactoftreasonthatsomepeopletrustyouwhileyou arehostiletothemandinvoke(Allahagainst)them.AlMalahimwaalFitan,p.143. Muawiyasgovernorsfollowedthat.Muawiyaremovedfromofficethosewhorefusedtocurse ImamAli.HeremovedfromofficeSaeedbinalAasbecauseherefusedtocursetheImam.He replacedhimbyMarwanbinalHakam.Thiswickedrogue(Marwan)wenttoofarincursingand disparagingImamAli,totheextentthatImamalHasandidnotcometothemosque.[1]Al MughirabinShubawenttoofarincursinghim,totheextentthatnonewasabletocountthe timesofhiscursinghim.[2]Ziyadprovokedthepeopletocursehimandhekilledwiththesword thosewhorefusedtocursehim.[3] ThegovernorswenttoofarincursingImamAli,totheextentthattheyregardedhiscursingas oneofthepartsoftheFridayPrayer.OneofthemforgottocurseImamAli(a.s)duringtheFriday sermon.Heremembereditduringhistravel,soherecompensedit.Theybuiltamosqueand calledthemosqueMasjidalDhikr.[4]HishambinAbdulMelikmadeaspeechatArafa.SoAbdul MelikbinalWaleedcriticizedhimforthat,saying:OCommanderofthefaithful,onthisdaythe caliphsregardcursingAbuTurab(ImamAli)asdesirable!HoweverHishamsaidtohim:Wehave comenotforthis.[5]WhenAbdulMelikbinMarwanbecamearuler,heregardedcursing(Imam Ali)theCommanderofthefaithfulasontopofhistasks.HespreadcursinghiminalltheIslamic

countries.KhalidbinAbdullahalQasri[6],anUmayyadgovernoroverMeccaandIraq,openly cursedImamAli,alHasna,andalHusayn.Heascendedthepulpitandsaid:OAllah,curseAli [1]TatheeralJinanwaalLisan,p.142. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.361.[3]AlMasudi,vol.6,p.99. [4]AlMiqrim,MaqtalalHusayn,p.198. [5]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.476. [6]KhalidbinAbdullahalQasriwasappointedbyHishambinAbdalMalikasagovernoroverIraq. HismotherwasaChristian.Hebuilttoherachurchtoworshipinit.ConcerningthatalFarazdaq satirizedhim,saying: MayAllahmakeuglythebackoftheridinganimalthatbroughtusKhalidfromDamascus!Howdo thepeoplepraybehindhimwhosemotherbelievesthatAllahisnotone.Hebuilttohismothera churchonwhichtherewasacross.Andhedemolishedtheminaretsofthemosquesoutofdetest. HishamremovedhimfromtheIraqisbecauseheforcedaMuslimwomantocommitfornication. ThenhekilledhimduringthedaysofalWaleed.ThishasbeenmentionedinWafayatalAyan, vol.5,pp.152162.AnarrationsimilartothishasbeenmentionedbyIbnKatheerinhisalBidaya waalNihaya,vol.10,p.20.ItisstrangethatIbnHabbanregardedthissinfulcriminalasamong thetrustworthy.ThishasalsobeenmentionedbyIbnHajarinhisTahdhibalTahdhib,vol.3,p. 101.MayAllahfighttribalism,foritclothesfalsehoodinthegarmentofthetruth.binAbiTalib, thesoninlawofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thehusbandofhisdaughter, thefatherofalHasanandalHusayn. Thenheturnedtothepeopleandsaidtothem:HaveIusedakunya?[1]AlHafizalSayutihas mentionedthattherewereduringthedaysoftheUmayyadsmorethanseventythousandpulpits onwhich(Ali)binAbiTalib(a.s)wascursed.ThatwasbecauseMuawiyahadlegislatedthat.In connectionwiththisAllamaAhmedHafizalShafiihassaid:SheikhalSayutihasrelatedthat amongwhattheymadeasaSunna(was)seventythousandandtenpulpitsonwhichtheycursed Haydar(ImamAli).Thegreatbecomesmallbesidethis;ratheritlaystheblameon(Muawiya). Whenthecommonpeopleandthelowclasscametoknowthatcursinganddisparaging(Imam Ali),theCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)wasthemostlovablethingtotheUmayyadauthorityand thebestmeanstocommunicatewithit,theysoughtnearnesstothegovernmentthroughthat.A roguewenttoalHajjajraisinghisvoice,saying:Surelymyfamilyharmedmewhentheynamed meAli.Iampoorandmiserable.IaminneedofthegiftoftheEmir. AlHajjajwaspleasedwiththat.Helaughedandsaid:Thethingthroughwhichyouhavegained accessisnice.Ihaveappointedyouintheplacesoandso.[2] AbusingandcursingImamAli(a.s)spreadthroughouttheIslamiccountriesexceptSajistan.He wasnotcursedonthepulpitsthereexceptonetime.WhentheUmayyadsinsistedonthat,the

peopleofSajistanrefrainedfromit,totheextentthattheUmayyadsfinallywereforcedtoagree withthem.[3]ThroughthatthepeopleofSajistanobtainedhonorandglory.Thislaudabledeed hasbeenwrittendownforthemwithapenofhonorandlight. TheUmayyadsinsistedoncursingtheheroofIslamanddefenderofitsentity(ImamAli).They sparednoefforttodothattillUmarbinAbdalAzizcame.HeabolishedcursingImamAliand wroteabouttheabolitionletterstoallhisgovernors.HeorderedthecursingduringtheFridayand eidsermonstobereplacedbythesewordsofHim,theExalted:OurLord,forgiveusandthoseof ourbrethrenwhohadprecedenceoverusinfaith.Anddonotallowanyspitetoremaininour heartstowardsthosewhobelieve;ourLord,surelyYouareKind,Merciful.[4] [1]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.80. [2]Ibid.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.356. [3]MujamalBuldan. [4]Quran,59,10. ItwassaidthathereplacedthatbythesewordsofHim,theMostHigh:SurelyAllahenjoinsthe doingofjusticeandthedoingofgood(toothers)andthegivingtothekindred,andHeforbids indecencyandevilandrebellion.Headmonishesyouthatyoumaybemindful.[1]Italsowassaid thathereplacedthatbybothverses.[2]Throughthathehasrecordedalaudabledeedthatnone forgetsthroughoutgenerationsandepochs.SayyidalShareefalRady,ageniuspoet,mayAllah havemercyonhim,praisedUmarbinAbdalAzizandthankedhimfortheserviceherendered toalltheMuslims,saying: [1]Quran,59,90. [2]AlGhadir,vol.10,p.266.InhisbookSharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.356,IbnAbialHadeed hasmentioned:SurelyUmar(binAbdalAziz)relatedthereasonforhisabstainingfromcursing (ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,saying:(When)Iwasaboy,IrecitedtheQurantoone ofthesonsofUttbabinMasud.Onedayhe(Uttba)passedbymewhileIwasplayingwiththe boysandwewerecursingAli,hehatedthatandenteredthemosque.Ilefttheboysandwentto himtolearnmypart(oftheQuran)underhim.Whenhesawme,heroseandprayed.Heprayed foralongtimeasifheturnedawayfromme,totheextentthatIfeltthatfromhim.Afterhehad finishedpraying,heturnedhisfaceawayfromme.SoIsaid:Whatisthematterwiththe Shaykh?Sohesaidtome: AreyoutheonewhocursedAlitoday?Yes,Ireplied.Hesaid:Whendidyoucometoknowthat AllahwasdispleasedwiththepeoplewhotookpartattheBattleofBadrafterHehadbeen pleasedwiththem?SoIsaidtohim:Father,wasAliamongthosewhotookpartintheBattleof Badr?Sohesaid:Woeuntoyou,alltheBattleofBadrbelongedtohim.SoIsaidtohim:Iwill notreturn(tocursinghim).Hesaid:IadjureyoubeforeAllahnottoreturn.Yes,Ireplied.He

(UmarbinAbdalAziz)said:IusedtositbesidethepulpitinMedina.Myfatherdelivereda sermononFriday.HewasthenthegovernoroverMedina.Iheardthatmyfatherwaseloquentin hissermons.WhenhereachedcursingAli,hemaunderedandwasunabletoexpresshimself.I wanderedatthat.So,oneday,Iaskedhim: Ofather,youarethemosteloquentofthepeopleandgreatestofthemindeliveringsermons. WhydoIseethatyouarethemosteloquentoratoronthedayofyoursermonbutwhenyoupass bycursingthisman(ImamAli),youbecomestammeringandareunabletoexpressyourself?He said:Omylittleson,ifthepeopleofalShamandotherthanthemfromamongthosewhosit besideourpulpitcametoknowoftheexcellenceofthisman(ImamAli)justasyourfatherknew (it),noneofthemwouldfollowus.SoUmarsaid:Ikepthiswordssecretinmyheartalongwith whatmyteachersaidtomeduringthedaysofmychildhood.IpromisedAllahthatifIhadhada shareinthisauthority,Iwouldhavechangedit.WhenAllahwaskindtomethroughthecaliphate, Iabolishedthat(i.e.cursingImamAli). InthebookalIslambaynaalSunnawaalShia,p.25,ithasbeenmentioned:WhenUmarbin AbdalAzizabolishedcursing(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,anoratordelivereda sermoninHarranMosque.Whentheoratorendedhissermon,hedidnotcurse(ImamAli),the Commanderofthefaithful.Sothepeopleshoutedfromalldirections:Woeuntoyou!Thesunna! Thesunna!Youhaveleftthesunna!Somebookshavementioned:AlltheIslamiccountries abandonedcursing(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful,afterUmarbinAbdalAzizhad abolisheditexceptthepeopleofHams;theyinsistedonthat.ObinAbdalAziz,iftheeyewept foramanfromtheUmayyads,itwouldweepforyou. Isaythatyouweregoodthoughyourhousewasnotgoodandpure. Itwasyouwhodeemedthatwewerefarabovecursingandslandering. IfIsawyourgrave,IwouldfeelshamethatIsaw(you)anddidnotgreetyou. ItwaslittlethatifIrefinedthebloodofthebodyoutofstrikingonthepeaksandgaveittoyouto drink. OmonasteryofSaman,inyouistheshelterofAbiHafs,sowouldthatIlodgedyou. OmonasteryofSaman,maynorainvisityou.Thedeadoneinyouisthebestofthedeadof Marwansfamily.[1]Throughthesewonderfulpoetry,SayyidalShareefpraisedandthankedhim forhisabolishingthisheresyindicatingMuawiyaspreIslamicbeliefsandhisapostasyfromthe religion. TheDeniersoftheCursing CuringImamAli(a.s)movedthedispleasureofthegood,religiouspeople.ImamAli(a.s)wasthe veryselfoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hisbrother,fatherofhisgrandsons, andtheonewhotoiledforIslamforalongtime.InthemeantimecursingaMuslimisamongthe ugliestforbiddenthings.IthasbeenreportedfromtheProphetthathehassaid:Cursinga

Muslimistransgression.[2]Andhehassaid:Abelieverisnotacurser.[3]Othertraditionshave beenreportedfromtheProphet(a.s)regardingcursingandslanderingaMuslim.Forthisreason somepeoplehurriedtodeclaretheirdispleasurewithMuawiya.Theycriticizedhimandhis governorsforthat.Wewillrelatethetextoftheirstatementsinconnectionwiththat: SadBinAbiWaqqas ItwasdifficultforSadtohearMuawiyacurseImamAli(a.s).Hecaredmuchforthatandhe criticizedMuawiyaforit.ThehistorianshavementionedthatMuawiyawenttotheSacredHouse ofAllah(Mecca)aftertheyearofthepeacemaking.Afterhehadfinishedcircumambulatingthe Kaaba,hewenttoDaralNadwa(AssemblyHouse).Afterhehadsatdown,hecursedImamAli (a.s).SoSadbecameangry.HeturnedtoMuawiyaand [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.1,p.357. [2]AlTargheebwaalTarheeb,vol.3,p.394.FaydalQadeer,vol.4,p.84. [3]AlTurmidhi,Saheeh. saidtohim:OMuawiya,youhaveseatedmeonyourchairandbeguncursingAli.ByAllah,ifI hadoneofAlisqualities,itwouldbemoreloveabletomethantohaveallthatwhichthesun shinesover.ByAllah,ifIwasthesoninlawofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, andhadthesonsAlihad,itwouldbemoreloveabletomethantohaveallthatwhichthesun shineson.ByAllah,ifAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadsaidtomeashesaid toAliattheBattleofKhaybar:TomorrowIwillgivethestandardtoamanwhomAllahandHis Apostlelove,andwholovesAllahandHisApostle.Hedoesnotflee,andthroughhishandsAllah willgrantvictoryitwouldhavebeenmoreloveabletomethantohaveallthatwhichthesun shineson.ByAllah,ifAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadsaidtomeatthe expeditiontoTabuk:Areyounotcontent,Ali,thatyouaretomeasHarun(Aaron)wastoMusa (Moses),exceptthatthereisnoprophetafterme,itwouldhavebeenmoreloveabletomethan tohaveallthatwhichthesunshineson.ByAllah,IwillnotenteryourhouseaslongasIremain (alive).Thenherosewithangerandexcitement.[1] UmmSalama UmmSalama(theProphetswife)wasawareofthepositionofImamAli,(a.s)andofhisposition toAllahsApostle(a.s).WhenshecametoknowthatMuawiyaopenlycursedImamali,she hurriedtocriticizeMuawiyaforthat.ShewroteMuawiyaanoteinwhichshementioned:Surely youcurseAllahandhisApostleonyourpulpitswhenyoucurseAlibinAbiTalibandthosewho lovehim.IbearwitnessthatAllahandHisApostlelovehim. HoweverhercriticismwasuselessbecauseMuawiyainsistedonhiserrorandsin.[2]

AbdullahBinAbbas AbdullahbinAbbas,theauthorityofthenation,passedbysomepeoplewhocursedImamAli (a.s).Hesaidtothedriver(ofhiscamel):Bringmenearertothem!Thedrivertookhimnearer tothem.IbnAbbasfacedthemwhilehis[1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.317.Ithas beenmentionedbyIbnKatheerinhisalTarikh,MusliminhisalSaheeh,andalTurmidhiinhisal Saheeh.Thereisasimpledifferenceamongthenarrations.AlMasudihasmentionedMoawiyas answertoSad.Itisuglytomentionit.Wethinkthatitisbettertoleaveit. [2]AlAqdalFarid,vol.3,p.117.InthebookMustadrakalSaheehayn,vol.1,p.121,ithasbeen mentionedontheauthorityofAbuAbdullahalJadali,whosaid:IcameintoUmmSalamaand shesaidtome:IsAllahsApostle,(a.s.)cursedamongyou?SoIsaid:IseekrefugewithAllahor glorybelongstoAllahorawordlikeit.Shesaid:IheardAllahsApostle,(a.s.)say:Whoever cursesAlicursesme.heartwasfilledwithpain.Hesaidtothemwithwordsdrippinganger: WhichoneofyoucursedAllahApostle? WeseekrefugewithAllahfromcursingAllahsApostle. WhichoneofyoucursedAlibinAbiTalib? Asforthis,itisyes. IbearwitnessthatIheardAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saying:Whoever cursesmecursesAllah.WhoevercursesAlibinAbiTalibcursesme. Sotheybowedtheirheadsoutofshameandwereunabletoanswer.Thenheleftthemandwent away,butleftregretprevailingthem.Heturnedtothedriver(ofhiscamel)andaskedhim:How didyouseethem?Heansweredhimwhilehewasdelightedatwhathehaddonetothese criminals,saying:Theylookedatyouwithredeyesasiftheyweregoatslookingattheknivesofa butcher!IbnAbbaswaspleasedandsaid:Tellmore!Maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!He said:Theylookedaskanceatyouwhiletheywerebowingtheirchinsasthelowlylookedatthe mightyvictor.Tellmore!Maymyfatherandmotherdieforyou!retortedbinAbbas. Ihavenothingmore,saidthedriver,butIhave:Theirlivingwrongtheirdead.Thedeadarethe scandalofthepast.[1]AdebatetookplacebetweenIbnAbbasandMuawiya.Thedebateshows theterribleplansMuawiyahadfollowedtoconcealImamAlisoutstandingqualities,toveilhis laudabledeedsandhisexcellences.Wewillrelatethetextofthedebatebecauseitisofgreat importance.ThehistorianshavementionedthatMuawiyaperformedpilgrimagetotheKaaba aftertheyearofthepeacemaking.HepassedbyagroupofpeoplefromQuraysh.Theyarosefor himexceptAbdullahbinAbbas.SoMuawiyahurriedtosaytohim: OIbnAbbas,thethingthathaspreventedyoufromrisingformeasyourcompanionshavedone

istheangeragainstmebecauseofmyfightingyouattheBattleofSiffin.OIbnAbbas,surelymy cousinUthmanwasunjustlykilled.[1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.229.AlRiyadal Nadira,vol.2,p.166. UmarbinalKhattabwasunjustlykilled.Hehandedoverthemattertohisson.Thisishisson.He pointedtoAbdullahbinUmar. SurelyapolytheistkilledUthman. SowhokilledUthman? TheMuslimskilledhim. Therefore,thisisgreaterinrefutingyourproof.IftheMuslimskilledanddesertedhim,then (theydidthatwithnothing)butwithjustice. Wehavewrittenbookstothecountriestoprevent(thepeoplethere)frommentioningthe outstandingqualitiesofAliandofhishousehold. Thereforepreventyourtongue,OIbnAbbas. DoyouforbidusfromrecitingtheQuran? No. Doyouforbidusfrominterpretingit? Yes. ShallwereciteitanddonotaskaboutwhatAllahhasmeantbyit? Yes. Whichismoreobligatoryonus;recitingitordoingaccordingtoit? Doingaccordingtoit. HowdoweactaccordingtoitwhilewedonotknowwhatAllahhasmeantbywhatHehas revealedtous? Askthosewhointerpretitinawaydifferentfromthewaywithwhichyouandyourhousehold interpretit. TheQuranwassentdowntomyhousehold.ShallIaskthefamilyofAbuSufyanandthatofAbi Miyataboutit? RecitetheQuran!ButdonotnarrateanythingofwhatAllahhasrevealedconcerningyouand whattheProphethassaid.Narratesomethingotherthanthat. Allah,theMostHigh,hassaid:TheydesiretoputoutthelightofAllahwiththeirmouths,and AllahwillnotconsentsavetoperfectHislight,thoughtheunbelieversareaverse. OIbnAbbas,sufficemeyourself.Preventyourtonguefromme.Ifyoudothat,letitbesecret.Do notmakeanyonehearitopenly.[1]ThisdebateshowsthedeepplansonwhichMuawiya dependedtofightagainstAhlalBayt,toconcealtheiroutstandingmerits,andtoveiltheMuslims fromthem. [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. AlAhnafBinQays

AlAhnafbinQayscameintoMuawiya.Afterhehadsatdown,asinfulroguefromamongthe peopleofShamaroseandmadeaspeech.TheroguestartedhisspeechwithcursingImamAli (a.s).ItwasdifficultforalAhneftohearthat.HeturnedtoMuawiyaandsadlysaidtohim:Ifthe sayercametoknowthatyouwerepleasedatcursingtheapostles,hewouldcursethem. Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya.LeaveAlibecausehehasmethisLord,heisaloneinhisgrave, andiswithhisdeeds.ByAllah,hewasacceptedinhisprecedence(toIslam),pure,blessedinsoul, andgreat. MuawiyawasburntwiththisscoldingandfeltpainbecauseofthisgreatlaudationtoImamAli (a.s),beforethepeopleofSham.HeturnedtoalAhnafandsaidtohim:OAhnaf,youhave swallowedthebitterpillandsaidwhatyousee!Surely,byAllah,youshouldascendthepulpitand curseAliwillinglyorunwillingly.AlAhnafsaidtohim:Ifyouexemptedme(fromthat),itwould bebetterforyou.Ifyouforcedmetodothat,Iwouldneversayit.Muawiyapaidnoattentionto hisspeechandsaidtohimviolently:Ariseandascendthepulpit! SurelyIwilltreatyouwithjusticeinwordandact. Whatwillyousayifyoutreatmewithjustice? Iwillascendthepulpit.IwillpraiseandlaudAllah.IwillcalldownblessingsuponHisProphet, Muhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThenIwillsay:Opeople,(Muawiya),the Commanderofthefaithful,hascommandedmetocurseAli.AliandMuawiyadifferedwitheach otherandfoughtagainstoneanother.Eachoneofthemclaimedthattheotherhadrebelled againsthimandhisgroup.WhenIsupplicate,yousayamen!MayAllahhavemercyonyou! ThenIwillsay:OAllah,You,Yourangels,Yourprophets,andallYourcreaturescursetheone whorebelledagainsthiscompanion,andcursetherebelliousgroup.OAllah,cursethemvery much.Sayamen!MayAllahhavemercyonyou!OMuawiya,Iwillneitherincreasenor decreaseawordmorethanthisevenifIamkilled. Muawiyadodgedandsaid:Therefore,weexemptyou(fromthat),OAbuBahr![1] [1]AlAqdalFarid,vol.2,p.144.alMustatraf,vol.1,p.54. KatheerBinKatheer AmongthosewhoblamedMuawiyaforcursingImamAliisthegeniuspoetKatheerbinKatheer alSahmi.[1]Hisreligiouscreedandhishonestfeelingsmovedhimtocondemnthatandtodeclare hisdispleasureatit.Hehasdisplayedthatinsomepoetryinwhichhehasshownsplendorand gentleness: MayAllahcursehimwhocursesAliandHusaynwhethertheyarecommonpeopleoranImam.

Arethose,whoseforefathersarepure,whosematernalandpaternalunclesarenoble,cursed? Thebirdsanddovesat(alMaqam)aresafewhilethefamilyoftheProphetisnotsafe! OHouse,youaregood!Yourmen,thehouseholdoftheApostleandofIslam,aregood. Allahsmercyandpeacebeonthemwheneverariserriseswithpeace.[2] AneesalAnsari WhenMuawiyainstalledsomeoratorstocurseanddisparageImamAli(a.s),AneesalAnsari alongwithhisgoodcompanionshurriedtocensureMuawiyaforthat.Hemadeaspeech.He praisedandlaudedAllah,andthenhesaid:Youhavecursedthisman(ImamAli)verymuch.I swearbyAllahthatIheardAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:OntheDayof ResurrectionIwillintercedeformostpeopleintheearth.IswearbyAllahthatnoneisgreater thanhimintakingcareofkinship.Doyouthinkthathewillintercedeforyouanddonotintercede forhishousehold?[3] [1]KatheerbinKatheerbinalMuttalibbinAbiWadaaalQarashialSahminarrated(traditions) ontheauthorityofhisfather,SadbinJubayr,andagroup(oftraditionists).Anothergroup(of traditionists)narrated(traditions)fromhim.AhmedandIbnMueensaid:Heistrustworthy.Ibn Habbanhasmentionedhimasoneofthereliable.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)Tahdhib alTahdhib,vol.8,p.426.Inhis(book)MujamalShuara,vol.2,p.348,alMarzabanihas mentionedhimandsaid:Thereasonforhiscomposingthesepoetrylinesisthatheheard AbdullahbinalZubayrslanderAhlalBayt(theProphetsHousehold).Itwassaidthathe composedthembecauseHishambinAbdalMalikwrote(aletter)tohisgovernoroverMedinato forcethepeopletheretocurse(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful.IbnAbialHadeedhas mentionedthesepoetrylinesandascribedthemtoAbdullahbinKatheeralSahmi.Thisisa mistakebecausesuchanameisnotavailableinthebiographybooks.Theonewhoisavailableis KatheerbinKatheer.Sothesepoetrylinesbelongtohim. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.475. [3]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.89.AsadalGhaba,vol.1,p.134. ZaydBinArqam ZaydbinArqam,acompanionoftheProphet,cametoknowthatalMughirabinShubaopenly cursed(ImamAli).HedeniedandcriticizedhimforhiscursingtheImam,saying:OMughira,did younotknowthatAllahsApostlehadforbiddenfromcursingthedead?SowhydoyoucurseAli whilehehasdied? AbuBakra

BisrbinArtaa,asinfulcriminal,madeaspeechinBasra.HecursedImamAlifromonthepulpit. Thenheturnedtothepeopleandsaidtothem:IadjureyoubeforeAllahthatifamancameto knowthatIwastruthful,heshouldbelievemeorifaliar,heshouldaccusemeoflying.Abu Bakrasaid:ByAllah,wedonotknowbutthatyouarealiar!Bisrlostmind.HestrangledAbu Bakra,butthepeoplesavedhim.[1] AnywaythesepeoplewhocriticizedMuawiyatookgreatcareofthedignityofIslamstandingin ImamAli(a.s).TheycametoknowthatMuawiyahadintendedtodestroyhisachievements,so theyhurriedtocondemnhimforthat. MuawiyaandhisfollowerssparednoefforttodestroyImamAli(a.s),anddefamehisoutstanding personality.HoweverAllah,throughHiseternalwill,retainedthetruthandmadeitimmortal.In themeantimeHeremovedfalsehood.AlthoughMuawiyagainedavictoryoverthetruthfortime, hisvictorydisappearedjustassmokedisappearsinspace.ThisisImamAli(a.s).Hehasbeen mentionedinalllanguagesintheworld.Thecirclesandclubsmentionandpraisehim.Theypride themselvesonhisholypersonality.Thisishissacredshrine.IthasbecomeaKaabaforvisitors,a refugefortheyearning,andashelterforthebelievers.MillionsofMuslimsvisititjustastheyvisit theHouseofAllah(TheKaaba).TheyareblessedbyvisitingitandseeknearnesstoAllahthrough comingtoit.Indeedthisisthevictoryandtheconquest,andthegoodendofthepious. ThisisMuawiya.Heisnotmentionedbutwithdisrespect,scorn,evilfate,andprickingofthe conscience.Thisishisruinedgrave.ItisinoneofthedunghillsinSham.Disgracehasoccupiedit, andabasementhasspreadoverit.Indeedthisisthedeath.Thisisthedisgraceandshame. MuhammadMajdhubalSuri,agreatpoet,stoodbyMuawiyasgrave.Hesawthedirtofthat insultedgrave.Hesawfliesrevelinit.Sohecomposeed[1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.96. hispoemcalledalAsmainwhichhehasmentioned: Thisisyourgrave.Ifyousawitsmisery,theblackfatewouldmakeyourtearsflow. Blocksofinsultedearthareinruins.Thefliesinthemhasbecomedrunkandbeguntorevel. Theirtraceshavebecomehiddentothosewhovisitthemasiftheywereinanunknownlandto whichnonehasgone. Theyhavebecomeold.Thewallaroundthemisuncoveredandisabouttobowdownoutof begging. Thepartofthehighdomehasshrunk.Thedistinctionisclearineachpartofit. Rainflowsthroughthecracksinit,andthewindresoundsinsideit. Eventheplaceofprayisdarkasifnoworshipperpassedbyit. Thetimepassed,butImamAli(a.s),hasbecomethegiantofmankindandpioneerofthesocial justiceintheearth.MuawiyahasbecomeintheMuslimsviewpointsinfulandrebellious.

Vengeanceanddisrespectfollowhim. TheLandtaxofDarAbjard AmongtheconditionsImamalHasanmadeagainstMuawiyaisthathehadtogivehimtheland taxofDarAbjard,thathemight,throughthat,letthepoorandtheneedyfromamonghis followersliveincomfort.HoweverMuawiyaviolatedthatanddidnotfulfillit,asAbualFidahas mentioned.AlTabarihasmentionedthatthepeopleofBasracamebetweenImamalHasanand thelandtaxofDarAbjard.IbnalAtheerhasmentionedthattheypreventedhimfromthat accordingtoanorderissuedfromMuawiyalestImamalHasanshouldbepowerfulandhisaffair mightbegreat.
TheFollowersofImamAli(a.s) AmongthemostimportantconditionsImamalHasanmadeagainsthisopponentMuawiyaisthe generalsecurityforhisfollowers(Shia)andthoseofhisfather.HestipulatedthatMuawiyahad nottosubjectthemtoevilanddetestedthings.HoweverIbnAbiSufyan(Muawiya)violatedhis covenantanddidnotfulfillit.Heregardedasamonghismostimportantobjectivesputtinganend tothisbelievingclassthatbelievedintherightofAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem.Hewenttoofar interrifyingandexhaustingthem.Hekilledmanyofthemandthrewmanyothersintodark prisons.TheShiasufferedfromhardtiredness,ordeals,andmisfortunes.Ithinkthatnonation facedharmandpersecutionlikethatwhichthefollowersofAhlalBaythadfaced.Themostof themintrial,harm,andunhappinesswerethepeopleofKufa,becausethatMuawiyahad appointedZiyadasagovernoroverthemafterthedeathofalMughira.Ziyadwasawareofthem. Sohespreadamongthemkillingandexecution.Hekilledthemeverywhere.Hecutofftheirhands andlegs.Heknockedouttheireyes.Hecrucifiedthemonthetrunksofthedatepalms.Hedrove themawayandmadethemhomeless.[1] Muawiyasentanotetoallhisgovernors.Inthenotehehasmentioned:Searchforwhoeveritis provedthathelovesAliandhishousehold.Omithimfromthedivan(register).Cancelhispayand hisprovision.Thenhesentthemanothercopyinwhichhehasmentioned:Punishseverely thosewhomyouaccuseofloveforthesepeople(AhlalBayt)anddemolishtheirhouses. ImamalBaqir(a.s)talkedaboutthepersecutionsandtheharmswhichAhlalBaytandtheir followerssufferedduringthetimeofMuawiya.Hehassaid:Ourfollowers(Shia)werekilledin

allcities.Theirhandsandlegswerecutoffoutofdoubt.Thosewholovedanddevoted themselvestouswereimprisoned;theirpropertieswereplundered,andtheirhouseswere demolished.[2] WhenMuawiya,Hindsson,becamearuler,adoortooppressionandtyrannywasopened againstthefollowersofImamAli(a.s).Theyfacedpoliticalandsocialproblems.Theymet abasement,torture,andseverepunishmentstotheextentthatnonecanimaginewhat horriblenessandbitternesstheyfaced.ShowinglovetowardAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem, becameasdisgrace,shortcoming,sin,andoffense.SomeUmayyadsdecidedthatshowinglovefor AhlalBaytwasunbelief,andapostasyfromthereligion.AlKumayt,thepoetofIslam,hasrelated thistous,saying: Withtheirhands,theyindicatetomeandsay:Trulythishasbecomedisappointed.However,the indicatorsaremoredisappointed.Agroup(ofthem)hasaccusedmeofunbeliefbecauseofthe loveforyou.Andanothergrouphassaid:evilandguilty.Theysay:Hisinclinationandopinionis Turabi.BythatIamcalledandsurnamedamongthem.[3] [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. [2]Ibid.,p.15. [3]AlHashimiyat. AbualAswadalDualihassaid: IloveverymuchMuhammad,Abbas,Hamza,andtheguardians.[1] IhavebeengiventhispeerlesslovesincethebeginningofIslam. TheProphetscousinsandhisrelativesarethemostbelovedtome. Ifloveforthemisrightguidance,thenIwillgetit.Ifitiserror,thenIamnotmistaken.[2] AbdullahbinKatheerrefutedthosewhoblamedhimforhisloveforthefamilyoftheProphet, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Hesaid:Iamamanwhosedefectisbecauseofshowinglove fortheProphetandnotbecauseofanyguilt.ThechildrenofAbuHasan(ImamAli)andtheir fatherweregoodinthewombsandthebackbone.IsitaguiltthatIlovethem?Rather,lovefor themisanexpiatorygift.[3] AfterMuawiya,theUmayyadandtheAbbasidcaliphsfollowedthesamepolicyinoppressingand disrespectingtheShia.IfwewantedtodealwiththeordealsandmisfortunestheShiamet,then wewouldbeinneedofabigbook.Anyway,theShiadidnotpayattentiontoMuawiyas terrorism,severepunishment,andtorture.Theysacrificedtheirlivesfortheirholyreligiouscreed. WewillmentionsomeofthosewhomMuawiyaunjustlykilled,whocommittednosinexcept showingloveforAhlalBayt.Theyareasfollows:

HijrBinAdiy HijrbinAdiywasonethemostimportantMuslimpersonalities.Hewasattheheadofthe companionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inexcellence,knowledge, sacredness,asceticism,andworship.HewassoobedienttoAllahthathealwaysperformedthe ritualablutionandprayed.Heperformedonethousandrakasaday.Hissupplicationwas accepted.WhenhewastakentoMuawiyaasacaptive,hebecameimpureonhiswaytothere. Hesaidtothemaninchargeofhim:GivemethewaterIdrinktopurifymyselfwithit.Theman whowasinchargeofhimsaidtohim:IfearthatyouwoulddieofthirstifIgaveittoyouand thatMuawiyawouldkillme.ItwasdifficultforHijrtobeimpure.HesupplicatedAllahtoenable himtofindsomewater.Allahrespondedtohim.Acloudcameandheavilyrained. [1]Theguardianis(ImamAli),theCommanderofthefaithful. [2]AlMubarrad,alKamil,p.545. [3]AlBayanwaalTabiyyin,vol.3,p.360. Hijrtookhisneedoftherain.[1]Hehadmanyvirtuesandgloriousdeeds.Wehavetodealwith thereasonforhismartyrdom: AfterImamalHasan(a.s)hadmadepeacewithMuawiya,Hijrkeptonhiscreedandsetarecord incriticizingtheUmayyadblindpolicy;thatpolicywhichthreatenedthesocietywithserious dangers,revivedthepreIslamictribalismthatIslamhaddestroyed,demolishedqualificationsand talents,monopolizedauthorities,plunderedfoodstuffs,terrifiedthepeople,dividedthem,made thempoor,abasedthem,enslavedthem,andopenlycommittedsinsanderrors.Hijrandhis chosen,believingcompanionscametoknowthatsilenceandrefrainingfromcriticizingthis politicalpolicywasnothingbutgoingtoofarinpracticingfalsehood,strengtheningtheforbidden, andmakinglightofthetruth.TheyknewwellthatitwasincumbentonthetrueMuslimtofollow theSunnaofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thatsummonedMuslimstofight againsttheoppressive,thedictators,andtheenemiesofpeoples. IndeedHijrunderstoodIslam,knewitsobjectives,andwasawareofit.Hewasapupilinthe schooloftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HegraduatedfromtheschoolofImam Ali.SohecondemnedMuawiyasfalsehood,resistedhisoppressionandthatofhisgovernors, andcombatedtheirheresiesandtheirmeandesires. HijrsawalMughiraascendingthepulpitinthemosqueofKufaandheardhimcursingImamAli (a.s),duringhisspeech.Hewasunabletokeepsilent.Hefacedhimandcriticizedhim,saying:Be maintainersofjustice,bearersofwitnessforAllahssake.Ibearwitnessthattheoneyou dispraiseandrevileisworthierofexcellence,andtheoneyoupraiseisworthierofdispraise.

AgroupofHijrscompanionssaidashesaid.SoalMughiraturnedtoHijrandsaidtohim:OHijr, theyhaveshotmewithyourarrow(lit.Youhaveprovokedthem).IfIamthegovernoroveryou, OHijr,thenbewareoftheSultansanger;bewareofhisangerandinfluence.Thatisbecausethe Sultansangerdestroysmanypeoplelikeyou. YetHijrenthusiasticallycondemnedtheUmayyadpolicy.Somemercenariesandadulators suggestedtoalMughiratokillHijr.Howeverherefusedtorespondtothem,saying:Idisliketo startwiththegoodonesofthiscityandshedtheirblood.Theywillbehappywiththat,andIshall beunhappy.Muawiyawillbemightyintheworld,andalMughirawillbelowontheDayof Resurrection. [1]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.313. AlMughirasretinueinsistedonhimastotheaffairofHijr,soherespondedtothemwiththe responseofanexperiencedhypocrite,saying:Ihavekilledhim. Howisthat?theyasked.Hereplied:Agovernorwillcomeafterme.Thegovernorwillimprison himasIdid.Hewilldotohimsomethingsimilartothathedoestome.Hewilltakehimatfirst blushandkillhimwithanevilkilling.AlMughiradied.AfterhimZiyadbecameagovernorover Kufa.Hijrcriticizedhimforhiscrookedplansandintensifiedhiswrathagainsthisterroristpolicy. OnFridayZiyadwentuponthepulpit.Hemadealongspeech,totheextentthatitwastoolate forprayer.Hijrblamedhimfordelayingtheprayer,saying:Theprayer! IbnSumayya(Ziyad)didnotpayattentiontoHijrsstatementnordidhepayattentiontothe prayer.Hewentonspeaking.Hijropposedhimagainraisinghisvoice:Theprayer!Ziyadpaidno attentiontoHijrsblame.Hewentonmakinghisspeech.SoHijrfearedthatthetimeoftheprayer wouldpass.Hetookahandfulofstones,andthepeoplewhowerewithhimrevolted(against Ziyad).WhenZiyadsawthat,hecamedownthepulpitandledthepeopleinprayer.Hewasvery angrywithHijr.Hedecidedtopunishhimseverely.Hesaidduringthespeechhemadeinthe mosque:IamnothingifInotremoveHijrfromtheyardofalKufaandmakehimanexamplefor thoseafterhim!Woeuntoyourmother,OHijr!Theeveninghasmadeyoucomeacrossawolf! Thenhequotedasanexamplethepoetsspeech: InformNusayhathattheeveninghasmadethedriverofhercamelscomeacrossawolf. Ziyadsentforsomeeminent,nobleKufans.HeorderedthemtodeterHijrfromhisplan.However Hijrrefusedtorespondtothem.AtlastZiyadcommandedthepolicetobringHijrtohim.The policesetouttoarresthim.SkirmisheshappenedbetweenthemandHijrscompanions.The policemenwereunabletoarresthim,becausegroupsofbelieverssurroundedthem.They

protectedhimandhiscompanionsfromhandingthemovertoZiyad.QaysbinFahdanalKindi provokedtheKufans.Hemadespeechesintheassembliesandtheclubs.HepraisedHijrandhis companions.HesummonedtheMuslimstoprotectandsupporthim.Hesaidtothem: OpeopleofHijr,defendandassault!Fightonbehalfofyourbrotherforanhour!Noneofyou shoulddesertHijr.Isaspearman,abowman,aknight,awalker,astrikerwiththeswordnotstill amongyou? Hijrandhiscompanionsprotectedthemselves.SoZiyadwasunabletoarrestthem.Hewasafraid ofthem,sohegatheredtheleadersandthechildrenofthehousesthattheauthorityusedasa meanstoachieveitsaims.Hesaidtothem:OpeopleofKufa,youattackwithonehandandare sorrywithanother.Yourbodiesarewithme,andyourdesiresarewithHijr,thefoolish.Youare withme.Yourbrothers,yourchildren,andyourtribesarewithHijr.ByAllah,thisisofyour corruptionanddeception.ByAllah,youshouldshowmeyourdisowninghimorIwillbringyou somepeoplethroughwhomIwillstraightenyourcrookednessanddeviation. Theyshowedobedienceandloyaltytohim,saying:WeseekrefugeinAllah.Glorybelongsto Him.WehavenoopinionotherthanobediencetoyouandtotheCommanderofthefaithful (Muawiya)orotherthanpleasingyou.Commandustodothethingsthatbringaboutobedience toyouanddisobediencetoHijr. Hesaidtothem:Allofyoushouldriseagainstthisgroup(ofpeople)aroundHijr.Eachmanof youshouldsummonhisbrother,son,relatives,andthosewhoobeyhimfromamonghistribe, thatyoumaymoveagainsthimallthoseyoucanmove.TheseroguesspoiledHijrsaffairand madethepeopledeserthim.Ziyadcommandedthecommanderofhispolice,Shaddadbinal HaythamalHilali,toarrestHijrandhiscompanions.Thenhecametoknowthatthecommander ofhispolicewasunabletoarrestthem.SohesummonedMuhammadbinalAshathalKindi[1] Hesaidtohim:OAbuMaytha,byAllah,youshouldbringmeHijr;otherwise,Iwilluprootyour datepalms,demolishyourhouse,andcutyouintopieces! Givemeatimeofthree(days)thatImayarresthim,retortedMuhammad. MuhammadbinalAshathandthecommanderofthepolicefollowedHijrandhiscompanions. Aftersomeviolentencountersthathadtakenplacebetweenthetwoparties,Ziyadspolicemen wereabletoarrestHijrandhiscompanions.TheybroughtthemtoZiyad,andheorderedthemto beimprisoned.[1]ThemotherofMuhammedbinalAshathbinQaysalKindiwasFarwa,sisterof AbuBakr.ItwassaidthatMuhammedbinalAshathalKindiwasbornduringthelifetimeof AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThisisincorrectbecausealAshathmarried FarwaduringthecaliphateofAbuBakr.IbnalZubayrappointedMuhammedasagovernorover alMousil.AlMukhtarkilledMuhammedintheyear66A.H.Itwassaidthathekilledhiminthe

year70.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.9,p.64. ZiyadaskedthepeopleofKufatobearwitnessagainstHijrandhiscompanions.Someofthem borewitnessthatthey(Hijrandhiscompanions)followedImamAli,foundfaultwithUthman, anddefamedMuawiya.However,Ziyadwasnotsatisfiedwiththistestimonyandsaid:Itisnot definite.AbuBurdabinAbuMusaalAshariwroteatestimonywhosetextisasfollows:Thisis forwhichAbuBurdabinAbiMusaalAsharihasbornewitness,forthesakeofAllah,theLordof theworlds.ItestifythatHijrbinAdiyhasbrokenobedience,partedwiththecommunity,cursed theCaliph,summoned(thepeople)towar,gatheredforhimselfgroupsofpeopleandsummoned themtobreakthepledgeofallegiance,anddisbelievedinAllahwithclearunbelief. Ziyadwascontentwiththis.Heorderedthepeopletosignthistestimony.Manypeoplesignedit, totheextentthatthenumberofthewitnesseswasseventymen,asthehistorianshavesaid.Then hesentthedocumenttoMuawiya.MuawiyacommandedZiyadtosendtohimHijrandhis companionsshackledwithiron.ZiyadorderedHijrandhiscompanionstobesenttoDamascusby night,andtheyweresent.Lamentationoccurred,andpainfulcryingroseinHijrshouse.Hisonly daughterstoodonthetopofthehouse.Shelookedatthepeoplewhowerewalkingtodeath.She sawthemoffwhileshewasweepingandsheddingbitterandsadtears.Shewasaddressingthe moonandsendingithersorrowsandagony.Shewascomposingoutofherordealandtribulation somepoetrythroughwhichoneconcludesthatsadnessmeltedherheart.Sherecited: Obrightmoon,gohigherthatyoumayseeHijrwalking!HeisgoingtoMuawiya.Muawiyais goingtokillhimasthegovernorhasclaimed.HeisgoingtocrucifyhimonthegateofDamascus. Thebirdswilleathisbeauties.ThetyrantshavebecomehaughtyafterHijr;alKhuwarnaqandal Sadeerhavebecomegoodtothem.[1]Truly,OHijr,HijrbinAdiy,safetyandhappinesshave receivedyou.IhavefearforyouofthatwhichdestroyedAliandanoldmanwithmoaningin Damascus.[1]AlKhuwarnaqandalSadeeraretwopalacesnearalHeera.AlNumanbinUmru alQaysorderedthemtobebuilt.Itwassaidthatthereasonforbuildingthemisthatthechildren ofYazdijirbinSaburdied.Soheaskedthepeopleaboutaplacewithhealthyair.Theytoldhim thattheplacewasintheoutskirtsofalHira.SohesenthissonBahramtoalNumantoorderhim tobuildalKhuwarnaq,andhebuiltitintwentyyears.ThebuilderwasamancalledSinmar.This hasbeenmentionedin(thebook)NihayatalIrab,vol.1,p.372. WouldthatHijrdiedanaturaldeathandwasnotslaughteredasacamelwasslaughtered!Ifyou perish,theneveryheadofapeoplewillperishintheworld.[1]Hijrandhiscompanionsarrivedat MarjjAdhra.WhenHijrcametoknowthathewasinthisvillage,hesaid:ByAllah,Iamthefirst Muslimatwhomthedogsinthisvillagebark,andIamthefirstMuslimtoexclaim:Allahis great![2]ThepostmantoldMuawiyaaboutthem.SoMuawiyabecamepleasedand comfortable.Hesentthemaoneeyedmanandcommandedhimtoexecutethemiftheydidnot disownandcurseImamAli(a.s).Whentheoneeyedmancametothem,oneofthemsawhim

andpredicted,saying:Iftheguesswastrue,halfofuswouldbekilled,andtherestwouldbe saved! Howisthat?theyasked. Doyounotseethatthemancomingtoyouisoneeyed?cametheanswer.Theexecutioner cametothem.HeturnedtoHijrandsaidtohim:TheCommanderofthefaithful(Muawiya)has commandedmetokillyouanyyourcompanionsifyoudonotwithdrawfromyourunbelief,curse yourleaderandrenouncehim.Youaretheheadofmisguidance,sourceofunbeliefandtyranny, andfollowerofAbuTurab(ImamAli).Hijralongwiththerighteousgroupwhobelievedinhis faith,setanexampleforthecreedandsacrificeinthewayofAllah,saidwithonetongue:Surely tobepatienttowardthepunishmentwiththeswordiseasierforusthanthattodowhatyousay. ThengoingtoAllah,HisProphet,andhis(theProphets)guardianismorelovabletousthan enteringtheFire. HalfofHijrscompanionswithdrewfromtheircreed,andtheotherhalfmaintainedtheircreed andtheirfollowingImamAli(a.s),peacebeonhim.Theguessoftheonewhosaidthathalfof themwouldbekilledwastrue.Thentheirgravesweredug.Theexecutionerbeheadedthem.Itis worthmentioningthatHijrhadaskedthepeopleforaneeddeartohimandcheaptothem.He saidtothem:Letmeperformtheritualablutionandpray,forwhenIperformtheritualablution, Ipray. [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.307.ItwassaidthatthepoetrylinesbelongedtoHind alAnsariya,daughterofZayd.ShebewailedHijrwiththem.ShewasaShiite. [2]AlKamil,vol.3,p.192.InhisbookalIsaba,IbnHajarhasmentioned:HijrconqueredMarjj Adhraandwasmartyredinit. Theyallowedhimtodothat.Hijrprayedforalongtime.Afterfinishingpraying,heturnedtothe peopleandsaidtothem:ByAllah,Ihaveneversaidaprayerlighterthanthis.Wereitnotfor thatyouwouldthinkthatIwasimpatienttowarddeath,Iwouldincreaseit.ThenHijraddressed hisLordcomplainingtoHimofthiscommunitythathandedhimovertohiscunningenemy, saying:OAllah,Iaskyouforhelpagainstourcommunity!ThepeopleofKufaborewitness againstus,andthepeopleofShamaregoingtokillus!ByAllah,ifyoukilledmeinit(thevillage), thenIwouldbethefirstMuslimknighttoperishinitsvalleyandthefirstMuslimatwhomthe dogsinitwouldbark. Thewicked,oneeyedperson,HudbabinFayyadalQudai,walkedtowardsHijrdrawinghis sword.WhenHijrsawhim,heshookwithfear,andhisstrengthbecameweak.Sotheexecutioner saidtohim:Youhadclaimedthatyouwerenotimpatientwithdeath!Therefore,renounceyour leader(ImamAli),andwewillsetyoufree.

Hijrsaidtohim:AndwhatreasonhaveIthatIshouldnotbeimpatientwhileIcanseeadug grave,aspreadshroud,andadrawnsword?ByAllah,ifIwasimpatientwithdeath,Iwouldnot sayanythingtodispleasetheLord![1]ThelastwordsHijrsaidwere:Donotremovetheironand thebloodfromme,forIwillmeetMuawiyaonthestraightpath(ontheDayofResurrection)![2] TheexecutionerbeheadedHijr.Hijrwasplacedonthegroundasamotionlessbodyandwas coveredwithhisblood.Hewaswithsixofhiscompanions,whowererighteousmartyrs.OHijr, youandyourcompanionsareintheprotectionofAllah!Youhavegonetotheimmortalworld! Youweremartyredforthecreedandmankind!Youarethemostwonderfuloftheuniqueheroes whorevoltedagainstoppressionandtyranny,resistedthetyrannyoftherulersandthedespotism oftheunjust! HijrsCompanionsaremartyredfortheCreed Hijrwasunjustlymartyred.Agroupofhisidealcompanions,whosacrificedtheirvaluablelivesfor theircreedandsacreddoctrine,wasmartyredwithhimandafterhim.Theypaidnoattentionto death.Beliefsarebasedonthesepeopleandthelikeofthemfromamongtheimmortalheroes andthegreatonesintheworld.Throughthemthetruthshines,justicespreads,and [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.192. [2]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.256. injusticedisappears.Wewillmentiontheirnamesalongwithbriefaccountsontheoppression andtorturetheymetfromMuawiyaandhisgovernors.Theyareasfollows: Abdurrahman AbdurrahmanbinHassaanalAnziwasontopofHijrscompanions.Hewastakenwithhimto MarjjAdhra.Hewasshackledwithiron.HeaskedthepolicementolethimmeetMuawiyathat hemightpardonhim.Theyrespondedtohisrequest.Hewasbroughttohim.Whenhestood beforehim,he(Muawiya)askedhim: Say,ObrotherofRabeea!WhatdoyouthinkofAli? Leavemeanddonotquestionme.Thatisbetterforyou. ByAllah,Iwillnotleaveyou. IbearwitnessthathementionedAllahverymuch,enjoinedthegood,maintainedjustice,and pardonedmen. AfterthisMuawiyacouldfindnomeansthroughwhichhedeemedsheddinghisbloodaslawful. SoheaskedhimaboutUthmansblood,withwhichheafflictedtheMuslimsduringhislifetime

andafterhisdeath:WhatdoyouthinkaboutUthman?Hewasthefirsttoopenadoorto oppressionandtoclosedoorstothetruth.Youhavekilledyourself!Ratheryouhavekilled yourself,for(thetribeof)Rabeeaisinthevalley!Abdurrahmanthoughtthathisfamilywould intercedeforhim(withMuawiya),andsethimfree.However,nonerespondedtohim.Muawiya turnedhisfaceawayfromhim.ThenhesenttohisgovernorZiyadaletterinwhichhementioned: ThisalAnziistheworstofthoseyousent(tome).Therefore,punishhimwiththepunishment hedeservesandkillhimwiththeworstkilling.WhenZiyadreceivedMuawiyasletter,hesent AbdurrahmantoQasalNatif.[1]Heorderedhimtobeburiedalive,andhewasburiedalive.[2] [1]QasalNatifwasaplacenearKufa. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.155. SayfiBinFaseel SayfibinFaseelalShaybaniwasagenius,idealMuslimhero.HewasamongHijrsgood companions.Ziyadwasinformedagainsthim,andhe,thebastard,sentforhim.Sayfistoodbefore Ziyad,andhehurriedtoaskhimaboutImamAli(a.s)(a.s)thathemightusethatasameansto shedhisbloodlawfully.Heaskedhimwithwordsdrippingrageandanger: OenemyofAllah,whatdoyouthinkofAbuTurab? IdonotknowAbuTurab! Youknowhimmore(thanI)! Idonotknowhim! DoyounotknowAlibinAbiTalib? Yes. ThenthatisAbuTurab! No,thatisAbualHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem! ThecommanderofZiyadspoliceturnedtoSayfiandcriticizedhimforhisstatement,thathe mightseeknearnesstoIbnSumayya(Ziyad).Hesaidtohim:Thegovernorsaystoyouthatheis AbuTurab,andyousaytohim:No.Sayfirebukedhimandrefutedhisspeech.Hepaidno attentiontohimandhisgovernor.Hesaidtohim:Thegovernorhaslied.Doyouwantmetolie andbearwitnessfalselyjustashehasdone? IbnSumayya(Ziyad)becameexcitedandangry,sohesaidtoSayfi:Thisisalsoofyourguilt! Thenheturnedtowardshispolicemenandangrilysaidtothem:Bringmethebaton!Thebaton wasbroughttohim,andthenheturnedtoSayfiandaskedhim:Whatdoyouthinkof(Imam Ali)?Sayfisaidtohimwithbraveryandfaith:Ihavesaidthebeststatementastooneofthe believingservantsofAllah!Ziyadcommandedhispolicementostrikehimontheshouldersothat

hisshoulderwouldreachtheground.Theyseverelystruckhimuntilhisshoulderreachedthe ground.ThenZiyadcommandedthemtostopstrikinghim.He(Ziyad)turnedtohimandasked: Say,whatdoyouthinkaboutAli?Theheroofthecreed(Sayfi)insistedonhisfaithandsaid: ByAllah,ifyoucutmeintopieceswiththeknives,Iwouldsaynothingbutthatwhichyouhad heardfromme!YoushouldcursehimorIwillbeheadyou!Therefore,strikemyheadoff,by Allah,beforethat.Ifyourefusedbutstrikingit,thenIwouldbesatisfiedwithAllah,andyou wouldbeunhappy!Pushhimintheneck!ZiyadorderedSayfitobeshackledwithironandtobe thrownintoadarkprison.[1]ThenhesenthimwithHijrtoMarjjAdhra,andhewasmartyred withhimthere. QubaysaBinRabeea AmongHijrscompanionswhomZiyadexhaustedwasQubaysabinRabeeaalAbsi.Ziyadsentthe commanderofhispolice,ShaddadbinalHaytham,toarrestQubaysa.Shaddadsecretlyattacked Qubaysa.Whenthelattercametoknowofthat,hetookhisswordanddefendedhimself.Agroup ofhispeoplehelpedhim.Sothecommanderofthepolicesaidtohimwithdeception:Youare safeastoyourbloodandyourproperty.Sowhyareyougoingtokillyourself? Whenhiscompanionsheardofthat,theyweredeceived.Sotheydidnotdefendnordidtheysave him.ThatisbecausetheirfearofZiyadsauthoritywasgreaterineffectinthemselvesthanthe dangerofdeath.Theysaidtohim:Youaresafe!Sowhydoyouwanttokillyourselfanduswith you?Qubaysadidnotyieldtohiscompanionsstatement.Hehadcometoknowthatthe Umayyadsweretreacherous,thattheyfulfilledneitheracovenantnorapromise.Hesaidto them:Woeuntoyou!ByAllah,iffellintothehandsofthisbastard,sonoftheprostitute(Ziyad),I wouldnotescapefromhishand,hewouldkillme! No!theyretorted. WhenQubaysafoundnoescapefromthat,heputhishandintheirhands,andtheytookhimasa captivetoZiyad.QubaysastoodbeforeZiyad,andhesaidtohim:ByAllah,Iwilldistractyoufrom makingtroublesandattackingthecommanders!Ihavenotcometoyoubutaccordingtothat youhavegivenmesecurity!saidQubaysa [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,,vol.4,p.197,AlKamil,vol.3,p.139. Takehimtoprison!commandedZiyad.[1] Ziyadviolatedthesecurityandbrokethecovenant.ThenheorderedhimtobetakenwithHijrand hiscompanionstoMarjjAdhra.SoQubaysawastakenwiththem.Whenhearrivedinhishouse atJabana(Urzum),helookedatit.Hesawhisdaughtersstandingonthetopofthehouseand

lookingathim.Theywerescratchingtheirfaces,weepingandsupplicating.Themisfortune controlledthem,andsorrowtoretheirhearts.WhenQubaysasawthatterriblescene,heasked thepolicemeninchargeofhimtolethimapproachhisdaughterstoadvicethemtofollowwhat hewanted.Theyallowedhimtodothat.Whenheapproachedthem,theycriedloudly.He orderedthemtokeepsilentandbepatient.Hegavethemapieceofadvicethatrepresentedfaith andsatisfactionwithAllahsdecree.Hesaidtothem:FearAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.Be patient.DuringthisdepartureofmineIhopethatmyLordwillgrantmeoneoftwomost excellentthings;eithermartyrdomorthereturntoyousafely.TheOneWhoprovidesmeand sufficesmeyourprovisionisAllah,theMostHigh.Heislivinganddoesnotdie.IhopethatHewill notloseyouandthatHewillprotectmeforyou. Thenhesaidfarewelltothemandwentaway.Whenthosewithhimsawthathisdaughterswere sadandterrified,theyfeltpityforhim.ThentheyraisedtheirhandstoinvokeAllah,theExalted, forhim.TheyaskedAllahtograntQubaysawellbeingandsafety.Qubaysasaidtothem:The conditioninwhichIamisequalindangertothedestructionofmypeoplewhodidnotsupport me.[2] Bythathemeantthathispeopledidnotsupporthim,theydeserthim,andthatwasgreaterin effectonhimthanhisdeath.QubaysawentwithHijrtoMarjjAdhraandwasmartyredwithhim there.AsfortherestofHijrscompanionswhoweremartyredwithhim,wehavefoundno enoughinformationaboutthem.Howeverwewillmentiontheirnamesasfollows: ShuraykbinShaddadalHadrami. KaddambinHayyanalAnzi. MuhrizbinShihabalTamimi. Theseprotectors,whosacrificedtheirlivesforthecreedandthetruth,weregood,righteous Muslims.TheUmayyadauthoritiesdrovethemtothefieldofexecution.Theyregardedshedding theirbloodaslawfulnotbecauseofaguilttheyhadcommitted,butbecauseoftheirloveforthe purefamily(ofthe [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.149. [2]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.149. Prophet),whoisequaltotheHolyQuraninthatitisobligatorytotakecareofthemandtoshow lovetothem. TheEchooftheDisaster TheMuslimswereterrifiedbythisdangerousincidence,anddispleasurespreadthroughoutthe

country,forHijrwasoneoftheeminent,Muslimfiguresandamongthegoodcompanionsofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThroughhismurderthesacrednessofIslamwas violated,forhemadenomischiefintheland;rather,hesawsomethingforbidden,andhe combatedit.Hesawinjustice,andheresistedit.HesawthatZiyaddelaytheprayer,andhe demandedhimtoperformit.HesawhimcurseImamAli(a.s),andhedemandedhimtorefrain fromthat.Hewasmartyredforthat.SotheremarkablepersonalitiesintheIslamicworldhurried toannouncetheirdispleasurewithMuawiyaandtocondemnhimforthat.Itisgoodtomention someofthemandlistentotheircriticisms.Theyareasfollows: ImamalHusayn FromYathribImamalHusaynwroteMuawiyaaletterinwhichhecondemnedhimseverelyfor hiskillingHijrandhispiouscompanions.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Areyounottheonewho killedHijr,brother(amemberofthetribe)ofKinda,(andhiscompanions)thosewhoprayed,the worshiperswhocondemnedoppression,regardedasgreattheheresies,anddidnotfear,inAllah, thecensureofanycensurer?Youunjustlykilledthemoutofaggressionafteryourgivingthema strongoathandsurecovenantsthatyouwouldnotpunishthemaccordingtoanincident(that hadhappened)betweenyouandthemnoraccordingtomaliceyouhadharboredagainst them.[1] InhisletterImamalHusayncondemnedMuawiyaforhisregardingaslawfulsheddingtheblood ofHijrandhisidealcompanions,whocondemnedoppression,combatedtyranny,andregardedas greattheheresies.Heunjustlykilledthemoutofaggressionafterputtinghimselfunderobligation andgivingcovenantstothemthathewouldnotpunishthembecauseofanincidentandpast malice.HoweverMuawiya,sonofHind,brokethatpromiseanddidnotfulfillit. Aisha Aisha,theProphetswife,wasamongthosewhocondemnedMuawiyaforkillingHijr.Thatwas whenMuawiyacameintohereafterhisperformingthehajj.Shesaidtohim:Doyoufeelsecure thatIhavenothiddenanyonetokillyou? [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.149. Hesaidtoherwithcunning:Ihaveenteredthehouseofsecurity!DidyounotfearAllahasto (themurderof)Hijrandhiscompanions?askedAisha.[1] ShealwaystalkedaboutthemurderofHijr.ShenarratedwhatshehadheardfromAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,regardingHijrsexcellence,saying:IheardAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:Somepeoplewillbekilledin(Marj)Adhra.

Allahandtheinhabitantsoftheheavenwillbeangryforthem.[2]Shecondemnedthepeopleof Kufa,saying:ByAllah,ifMuawiyahadcometoknowthatthepeoplehadstrength,hewouldnot havedaredtotakeHijrandhiscompanionsfromamongthemtokilltheminSham.However, MuawiyasonofthewomanwhoateHamzasliver,cametoknowthatthepeoplepassedaway. ByAllah,they(Hijrandhiscompanions)wereglory,power,andjurisprudencefortheArabs.How goodLabeedwaswhenhesaid: ThoseunderwhosewingsIlivedpassedaway.Ihaveremainedamongthesuccessorswhoare liketheskinofthemangy.Theydonotbenefit(me)nordoIhopefortheirgood.Theirsayeris blamedevenifhemakesnotrouble.[3] AlRabeeBinZiyad AmongthosewhocondemnedMuawiyawasalRabeebinZiyadalBasri[4],hisgovernorover Khurasan.Whenheheardofthepainfulnews,helosthismind.Hedeeplysighedandsaidwith sadness:TheArabsarestillkilledunjustlyafterhim(afterthemurderofHijr).Iftheyhad revoltedwhenhewaskilled,noneofthemwouldhavebeenkilledunjustly.Theykeptsilent,so theybecameabased. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.156. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.55.AlIsaba,vol.1,p.314. [3]lIstiab,vol.1,p.357. [4]AlRabeebinZiyadbinAnasalHarithi,alBasriwasMoawiyasgovernoroverKhurasan.His scribewasalHasanalBasri.He(alRabee)narrated(traditions)ontheauthorityofUbaybin Kaabandontheauthorityofagroup(oftraditionists).Somepeoplenarrated(traditions)onhis authority.AlRabeediedintheyear51A.H.Thishasbeenmentionedin(thebook)Tahdhibal Tahdhib,vol.3,p.43.In(thebook)alIsaba,ithasbeenmentioned:AlRabeecametoUmarand saidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,byAllah,youappointedoverthiscommunitynothing exceptanafflictionwithwhichithasbeenafflicted.IfaewegotlostonthebankoftheEuphrates, youwouldbequestionedaboutitontheDayoftheResurrection.SoUmarweptwhenheheard thisspeechfromhim.
ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart2

IftheKufanshadpreventedtheUmayyadauthoritiesfromkillingHijrandhiscompanions,the Umayyadswouldnothavebeenabletokilltheirfree,goodones.But,theyweresatisfiedwith inactivityandabasementandtheydislikedthedeathinthewayofAllah,sotheiraffairwaslow andtheybecamehumble,andtheUmayyadsdidtothemwhattheywantedsuchassubjugating themtoabasementandhumiliation.AlRabeeremainedastonishedandweak.Sorrowtorehis heart.OnFridayheledthepeopleinFridayPrayer.Afterhehadfinishedtheprayer,headdressed thepeople,saying:Opeople,Iamtiredoflife.Iamgoingtosupplicate,sosay:amen!Allah respondedtohissupplication.Hediedbeforehelefttheassembly.[1] AlHasanalBasri AlHasanalBasriregardedthemurderofHijrasoneofthefourmajorsinsMuawiyahad committed.HesaidregardingHijr:Woeuntohim(Muawiya)fromHijrandhiscompanions.He saidthattwice.[2] AbdullahBinUmarAbdullahbinUmarwasterrifiedwhenheheardofthemurderofHijr.Hewas toldabouthismurderwhenhewasinthemarket.Hewassitting.Hegotupandwentaway weepingwithbitterly.[3] MuawiyaBinKhudayj MuawiyabinKhudayj[4],whowasinthearmyinAfrica,heardofthepainfulnews.Hesaidtohis peoplefromKindawhowerewithhim:DoyounotseethatwefightonbehalfofQurayshand sacrificeourlivestomakefirmtheirauthoritywhiletheyattackandkillourcousins?Indeedthe murderofHijrwasamongthegraveincidents,acrackinIslam,andanafflictionagainstallthe Arabs.Muawiyahimselfhadnodoubtaboutthat.Heregardedhimasafearfulperson.He mentionedhimfrequentlyduringhisprivacy.Herememberedhimverymuchduringhisillnessof which [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.195. [2]Wehavefullymentionedhisspeechalongwithhisbiographyinthechaptersofthebook. [3]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.314. [4]HisfullnameisMoawiyabinKhudayjbinJaffnaalSukuni.Itwassaidthat(hissurname)was alKindi.Itwashewhokilledtherighteous,goodservant(ofAllah),MuhammedbinAbiBakr, accordingtothecommandof(Amr)binalAas.HeinvadedAfricathreetimes.Thishasbeen mentionedin(thebook)alIstiab,vol.3,p.389. hedied.Hesaid:Woeuntomebecauseofyou,OHijr!Andhesaid:(Iwillface)alongday (becauseof)IbnalAddbar(Hijr).Hesaidthatthreetimes.[1]Yes,Muawiyawillfacealongday (beforeAllah)becauseofhiskillingHijrandthelikeofHijrfromamongtherighteousbelievers

whosebloodheshedbecauseofnothingexcepttheirloveforAhlalBayt.Withthisweendour speechaboutthemurderofHijrandhiscompanions,thatwemaymeethisothercompanions. RasheedalHijri RasheedalHijriisregardedasontopofthemenofIslaminpiety,fearofAllah,knowledge,and excellence.HewasapupilintheschoolofImamAli(a.s).Heacquiredagreatdealofhis knowledgeandsciences.ImamAli(a.s)namedhimRasheedalBalaya(Rasheedofthe tribulations).Rasheedsdaughter,Qanu,narrated:Iheardmyfathersay:(ImamAli),the Commanderofthefaithful,saidtome:ORasheed,howwillyourendurancebewhenthebastard oftheUmayyads(Ziyad)willsendforyouandcutoffyourhands,yourfeet,andyourtongue?O Commanderofthefaithful,will(Igotothe)Gardenattheendofthat?askedRasheed.O Rasheed,youarewithmeinthisworldandthenextworld,retortedImamAli. RasheedwentwithImamAli(a.s),toagarden.Theysatintheshadowofadatepalm.Theowner ofthegardenascendedadatepalm.Hetooksomedatesfromthedatepalmandofferedthemto ImamAli(a.s).TheImamatesomeofthem.RasheedturnedtotheImamandsaidtohim:How deliciousthesedatesare! Youwillbecrucifiedonitstrunk,saidtheImam.AfterthisspeechRasheedtookcareofthedate palmofwhosedatesheate.HegaveitwaterandservedAllahbesideit.Onedayhepassedbyit andsawthatitsleaveshadbeencutoff,sohefeltthathisappointedtimewascloseathand.He passedbyitagainandsawthatahalfofitwasputoverasmallriver,thatthepeoplemightsiton itandtakewater.Hewassurethathisinevitableappointedtimeapproached.[2]Duringthat terribleperiodoftime,(Ziyad),sonofSumayya,sentforhim.RasheedstoodbeforeZiyad,andhe saidtohim: Whatdidyourbosomfriend(ImamAli)sayastothatwewoulddotoyou? (Hesaidthat)youwouldcutoffmyhandsandmyfeet,andthatyouwouldcrucifyme. [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.156. [2]AlTaliqatalaaMinhajjalMaqal,p.140. ByAllah,Iwillconfutehisstatement.Sethimfree. ThepolicesetRasheedfree.Whenhewentout,Ziyadsaidtohispolicemen:Bringhimback! Theybroughthimbacktohim.Ziyadturnedtohimandsaid:Wecanfindforyounothingbetter thanwhatyourleader(ImamAli)said.Youwillbringabouteviltousifyouremainalive.Cutoff hishandsandhisfeet.ThepolicecutoffRasheedshandsandfeet.HoweverRasheedwenton

speaking.HisspeechenragedZiyad,andhesaidtohispolicemen:Crucifyhimuntildeath! Rasheedsaidtothem:Ihavesomethingwithyou.Icanseethatyouhavenotdoneithemeant thattheydidnotcutouthistongue.So(Ziyad),sonofSumayya,orderedhistonguetobecut out.Whentheywantedtocutouthistongue,hesaidtothem:GivemeatimethatImaysaya statement.Theygavehimtime,andhesaid:ByAllah,thisistheconfirmationoftheprediction oftheCommanderofthefaithful(ImamAli),peacebeonhim.Hetoldmethatyouwouldcutout mytongue.Thenthepolicemencutouthistongue.[1] Whatasindidthisgreatworshipercommitthathemightdeservethispunishmentandthis horriblemaiming?However(Ziyad),sonofSumayya,andMuawiyawantedthroughthatto destroytheShiaandtoputanendtoShiism. AmrBinalHamaqalKhuzaiy AmrbinalHamaqhadliving,strong,religiousfeelings.Hewasamongthegoodcompanions(of theProphet)inpietyandfearofAllah.ItwashewhogavetheProphetyogurttodrink.Sothe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,invokedAllahforhimtomakehimenjoyhisyouth. AllahrespondedtothesupplicationofHisProphet.Amrbecameeightyyearsoldbutnonesaw evenawhitehairinhisbeard.[2] Amrwasamongthechoice,loyalcompanionsofImamAli(a.s).ImamAli(a.s)invokedAllahfor him,saying:OAllah,enlightenhisheartwithpietyandguidehimtoYourstraightpath![3]He (a.s)respected,magnified,andpreferredhimtoothers.Hesaidtohim:WouldthatIhada hundred(fighters)likeyouamongmytroops!AmrexpressedhisobedienceandloyaltytoImam Ali(a.s),saying:OCommanderofthefaithful,byAllah,I[1]SafinatalBihar,vol.1,p.522.Al HafizalDhahabihassaid:ZiyadkilledRasheedalHijri,cutouthistongue,andcrucifiedhim becausehewasaShiite(afollowerofImamAli). [2]AlIsaba,vol.2,p.526. [3]SafinatalBihar,vol.2,p.360. havenotlovedyouforthelifeinthisworldnorforapositionIhaveinit.RatherIhavelovedyou becauseoffivequalities:Youarethefirsttobelieve(inAllah).YouarethecousinofAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.YouarethegreatestoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsar. Youarethehusbandofthemistressofthewomenoftheworld(Fatima),peacebeonher.And youarethefatherofthesurvivalprogenyofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.If Icoveredthefirmmountainsandcrossedtheseasfullofwatertoundermineyourenemyand makesuccessfulyourproof,Iwouldseethatthiswaslittleincomparisonwithyourgreatrighton me.[1] Hisspeechindicateshiscreed,faith,andgreatobediencetoImamAli,peacebeonhim.Through

hisspeechhesoughtAllahspleasureandthehereafter. WhenZiyad(binAbeeh)becameagovernoroverKufaandpursuedtheShia(ImamAlis followers),AmrbinalHamaqalKhuzaiywasafraidofhisoppressiveauthority.SoheandRifaa binShaddadfledtoalMadain.Theystayedtheirforaperiodoftime.ThentheyfledtoMusil. Beforetheyreachedit,theyhadstayedinamountaintorest.BaltaabinAbiAbdullah, Muawiyasgovernor,heardthattwomenhadhiddenthemselvesinamountain.Hecondemned theiraffair.Heandagroupofhiscompanionswenttothem.Whentheyreachedthemountain, AmrandRifaawentouttothem.AsforAmr,hewasill,forhehadbeengivenpoisontodrink.So hehadnoabilitytosavehimselffromthem.Forthisreasonhestoppedanddidnotescape.Asfor Rifaa,hewasayoungman.Herodehishorse.HeturnedtoAmrandsaidtohim:Iwillfighton behalfofyou! Amrprohibitedhimfromthat,saying:Thatyoufight(onmybehalf)doesnotbenefitme.Save yourselfifyoucan. Rifaaattackedthepeople,andtheywithdrewfromhim.Thenthepeoplewentouttosearchfor him.Theywereunabletoarresthimbecausehewasanarcher.ThentheytookAmrasacaptive. Theyaskedhimtointroducehimself,butherefusedandsaidtothem:Iamtheonewhomifyou left,itwouldbesafertoyou,andifyoukilled,itwouldbemoreharmfultoyou. Theyinsistedonhimtointroducehimself,butherefused.Accordingly,theydoubtedhisaffairand senthimguardedtoAbdurrahmanbinAbdullahalThaqafi,thegovernorofMusil.When Abdurrahmansawhim,herecognizedhimandimmediatelysentMuawiyaaletterinwhichhe informedhimoftheaffair.MuawiyaansweredAbdurrahman,saying:He(Amr)claimedthathe stabbedUthmanbinAffanninetimeswiththespearheadshehad.Wedonot [1]AlTaliqat,p.246. wanttoaggressagainsthim.Therefore,stabhimninetimesjustashestabbedUthmanbin Affan. Accordingly,AbdurrahmanorderedAmrtobetakenoutandbestabbedninetimes.Amrwas stabbed,andhediedduringthefirstorthesecondstab.[1]ThenAbdurrahmanorderedhishead tobecutoffandbesenttoMuawiya.Muawiyaorderedtheheadtobetakenfromplaceto another,soitwasthefirstheadtobetakenfromoneplacetoanotherinIslam.[2]ThenMuawiya orderedtheheadtobesenttoAmrswife,Amina,daughterofalShareed.Aminawasinoneof Muawiyasprisons.Theheadwasbroughtandputintoherlapwhileshewasinattentiveandhad noinformationaboutherhusbandsaffair.Whenshesawthehead,shebecamedisordered,to theextentthatshewasabouttodie.Thenshesaidwhilehertearswereflowingdownherface: Oh!Iwillmournoverhisabasementintheabodeofhumiliationandnarrownessduetothe

oppressionoftheSultan!Hebanishedhimfrommeforalongtime!Youhavesenthimtome whileheiskilled!WelcometodaytohimwhomIdidnothateandwhomIdonotforget! Thensheturnedtotheguardandsaidtohim:TaketheheadbacktoMuawiyaanddonotwrap it(whenyouputit)beforehim.Saytohim:MayAllahorphanyourchildren,makeyourfamily feellonely(forlosingyou),andmayHenotforgiveyouyoursin! ThemessengerreturnedtoMuawiyaandtoldhimwhatshesaid.Muawiyabecameangry,and herspeechenragedhim.Soheorderedhertobebroughttohiminhisassembly.Shewasbrought tohim,andheaskedher:Areyou,OenemyofAllah,theownerofthespeechIhaveheard?She answeredwithoutpayingattentiontohimorshowingfearofhisauthority,saying:Yes.Iwillnot refrainfromit(thespeech)nordoIapologize(toyou)foritnordoIdenyit.Bymylife,Iam diligentininvoking(Allahagainstyou)ifdiligencebenefited(me).AndthatAllahisbehindthe servants.Youhaveobtainednothingofyourreward,andthatAllahwillpunishyou! IyasbinHislturnedtoMuawiyaandsaid:ShallIkillthis(woman),OCommanderofthefaithful? ByAllah,herhusbandwasnotworthierofkillingthanher! Shesaidtohim:Fieonyou!Woeuntoyou!Thereis(something)likethebodyofafrogbetween yourbeard!Thenyouareaskinghimtokillmeashe [1]AlTabari,Tarikh. [2]AlIstiab,vol.2,p.517. killedmyhusbandyesterday!Youdesirenothingbutthatyoushouldbeatyrantintheland,and youdonotdesiretobeofthosewhoactaright.Muawiyasmiledandsaidwithastonishment: Howgoodyouare!Goout!ThenIdonotwanttohearyou(say)anythinginSham!Shesaidto him:IamgoingtoleaveSham.ThenyouwillnothearthatIaminanypartofSham.Idonotlove ShamnordoIhaveabosomfriendinit.ItisnotmyhomelandnordoIyearnforaresidenceinit. MyreligionhasbecomegreatinitbutIamnotdelightedinit.IwillnotcometoyouinitnorwillI praiseyouwhereverIam. HerspeechwasdifficulttoMuawiya,soheindicatedtoherwithhisownfingertogoout.She wentoutwhileshewassaying:IwonderatMuawiya!Hewithheldhistonguefrommeand indicatedtomewithhisownfingertogoout!ByAllah,Amrwillopposehimwithaconfirmed, strongspeechmorepainfulthanthepiercingswords;otherwise,Iamnotthedaughterofal Shareed!Thenshelefthisassembly.[1] IndeedthemurderofAmrwasamongthedangerousincidentsinIslam.Thatisbecausehewas amongthecompanionsoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Muawiyaintentionally shedhisblood,so,throughthat,heopposedwhatAllahcommandedastothatitwasforbidden

toshedthebloodoftheMuslimsbutwithjustice.ThemurderofAmrdidnotsatisfyMuawiyas thirst(forrevenge).Forthisreasonheorderedhisheadtobetakenfromoneplacetoanother. ThenheorderedtheheadtobesenttoAmrswife,whowasabouttodiebecauseofthepainful misfortune.FromYathribImamalHusayn(a.s)sentMuawiyaaletterinwhichhecondemned himforhiscommittingthisdangerouscrime.Thisisthetextoftheletter:Areyounottheone whokilledAmrbinalHamaq,thecompanionofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,therighteousservant(ofAllah)?Worshipexhaustedhim,andsohisbodybecameweak andhisfaceyellow.Thatwasafteryouhadgivenhimsecurity,andgiventohimsomeofAllahs promisesandcovenants,totheextentthatifyougavethemtoabird,itwouldcometoyoufrom apeakofamountain.ThenyoukilledhimshowingaudacitytoyourLordandmakinglightofthat covenant.[2] ImamalHusaynlaudedAmrsexcellence.HementionedthatAmrwasthecompanionofAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthatprayerexhaustedhisbody.Healso mentionedthatMuawiyaconcludedasto [1]AlamalNisa,vol.1,p.4. [2]AlTaliqat,p.246. hisaffairacovenantthatincludedgivingsecuritytohimandrefrainingfromaggressinghim. HoweverMuawiyaviolatedhiscovenantanddidnotfulfillit. AwfaBinHisn AwfabinHisnwasamongthosewhocondemnedtheUmayyadpolicyandoneofthosewho criticizedtheUmayyadsfortheirdictatorship.HespreadtheUmayyadsshortcomingsamongthe Kufans.ZiyadheardofthatandsentforAwfa.Thelatterdisappeared.Ziyadreviewedthepeople. AwfapassedbyZiyad,andhedoubtedhisaffair,soheaskedthosewithhim: Whoisthat? AwfabinHisn. Bringhimtome. AwfawasbroughttoZiyad,andhehaughtilysaid:Thefoolslegshavebroughthimtoyou!Then heturnedtohimandaskedhim: WhatdoyouthinkofUthman? HeisthesoninlawofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Whatdoyouthinkof Muawiya?Heisgenerousandclement.Whatdoyouthinkofme?Ihaveheardthatyousaidin Basra:ByAllah,Iwillpunishthesoundbecauseofthesick,thosewhocomebecauseofthose whoturnaway.Ihavesaidthat.Yousaiditatrandom.Theblowerisnotthewickedestofthe group. ThenZiyadorderedAwfatobekilled.[1]AwfacriticizedZiyadforhispolicyduringthatcritical

condition.Thatwasthegreatestofthedeedsheperformedandthebestkindofjihadthatthe Prophet(a.s)meantwhenhesaid:Thebestkindofjihadisawordoftruthinthepresenceofa tyrannicalsultan.ThebestofmartyrsisHamzabinAbdalMuttalib,andamanwhotalksinthe presenceofatyrannicalsultan,andheorderedhimtobekilled.[2] [1]AlKamil,vol.3,p.183. [2]AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.60. JuwayriyyaBinMushiralAbdi JuwayriyyawasoneofthesincerecompanionsofImamAli(a.s).Henarratedhistraditions,and wasclosetohim.OnedayImamAlilookedatJuwayriyyaandsaid:OJuwayriyyafollowme. WhenIseeyou,Ilikeyou.ThenhetoldhimaboutsomesecretsoftheImamate.Hesaidtohim: OJuwayriyya,lovethosewholoveus.Iftheydetestus,thendetestthem.Detestthosewho detestus.Iftheyloveus,thenlovethem.[1] OnedayImamAli(a.s),wassleeping.Juwayriyyacameintohimandsaid:Youwhoaresleeping, wakeup!Ablowwillbestruckonyourheadfromwhichyourbeardwillbecoloredwithblood. ImamAli(a.s)(a.s)smiledathim.Thenhetoldhimaboutwhathewouldmeetfromthetyrannical governors,saying:OJuwayriyya,Iwilltellyouaboutyouraffair.ByHiminWhosehandismy soul,youwillbepulledbeforearough,harshman.Hewillcutoffyourhandandleg.Thenyouwill becrucifiedbelowtheshorttrunk(ofadatepalm). TimepassedafterthatuntilwheninthedaysofMuawiya,Ziyad,sonofSumayya,becamea governor.HesummonedJuwayriyya.Heorderedhishandandlegtobecutoff.Thenheordered himtobecrucifiedonashorttrunk.[2]HishambinMuhammadalSaibhaswrittenabookabout thetragedyofJuwayriyya,Rasheed,andMaythamalTammar.[3] AbdullahBinYahyaalHadhrami AbdullahbinYahyawasamongthechoicecompanionsofImamAli(a.s).Hewasamongthepolice ofalKhamees[4].ImamAli(a.s)saidtohimattheBattleofalJamal:OAbdullah,receivegood newsofthatyouandyourfatherwillbeofalKhameesPolice.IndeedAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,toldmethatyournameandthatofyourfatherwouldbeamongal KhameesPolice.[5] [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha.Anarrationsimilartothisnarrationhasbeen mentionedinalTaliqat,p.366. [2]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha. [3]AlTaliqat,p.366. [4]AlKhameeswasanameofthearmy.TheArmywasnamedsobecauseitwasdividedintofive

partsthatwerethevanguard,therightwing,theleftwing,thecenter,andtherearguards.Itwas saidthatitwasnamedsobecauseaonefifthwastakenofthebootytakenbyit.Thishasbeen mentionedinIbnalAthirsalNihaya.Somesourceshavementionedthatthepoliceofal Khameesweresotrustworthyandjustthatthewitnessofeachoneofthemwasequaltoa witnessoftwomen [5]AlTaliqat,p.214. WhenImamAli(a.s)(a.s)wasmartyred,Abdullahshowedexhaustingsadnessathisdeath.Heleft Kufaandbuiltacell.HeandhisbelievingcompanionsservedAllahinthatcell.WhenMuawiya cametoknowoftheirimpatienceandsadnessatthedeathofImamAli(a.s),heorderedthemto bebroughttohim.Whentheywerebroughttohim,heorderedthemtobekilled,andtheywere unjustlykilled.[1]IntheprotectionofAllaharetheserighteous,goodpeople.Theirbloodwas shedandtheirlimbswerecutoff.TheycommittednosinandmadenoincidentinIslamexcept theirfollowingImamAli(a.s).TheyyieldedtoAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, whomadeitincumbentonMuslimstoshowloveforImamAli(a.s),saying:OAllah,befriend whoeverbefriendshim,andbehostiletowhoeveropposeshim. MuawiyanotonlyshowedenmitytowardtheShiathroughkillingtheirleadersbutalsomade dangerousthingsofwhicharethefollowing: DemolishingtheShiasHouses MuawiyasparednoefforttodestroythefollowersofImamAli(a.s).Hecommandedhis governorstodemolishtheirhouses.Sohispolicedemolishedtheirhouses[2]andmadethem withoutshelterstowhichtheyreturned.MuawiyadidthattoputanendtoShiismandtoefface thenameoftheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthem. TheShiasWitnessisnotaccepted MuawiyadidhisbesttoabaseandexhausttheShia.Hewrotetoallhisgovernorsand commandedthemnottoacceptthewitnessofthefollowersofImamAli(a.s),andthatofhis household.[3]Thegovernorsyieldedtohiscommand.Theydidnotacceptthetestimonyofthe Shiawhiletheyweretrustworthy,just,andgoodMuslims.
TerrorismandArresting

MuawiyaspreadfearandterrorismamongtheShia.Heimprisonedsomeofthemforlifeand terrorizedsomeofthem,totheextentthattheylefttheirhomelandsandwanderedaimlesslyin thelands;fearandterrorpursuedthem.Hispolicearrestedmanyofthem.Theybroughtthem guardedtohim,andhemockedatthem,madelightof,anddisrespectedthem.Wewillmention theirnamesalongwiththepersecutionstheymet.Theyareasfollows: [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10.p.102. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.46. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.15. 1.MuhammadBinAbiHudhayfa MuhammadbinAbiHudhayfawasonthetopofthetrustworthy,righteousMuslims.Hewas amongthosewhoenjoinedthegoodandforbadetheevil.RegardinghimImamAli(a.s)said:The Muhammads(personswhosenamesareMuhammad)refusethatAllahisdisobeyed.Thenhe numberedhimasoneofthem.MuhammadaccompaniedandservedImamAli(a.s).WhenImam Aliwasmartyred,MuawiyawantedtokillMuhammad.Thenitseemedtohimthathehadto imprisonhim,andheimprisonedhimforalongtime.Onedayheturnedtohiscompanionsand saidtothem:ShallIsendforthisfoolish(person),MuhammadbinAbiHudhayfatorebukehim, totellhimabouthiserror,andtocommandhimtocurseAli?Theyagreedwithhimonthat.Then heorderedhimtobebrought.MuhammadstoodbeforeMuawiya,andhesaidtohim:O Muhammad,hasnotthetimeyetcomeforyouthatyoumayseetheerroryoufollowthrough yoursupportingAlibinAbiTalib?DidyounotknowthatUthmanwasunjustlykilled,thatAisha, Talha,andalZubayrrevolted(againstAli)toavengehisblood,thatitwasAliwhourgedthe peopletokillhim,andthatwewillavengehisbloodtoday? Muhammadansweredhim:SurelyyouknowthatIamtheclosestofthepeopletoyouinkinship andthemostawareaboutyou?Yes,Muawiyaanswered. MuhammadSaid:ByAllahotherthanWhomthereisnogod,Idonotknowanyoneotherthan youthattookpartinsheddingUthmansbloodandprovokedthepeopleagainsthim.Thatwas whenUthmanappointedyouandthosewhowerelikeyouasgovernors.TheMuhajireenandthe Ansaraskedhimtoremoveyoufromoffice.Howeverherefusedthat.Sotheydidtohimthat whichreachedyou.ByAllah,nonetookpartinkillinghimatthebeginningandendexceptTalha, alZubayr,andAisha,foritwastheywhoborewitnessagainsthimandprovokedthepeople againsthim.AbdurrahmanbinAwf,IbnMasud,Ammar,andalltheAnsarsharedtheminthat. Muawiyabecamefrightened,sohecriticizedMuhammadforthat,saying:Didthathappen?

Yes,byAllah,repliedMuhammad,surelyIbearwitnessthatyouhaveonlyonemannersinceI haveknownyouinthepreIslamicperiodandIslam.Islamhasincreasedyounothing.Thesignof thatinyouisclear.ItisthatyoublamemefortheloveforAli.Allthosewhoprayedandfasted, theMuhajireen,andtheAnsarwentoutwith(Imam)Ali(tofightagainstyou).Thechildrenofthe hypocrites,thereleased(prisonersofwar),andtheemancipatedwentoutwithyou(tofight againstthem).Youdeceivedthemastotheirreligion,andtheydeceivedyouastoyourpresent life.ByAllah,OMuawiya,whatyoudidisnothiddentoyou,andwhattheydidisnothiddento them.TheydispleasedAllahthroughobeyingyou.ByAllah,IstillloveAliforAllahandHisApostle. IhateyouforAllahandHisApostleforever,aslongasIremainalive. Muawiyabecameafraid,sohesaid:Iseethatyouarestillinyour(old)error.Sendhimbackto prison!ThepolicesentMuhammadbacktoprison,andheremainedthereuntilhedied.[1] Muhammaddiedwhilehewasterrifiedinthedarkprisons,justbecausehedidnotaccept Muawiyasevildeeds.SuchwasthefateofthosefreeandnoblewhoopposedMuawiyas government.Theymettorture,exemplarypunishments,andlifeimprisonment. 2.AbdullahBinHashimalMirqal AmongtheleadersoftheShiaandtheirgreatfigureswhomMuawiyaterrorizedwastheideal leaderAbdullahbinHashimalMirqal.Muawiyaharboredmaliceagainsthimbecauseofhis obedienceandloyaltytoImamAli(a.s)andbecauseofhisfathersattitudeattheBattleofSiffin; thatimmortalattitudewhichfearedandterrifiedMuawiyatotheextentthathedecidedto escape.ForthisreasonMuawiyawantedtoquenchhisthirstforrevengeonhim.Hewrotehis governorZiyadaletterinwhichhecommandedhimtoarrestAbdullahandpunishhimseverely. Thisisthetextofhisletter:SearchforAbdullahbinHashimbinUttba.Tiehishandstohisneck, andthensendhimtome. WhenZiyadreceivedMuawiyasletter,helookedforAbdullah.HoweverwhenAbdullahcameto knowofthat,heescapedandhid.ArogueknewhisplaceofhidingandwenttoMuawiyatoseek nearnesstohimthroughthat.TheroguetoldMuawiyathatAbdullahhadhiddeninthehouseof awomancalledalMakhzumiyya.Accordingly,MuawiyawroteZiyadthefollowing:Whenthis letterofminecomestoyou,gotothedistrictofBanuMakhzum.Searchithousebyhouseuntil youreachthehouseofthewomancalledalMakhzumiya.TakeAbdullahbinHashimalMirqalout ofit.Havehishaircut,clothehiminahairjubbah,shacklehim,tiehishandstohisneck,carryhim onacamelwithoutacover,andsendhimtome. ZiyadsearchedthedistrictofBanuMakhzumuntilhefoundAbdullah.HesenthimtoMuawiyain themannerhewanted.AbdullaharrivedinDamascusonFriday,thedayofreceptionMuawiya

hadappointedtoreceive [1]AlKashi,Rijal,p.47. theQurayshinoblemenandtheIraqidignitaries.HashimsuddenlycameintoMuawiya.The latterrecognizedtheformer.HoweverAmrbinalAasdidnotrecognizehim.Muawiyaturnedto himandsaid:OAbuAbdullah,doyouknowthisyoungman?No,repliedAmr.Muawiyasaid: ThisisthepersonwhosefathersaidattheBattleofSiffin: SurelyIsacrificedmylifewhenheclaimedandblamedmuch.(Heis)oneeyedandheseeksa positionforhispeople.Hetreatedthelifeuntilhebecametired.Therewasnoescapefromthat hewoulddefeat(them)orwouldbedefeated.Iwillfullyunderminethemwithaspear.Thenoble manwhoturnsawayisnotgoodinmyopinion.AmrbinalAaswasastonished,sohequotedas anexample:Thepasturemaygrowinthedungofsoil,andthespitesofsoulslastastheyare! AmrbinalAasrememberedtheattitudeofAbdullahsfatherattheBattleofSiffin.Hesaidto Muawiya:OCommanderofthefaithful,takethismalicious(person)whoshedblood.Cuthis jugularveinsandmakehisbloodflowontheupperpartsofhisback.Donotrepatriatehimtothe peopleofIraq,forheisnotpatienttowardhypocrisy.They(theIraqis)aremenoftreacheryand discord.TheyarethepartythatIblishaspreparedforthedayofhisexcitement.He(Abdullah)has aninclinationthatwillruinhim,anopinionthatwillmakehimatyrant,andretinuethatwillmake himpowerful.Andanevildeedisforanevildeed! Abdullahopposedhimasifhewasanangrylion.Heaimedathimanarrowofspeech.Hepaidno attentiontohim,saying:OAmr,ifIwaskilled,thenIwouldbeamanwhosepeopledesertedhim andwhosedeathcame.Whydidyounotshowthatwhenyouswervedfromfighting(againstus)? Wesummonedyoutofightagainstuswhileyouresortedtothenorthasifyouwereablack bondmaidandaledewe!Youdidnotpushthehandofatoucher! AmrbinalAasburntwithgrief.Hecouldnotsayanythingexceptthathethreatenedhim,saying: ByAllah,youhavefalleninthecanineteethoftheonewhoislikealionwithmanetowardhis equals!IthinkthatyouwillnotescapefromthehandsoftheCommanderofthefaithful!Asfor Hashim,hepaidnoattentiontoAmrsthreat.Heansweredhim,saying:ByAllah,O(Amr)binal Aas,youareingratitudeduringwelfare, cowardlyduringmeeting(inwar),unjustwhenyouareappointedasgovernor,andfearfulwhen youmeet(theheroes).Youroarasdoesthestickupsidedown,limitedinthepathofthorns,to whichnoneintheperiod(oftime)hurriesandforwhichnonehopesinhardship.Whydidyounot showthatwhenyouwasfoughtbythepeoplewhowerenotrebukedwhenyoungnorwerethey defamedwhenold,whohadstronghandsandsharptongues,whostraightenedthecrookedness, tookawaythecriticality,increasedthelittle,satisfiedthethirst(forrevenge),andsupportedthe weak?AmrbinalAaswasunabletoanswer.Helookedforadefectinthebagofhiscunningto

brandAbdullahwithit.Hefoundnothingexceptfabricatinglies,saying:Verily,byAllah,Isaw thenyourfathersbowelsbeat,hisintestinesgurgle,andthemiddleofhisbackshake. Abdullahrefutedhisslanderandlying,sayingtohim:OAmr,wehavetriedyouandyour statement.Sowehavefoundthatyourtongueislyingandtreacherous,thatyouhavebeenalone withthepeoplewhodonotknowyouandwiththetroopswhodonotbargainwithyou.Ifyou wantedtotalkwith(somepeople)otherthanthepeopleofSham,youwouldcometoknowthat youhadabadopinion,yourtonguewouldstammer,andyourtwothighswouldshakeasifyou wereayoungcamelwhoseloadburdened. Muawiyaturnedtothemandinterruptedtheirspeech,saying:Stop!ThenheorderedAbdullah tobereleased.AmrbinalAasbecamedispleasedwiththispardon.HeprovokedMuawiyatokill Abdullah.HeremindedhimoftheattitudeofAbdullahsfatherattheBattleofSiffin.Thenhe recitedsomepoetryaboutthat: Icommandedyouwithastrictcommand,butyoudisobeyedme.Itwasanactofsuccesstokill (Abdullah)binHashim.OMuawiya,didhisfathernothelpAlionthedaywhenhecutthe throats?Hedidnotturnaway(fromus)untilourbloodflowedinSiffinasifitwasseasfullof water.Thisishisson,andmanresembleshisfather.Thetoothofarepentantisabouttobe knockedbyhim.Abdullahansweredhim: OMuawiya,surelythemanAmr,whohasharboredmalice,isnotsleeping.Heseesthatyou,O Hindsson,havetokillme.HeonlyseeswhatAmrandthekingsofthenonArabssee.Buttheydo notkilltheircaptivewhenthecovenantsofthepeacefulprotecthim.Someofthoseevents passed.Whatpassedandwhathappenedwerenothingbutconfuseddreams.Ifyoupardoned me,thenyouwouldpardonyourrelative.Ifyouthoughtthatyouhadtokillme,thenyouwould regardtheforbiddenastomeassomethinglawful. Muawiyasaid: IthinkthatAlispardontowardQurayshisameanstoAllahonthecritical,distressfulday.Idonot thinkthatthemurderoftheenemy(Abdullah)binHashimtakesmyrevenge(onhim)astoLuay andAamir.RatherIpardonhimafterthathisguilthasbecomemanifestandoneofthebadlucks hascausedhimtoslip.HisfatherwasviolenttousattheBattleofSiffin.Sosomelongspears ruinedhim.[1]MuawiyaterrorizedAbdullahwhilehehadcommittednosinexcepthisobedience toImamAli(a.s).Heregardedsuchanactofobedienceasamongthemajorsins.Somebooks havementionedthatMuawiyadidnotpardonAbdullah;ratherheimprisonedhiminadark prison. 3.AbdullahBinKhalifaalTaiy

AbdullahbinKhalifaalTaiywasamongthosewhowerefamousfortheirobedienceandloyaltyto ImamAli(a.s).HecametotheImamwhenhe(a.s)headedforBasraandsaidtohim:Praise belongstoAllah,Whohasreturnedtherighttoitsmenandplaceditinitsplace.Ifsomepeople hatedthat,they,byAllah,hatedMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,opposedhim, andfoughtagainsthim.Allahavertedtheirstrategyagainstthemandplacedtheevilcalamityon them.ByAllah,IwillstrugglewithyouinalltheplacestokeeptherightofAllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.[2] Hisspeechindicatesthathefullyunderstoodhisreligion,andindicatesthathisoriginwasgood, hisopinionwasexcellent,hisfaithwasgreat,hisreasonwasabundant,thathewasamongthe closecompanionsoftheImam,andoneofthosetheImamconsultedastohisimportant affairs.[3] [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,pp.312314.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha. [2]AlFawaid,p.202. [3]AlFawaid,p.202.. DuringHijrsordeal,AbdullahbinKhalifawasontopofhiscompanionsandamongthosewho opposedtheUmayyadpolicyandoneofthosewhotookpartinhisrevolt(againsttheUmayyads). WhenZiyadcapturedHijrandhiscompanions,hecommandedhispolicetobringAbdullahtohim. Thepolicemensearchedforhimandfoundhim.HoweverAbdullahfoughtagainstthem.Afterthe battlethattookplacebetweenthem,Abdullahwasunabletosavehimselffromthem.They capturedhim.HissisteralNawarsoughtthehelpofherpeopleandherfamily.Sheaskedthemto helpherbrother,saying:OPeopleofTay,willyouhandoveryourspearheadandyourtongue, AbdullahbinKhalifa,(totheUmayyads)? BanuTayrevoltedagainstthepolicemen.TheyfoughtagainstthemuntiltheysavedAbdullah fromthem.ThepolicemenreturnedtoZiyadandtoldhimaboutwhathappened.Ziyad summonedAdiybinHatim,theleaderoftheBanuTay.Hesaidtohim:BringmeAbdullahbin Khalifa!Afteraspeechhadoccurredbetweenthem,Adiyansweredhimwiththespeechofthe free,saying:No!ByAllah,Iwillneverbringhimtoyou!ShallIbringmycousintoyoutokillhim? ByAllah,ifhewasunderthesefeetofmine,Iwouldnotraisethemfromhim! Accordingly,Ziyadburntwithgrief.HeorderedAdiytobeimprisoned.ThepeoplefromYemen andRabeeainKufacametoZiyadandtalkedtohimastotheaffairofAdiy.Theytoldhimabout hisgreatpositionandhonor.Ziyadwasforcedtoreleasehim.Howeverhestipulatedthathehad totakeawayhiscousinfromKufa.AdiyacceptedthatandorderedAbdullahtoleaveKufa. Abdullahfeltseverepainbecauseofthathewouldbefarfromhishomelandandwouldleavehis companionsandfamily.Afterhehadbeenexiled,hesentAdiyhispoemcalledalAsmainwhich

heelegizedHijrandhiscompanionsandinwhichhementionedhispainfulseparation.He elegizedHijr,saying: Init[1]HijrmetmercyfromAllah.HijrhadpleasedAllahandapologized(toHim). ItstillheavilyandlightlyrainsonHijrsgrave AbdullahwentonelegizingHijr.Hementionedhisqualitiesandtalents.Heweptforhim.Thenhe endedhispoemwithadescriptionofhisordeal,hismisfortune,pain,andsadnesshemetinhis exile.Hesaid: Asforme,IliveinthemountainsofTayasonedrivenaway.IfAllahwilled,Hewouldchangethat. Myenemyunjustlybanishedmefrommyhomeland.IamsatisfiedwithwhatAllahhaswilledand decreed.[1]ThepronounitstandsforMarjAthra. Mypeoplehavedesertedmeasiftheywerenotmytribeandpeople. AlTabariandIbnalAthirhavementionedtherestofthepoeminwhichheexpressedhissorrows andsadness.AnywayAbdullahremainedexileduntilhediedbetweenthetwomountainsbefore thedeathofZiyad.[1] 4.SasaaBinSouhan SasaabinSouhanwasamongthemastersoftheArabs,theirdiscerningones,andeloquent orators.Hewasoneofthemenofvirtueandreligion.HebecameMuslimwhenhewasstillyoung atthetimeofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HecametoUmarwhilehewas dividingamongtheMuslimsbootiesestimatedatamilliondirhams.Umardividedthebooty amongtheMuslimsandtherewasaremainder.TheProphetscompanionsdifferedoverthe remainder.Umarstoodupamongthemandsaid:Opeople,youstillhavearemainderafter(we haveappointed)thepeoplesrights.Whatisyourviewastoit? SasaacriticizedUmarforhisperplexityinthissimpleproblem.Hesaidtohim:OCommanderof thefaithful,youshouldconsultthepeopleonlyaboutthatwhichAllahhasrevealedaverse.Asfor thatwhichAllahhasrevealedaverseandwhichHehasplacedinitsplaces,thenputitinitsplaces whereAllah,theMostHigh,hasplaced.Umarapprovedhisviewpointandsaidtohim:Youare right!YoubelongtomeandIbelongtoyou!Thenhedividedthepropertyamongthe Muslims.[2] SasaawasamongthechoicecompanionsofImamAli(a.s),andamongthosewhoassociated withhim.AbouthimImamalSadiq(a.s)said:Noneofthosewhoknewtherightofthe

Commanderofthefaithful,(ImamAli),waswithhimexceptSasaaandhiscompanions.Sasaa fellill,soImamAli(a.s)visitedhimandsaid: OSasaa,donotregardmyvisittoyouaspompoveryourpeople.Rather,byAllah,Iregarditas kindnessandfavorfromAllahtowardme.IfyouwereasIknewyou,thenyouwerelightin provisionsandgoodinhelp.[3]AsSasaawasprudentinopinionandcorrectinspeech,ImamAli (a.s),senthimtocarryouthistasks.OnedayhesenthimwithalettertoMuawiya. [1]AlTabari,vol.6,p.157.AlKamil,vol.3,p.241. [2]AlIstiab,vol.2,p.189. [3]AlTaliqat. SasaareachedMuawiya,whohepraisedhimselfandjustifiedhisacts,saying:Theearth belongstoAllah.IamthevicegerentofAllah.Therefore,ifItakesomethingofAllahswealth, thenitbelongstome.IfIleaveit,thenitispermissibleforme(toleaveit).Thiscrookedspeech wasdifficulttoSasaa,sohedeniedit,saying:Yourselfmakesyoudesireforthatwhichdoesnot belongtoyououtofignorance.OMuawiya,youdonotshunsin.Muawiyafeltpain,sohe censuredhim,saying: Haveyoulearnedtospeek? Knowledgeis(acquired)throughlearning.Whoeverdoesnotlearnisignorant.Youareindeed ofthatIhavetomakeyoutastetheevilresultofyourconduct!Thatisnotthroughyourhand. ThatisthroughthehandofHimWhodosenotdelayasoulwhenitsappointedtimecomes.Who intervenesbetweenyouandme?HeWhointervenesbetweenmanandhisheart.Isyourbelly wideenoughforspeakingasthecamelsbellyiswideenoughforbarely?Isthebellyoftheone whodoesnotbecomefullwideenough,andhewhodoesnotgatherinvokes(Allah)against him?[1]ThisdebateindicatesthatSasaahadastrongheart,andthathewasneithercowardly norfearful.HerefutedMuawiyasstatementandmadelightofhim.Hewasnotafraidofhis authority. WhenMuawiyabecamearuler,hemadeaspeech.Sasaastoodupandcommentedoneach sentenceofhisspeech.ThefollowingisMuawiyasspeechalongwithSasaasanswerstoit: Muawiyasaid: IfAbuSufyanbegotallthepeople,theywouldbesane. Adam,whowasbetterthanAbuSufyan,begotallpeople.Yetsomeofthemarefoolish,and somearesane.[1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.342.

Surelyourlandisclosetothepaceofgatheringtogether.Surelythepaceofgatheringtogether isnotfarfromthebelievernorisitclosetotheunbeliever.Surelyourlandissacred.Surely nothingmakestheearthsacredandnothingmakesitimpure;butdeedsmakeitsacred.Allahs servantshavetakenAllahasaguardianandHisvicegerentsasashieldtoprotectthemselveswith it.HowisthatwhileyouhavecanceledtheSunna,violatedthecovenant,andithasbecome random,intense,andgloomy,thattheeventshaveencompassedit,andtheperfidiousare capableofit?Muawiyabecameexcited,soheshoutedathim: OSasaa,ifyoufellonyourrib,itwouldbebetterforyouthanjustifyingyouropinionsand showingyourweakness.YouhintedatalHasanwhileIintendedtosendforhim.Sasaaanswered him,saying: Yes,byAllah,Ihavefoundthattheyarethenoblestofyouingrandfathers,greatestofyouin givinglifetothelaws(stipulatedintheQuran),andgreatestofyouinfulfillingcovenants.Ifyou sentforhim(alHasan),youwouldfindthathewaspoliteinopinion,firmincommand,an excellentingenerosity,thathewouldhurtyouwithhissharptongue,andknockyouwiththat whichyoucouldnotdeny.SasaahurtMuawiyawithhiswords,andhethreatenedhim,saying: Iwillmakeyoufindnosleepandmakeyouhomelessinthecountry.ByAllah,thereisaneasein theearthandcomfortinpartingwithyou.ByAllah,Iwillseizeyourpay.Ifthatwasinyourhand, thendoit.SurelygivingandfavorsareintheKingdomofHimWhosetreasuresdonotrunout, Whosegivingdoesnotend,andWhodoesnotwrongastoHisaffair.Youhaveriskedyourlife! Slowly!IhavesaidnothingwithignorancenorhaveIregardedkillingaslawful.Anddonotkillthe soulwhichAllahhasforbiddenexceptfortherequirementsofjustice.[1]Hewhoisunjustlykilled, Allahwillbepermanenttohismurderer;Hewillpainfullyexhausthim,makehimdrinkboiling water,andmakehimenterhell.[2] Sasaawentaway.HemadeMuawiyaburstwithrageandgrief.AfterthatMuawiyaimprisoned Sasaaalongwithagroupofhiscompanions.Theywereinprisonforalongtime.ThenMuawiya cametothemandsaid:IadjureyoubeforeAllahtosaytruly.Whichofthecaliphsyouhaveseen me? AbdullahbinalKawwaansweredhim,saying:WereitnotforthatyouadjuredusbeforeAllah, wewouldnotsay(anything).Thatisbecauseyouareastubborntyrant.YoudonotfearAllahas tokillingthegoodpeople.Howeverwesay:Wehavecometoknowthatyouarewideinthe world,narrowinthehereafter,closetotheearth,andfarfromthepasture.Youchangedarkness intolight,andlightintodarkness. SoMuawiyasaidtohim:SurelyAllahhashonoredthisaffairthroughthepeopleofSham,who defendHisentity,refrainfromthethingsmadeforbiddenbyHim.Theyarenotlikethepeopleof

Iraq,whoviolatethethingsmadeforbiddenbyAllah,makelawfulwhatAllahhasforbidden,and makeunlawfulwhatAllahhasmadelawful.IbnAlKawwaansweredhim:Surelythereisan answertoeachspeech.Weareafraidofyourtyranny.Ifyousetfreeourtongues,wewould defendthepeopleofIraqwithsharptonguesthatdonotfear,inAllah,thecensureofany censurer.Otherwise,wewillbepatientuntilAllahjudgesandrelievesus. Muawiyasaidtohim:No,byAllah,Iwillnotsetfreeyourtongue!Abdullahkeptsilent,and thenSasaasaid:OsonofAbiSufyan,youspokeandexaggerated.Youdidnotfallshortofwhat youwanted.Theaffairisnotasyouhavementioned.Thecaliphisnottheonewhocontrolsthe peoplebyforce,makesthemfollowhimwitharrogance,seizespowerthroughfalsemeans(using) lyingandcunning.ByAllah,attheBattleofBadryouhadneitheralargetentnoratarget.You werenotatitYouandyourfatherwereinwarandamongthosewhofoughtagainstAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Youareareleased,(prisonerofwar)sonofareleased onethatAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadreleasedyou.Therefore,howisit appropriateforareleased(prisonerofwar)tobeacaliph? [1]Quran,6,151. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.6,p.425. Muawiyasheartwasfullofrageandanger,soheturnedtothemandsaid:WhereitnotforthatI resorttothespeechofAbiTalib,whosaid:Ireturntheirignorancewithclemencyand forgiveness.Pardonoutofpowerisakindofgenerosity,Iwouldkillyou.[1]Sasaawasamong thepersonsforwhomImamalHasanaskedMuawiyatogivesecurityandtosubjecttoneither evilnordetestedthings.[2]HoweverMuawiyadidnotfulfillthat.Heterrifiedandterrorizedhim andimprisonedhiminhisprisonjustasheterrorizedandimprisonedotherShiiteleaders.Some bookshavementionedthatalMughirabanishedSasaatoalJazirahortoBahrainortotheIsland ofIbnKafanaccordingtoMuawiyascommand.Sasaadiedtherewhilehewasimprisonedand banishedfromhishomelandandcountry. 5.AdiyBinHatim AdiybinHatimwasamongthemostimportant,remarkable,uniquepersonalitiesinIraq.Before Islamheenjoyedoriginalgloryanddeeprootedhonor.HewasthesonofHatimalTaiy,whowas citedasanexampleforgenerosityandmunificence.Inadditiontohisinheritedglory,hewas,in Islam,amongtheheroesofthecreed,theeminentbelieversandtheprominentmenofIslam.In thefootnoteofthebookwehavementionedanoutlineofhisbiography.Themostimportant thingisthatwehavetodealwiththehumiliationandscornhemetfromMuawiya,justbecause hewasobedientandloyaltoImamAli(a.s),peacebeonhim.OnedayAdiycameintoMuawiya, andhegloatedoverhim,saying:

WhatdidalTurufat[3]do? TheywerekilledwithAli.Alididnottreatyouwithjustice.Hekilledyoursonsandkepthissons. Alididnottreatyouwithjustice.Thatisbecausehewaskilled,andyouhaveremainedaliveafter him. MuawiyafeltpainbecauseofAdiysstatement.Hethreatenedhim,saying:AdropofUthmans bloodhasremained.Nothingwillremoveitexceptthebloodofanobleonefromamongthe noblesofYemen.BythathemeantAdiy. [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.341. [2]AlKashi,Rijal,p.46. [3]AlTurufatwereAdissons.TheywereTareef,Taarif,andTurfa. Adiydeniedhim.Hepaidnoattentiontohisthreat.Hesaidtohim:ByAllah,ourheartsthrough whichwehavedetestyouarestillinourchests,andourswordswithwhichwefoughtyouarestill onourshoulders.Ifyouapproachedtousasmallspanoftreachery,wewouldapproachtoyoua spanofthehand,andthatthecuttingofthethroatandtherattleinthemiddleofthechestis easiertousthanthatwehearyouwrong(Imam)Ali.Therefore,OMuawiya,handoverthesword totheonewhosentthesword. Muawiyadodgedasusualandsaid:Thesearethewordsofjudgment;therefore,writethem down.Thenheturnedtohimtotalkwithhimasifhehadnotaddressedhimwithanything.[1] Thenhesaidtohim: DescribeAlitome. Ithinkyouhavetoexemptmefromthat. Iwillnotexemptyou. SoAdiybegandescribingImamAlisaying:ByAllah,he(ImamAli)wasfarinrangeandstrongin abilities.Hesaidjustlyandgavedefinitejudgments.Wisdomgushedoutofhissidesand knowledgegushedoutofhisdirections.Hefeltanaversionfortheworldandlikednightandits calmness.ByAllah,hewasampleintearandlonginthinking.Hereckonedhimselfwhenhewas alonewithhimself.Heturnedhispalmsofthehandforthepast.Shortclothesandcoarselife appealedtohim.Hewasamongusasifhewaslikeoneofus.Heanswereduswhenwe questionedhim.Heapproachedustohimwhenwecametohim.We,inspiteofhisapproaching ustohimandhisclosenesstous,donotspeaktohimbecauseofhisvenerationnordidweraise oureyestowardshimbecauseofhisgreatness.Ifhesmiled,histeethwerelikewellorganized pearls.Hemagnifiedthemenofreligionandshowedlovetothemiserable.Thestrongdidnot fearhisoppressionnordidtheweakdespairofhisjustice.IswearthatIsawhimstandinginhis mihrab,whenthedawnroseandthestarssank,andhistearsflowingdownhisface.Hewas

restlessasifhewasasickperson.Hewasweepingwiththeweepingofsomeonesad.ItisasifI hearhimsaynow:Oworld,haveyouinterferedwithmeorhaveyoucometome?Deceive someoneotherthanme!Mayyourtimenotcome!Ihavedivorcedyouthreetimes!Iwillnot returntoyou!Thelifeinyouisinsignificant!Yourimportanceisslight!Imoanbecauseofthe paucityoftheprovisions,thefarnessofthetravel,andthefewnessofthebosomfriends. [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.309. SoMuawiyaseyeswerefulloftears.Hedriedthemwithhissleeve.Thenhesaid: MayAllahhavemercyonAbualHasan(ImamAli).Hewasjustso.Howisyourpatiencetoward him?Justlikethepatienceofthewomenwhosesonwasslaininherlap.Sohertearsdonot ceasenordoeshercryingcalmdown.Howaboutyourrememberinghim?Doesthetimemake meforgethim?[1]ThisdebateindicatesthatAdiywasobedientandloyaltoImamAli(a.s). Becauseofhisobedienceandloyaltytohim,hewaschasedandterrorized.Wehavealready mentionedthatZiyadimprisonedhimforsomedaysbecauseofAbdullahbinKhalifaalTai.He paidnoattentiontohisnoblepersonality,hissocialposition,andgreatrank.Hedidthattohimto putanendtothefollowers(Shia)ofImamAli(a.s). 6.JariyaBinQudama JariyabinQudamaalSadicametoMuawiya.Thelattersaidtotheformer: AreyoutheonewhostrovewithAli,stirredupthediscord,madetroublesinsomeArabvillages, andshedtheblood(ofthepeople)therein?OMuawiya,leaveAli.WehavenotdetestedAli sincewelovedhimnorhavewecheatedhimsincewefollowedhim.Woeuntoyou,OJariya! HoweasyyouwerewithyourfamilywhentheynamedyouJariya!You,OMuawiya,wereeasier (thanI)withyourfamilywhentheynamedyouMuawiya!Youdonothaveamother.My motherisshewhogavebirthtome.[2]TheswordswithwhichwemetyouattheBattleofSiffin arestillinourhands.Surely,youarethreateningme!Youhavenotruledoverusbyforcenor haveyouconqueredusbyforce.Butyouhadgivenuspromisesandcovenants.Ifyouwereloyal tous,wewould [1]AlMahasinwaalMasawi,vol.1,p.32. [2]AccordingtoIbnAbdRabbahsnarration:Mymothergavebirthtomeforswords. beloyaltoyou.Ifyouwishsomethingotherthanthat,thenwehaveleftbehindusmanymen, strongarms,andsharpspearheads.Ifyouapproachedusthroughasmallspanoftreachery,we wouldapproachyouthroughaspanoftheoutstretchedarmsofbetrayal.MayAllahnotincrease thelikeofyouamongthepeople!JariyawentawaywhilehemadeMuawiyasheartfullof

sorrow.[1]HemetthishumiliationandrebukebecauseofhisallegiancetotheProphetspure familyforwhoseloveAllahhasmadeobligatoryonallMuslims. TerrorizingtheWivesoftheShiamen MuawiyaterrorizedandpersecutedtheShiitemenandtheirleaders.Inthemeantimehe searchedtheirwives.Whenawomanwithanimportantpositionwasmentionedinhispresence, hesentforhertomakelightofher,terrorize,abase,andshowherthatheharboredviolent maliceandhatredagainstImamAli(a.s)andhisfollowers.Wewillmentiontoreaderssome namesoftheladiesforwhomMuawiyasent,andwhocametohim,alongwiththespeechesthat tookplacebetweenhimandthem.Theyareasfollows: AlZarqa,daughterofAdiy AlZarqa,daughterofAdiy,wasamongthoseladieswhowerefamousfortheirobedienceand loyaltytoImamAli(a.s).Shewasoneoftheeloquentladieswhohadcorrectopinions.Atthe BattleofSiffinsheurgedthepeopletosupportImamAli(a.s)(a.s)andtofightagainsthis opponents.WhenIslamsufferedthelossofImamAli(a.s),Muawiyabecametheruler.Hewrote hisgovernoroverKufaaletterinwhichhecommandedhimtosendhimalZarqa,daughterof Adiy.Hesenthertohim.Whenshecameintohim,hewelcomedher.Thenheaskedher: DidyouknowwhyIsentforyou? GlorybelongstoAllah!HowdoIknowwhatIdonotknow?Noneknowswhatisinheartsexcept Allah!Ihavesentforyoutoquestionyou:WereyounottherideroftheredcamelattheBattle ofSiffinbetweenthetworanksstirringupthebattleandurging(thepeople)tofight?Whatmade youdothat?OCommanderoftheFaithful,theheaddied,thetailwascutoff,andthetimehas changed.Whoeverthinkscomestoknow(theresults).Eventsfolloweachother. [1]TarikhalKhulafa,p.199. Youhavesaidthetruth!HaveyoumemorizedthespeechyousaidattheBattleofSiffin?Ihave notmemorizedit.ButI,byAllahtoWhomyourfatherbelongs,havememorizedit.Iheardyou saying:Opeople,youareinadiscord.Thegownsofoppressionhavecoveredyouandturned youawayfromthestraightpath.Howblindanddeafthediscordis!Itlistenstoitscrierbutisnot obedienttoitsleader.Surelythelampdoesnotshineinthesunnordothestarsshinewiththe moon.Themuleisnotaheadofthehorsenorisasmallfeatherequaltoastone.Nothingcuts ironexceptiron.Verily,whoeverasksustoshowhimtherightway,weshallguidehim,and whoeverasksus(aboutsomething),weshalltellhim.Sobepatient,OpeopleofAnsarand Muhajireen.Thegapofthedivisionhashealed.Thewordofjusticehasgathered.Andthetruth haddefeatedfalsehood.Therefore,noneofyoushouldhurrytosay:Howandwhenisjustice?

But,inorderthatAllahmightbringaboutamatterwhichwastobedone.[1]Surelythedyeof womenishenna,andthedyeofmenisblood.Patienceisthebestoffinalresults.Getreadyfor war!Donotshrinkanddonotquarrelwitheachother,forthisdayhasthatwhichwillbeafterit. AfterMuawiyahadmentionedherspeech,hewasdispleasedwithit.Hebecameangryandsaid toher: ByAllah,OZarqa,youtookpartineverybloodAlished!MayAllahmakegoodyourgoodnews andmakepermanentyoursafety.Thelikeofyougivesgoodnewsanddelightshisassociate.Has thatpleasedyou?Yes,byAllah,yourspeechhaspleasedme.HowcanIbelieveyouract? MuawiyawasastonishedatherloyaltytoImamAli(a.s).Hesaidtoher: ByAllah,yourloyaltytohimafterhisdeathismorelovabletomethanyourloveforhimduring hislifetime.Mentionyourneed.IhaveboundmyselfthatIwillneveraskagovernoragainst whomIhadhelpedothers.Thelikeofyougivesgenerouslywithoutbeingaskedordemanded. Youhavesaidthetruth. [1]Quran,8,42.Thenhegrantedheracountryestatewithothergifts,andreturnedhertoher homeland.[1]Althoughhehonoredandgavehergenerouslyatlast,heterrifiedandterrorizedher andshowedherthathehadgainedavictoryoverher. UmmalKhayralBariqiyya UmmalKhayralBariqiya,daughterofalHuraysh,wasamongtheeloquent,skillfulladies.She wasfamousforherallegianceandloyaltytoImamAli(a.s),peacebeonhim.AttheBattleofSiffin sheurgedthepeopletobattleagainstMuawiya.Shealsourgedthemtodefendandsupport ImamAli(a.s).Muawiyafeltpainbecauseofherattitudes.Heharboredmaliceandenmity againsther.WhenthespiritofIslamabatedthroughhistakingthereinsofgovernment,hewrote tohisgovernoroverKufatosendhimUmmalKhayrthathemighttakevengeanceonher.When theletterreachedhisgovernor,hesenthertohim.WhenUmmalKhayrcameintoMuawiya, shesaid: Assalamualayka,OCommanderofthefaithful!Waalaykiassalam!ByAllah,youhave unwillinglygreetedmewiththistitle!Stop,fellow!Surely,theintuitionofthesupremeruler (Sultan)refutesthatwhichshouldbeknown.Youhavesaidthetruth,Oaunt!Howhaveyouseen yourjourney?IwasstillinwellbeingandsafetyuntilIreachedagenerous,openhandedking. Therefore,Iaminanelegantlifewithakindking.ThroughmygoodintentionIgainedavictory overyouandhelped(others)againstyou.Stop,fellow!ByAllah,youshallhavetherefutationof thestatementwhosefinalresultwillruin(you)!Wewantyounotforthis.Ionlydoinyourfield. IfIdosomething,Iwilldoit.Therefore,askasyoulike.Howwasyourspeechonthedaywhen

AmmarbinYasirwaskilled?ByAllah,IhadnotnarrateditbeforenorhadIforgeditafter.Itwas onlysomewordsmytonguesaidatthetimeoftheshock.Ifyouwishedtonarrateyousomething otherthanthat,Iwoulddo? [1]Tayfur,BalaghatalNisa,(Najafedition),p.32.SubhalAsha.AlMustatraf. Idonotwantthat.ThenMuawiyaturnedtohiscompanionsandaskedthem:Whichofyouhas memorizedthespeechofUmmalKhayr?IhavememorizeditjustasIhavememorizedtheSura ofalHamd,oneofthemretorted.Sayit,demandedMuawiya. Hesaid:ItisasifthatIseeherwearingaZubadigarmentwithathickhemandriddingagray camel.Therewasinherhandandaroundherawhipwithspreadoutplaits.Shewasroaringasif shewasastalliongrowlinginitsshaqshaqa[1],and(Ihearher)say:Opeople,guardagainst(the punishmentfrom)yourLord;surelytheviolenceofthehourisagrievousthing.[2]SurelyAllahhas madeclearthetruth,showedtheevidence,lightedthepath,andhoistedtheflag.Hehasneither leftyouinavagueerrornoringloomydays.Sowheredoyouwant(togo)?MayAllahhavemercy onyou!DoyouwanttoescapefromtheCommanderofthefaithful,(ImamAli)?Or(doyouwant) toescapefromthebattle?Or(doyouwantto)turnawayfromIslam?Or(doyouwantto) renouncethetruth?HaveyounotheardAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,say:Andmostcertainly WewilltryyouuntilWehaveknowntheseamongyouwhoexertthemselveshard,andthe patient,andmadeyourcasemanifest.[3]Thensheraisedherheadtowardstheheavenandsaid: OAllah,Ihavelostpatience!Certaintyhasbecomeweak.Terrorhasspread.Inyourhands,O Lord,arethereinsofhearts.Therefore,gatherthewordonpiety,unitetheheartsonguidance, andreturntherighttoitsowners.Come,mayAllahhavemercyonyou,tothejustImam,the faithfulguardian(ofauthority),andthegreatesttestifierofthetruth.SurelytheBattleofBadrhas broughtaboutthesegrudges.ThesespitesdatebacktothepreIslamicperiod.TheBattleofUhud hasbroughtaboutthismalice.Muawiyaemployedthematthetimeoftheinattentiveness,that hemaytakevengeance(onus)fortheBanuAbdShams. Thenshesaid:Thenfighttheleadersofunbeliefsurelytheiroathsarenothingsothattheymay desist.[4]Bepatient,OpeopleoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsar!Fightaccordingtocertaintyfrom yourLord!Youhavecometo [1]Shaqshaqaissomethinglikealungthecameltakesoutofitsmouthwhenitisexcited. [2]Quran,22,1. [3]Qur'an,47,31. [4]Ibid.,9,12. knowthatthepeopleofShamasiftheywereassestakingflight,thathadfledfromalion,that theydonotknowinwhichwayofthewaysintheearththeyaredriven.Theyhavesoldthe hereafterforthelifeinthisworld,boughtmisguidanceforguidance,andsoldcertaintyfor

blindness.Shortlyafterthattheywillbecomerepentant.Whenregretoccurs,theywillaskfor forgiveness.Surely,byAllah,whoeverdeviatesfromthetruthfallsintofalsehood,andwhoever doesnotdwellintheGardendwellsintheFire.OPeople,surelythesaneregardthelifetimein theworldasshort,sotheyrefuseit.Theyfindslowtheperiodofthehereafter,sotheystrivefor it.ByAllah,Opeople,wereitnotforthattherightsbecameinvalid,thecriminalpunishments werecancelled,theoppressiveappeared,Satanswordbecamestrong,wewouldnotprefer comingtodeathtotheeasy,agreeablelife. Sowheredoyouwant(togo)?MayAllahhavemercyonyou!(Doyouwanttoturnaway)from thecousinofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hissoninlaw,andfatherofhis grandsons?He(ImamAli)wascreatedfromhis(theProphet)clayandbranchedfromhisplant.He (theProphet)singledhim(ImamAli)withhissecret,regardedhimasthegateofthecityofhis knowledge,informedtheMuslimsofloveforhim,showedthehypocritesthroughtheirdetesting him.He(ImamAli)stillsupportedhim(theProphet)throughhelpinghimandfollowedtheSunna ofhisstraightness.Hedidnotresorttothepleasureoftheselfwhilehesplitthetopsofthe heads,broketheidols,prayedwhenpeoplewerepolytheistsandobeyedwhenpeoplewere doubters.HewassountilhekilledthosewhofoughthiminsinglecombatatthebattleofBadr, destroyedthepeople(whotookpartatthebattle)ofUhud,anddefeatedthegatheringof Hawazin.Iwonderatthoseeventsthatplantedintheheartsofthepeoplehypocrisy,apostasy, anddivision.Ihaveexertedmyselfinspeaking(toyou)andgonetoofarinadvising(you).Success iswithAllah.Peace,Allahsmercy,andHisblessingsbeonyou! Muawiyabecameangry.Hesaidtohersomewordsdrippingangerandrage:ByAllah,OUmm alKhayr,you,throughthat,wantednothingbutkillingme.ByAllah,ifIkilledyou,Iwouldnot commitasinastothat. Sheansweredhimwhileshewasnotafraidofhim:ByAllah,OHindsson,thethingthat depressesmeisthatAllahdoesthatthroughthehandsofonethroughwhoseunhappinessAllah makesmehappy.Howfar!Ooneplentifulincuriosity!WhatdoyouthinkofUthmanbinAffan? WhatcouldIpossiblysayastohim?Thepeopleunwillinglyappointedhimasacaliphandkilled himwhiletheyweresatisfied.
ChapterXXIV:MuawiyaviolatestheStipulationsofthePeacemakingPart3 Afteraspeechhadtakenplacebetweenthem,Muawiyareleasedandpardonedher.[1]

Souda,daughterofImarah Souda,daughterofImarahbinalAshtaralHamadani,wasoneoftheIraqieloquentladies.She inheritedtheloveforImamAli(a.s),fromhernobleforefathers,whowerefamousfortheirlove andloyaltytohim.ShecametoMuawiyatocomplaintohimofthetyrannyofhisgovernor. Whenshecameintohim,herecognizedherandsaidtoher:Areyounottheonewhosaid(the followingpoetrylines)attheBattleofSiffin?OIbnImarah,getready(forbattle)justasyour fatherdidonthedayofstabbingandthemeetingplaceofthecompanions.SurelytheImamisthe brotheroftheProphetMuhammad,theflagofguidanceandminaretoffaith.Leadthetroopsand walkinfrontofhisstandardwithawhite,cutting(sword)andaspearhead. Shesaid: Thelikeofmedoesnotturnawayfromthetruthorapologizewithlying.Whatmadeyoudo that?TheloveforAliandfollowingthetruth.ByAllah,IcanseenoneofAlisqualitiesonyour face.OCommanderofthefaithful,theheaddied,andthetailwascutoff.Soleavethatwhich hasbeenforgottenandthatwhichpassed.Howfar!Thelikeofyourbrothersattitudecannotbe forgotten.IhavenotmetfromanyoneasImetfromyourpeopleandyourbrother.Youhavesaid thetruth.Mybrotherwasnotdispraisedinpositionnorwashehiddeninplace.ByAllah,hewas justasalKhansasaid:SurelytheguidesfollowSakhrsexampleasifhewasaflagonwhosetop wasafire. Youhavesaidthetruth.Hewasso.Theheaddied,andthetailwascutoff.ByAllahIaskyou,O Commanderof[1]AlaamalNisa,vol.1,p.332.BalaaghaatalNisa,p.36.SubalAsha.the faithful,topardonmefromthatforwhichIapologize(toyou). Ihavedone.Whatisyourneed?Surelyyouhavebecomeamasteroverthepeopleand undertakentheiraffairs.AllahwillaskyouaboutouraffairsandaboutourrightsHehasimposed onyou.Theonewhowrongsusthroughyourmightandattacksusthroughyourauthoritystill comestous.Hereapsusashereapsspikes.Hetreadsonusascowstreadon(spikes).He humiliatesanddeprivesusofthegreat(things).This(person)isBisrbinArtaa.Hecametous fromyou.Hekilledmymenfolkandtookmyproperty.Wereitnotfortheobedience(toyou), thenwewouldhavemightandprotection.Ifyouremovedhimfromus,wewouldbegratefulto you;otherwise,wewouldmakeyouknow. HerspeechdepressedMuawiya,andhesaidtoher:Youarethreateningmewithyourpeople.I havedecidedtocarryyouonacoarsesaddle(ofacamel)andtoreturnyoutohim,thathemay carryouthisjudgmentonyou. Shebowedherheadandwept.Shebecamebrokenhearted,soshesaid:Allahblessedabody

thatagravecontained,sojusticehasbeenburiedinit.Healliedthetruthandhewantednothing otherthanit.Sohehasbeencoupledwiththetruthandfaith. Whoisthat?AlibinAbiTalib.Whatdidhedotoyousothathehasbecomesotoyou?Icame tohimregardingamanhehadappointed(asagovernor)overouralms.Therewasbetweenhim andmethatwhichwasbetweenthethinandthefat.SoIcametoAli(a.s)tocomplaintohimof whatthemanhaddone.Ifoundhimstandingandpraying.Whenhelookedatme,heendedhis prayer.Thenhesaidtomewithmercyandkindness:Doyouhaveaneed?Itoldhimaboutthe story.Hewept,andthenhesaid:OAllah,YouarethewitnessagainstmeandthemthatIhave notcommandedthemtowrongYourcreaturesnorhaveIcommandedthemtoleaveYourright. Thenhetookoutofhispocketapieceliketheedgeofasheath.Hewroteonit:Inthenameof Allah,theMostgracious,theMostmerciful.ClearproofindeedhascometoyoufromyourLord; therefore,givefullmeasureandweightanddonotdiminishtomentheirthings,anddonotmake mischiefintheland.WhatremainswithAllahisbetterforyouifyouarebelievers,andIamnota keeperoveryou.Whenyoureadmyletter,thenkeepourworkthatisinyourhandsuntiltheone whowilltakeitfromyoucometoyou.WithGreetings.I tooktheletterfromhim.ByAllah,hedidnotstampitwithclaynordidhetieitwithabelt. Muawiyawasastonishedatsuchakindofjustice.Sohesaid:Writetohimtotreatherwith justiceandfairness.However,shesaid: Formeinparticularorformypeopleingeneral?Whatistherelationshipbetweenyouand otherthanyou?Therefore,byAllah,thatislewdnessandmeannessifitisnotexclusivejustice. Otherwise,Iamjustliketherestofmypeople.Howfar!AlibinAbiTalib,wholistenedtoyour complaints,hadboldness.Hehasdeceivedyouthroughhis(following)speech:IfIwasa gatekeeperatthegateofagarden,Iwouldsayto(thepeopleof)Hamadan:Comeintoitwith peace!ThenMuawiyasaid:Write(aletter)aboutherneedastoherandherpeople.[1]Umm alBara,daughterofSafwanUmmalBara,daughterofSafwanbinHilal,wasamongthefamous womeninchastityandpurity.ShewasfamousforherallegianceandsinceritytoImamAli(a.s). ShehadanobleattitudeattheBattleofSiffin.Thatwaswhensheurgedthecrowdedpeopleto fightagainstMuawiya.WhenMuawiyabecamearuler,shecametohim,andhesaidtoher: Howareyou,OdaughterofSafwan? Fine,OCommanderofthefaithful!Howareyou?Ihavebecomeweakafterenduranceand becomelazyafteractivity.Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenwhatyousaytodayandwhatyou saidatthattime:OAmr,takeabeautiful,cutting(sword)!(Be)angryinmovement,anddonotbe cowardly.Saddleyourhorsequicklyandbereadyforthebattle.Donotthinkofflight.[1]Alaam alNisa,vol.1,p.211.AlAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.211.BalaaghaatalNisa,p.30.

RespondtotheImam,followhisstandard,andmaketheenemyescapewithacuttingsword. WouldthatIwasnotcrippledsothatImightprotecthimfromthetransgressorstroops.Indeed itwasso,OCommanderofthefaithful!Onelikeyoupardons.Allah,theMostHigh,says:Allah haspardonedwhatisgoneby.Howfar!Verily,ifhereturned,youwouldreturn.Buthedied beforeyou.Howwasyourspeechatthetimewhenhewaskilled?Ihaveforgottenit.Oneof thosewhoweresittingwithhimsaid:Shesaid: Omen,howgreattheterrorofthemisfortuneis!Themisfortunehasoppressedus.Itsinfluenceis notweak.ThesuniseclipsedbecauseofthelossofourImam,thebestofthecreatures,thejust Imam.Hewasthebestofthosewhorodetheridinganimalsandthosewhowalkedontheearth, whethertheywereunshodorshod.ExcepttheProphet,themisfortunehasthreatenedour deserts.Sothetruthhasbecomesubmissivetothefalsehood.Muawiyafeltpain,sohesaidto her:MayAllahfightyou,OdaughterofSafwan.Youhavenotletanysayertosayhisstatement! Mentionyourneed!WhenUmmalBaracametoknowthatMuawiyamadelightofand disrespectedher,sherefusedtomentionherneed.Shesaidtohim:Howfar!ByAllah,Iwillnot askyouforathingafterthis(attitude).Whenshelefthisassembly,shestumbled.Soshesaid: MaytheenemiesofAlibemiserable![1]Muawiyamadelightofthisnoble,highbornlady becauseofherloveforImamAli(a.s). BekaraalHilaliya BakaraalHilaliyawasfromthegreatwomenwhowerefamousforbravery,boldness,and eloquence.ShewasamongthesupportersofImamAli(a.s),attheBattleofSiffin.Atthebattle shemadeanenthusiasticspeechinwhichsheurgedthefightersofthetruthtodefendImamAli, themasterofthe [1]BalaaghaatalNisa,p.75.SubalAsha. MuslimsandCommanderofthefaithful(a.s)andtofightagainsthisenemies.Bakaracameto Muawiyaafterhehadbecomearuler.Shewasanoldwomanandherboneswereweak.There weretwoservantswithher.Sheleantonthem,andtherewasawalkingstickinherhand.She greetedMuawiyawiththetitleoftheCommanderofthefaithful.Muawiyagreetedherwelland permittedhertositdown.MarwanbinalHakamandAmrbinalAaswerewithMuawiya. Marwanrecognizedher.SoheturnedtoMuawiyaandaskedhim:Haveyounotrecognizedthis woman,OCommanderofthefaithful?Whoisshe?ItwasshewhohelpedAliagainstusatthe BattleofSiffin.Itwasshewhosaid:OZayd,takefromourhousethecuttingswordwhichisburied intheearth.Ithasbeenstoredforeverycalamity.Todaythetimehasshownitwellprotected. AmrbinalAassaid:OCommanderofthefaithful,itwasshewhosaid: DoyouthinkthatHindsson(Muawiya),willundertakethecaliphate?Thatisfar!Andwhathe

wantsisfar!Yoursoulmadeyouinprivacydesireformisguidance.AmrandSaeedseducedyou (tofollow)misguidance.Socomebackwiththemostilltemperedbird,withitsbadluck.It(the caliphate)metAli,whowashappier,withgoodluck.AfterthemSaeedhurriedtosay:O Commanderofthefaithful,itwasshewhosaid:IhopedthatIwoulddieandnotseeanorator fromUmayyaonthepulpits.ButAllahhasdelayedmyperiodandithaslastedforalongtime untilIhaveseensomewondersofthetime.Everyday,theiroratordisparagesAhmedsfamily amongthecrowds. Thepeoplekeptsilent.BakaraturnedtoMuawiyaandsaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful, yourdogsbarkedatmeandalternated(inspeech).Somygoalhasbecomeshort,myamazement hasbecomemuch,andthereisacoveringovermyeyes.ByAllah,Isaidwhattheysaid.Idonot refutethatwithlying.Thereforegoonyouraffair.Thatisbecausethelifeisnotgoodafterthe Commanderofthefaithful.[1] Shewentawaywhileshewassad,becauseMuawiyasassociatesrudelytalkedwithherasifthey weredogs,andhismeancompanionssurroundedher. Arwa,daughterofalHarith Arwa,daughterofalHarithbinAbdalMuttalibwasamongthegreatwomenwhowerefamous forboldness,bravery,andgoodspeech.ShewasfamousforherallegianceandloveforImamAli (a.s).ShecametoMuawiyaandaimedathimsomearrowsofspeech.Inherspeechshe mentionedtheordealoftheProphetsHousehold,peacebeonthemandwhattheymetfrom amongtheordealsandmisfortunesaftertheProphet. Thisisthetextofherspeech:Omynephew,youwasungratefulfortheblessing,you accompaniedyourcousin(ImamAli)badly,namedyourselfwithanameotherthanyourname, tookotherthanyourrightwithoutbraveryfromyouandyourforefathersinIslam.You disbelievedinthatwhichMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,brought.SoAllahmade yourgrandfathersmiserableandhumiliatedyouuntilAllahreturnedtherighttoitsowners;and theWordofAllahwasthehighest,andourProphetMuhammadwasvictoriousoverhis opponents,thoughtheunbelieverswereaverse.Sowe,the(Prophets)household,werethe greatestofthepeopleinluck,portion,andpositioninreligion.AllahtookHisProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,untoHim(while)hissinwasforgiven,hisdegreewashigh,andhewas honorablewithhimandwellpleasing.Butwe,theProphetshousehold,wereinthesame positionwithrespecttoyouasthepeopleofMosesweretothePharaoh,whokilledtheirsons andsparedtheirwomen.Thecousinofthemasterofthemessengerswasinthesameposition withrespecttoyou,afterourProphet,asAaronwastoMoseswhenhesaid:Sonofmymother, surelythepeoplereckonedmeweakandhadwellnighslainme.AfterAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,wewerenotunitednorwerethedifficultiesmadeeasyforus.Our

objectiveistheGarden,andyourobjectiveistheFire! HerspeechhurtAmrbinalAas,whowaspresent,sohesaid:Odeviousoldwoman,shorten yourspeechandloweryoureyes!Whoareyou,mayyouhavenomother!AmrbinalAas.O sonofthestinkingprostitute,youspeakwithme?ByAllah,youdonot[1]BalaaghaatalNisa,p. 34.AlAqdalFarid. belongtothegenuineancestryofQurayshnordoyoubelongtotheirnobleposition.Six(men) fromQurayshclaimedyou.Eachoneofthemclaimedthathewasyourfather.InMecca,during thedaysofMina,Isawyourmotherwithablackfornicator.Therefore,followtheirexamples,for youresemblethem! MarwanbinalHakamturnedtoherandsaid:Odeviousoldwoman,youreyeshavesunkand yourreasonisover!Therefore,yourwitnessisnotpermissible!Sheopposedhim,saying:Omy littleson,youarespeaking?ByAllah,youlooklikeSufyanbinalHarithbinKillidamorethanyou looklikealHakam.Youresemblehiminyourblueeyes,yourredhair,alongwithhisshortfigure andmanifestugliness.IhaveseenalHakam.Hewastallandhadstraighthair.Thereisno resemblancebetweenyouexceptthatwhichisbetweentheleanhorseandthefemaleass! Therefore,askyourmotheraboutwhatshehadmentionedtoyou.Shewilltellyouaboutthe affairofyourfatherifshesaysthetruth. ThensheturnedtoMuawiyaandsaidtohim:ByAllah,nonehassubjectedmetothese (persons)exceptyou.AttheBattleofUhud,yourmotherHindsaidconcerningthemurderof Hamza,mayAllahhavemercyonhim: WepunishedyoubecauseoftheBattleofBadr.War,atthedayofwar,hasablaze.Ihadno patiencetowardUttba,myfather,mypaternaluncle,mybrother,andmysoninlaw.You,O Wahshi,satisfiedmythirstforrevenge,healedmysoul,andfulfilledmyvow.SoIwillthank Wahshithroughoutmylifetimeuntilmyboneswillbehiddeninmygrave.SoIansweredher: Odaughteroftheonegreatinunbelief,youweredisgracedat(theBattleof)Badrandotherthan Badr.Beforethedawnrose,Allahhadmadeyoumeet(inbattle)thetall,brilliantHashimites(who foughtagainstyou)witheverycuttingsword.Hamzaismylion,andAliismyhawk.When Shabeebandyourfatherwantedtoacttreacherously,yougave(aspear)toWahshi,whohada leanchest. Wahshiunveiled(you).Afterittheprostitutesshallhavenopride.Muawiyabecameexcited.He turnedtoAmrbinalAasandMarwanandsaidtothem:Woeuntoyou!Youhavesubjectedme toherandmademehearwhatIdislike!

Thenheturnedtoherandsaid:Oaunt,mentionyourneedandleavewomensfables.You orderedmetobegiventwothousanddinars,twothousanddinars,andtwothousanddinars. Whatwillyoudowiththe(first)twothousanddinars?Iwillbuyaspringwithmuchflowingwater inasoftland,thatthechildrenofalHarthbinAbdalMuttalibmayinheritit.Youhaveplacedit inthebestplace.Whatwillyoudowiththe(second)twothousanddinars?WithitIwillmarry theyoungmenofAbdalMuttalibto(youngladies)equaltothem.Youhaveplaceditinthebest place.Whatwillyoudowiththe(third)twothousanddinars?IwillmakeuseofitwhenIface hardshipsinMedina,andIwillmakethepilgrimagetotheSacredHouseofAllah(theKaaba).You haveplaceditinthebestplace.Yes,youshallhaveit. AfterMuawiyahadgivenherthisplentifulamountofmoney,heturnedtohertotesttheextent ofherloyaltytoImamAli(a.s),saying:ByAllah,ifAliwasalive,hewouldnotorderedittobe giventoyou.Youhavesaidthetruth!SurelyAlireturnedthethingsdepositedwithhim.Heacted accordingtoAllahscommandandfollowedit.Asforyou,youhavelostthethingsdepositedwith youandbetrayedAllahastoHiswealth.ThatisbecauseyougiveAllahswealthtothosewhodo notdeserveit.InHisBook,Allahhasmadeitincumbentonyoutogivetherightstotheirowners, butyouhavenotfollowedthat.AsforAli,hesummonedustotaketherightsAllahhadspecified tous.Howeveryourwar(againsthim)distractedhimfromplacingtheaffairsintheirplaces.I havenotaskedyouforanythingofyourwealthlestyoushouldremindmeofit.RatherIhave askedyouforsomethingofourright.Idonotwanttotakeanythingotherthanmyright.Doyou rememberAli?MayAllahscatteryourteethandoverexertyouraffliction! Shewept,andthensheelegizedImamAli(a.s),saying:Indeed,Omyeye,woeuntoyou,makeus happyandweepfortheCommanderofthefaithful.Wehavesufferedthelossoftheonewho wasthebestofthosewhorodetheridinganimals,theirknight,thosewhoembarkedontheship, andthoseshodandunshod.WhenIturninthedirectionofthefaceofAbualHasan,Iseethat thefullmoonappealstotheonlookers.No,byAllah,IshallnotforgetAliandhisgoodprayer beforethosewhobow.IntheSacredMonth(ofRamadan)youmadeussufferthelossoftheone whowasthebestofthepeople. Muawiyaorderedsixthousanddinarstobegiventoher.Shetookthemandwentaway.[1] Muawiyahonoredherbecausehewantedtoattractherheartandtoturnherawayfromthelove forImamAli(a.s).Howeverhiseffortfailed,becausemoneydidnotchangethosewhowere disposedbynaturefortheloveforImamAli(a.s),nordidmaterialpleasureschangetheircreed. ThedaughterofAbualAswadalDualimentionedthisgoodfeeling.ThatwaswhenMuawiya sentsomecandytoherfathertoturnhimawayfromtheloveforImamAli(a.s).Shetooksomeof thatcandyandputitintohermouth.Herfathersaidtoher:Spititout,foritispoison.Muawiya sentusthiscandytoturnusawayfromthelovefortheCommanderofthefaithful(ImamAli),and fromthelovefor(theProphets)household.Whenhisdaughterheardthat,sheexpressedher goodfeelingandgreatloveforImamAli(a.s),saying:MayAllahmakehim(Muawiya)ugly.He

wantstoturnusawayfromthepurifiedSayyid(ImamAli)throughsomecandymixedwith saffron.Woeuntotheonewhosentthecandy!Andwoeuntotheonewhoeatsit! Shevomitedwhatsheate,andthenshesaid:OHindsson,doyouwantustosellyouancestries andreligionforhoneymixedwithsaffron?WeseekrefugewithAllah(fromthat)!Howisthat whileourguardianistheCommanderofthefaithful(ImamAli)?[2] [1]BalaaghaatalNisa,p.27.AlAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.219. [2]AlKunawaalAlqaab,vol.1,p.8. Ukrisha,daughterofalAtrash Ukrisha,daughterofalAtrash,wasagreatlady.ShewasregardedasontopoftheArabwomenin braveryandeloquence.AttheBattleofSiffinsheurgedthepeopletosupportImamAliandto fightagainsthisenemies.ShecametoMuawiyawhenhebecamearuler.Shegreetedhimwith thetitleoftheCommanderofthefaithful.MuawiyarememberedherattitudeattheBattleof Siffin,sohesaidtoher:OUkrisha,nowhaveIbecometheCommanderofthefaithful?She answeredhim:Yes,forAliisnolongeralive! However,Muawiyawasnotsatisfiedwiththat.Heremindedherofherattitudeandspeechat theBattleofSiffin,saying:Wereyounottheowneroftheloweredsaddleandtiedrope?Were younotgirdingyourselfwithasword,standingatSiffin,andsaying:Oyouwhobelieve,takecare ofyoursouls;hewhoerrscannothurtyouwhenyouareontherightway.[1]SurelytheGardenis anabode.Whoeverdwellsinitdoesnotleaveit,andwhoeverlivesinitdoesnotbecomesad. Thereforebuyitfortheabodeinwhichcomfortdoesnotlastandcaresdonotexpire.Be discerningpeople!SurelyMuawiyahasadvancedtowardsyoualongwithsomeArabsspeaking incorrectly,whoseheartsarecovered,donotunderstandfaith,anddonotknowwhatwisdomis. Hesummonedthemtothepresentlife,andtheyrespondedtohim.Heinvitedthem(tofollow) thefalsehood,andtheyansweredhim.So,Allahsservants,fearAllahandkeepAllah(inviewin thematterof)Allahsreligion!Bewareofrelyingoneachother!Thatisbecause,throughthat,the pillarofIslamisbroken,thelightoffaithisextinguished,theSunnaarecancelled,andfalsehood appears.ThisisMinorBadrandotherAqaba!OpeopleoftheAnsarandMuhajireenfightandbe certainofyourreligion!Bepatienttowardyourdetermination!ItisasifthatIcanseethatyou willtomorrowmeetthepeopleofSham,whoarelikebrayingasses. AfterMuawiyahadremindedherofherspeech,heangrilysaidtoher:ByAllah,haditnotbeen forAllahsdecreeandforthatHelikedtoentrustuswiththisauthority,thetwoarmieswouldnot haveretreated.Whatmadeyousaythat? Shegavehimasoftanswer,saying:Surelyifthewiseonedislikessomething,hedoesnotliketo repeatit.Youhavesaidthetruth.Mentionyourneed!

[1]Quran,5,105. SurelyAllahhadreturnedourendowmentsandpropertiestous.Butwehavelostthat.Soour conditiondoesnotrefreshthepoornordoesitsetthebroken.Ifthatwasaccordingtoyour viewpoint,thenthelikeofyoudoesnotgethelpfromthetraitors,nordoesheemploythe oppressive.HoweverMuawiyapaidnoattentiontoheraskingformercy.Hesaidtoher:Othis (lady),surelyaffairsbefallus.Theyaremoreappropriateforusthanyou,thanseasthatgushout, andthanthefortifiedborderlinecitiesthathavebecomerippedopen.GlorybelongstoAllah. AllahhasnotimposedforusarightinwhichHehasplaceddamageagainstotherthanus.Heis theKnoweroftheunseen.Muawiyafoundnoescapefromrespondingtoher,saying: Howfar!OpeopleofIraq,(Ali)binAbiTalibhadenlightenedyou,andyouhavebecome unbearable.Thenheorderedherneedtobegrantedandallowedhertogobackhome.[1] AlDarimiyyaalHajuniya AlDarimiyyaalHajuniyawasanotablelady.Shewasfamousforrighteousness,asceticism,strong proof,andintenseopposition.ShepledgedallegiancetoImamAli(a.s).WhenMuawiyabecamea ruler,hesentforher.HewastheninalHijaz.Whenshestoodbeforehim,hesaidtoher:How areyou,OdaughterofHam? Fine.IdonotbelongtoHam.RatherIamawomanfromQuraysh,fromtheBanuKinana. Therefore,Ibelongtothechildrenofyourfather.Youhavesaidthetruth.DidyouknowwhyI sentforyou?No.GlorybelongstoAllah!HowdoIknowthatwhichIdonotknow!Isentforyou toaskyouaboutthereasonwhyyoulovedAli,andhatedme,whyyoufollowedhimandwas hostiletome.Exemptmefromthat! Iwillnotexemptyou.ForthisreasonIhavesummonedyou.Ifyounotexemptme,thenIsay.I lovedAlibecausehetreatedthesubjectswithjusticeandheequallydivided(theproperties amongthem).Ihateyoubecauseyoufoughtthosewhowereworthieroftheauthoritythanyou and[1]BalaaghaatalNisa,p.70.AlAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.215.SubhalAsha. youclaimedthatwhichdidnotbelongtoyou.IfollowedAlibecauseAllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,entrustedhimwithauthority,(andbecauseAli)lovedthemiserableand magnifiedthemenofreligion.Iwashostiletoyoubecauseyoushedbloodandmutinied(against Ali). Muawiyawasdispleasedwithherspeech.Hesaidobscenewordstoherandmadelightofher, saying:Youhavesaidthetruth.Forthisreasonyourbellyhasbecomeswollen,yourbreastshave becomebig,andyourbuttockshavebecomegreat.Ofellow,byAllah,(yourmother)Hind,and

notI,isquotedasanexample(forthat).Donotbeangry.Ihavesaidnothingexceptgood.When thewomensbellyisswollen,thecreationofherbabyisperfect.Whenherbreastsarebig,the foodofherbabyisgood.Whenherbuttocksaregreat,hersittingbecomesbalanced. Hecalmedherfearandquietenedheranger.Thenhesaidtoher: HaveyouseenAli?Yes,byAllah,Ihaveseenhim.Howdidyouseehim?Theauthoritydidnot makehimproudnordidtheblessingpolishhim.[1]Haveyouheardhisspeech?ByAllah,his speechremovedblindnessfromheartsjustasoilremovesrustfromwashbasin.Youhavesaid thetruth.Doyouhaveaneed?WillyoudothatwhenIaskyou?Yes.Givemeahundredshe camels,somestallions,andacameldriver.Whatwillyoudowiththem?Iwillgivetheirmilkto theyoung.ThroughthemIwillgivelifetotheold(helpthem),earnnobledeeds,andmakepeace betweentheclans.[1]InthebookalIqdalFareed,ithasbeenmentioned:ByAllah,Ihaveseen him.Theauthoritythathasfascinatedyoudidnotfascinatehim.Theblessingthathasbusiedyou didnotbusyhim. IfIgaveyouthat,wouldItaketheplaceofAlibinAbiTalibfromyou?GlorybelongstoAllah! Youareinferiortohim!Muawiyawasamazedather,sohesaid: IfIdonotbeclementtowardyou,thenwhowillbehopedforclemencyafterme?Takethemand rememberthedeedofsomeoneglorious,whohasrewardedyouatthetimeofpeaceforthewar againsttheenemies.ByAllah,ifAliwasalive,hewouldgiveyounothingofthem.No,byAllah, (hewouldnotgiveme)anythingoftheMuslimspublictreasury![1] WiththiswewillendourspeechaboutwhatthefollowersofImamAli(a.s)metofsevere punishments,torture,execution,oppression,terrorism,abasement,andinsultbyMuawiyaand hisgovernorZiyad.ThroughtheseactsMuawiyaviolatedthemostimportantstipulation,whichis thatheshouldnotsubjectthefollowersoftheProphetshouseholdtoevilanddetestedthings outofpreviousmalice. ImamalHusaynholdsaMeeting WhenImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs,cametoknowaboutthedecisivemeasures MuawiyahadtakenagainstthepurefamilyoftheProphet,he(a.s)heldameetinginMecca.He summonedalargegatheringfromamongthosewhoattendedtheseasonofhajjfromamongthe Muhajireen,theAnsar,thesuccessors,andotherMuslims.Heinformedthemofthatwhichbefell theProphetshouseholdandtheirfollowers.Hetoldthemthattheywouldmeetordealsand misfortunesfromthethengovernmentthatusedallmeanstoschemeagainstthefamilyofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tohidetheirvirtuesandtoconcealwhatwas narratedfromtheProphet,concerningthem.Hemadeitincumbentonthosewhoattendedthe

meetingtoannouncethatamongtheMuslims.WewillmentionwhatSulaymbinQayshas narratedregardingthat.Hehassaid:OneyearbeforethedeathofMuawiya,alHusaynbinAli, AbdullahbinAbbas,andAbdullahbinJafarmadethepilgrimagetoMecca.AlHusayngathered theBanuHashim,theirmen,theirwomen,theirretainers,andtheAnsarwhoperformedthehajj, andwhomalHusayn(a.s)andhishouseholdhadknown.Thenhesentsomemessengersandsaid tothem:GatherformethecompanionsofAllahs [1]BalaaghaatalNisa,p.72.AlAqdalFarid,vol.1,p.216.SubhalAsha. Apostle,whohaveperformedthehajjthisyear,andwhoarefamousforrighteousnessand asceticism.Oversevenhundredmenmostofwhomwereofthesuccessors,andabouttwo hundredmenofthecompanionsoftheProphet(a.s)gatheredinMina.Hearoseandaddressed them.HepraisedAllahandglorifiedHim.Thenhesaid:Thistyrant(Muawiya)hasdonetousand ourfollowerswhatyouhaveseen,known,andwitnessed.Iwanttoaskyouaboutsomething.If youbelieveme,thenbelieveme.Ifyouaccusemeoflying,thenaccusemeoflying.Listentomy statementandwritedownmyspeech,andthengobacktoyourcitiesandyourtribes.Ifyoucame toknowthatsomepeoplewerereliableandtrustworthy,thensummonthemtoourrightyou havecometoknow,for,surely,Iamafraidthatthisaffairwillbeeffacedandovercome.ButAllah willperfecthislight,thoughtheunbelieversmaybeaverse. AndhedidnotleaveanythingofthatwhichAllahhadrevealedconcerningthembutherecited andexplained,nordidheleaveanythingofwhatAllahsApostle(a.s)hadsaidconcerninghis father,hisbrother,hismother,him,andhishouseholdbuthenarratedit.Sohiscompanionssaid: OAllah,yes!Wehaveheardandbornewitness!Thesuccessorsaid:OAllah,hewhomIbelieve andregardsasreliablefromamongthecompanionshasrelatedittome.Sohesaid:Iimplore youbeforeAllahtorelateittohiminwhosereligionyouhaveconfidence.[1] ThismeetingImamalHusaynheldwasthefirstmeetingtheIslamicworldknewatthattime.At themeetingImamalHusayncondemnedMuawiyaspolicyandsummonedtheMuslimstoresist hisgovernmentandtooverthrowhisauthority. ThePledgeofAllegiancetoYazid OneofthemostimportantstipulationsofthepeacemakingisthattheIslamiccaliphatehadtobe handedovertoImamalHasan,andafterhimtohisbrotheralHusaynafterthedeathof Muawiya.ThiswasamongthemostimportantconditionsMuawiyahadsigned.Howeverwhen hebecamearulerandtheauthoritywentwellwithhim,hedecidedtoviolatethisconditionand nottofulfillit.Hedidhisbesttomakehisfamilyinheritthecaliphate.He,throughthisact,wasas ProfessorSayyidQutubhassaid:He(Muawiya)wasmovedbyamotiveIslamhadnotknown; (hewasmovedby)thefamilyandtribalfanaticism.ItwasnotmuchtoMuawiyanorwasit

strangetohim.ThatisbecauseMuawiyawasthesonofAbiSufyanandthesonofHind, [1]SulaymbinQays. daughterofUtba.Hewastheinheritorofhispeopleandwasthemostsimilarofallthingstothem inthathissoulwasfarfromtherealityofIslam.[1] Throughthisact,MuawiyawasmovedbythemotiveoftheblindpreIslamicbeliefs(Jahiliya)and bythetribalfanaticismIslamhascondemned.Islamhasstipulatedthatwhoeverundertakesthe affairsofgovernmentshouldhavetalents,qualifications,knowledge,andmerits.Islamhas cancelledalltheconsiderationsthathavenothingtodowithitshighvalues.Inanauthentic tradition,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:Whoeverundertakessome affairsoftheMuslimsandappointssomeoneasacommanderoverthemoutofpartiality,then Allahscursebeonhim.Neitherpure(thing)norjusticeisacceptedfromhimuntilheentersthe Hellfire.[2]HoweverMuawiya,whorenouncedIslam,actedaccordingtohispreIslamicbeliefs totakevengeanceonIslamandtodividetheranksoftheMuslims.Thatwaswhenhe intentionallyentrustedthecaliphatetohissinfulsonYazid.Prof.PolisSalama,apoet,has describedYazidsdissoluteness,saying: DogentlytotheownerofthethronewhoisdistractedfromAllahbythebeautifulfemalesingers. AthousandAllahisgreater!isnotequaltoadrinkofwineinYazidspalmsofthehand.Avirgin burnsinthevatswhileneitherkissingnorpurewaterhasdefiledher.[3] ConcerningYazid,AbdullahbinHanzala,agreatcompanion,calledthemonk,andwaskilledatthe BattleofalHurra,hassaid:ByAllah,wedidnotrevoltagainstYaziduntilwefearedthatwe wouldbeshotwithstonesfromtheheaven.Hewasamanwhomarriedmothers,daughters,and sisters.Hedrankwineandlefttheprayer.ByAllah,iftherewasnoneofthepeoplewithme,I wouldshowextremecouragetowardhim.[4]WhenalZubayrbinalMunthircametoMedina, hesaidconcerningYazid:Hehasgivenmeahundredthousand(dinars).Whathehasdonetome doesnotpreventmefromtellingyou:ByAllah,hedrankwine.ByAllah,hebecamedrunkand lefttheprayer.[5]IbnFulayhhassaid:AbuAmrbinHafscametoYazid,andhehonoredand rewardedhimwell.WhenhecametoMedina,hestoodupbesidethepulpit.Hewasgoodand righteous.Headdressedthepeople,saying:Was [1]AlAdalaalIjtimaiya,p.180. [2]AlNasaaih,p.39. [3]MulhamatalGhadir,p.227. [4]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.7,p.372.AlSayuti,TarikhalKhulafa,p.81. [5]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.216.IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.4,p.45. Inotloved?WasInothonored?ByAllah,IsawYazidbinMuawiyaleavetheprayerbecausehe

wasdrunk.[1] CertainlyMuawiyahadcometoknowthathissonwasasinner.Hecommittedmajorsins, addictedhimselftodrinkingwine,andlefttheprayer.Hementionedthatinhisletterinwhichhe condemnedhisdeeds,saying:Ihaveheardthatyouhaveusedthebanquetandtheassemblies foramusementsandflutesjustasAllah,theMostHigh,hassaid:Doyoubuildoneveryheighta monument?Vainisthatyoudo;andyoumakestrongfortressesthatperhapsyoumayabide.[2] Youhavedeclaredtheilldeed,totheextentthatyouhaveopenlyadoptedthesecret(things) withyou.Know,OYazid,thefirstthingwhichintoxicationhasdeprivedyouofistheknowledgeof theplacesofgivingthankstoAllahforHissuccessiveblessingsandboons,whichisthegreatest sinandthegreatestcalamity.Yourleavingtheobligatoryprayersduringtheirtimes,whichisthe greatestdamagethathappens.Thenyouhaveapproveddefects,committedsins,showedfaults, anddisclosedthesecrets.Therefore,donotentrustyourselfwithyoursecretanddonotrelyon yourdeed.[3] Muawiyahadcometoknowthathissonwasapostatefromthereligion,heregardedaslawful whatAllahhadmadeforbidden,andwasabsorbedinpleasures.Therefore,whydidheempower himovertheMuslimsandimposehimasaruleroverthem?Hedidthatbecausehewasmoved bythemotiveofharboringmaliceagainstIslamandbythemotiveofthepreIslamicfanaticismof whichhiswickedsoulwasfull. MuawiyasparednoefforttoimposeYazidasarulerovertheMuslims.Hehabituatedthepeople forsevenyears.Hegavemoneytohisrelativesandbroughtnearthosefarforthat.[4]When Ziyad,whowasreluctanttopayhomagetoYazid,died,Muawiyafabricatedacovenantand ascribedittohim.ThecovenantshowedthatYazidwouldbethecaliphafterhim.[5]Inthis mannerMuawiyadependedonallthemeanswithwhichtheMuslimswereunfamiliarandwhich thereligiondidnotconfirminorderthathemightplacetheauthorityamongtheUmayyadsand changethecreativeconceptsofthecaliphateintoahereditarykingdom.Allthesepremises MuawiyamadetookplaceduringthelifetimeofImamalHasan,peacebeonhim.Howeverhe did [1]IbnAsakir,vol.7,p.28. [2]Quran,26,128129. [3]SubhalAsha,vol.6,p.388. [4]AlAqdalFarid,vol.2,p.302. [5]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.270.AlAqdalFarid,vol.2,p.302. notdeclaretheofficialpledgeofallegiancetoYaziduntilheassassinatedtheImam.Wehaveto dealwithsomepreparatorymeansMuawiyahaddoneforthispurpose.

AlMughirasSummons AlMughirabinShuba,thesinfulhypocrite,theoneeyedofThaqif,theleaderoftheeventsand owneroftheatrocitiesinIslam,wasthefirsttoundertaketheunluckysummonstothepledgeof allegiancetoYazid.[1]Thereasonforthat,ashistorianshavenarrated,isthatMuawiyawantedto removehimfromtheauthorityoverKufa.WhenalMughiraheardofthat,hethoughtthathehad totraveltoDamascustobethefirstpersontoresignfromhisoffice,thatMuawiyawouldnot harbormaliceagainsthim,andthatthepeoplemightcometoknowthathehatedtheauthority. WhenhearrivedinDamascus,hethoughtthathehadtomeetwithYazidbeforehemeetwith Muawiyatomakehimthinkfavorablyofthecaliphate,thathemightuseseducinghimasmeans toremainintheoffice,justashetoldhiscompanionsaboutthat.WhenhemetwithYazid,he saidtohim:TheprominentcompanionsofMuhammad(a.s)andtheleadersofQurayshdied. Theirchildrenhaveremained.Youarethemostmeritoriousofthem,thebestoftheminopinion, andthemostknowledgeableofthemintheSunnaandpolicy.IdonotknowwhytheCommander ofthefaithful(Muawiya)doesnottakethepledgeofallegiancetoyou. WhenYazid,thereckless,vaingloriousone,heardofthat,helosthismindoutofhappinessand delight.Soheaskedhim:Doyouthinkthatthatwillbeaccomplished? Yes,repliedalMughira. YazidquicklywenttohisfatherandtoldhimaboutalMughirasstatement.AsforMuawiya,he becamehappyatthatandimmediatelysentforalMughira.Hetoldhimabouthisstatementto Yazid,andheconfirmedthat.ThenalMughiraurgedMuawiyatoachievethisidea.Hesaidto himwiththestatementofsomeonehypocritewhodoesnotknowgoodanddoesnotthinkofit: OCommanderofthefaithful,youhavecometoknowaboutthebloodshedandthedifferences afterUthman.Yazidisyoursuccessor.Thenappointhimasasuccessorafteryou.Ifsomething happenedtoyou,hewouldbeacaveforthepeopleandyoursuccessor.Bloodwillnotbeshed norwilltherebeadiscord.[1]AmongtheoffencesofalMughiraisthathewasthefirsttobe bribedinIslam,asalBayqahiandthelikehavenarrated.Amonghiscrimesisthathewasthe mediatorinaddingZiyadtoMoawiya.Hewastheownerofthesummonstothepledgeof allegiancetoYazid. MuawiyaapprovedalMughirasopinion,rewardedhimforthat,andinstalledhiminhisoffice.

ThenhecommandedhimtogotoKufatoachievethat.WhenalMughirawentawayfrom Muawiya,hemetwithhispeople.Theyquestionedhimabouthisfate.Heansweredthemabout whathehadbroughtfromamongthetribulationandthediscordstotheMuslimsingeneralfor hispurpose.Hesaidtothem:IhaveputMuawiyaslegintoaleatherstirrupwhichisfarfrom thecommunityofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inobjective.Ihaverippedfor themaripwhichcanneverbemended.Thenhequotedasanexample:Throughthelikeofme, theenemiesandtheangryopponentshavewitnessthesecretconversationandexaggerated. AlMughirawenttoKufa.Henegotiatedwiththosewhowerefamousforallegianceandloyalty abouthistask.Hebribedeachoneofthemwiththirtythousanddirhams.Sotheyrespondedto whathewanted.HeappointedhissonMusaasaheadovertenpersonsandsentthemto Muawiya.Whentheyreachedhim,theymadehimthinkfavorablyoftheaffairandaskedhimto carryitout.SoMuawiyathankedthemforthatandaskedthemtokeeptheaffairsecret.Thenhe turnedtoalMughirassonandaskedhimsecretly: Howmuchdidyourfatherpaytobuytheirreligion?Thirtythousanddirhams. Muawiyalaughedandsaid:Certainlytheirreligionhasbecomeeasytothem![1]Muawiya achievedthatthroughbuyingreligionsandconsciences,andthroughthemeanswithwhichthe Muslimswereunfamiliarandwhichthereligiondidnotconfirm. DelegationsoftheCountries MuawiyaofficiallysummonedalltheremarkablepersonalitiesintheIslamicworld.Heinvited themtocometoDamascusthathemightnegotiatewiththemabouttheaffairofthepledgeof allegiancetoYazid.Whentheystoodbeforehim,hesecretlysummonedalDhahhakbinQaysal Fihriandsaidtohim:WhenIsitdownonthepulpitandfinishsomeofmysermonandspeech, askmetopermityoutostandup.WhenIpermityou,youpraiseAllah,theMostHigh,mention Yazidandsayabouthimthatwhichishisrightagainstyoufromamongthegoodlaudationtoward him.Thenaskmeto[1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.169.IbnalAthir,alKamil,vol.3,p.214.Al MughiracametoMoawiyaintheyear45A.H.InthisyearMoawiyamadethepremisesofthe pledgeofallegiancetohisson. appointhimasasuccessorafterme.ForIhavethoughtanddecidedtoappointhimasa successor.ThenaskAllahtodecreewellthatandotherthanit. ThenMuawiyasummonedanothergroupofthehirelingstowhomtheirreligionwaseasy,and theypledgedallegiancetoYazidatlowprices.HecommandedthemtoconfirmalDahhaks statementandidea.TheywereAbdurrahmanbinUthmanalThaqafi,AbdullahbinMusidaal Fazari,ThawrbinMaanalSalmi,andAbdullahbinUsamalAshari.

Theyrespondedtohissummons.ThenMuawiyaascendedthepulpit.Hespoketothepeople aboutwhathewantedtospeak.Afterhehadfinishedhisspeech,alDahhakaroseandaskedhim topermithimtospeak,andhepermittedhim.AlDahhakpraisedandglorifiedAllah.Thenhesaid: MayAllahsetrighttheCommanderofthefaithfulandmakeusenjoyhim.Surelywehavetested unity,friendliness,difference,anddiscord.Wehavefoundthatit(thecaliphate)isgreaterin unitingus,insecurityforourways,andthatitsparesourblood,bringsabouttoustheurgentand thedelayedforwhichwehope,alongwiththeunityforwhichthecommunityhopes.Itisnot goodforusthatweareleftinvain.Thedaysreturninacrookedlymanner.Allahsays: everymomentHeisinastate(ofglory).Wedonotknowthatonwhichnightanddaywe disagree.You,OCommanderofthefaithful,willdieasthosewhohaddiedbeforeyoufrom amongtheprophetsandvicegerentsofAllah.WeaskAllahtoenjoyuswithyou.Wehaveseen themeeknessofYazid,thesonoftheCommanderofthefaithful.Wehaveseenhisgoodfaith, moderateconduct,andblessednature,alongwithwhatAllahhasdistributedforhimloveamong theMuslimsandsimilaritytotheCommanderofthefaithfulinhisreason,policy,andsatisfactory qualities.Thesethingshaveurgedustobesatisfiedwithhim(Yazid)astoouraffairsandtobe contentwithhimastotheruleoverus.Therefore,lettheCommanderofthefaithful,mayAllah honorhim,appointhimasrulerandmakehimforusarefugeandresortafterhim,thatwemay resorttohimifsomethinghappens.Thatisbecausenoneisworthierofit(thecaliphate)thanhe is.Sodecidethat!MayAllahdecidetoguideyouandtograntyousuccessastoouraffairs. Thisspeechindicatesthatitsownerwasamanofevilandhypocrisy.Thatisbecauseheintended todestroyallhumanvaluesforhisambitionsandinterests. AfteralDahhakhadfinishedspeaking,hisfriendsconfirmedhisspeech.TheyascribedtoYazid thevirtuesofthegood,thetalentsofthegenius,hugeattributes,andnoblequalities,whilehe wasdistinguishedbyqualitiescontrarytothat.Theytoldthepeoplethattheyhadtalkedfortheir interestsandtheirhappiness,whilethey,Allahknows,hadcometoknowthattheyintendedto perishanddestroythemandtoputanendtotheirlawsandtheirsacredbeliefs.Whenthese peoplehadfinishedtheirspeech,MuawiyaturnedtotheIraqidelegation,thathemighthearits viewpoint.ThepersonalityofthedelegationwasalAhnafbinQays,theclementoneoftheArabs andthemasterof(thetribeof)Tamim.Muawiyaaskedhimtoexpresshisviewpointaboutthe affair.SoalAhnafaroseandmadeaspeech.HepraisedandglorifiedAllah.Thenheturnedto Muawiyaandsaid:MayAllahsetrighttheCommanderofthefaithful!Surelythepeoplehave witnessedtheevilofthepasttimeandhavewitnessedthegoodofthepresent.Yazidisthesonof theCommanderofthefaithful.Whatanexcellentsuccessorheis!OCommanderofthefaithful, youareexperienced.Therefore,showonetowhomyouwanttoentrusttheruleafteryou.Then disobeythecommandofonewhocommandsyou.Hewhoadvisesyouanddoesnotthinkofyou shouldnotdeceiveyou.Youarethegreatestinthinkingofthecommunityandmost

knowledgeableinthestraightobedience.Besides,thepeopleofIraqandthoseofalHijazarenot satisfiedwiththis(affair)norwilltheypledgeallegiancetoYazidaslongasalHasanisalive. AlAhnafgaveMuawiyaapieceofadviceandguidedhimtothetruth.Headvisedhimnotto listentothestatementsofthemercenarieswhothoughtoftheirinterestsmorethanthey thoughtofhisinterest.HeexplainedtohimthatthepeopleofIraqandthoseofalHijazwerenot satisfiedatthatpledgeofallegiance(toYazid)aslongasalHasan,thefirstgrandsonofthe Apostle,wasalive.Thesewordsmovedtheangerofthoseopportunistsandbribedwhom Muawiyahadusedasmeanstoachievehisobjectives.Accordingly,alDahhakbinQaysarose, abusedtheIraqis,andcondemnedtheirspeech. Thisisthetextofhisspeech:MayAllahsetrighttheCommanderofthefaithful!Surelythemen ofhypocrisyarefromthepeopleofIraq;theirmanhoodintheirsoulsisdissensionandtheirunity intheirreligionisdiscord.Theyseethetruthaccordingtotheirinclinationsasiftheylookthrough theirbacks.Theyhavestruttedoutofignoranceandingratitude.TheydonotexpectfromAllah anyexpectationnordotheyfearanevilresult.TheyhavetakenIblisasalordforthem,andIblis hastakenthemasaparty. Sowhomevertheyapproachtheydonotdelight,andwhomevertheyleave,theydonotharm. Therefore,OCommanderofthefaithful,refusetheirviewpointandtheirspeech.Thereisno relationshipbetweenalHasanandhisrelativesandthesupremeauthorityofAllahoverwhichHe hasappointedMuawiyaasavicegerentinHisearth.Howfar!Thecaliphateisnotinherited (except)outoffatiguenordoesanythingveilthereputationexceptthecommunity.Therefore, habituateyourselves,OpeopleofIraq,tosinceritytoyourImam,thescribeofyourProphet,and hisbrotherinlaw,thattheurgentmaybesafeforyou,andyoutakeadvantageofthedelayed. I(theauthor)thinkthatIraqhasnotbeendispraisedwithsuchahorribledispraiseorbranded withsuchaffairs.ButitwastheIraqiswhobroughtabouttothemselvesthistribulationandlet thisrogueandthelikeofhimdegradetheirdignityandhavetheaudacitytothem. AnywayalAhnafdidnotyieldtoMuawiyanordidhepayattentiontoalDahhaksstatement.He hadthreatenedMuawiyawithdeclaringwarifhehadinsistedoncarryingouthisidea,saying:O Commanderofthefaithful,wehavecarefullyconsidered(thequalitiesof)Quraysh.Sowehave foundthatyouarethemostgenerousofthemingiving,thestrongestofthemincontract,andthe greatestoftheminfulfillingcovenant.YouhavecometoknowthatyoudidnotconquerIraqby forcenordidyoushowsuddendeathagainstit.ButyouhadgivenalHasanbinAlisomeofAllahs covenantsyouhaveknown,thathemightundertaketheruleafteryou.Soifyoufulfilled(that), thenyouwereworthyoffulfillment.Ifyoubetrayed,youwouldcometoknowthat,byAllah, therearebehindalHasangoodhorses(horsemen),strongarms,andsharpswords.Ifyou approachedhimthroughaspanofthehandoftreachery,youwouldfindbehindhimaspanofthe

outstretchedarmsofvictory.YouknowthatthepeopleofIraqhavenotlovedyousincethey hatedyou,norhavetheydetestedAliandalHasansincetheylovedthem,norhavecomedown tothemchangesfromtheheavenastothat,thattheswordstheydrewwithAliagainstyouare stillontheirshoulders,theheartsthroughwhichtheydetestedyouarestillamongtheirribs.By Allah,alHasanismorelovabletotheIraqisthanAli. AlAhnafwenttoofarinadvisingMuawiya.HeremindedhimofthattheIraqiswerethefollowers oftheProphetshousehold,peacebeonthem,thattheyweremoreloyaltoImamalHasanthan hisfather,andthattheyhadbeenreadytofightagainstMuawiyaifhehadcarriedoutthepledge ofallegiancetoYazid.However,AbdurrahmanbinUthmancondemnedalAhnafforhis statementandurgedMuawiyatocarryouthistask,saying:MayAllahsetrighttheCommander ofthefaithful!Surelythepeoplesopinionsaredifferent.Manyofthepeoplearedevious.They donotsummonanyonetorightguidancenordotheyrespondtotheonewhosummonsthemto rightness.TheyturnawayfromtheopinionsofthecaliphsandopposethecaliphsastotheSunna anddecision.YouhaveentrustedYazidwiththebestofaffairsandthemostsatisfactoryofthem inleadingthesubjects.IfAllahhaschosenthebestforyou,thendecideandputanendtothose whospeak(againstthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid).ThatisbecauseYazidisthegreatestofusin clemencyandknowledge,thewidestofusinprotection,andthebestofusinancestors.The experienceshavemadehimfirm,andthewaysofthedoctrineshavestraightenedhimout. Therefore,letnooneturnyouawayfrompledgingallegiancetohim,norletanyonestandinyour wayastoit,fromamongthosewhoarefar,disobedient,whoprepareallmeansfordiscord, whosetonguesarecrooked,andinwhoseheartsthereisadangerousdisease.Iftheysay,they sayevil.Iftheykeepsilent,thentheyarethepeopleofdefects.Youhavecometoknowwhothey are.Theywanttoturnyouawayfromthesuccessandtodividethecommunity.Soremovethe grieffromusthroughpayinghomagetohimandunitethecommunitythroughhim.Donot deviatefromhimwhenyouareguidedtohim.Donotturnawayfromhimifyouhavesupported him.Thisopinionbelongstoyouandus.Therightisagainstyouandus.IaskAllahforhelpanda goodendforyouandus. ThesewordsshowusthatAbdurrahmanbinUthmanhadarestlessconscienceandawickedsoul. Hefollowedevilandwentfarfromgood.ThenMuawiyathreatenedthosewhodidnotagree withhimonhiswish,thathemightforcethecommunitytoyieldtohisideaandtobecontent withthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid.Hesaid:Opeople,Iblishasbrothersandcompanions. Throughthemhegetsready,fromthemhegetshelp,andthroughtheirtonguesheutters.Ifthey hopeforgreediness,heagitatesthem.Ifheisinnoneedofthem,theyspreadlies.Thentheyadd discordstolicentiousnessandsplitforthemthewoodofhypocrisy.Theyarecensurersand doubters.Iftheyundertakethehandleofanaffair,theybecomeangry.Iftheyaresummonedto anerror,theygotoofar.Theydonotdesistnordotheyrefrainnordotheytakealessonuntilthe boltsofevildisgracebefallthemandthecalamitiesofagreataffairdescenduponthemand uprootthemastrufflesareuprooted.Therefore,itismoreappropriateforthem(topledge

allegiancetoYazid).Thatisbecausewehavepresented(ouridea)andwarnedyouifthe presentationsufficesyouanythingorifthewarningbenefitsyou. Muawiyausedsuchakindofhorriblematchlessterrorismasameanstoachievehisidea.Thenhe summonedalDahhakbinQaysandappointedhimasgovernoroverKufaasarewardforhis speech.ThatwasafterthedeathofalMughirabinShuba.HealsosummonedAbdurrahmanbin UthmanandappointedhimasgovernoroveralJazira.ThenYazidbinalMuqaffaaroseand raisedhisvoice,saying: ThisistheCommanderofthefaithful!HepointedwithhishandtoMuawiya. Thenhesaid:Ifhedies,thenthis!HeindicatedwithhishandtoYazid. Thenhesaid:Whoeverrefuses,thenthis!)Hepointedwithhishandtothesword.SoMuawiya approvedhisspeechandsaidtohim:Sitdown!Youarethemasteroftheoratorsandthenoblest ofthem!WithsuchakindofterrorismMuawiyaimposedhisdissolute,sinfulsonasacaliph overtheMuslims.Haditnotforthesword,hewouldnothavefoundawayforthat.Whenal AhnafbinQayscametoknowthatMuawiyainsistedonhisideaandwasnotreadytogiveitup, hesaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,youarethemostknowledgeableofusinhisnight andday,hissecretandopenness.Ifyoucametoknowthathewasgoodforyou,thenappoint himasrulerandcaliph.Ifyoucametoknowthathewasevilforyou,thendonotsupplyhimwith theworldwhileyouaregoingtojointhehereafter.Thatisbecauseyoushallhavenothingofthe hereafterexceptthegood.KnowthatyoushallhavenoproofwithAllahifyoupreferYazidtoal HasanandalHusayn,whileyouknowwhotheyareandtowhomtheybelong.Weonlymustsay: Wehearandobey,ourLord!Yourforgiveness(dowecrave),andtoYouistheeventual course![1] MuawiyapaidnoattentiontoalAhnafsstatementnordidhethinkoftheMuslimsfate.He appointedascaliphoverthemhisson(Yazid),whoplayedwiththeleopardsandwasaddictedto wine.ThenMuawiyatookhissonandseatedhiminareddomeandcommandedthepeopleto pledgeallegiancetohim.Ahirelingcameandgreetedthem.ThenthehirelingturnedtoMuawiya andsaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,knowthatifyoudonotentrustthis(heindicated withhishandtoYazid)withtheaffairsoftheMuslims,youwilllosethem. ThenMuawiyaturnedtoalAhnafandaskedhim: Whydoyounotspeak,OAbuBahr?IfearAllahwhenItellalieandfearyouwhenIsaythe truth!MayAllahrewardyouwithgoodforobedience! AlAhnafwentout.AbdurrahmanbinUthmanmethimafterMuawiyahadgenerouslygiven (money)tohim.HeapologizedtoalAhnafforhisstatement,saying:OAbuBahr,surelyIknow

thatthewickedestofthoseAllahcreatedisthis(Muawiya)andhisson(Yazid).Buttheyhave madesureofthesepropertieswiththedoorsandthelocks.Sononecravesaftertakingthemout exceptthroughwhatyouhaveheard.[2] [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.174180. [2]IbnKhullikan,Tarikh,vol.1,p.230.AlTamadunalIslami,vol.4,pp.7677. Throughthisillomenedpledgeofallegiance(toYazid),MuawiyacreatedacrackinIslam.Inhis wonderfulpoem,AbdullahbinHishamalSalulihasshownhisimpatienceandthatofthegood MuslimstowardthecaliphateofYazid,saying: IfyoubroughtRamlaorHind,wewouldpledgeallegiancetoherasa(female)commanderofthe faithful.WhenKhousrowdied,anotherKhousrowcame.Wenumberthemasthreeharmonious (kings)Alas!Ifwehadthousands(offighters),butwewillnotbecomeaswewereconcerned, thenyouwillstrikeuntilyoureturntoMeccawhereyoulickthewarm(food).Wehavefearedthe rage.WewillnotquenchourthirstevenifwedrinkthebloodoftheBanuUmayya. Yoursubjectshavegotlostwhileyouarehuntinghareswithinattentiveness.[1] CertainlytheMuslimsthroughoutthecountrieswereterrorizedbythisdangerousevent.Thatis becausethecaliphateintheirviewpointwasneithercaesariannorKhousrowian,thatitmightbe inherited.RathertheaffairofthecaliphatewasconsultationamongtheMuslims,whochose whomtheylovedtobeacaliphoverthem.ThatisaccordingtotheviewpointoftheSunnis.Asfor theShia,theymaintainthatthecaliphateisthelawfulrightofImamAli(a.s),andhisgoodsons, justastheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadstated. Anyway,AfterMuawiyahadtakenthepledgeofallegiancetoYazidfromthepeopleof Damascus,hewroteletterstoallhisgovernorsandcommandedthemtotakethepledgeof allegiancetoYazidfromallthepeople.AllhisgovernorsrespondedtothatexceptMarwanbinal Hakam,whobecameangrybecausetherulehadbeenturnedawayfromhimwhilehewasthe leaderoftheUmayyadsafterMuawiya.ImmediatelyheandhisretinueheadedforDamascus. WhenhestoodbeforeMuawiya,heangrilysaidtohim:Setrighttheaffairs,OsonofAbiSufyan, andrefrainfromyourappointingtheboysascommanders.Knowthatyouhaveequalsfrom amongyourpeople,andthatyouhavehelperswhoarehostiletothem. Muawiyahurriedtodeceivehimwithsoftwords,saying:YouaretheequaloftheCommander ofthefaithful,hisequipmentinhishardship,hisupperarm,andthesecondafterhisheir apparent. [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.339. Hegavehimregencywithtrickandcunning.Hehonorablytookhimoutofhiscapital.Howeverhe removedhimfromhisofficewhenhehadarrivedinYathribandreplacedhimbySaeedbinal AasoralWaleedbinAqaba.Thenhewrotetohim(thenewgovernor)totakethepledgeof

allegiancetohissonYazidfromthepeopleofMedina.Buthefinallyfailedincarryingouthistask. ThepeoplethereinsistedonrefusingMuawiyassummonsanddidnotobeyhimastohisnew caliph,especiallytheremarkablepersonalitiesfromamongtheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,for theycondemnedthatandannouncedtheirdispleasurewithMuawiya,becausetheydisrespected Yazidanddisdainedhim,apartfromthathewouldbeacaliphoverthem. MuawiyasfirstJourneytoYathrib ThepeopleofMedinarefusedtopledgeallegiancetoYazidandunanimouslyagreedonrefusing it.SoMuawiyathoughtthathehimselfhadtogotoMedinatonegotiatewiththeinfluential people,tobuythecovenantsandconsciencesformoney,andtothreatenandterrorizethosewho didnotyieldtomoney,thathissonmightwinthecaliphate.Forthispurposehetraveledto Medinaintheyear50A.H.Whenhearrivedinit,heimmediatelysentforAbdullahbinAbbas, AbdullahbinJafar,AbdullahbinUmar,andAbdullahbinalZubayr.Whentheystoodbeforehim, hecommandedhischamberlainnottoletanyonetocomeintohimuntilthesepeoplewould leave.Thenheturnedtothemandsaid:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohascommandedusto praiseHimandpromisedusHisreward.WepraiseHimmuchasHehasbestowedmuchuponus.I bearwitnessthatthereisnogodapartfromAllah,Whoisuniqueandwithoutpartners.Ialso bearwitnessthatMuhammadisHisservantandHisProphet. Ihavegrownold,myboneshavebecomeweak,myappointedtimeiscloseathand,andIhave beensummonedanditisnearlythemomentformetoanswer.SoIhaveseenthatIhaveto appointYazidassuccessorafterme.Iknowthathewillpleaseyou.YouarepeoplefromQuraysh withthenameofAbdullah,thebestofthem,andthechildrenofthebestofthem.Nothinghas preventedmefromsummoningalHasanandalHusaynexceptthattheyarethesonsoftheir fatherAliinspiteofmygoodopinionastothemandmystrongloveforthem.Therefore,answer theCommanderofthefaithfulwithgood,mayAllahhavemercyonyou! Hisspeechcontainedleniency,praise,andlaudation.Howevertheseheroes,whowerethebest oftheArabsinopinionandprecedenceinIslam,didnotyieldtoMuawiya,refutedhisstatement, andmadehimknowthepersonwhowasworthyofthecaliphate.AbdullahbinAbbas,the religiousscholarofthecommunity,wasthefirsttospeak:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohas inspireduswithpraisingHimandmadeitincumbentonustothankHimforHistrialandboons.I bearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,Whoisuniqueandwithoutpartners.Ialsobear witnessthatMuhammadisHisservantandHisProphet,mayAllahblessMuhammadandhis household. Youtalked,andwelistened.Yousaid,andweheard.Allah,MajesticisHiseulogyandHolyare Hisnames,choseMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,forHismessageandHis revelationandhonoredhimoverHiscreatures.Thereforethemosthonorableofthepeopleishe

whohasthehonortohim;themostappropriateofthemfortherulearethenearestofthemto him.ThepeopleshouldonlysubmittotheirProphetaslongasAllahhadchosenhimforthem.He (Allah)choseMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,accordingtoHisknowledge;andHe isKnowledgeable,Aware.IaskAllahsforgivenessforyouandme. AfterhimAbdullahbinJafarsaid:PraisebelongstoAllah,Whoisworthyofpraiseandthe utmostofpraise.WepraiseHimforHisinspiringuswithpraisingHim.WeaskHimtohelpus performHisrightonus.IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah,Whoisunique,onWhomall depend,Whohasnottakenaconsortnorason.IalsobearwitnessthatMuhammadisHisservant andHisProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. IftheQuranistakenintoconsiderationastothecaliphate,thenthepossessorsofrelationship havethebetterclaimintheordinanceofAllahtoinheritance,onewithrespecttoanother.Ifthe SunnaofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,istakenintoconsiderationastoit, thenthekinshipofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,(ismoreappropriateforit). IftheSunnaofthetwoSheikhs,AbuBakrandUmar,(istakenintoconsideration),thenwhichof thepeopleisbetter,moreperfect,andworthieroftherulethantheApostleshousehold?By Allah,iftheyhadappointedhim(ImamAli)asruleraftertheirProphet,theywouldhaveplaced theruleinitsplaceduetohisrightandtruthfulness.TheMostMerciful(Allah)wouldhavebeen obeyed,Satanwouldhavebeendisobeyed,andnotwoswordsofthecommunitywouldhave differed.Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya,foryouhavebecomeaguardian,andwehave becomesubjects.Takecareofyoursubjects,foryouwillbeaskedaboutthemtomorrow.Asfor thatyouhavementionedastomycousinsandthatyouhaveleftsummoningthem,byAllahyou havenothitthetruth.Thatisnotpermissibleforyouexceptthroughthem,andthatyouhave cometoknowthattheyaretheessenceofknowledgeandnobility.Therefore,sayorleave!AndI askAllahsforgivenessforyouandme! AbdullahbinJafarhasshownthattheProphetshousehold,peacebeonthem,werethe worthiestofpeopleinthecaliphateaccordingtoallthesources.Ifthesourcetodeserveitisthe Quran,thenthepossessorsofrelationshiphavethebetterclaimintheordinanceofAllahto inheritance,onewithrespecttoanother.IfitistheSacredSunna,thentheHouseholdofthe Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,aremoreappropriatefortherulethanotherthan them.IfitistheSunnaofthetwoSheikhs(AbuBakrandUmar),thentheHouseholdofthe Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,aremoreappropriatefortherule,fortheyhave talentsandperfectqualities,andthattheyarethebestofthepeopleinknowledgeand excellence.Thenhehasshownthedamagesthatresultedfromthatthecommunityhadleftand notfollowedthem. AfterhimAbdullahbinalZubayrsaid:PraisebelongstoAllah,WhohasmadeusknowHis

religionandhonoredusthroughHisApostle.IpraiseHimforHistrialandHisboons.Ibear witnessthatthereisnogodbutAllah.IalsobearwitnessthatMuhammadisHisservantandHis Prophet. SurelythecaliphatebelongstoQurayshinparticular.Theytakeitaccordingtotheirsublime achievementsandtheirsatisfactoryactions,alongwiththehonorofthefathersandthenobility ofthechildren.Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya,andbejusttoyourself.ThisisAbdullahbin Abbas,whoisthecousinofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThisisAbdullahbin Jafar,whoisadornedwithtwowings,andwhoisthecousinofAllahsApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.IamAbdullahbinalZubayr,thecousinofAllahsApostle.AsforAli,he appointedalHasanandalHusaynassuccessors(afterhim).Youknowwhotheyareandwhat theyare.Therefore,fearAllah,OMuawiya!Andyouarethejudgebetweenusandyourself. AbdullahbinalZubayrnominatedthesepeopleforthecaliphateandurgedthemtooppose Muawiyaandtospoilhistask.AfterhimAbdullahbinUmarsaid:PraisebelongstoAllah,Who hashonoredusthroughHisreligionandennobledusthroughHisProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily. SurelythecaliphateisneitherHerculeannorcaesariannorKhousrowian(hereditary).Haditbeen so,Iwouldhaveundertakenitaftermyfather.ByAllah,he(myfather)didnotaddmetothesix membersoftheconsultativecommitteeexceptforthatthecaliphateisnotastipulatedcondition. RatheritbelongstoQurayshinparticular.Itbelongstoonewhoisentitledtoit,withwhomthe Muslimsaresatisfied,whofearsAllahandpleasesthepeople.Ifyouwanttoentrustthecaliphate totheboysfromQuraysh,then,bymylife,Yazidisfromtheirboys.Knowthatheshallneveravail youintheleastagainstAllah. AbdullahbinUmarcondemnedthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid.However,shortlyafterthat,he listened,obeyed,andpledgedallegiancetoYazid,forMuawiyabribedhimwithahundred thousanddinars.[1]Forthathesoldhimhisconscienceandreligion.Anywaythespeechofthese peoplewasdifficulttoMuawiya,fortheytoldhimthathissonwasnotappropriateforthe caliphateandthattheyweremoreappropriateforitthanhim.SoMuawiyaansweredthem, saying:Certainly,Ihavesaidandyousaid.Thefathershavedied,andthechildrenhave remained.Mysonisthemostlovabletomeoftheirchildren.Ifyoudebatedwithmyson,he wouldfindastatement.ThisrulebelongstotheBanuAbdManaf,fortheyarethehouseholdof AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.WhenAllahsApostlepassedaway,AbuBakr andUmarbecamecaliphsoverthepeoplewhiletheydidnotbelongtotheruleandthe caliphate.Buttheyfollowedagoodway.ThentherulereturnedtotheBanuAbdManafandthey shallhaveittilltheDayofResurrection.Asforyou,OAbdullahbinalZubayrand(Abdullah)bin Umar,Allahhastakenyououtofit(therule).Asforthesetwocousinsofmine,theyarenot outsidetheopinion,Allahwilling.

Anyhow,MuawiyafailedincarryingouthistaskandleftYathribforhiscapitalDamascus.He turnedawayfromthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid.[2]HecametoknowthatYazidwouldnotbea caliphaslongasImamalHasanwasalive.Hethoughtforalongtimeabouthowhewould assassinatehim,thattheaffairsmightgowellwithhim.Atlastheachievedwhathehadwanted. Heassassinatedhimwithpoison.Wewillexplainthatintheconclusionofthisbook. HavingassassinatedImamalHasan,Muawiyatookalltheproceduresanddependedonallthe meanstoforcetheMuslimstopledgeallegiancetoYazidandtoimposehimasaruleroverthem. HecorrespondedwiththegreatfiguresfromamongthechildrenoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsar andsummonedthemtothat.Thehistorianshavementionedthetextsofhislettersalongwith theiranswerstohim.MuawiyawroteImamalHusaynaletter [1]AlBayqahi,Sunan,vol.8,p.159.IbnKatheer,Tarikh,vol.8,p.137.FathalBaari,vol.13,p.59. [2]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.180183.JamharatalKhutab,vol.2,pp.233236. whosetextisasfollows:Someaffairsfromyouhavecometome.Idonotthinkthatyouwillturn awayfromthem.Theworthiestofthepeopleinfulfillingthepledgeofallegiancehehasgivenis hewhoislikeyouinyourimportance,honor,andpositioninwhichAllahhasplacedyou. Thereforedonotdispute(withmeaboutsomethingthatmakesme)boycottyou.FearAllahand donotreturnthiscommunitytothediscord.Takecareofyourselfandthecommunityof Muhammad.Andletnotthosewhohavenocertaintyholdyouinlightestimation. ImamalHusayn(a.s)answeredhim.Heremindedhimofthehorribleeventshe(Muawiya)had committed.HetoldhimaboutthatwithwhichtheMuslimswereafflictedofoppressionand tyrannyduringhisreign.I(theauthor)havequotedsomeofittoindicatethatImamalHusayn (a.s)hadcondemnedMuawiyasatrocities.AttheendofhisanswertoMuawiya,Imamal Husaynhassaid:Youhavesaidinwhatyousaid:Donotreturnthiscommunitytoadiscord. SurelyIhavecometoknowthatthereisnodiscordgreaterthanyourauthorityoverthenation. Youhavesaidinwhatyousaid:Takecareofyourself,yourreligion,andthecommunityof Muhammad.Surely,byAllah,Idonotknowthatthereissomethinggreaterthanwagingjihad againstyou.SoifIdothat,thenitisnearnesstomyLord.IfIdonotdo,thenIwillaskAllahto forgivememysinandaskHimtograntmeasuccesstoachievethatwhichHelovesandwith whichHeissatisfied. Youhavesaidinwhatyousaid:Whenyouschemeagainstme,Iwillschemeagainstyou.So schemeagainstme,OMuawiya,asyoulike.Bymylife,peopleschemedagainsttherighteousin thepast.Ihopethatyouwillharmnoneexceptyourselfandruinnothingexceptyouraction. Therefore,plotagainstmeasyoulike.

FearAllah,OMuawiya!KnowthatAllahhasaBookthatdoesnotomitasmalloneandagreat one,butnumbersthem(all).KnowthatAllahwillnotforgetthatyoukilledsomepeoplebecause ofadoubtandpunishedothersbecauseofanaccusation,thatyouhaveappointedasarulera boywhodrinkswineandplayswiththedogs.Icannotseeyouexceptthatyouhaveruined yourself,destroyedyourreligion,andneglectedthesubjects.WithGreetings.[1] NeitherthisadvicenorthewarningagainstAllahspunishmentwasusefultoMuawiya.Hewent onpracticinghispreIslamicbeliefstodestroyIslamandtoforcetheMuslimstopayhomageto Yazid,whoviolatedallwhatAllahhadprohibited. [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.188190. MuawiyassecondJourneytoYathrib WhenMuawiyacametoknowthatthegoodcompanions(oftheProphet),thechildrenofthe MuhajireenandtheAnsardidnotrespondtohissummonsandtheyinsistedonrefusingtopledge allegiancetoYazid,heagaintraveledtoYathrib.Hesurroundedhimselfbymilitaryforcessothat hemightforcetheopposingfronttorespondtohim.Ontheseconddayofhisarrival,hesentfor ImamalHusaynandAbdullahbinAbbas.AbdullahbinAbbashadcomebeforeImamalHusayn. Muawiyaseatedhimathislefthand.HemadehimbusywithspeakinguntilImamalHusayn(a.s) came.HeseatedImamalHusaynathisrighthand.HeaskedhimabouttheBanualHasanand theiroldpeople,andhetoldhimaboutthat.ThenMuawiyamadeaspeechinwhichhelauded Yazid,mentionedhisknowledgeoftheQuranandtheSunna,andhisgoodpolicy.Thenhe summonedthemtopledgeallegiancetohimandtorespondtohisspeech. ImamalHusaynsSpeech AfterMuawiyahadfinishedhisspeech,ImamalHusayn,theonewhorefusedoppression,arose andmadeaspeech.HepraisedAllahandglorifiedhim.Thenhesaid:OMuawiya,althoughman elaboratesonmentioningthequalitiesofAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,he cannotexpresspartofthem.Ihaveunderstoodthatinwhichyouhaveclothedthesuccessorafter AllahsApostlefromamongbriefinghisqualitiesandkeepingawayfromdepictinghim.Howfar! Howfar,OMuawiya!Themorninghasremovedthedarknessofthenight.Thesunhasdazzled thelightofthelamp.Youhavepreferredotherstoustotheextentthatyouhavegonetoofar. Youhavepossessedalonethepropertiestotheextentthatyouhavebecomeunjust.Youhave refrainedfromgivingtothepeopletotheextentthatyouhavebecomemiserly.Youhave wronged(thepeople)totheextentthatyouhaveexceeded(theproperlimits).Youhavenot giventhepossessorofarightashareofhisrightuntilSatanhastakenhisplentifulluckandhis fullestportion. IhaveunderstoodwhatyouhavementionedastoYazidfromamonghisperfectionandhispolicy

towardthecommunityofMuhammad.YouwanttodeceivethepeoplewithYazid.Itisasifthat youaredescribingaveiledoneordepictingsomeoneabsentorthatyouaretellingaboutthat whichyouhavecontainedthroughspecialknowledge.Yazidhimselfhasindicatedthesituationof hisopinion.Therefore,adopttoYazidwhathehimselfhasadoptedfromamongfollowingthe attackingdogswhentheystartabrawlwitheachother,thedovesthatprecedetheirmatesofthe sameage,thefemalesingerswithmusicals,andvariouskindsofamusementcenters.(Through theseactions)youwillfindhimahelper. Leavewhatyouattempt!ItdoesnotavailyouthatyoumeetAllahwiththesinsofthesepeople withthatwhichyouwillmeetHim.ByAllah,youstillstrikefalsehoodintyrannyandragein oppressiontotheextentthatyouhavefilledthewaterskins.Thereisonlyablinkbetweenyou anddeath,andthenyouwillgettokeptactionsonthedaythatshallbewitnessed,anditistoo latetoescape.Ihavecometoknowthatyouhavereferredindirectlyafterthisaffairand preventedusfromtheinheritanceofourforefathers.Andcertainly,byAllah,AllahsApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,bequeathedusatourbirthday.Youbroughttousthatwithwhich youarguedtheonewhoundertookthecaliphateafterthedeathoftheApostle.So,throughthat, heyieldedtotheproof,andthefaithreturnedhimtojustice.Butyoufollowedthejustifications andyousaid:Itwasanditwillbeuntiltherulecametoyou,OMuawiya,throughawayleading tosomeoneotherthanyou.Thereforetakealesson,Oyouwhohaveeyes! AndyouhavementionedthatthemanleadsthepeopleaccordingtothecovenantofAllahs Apostleandhisinvestinghimwithauthority.Andcertainlythatwas.AmrbinalAashadthen excellencebecausehewasacompanionoftheApostleandpledgedallegiancetohim.ByAllah, whenthepeopleweresentthen,theydisdainedhisbeingacommanderoverthem,hatedhis beingpreferred(tothem),andnumberedhisactions.Sohe(theProphet),mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,said:Withoutdoubt,OpeopleoftheMuhajireenandtheAnsar,noneotherthan mewillbeacommanderoveryouafterthisday!Sohowdoyouuseasaprooftheabrogated actionsoftheApostleastothemostcertainpreceptsandthemostappropriateoftheminstead ofthoseonwhoseauthenticitythereisanagreement?Orhowhaveyoutakenasuccessorasa companionwhiletherearearoundyouthosewhodonotbelieveinhisbeingacompanion(ofthe Prophet),nordotheydependonhisreligionandhisrelationship,andyouhaveexceededthemto someoneexcessiveandsuffersfromanaffliction?Youwanttoclothethepeopleinavagueerror atwhichonewhoremainsaliveintheworldbecomeshappy,andyoubecomeunhappyatitinthe hereafter!Thatisamanifestloss.IaskAllahsforgivenessforyouandme! Muawiyabecameastonished,sohelookedatAbdullahbinAbbasandaskedhim:Whatisthis,O IbnAbbas? ByAllah,repliedIbnAbbas,hebelongstotheprogenyoftheApostle,oneofthepeoplewho wereunderthecloak(kisa),andamongthepurifiedhouse.Hesaidthataboutwhatyouwanted.

ThatisbecausetherearesomepeoplewhoconvinceyouuntilAllahjudgeswithHiscommand, andHeisthebestofjudges.[1] [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.195196. ImamalHusaynwentawayandmadesadnesshurtMuawiyassoul.AfterthatMuawiya dependedonallmeansofviolenceandterrorism.Thehistorianshavenarrated:WhenMuawiya wasinMecca,hesummonedImamalHusayn,AbdullahbinalZubayr,andAbdurrahmanbinAbi Bakr.Hesaidtothem:Iamapproachingyou.Hewhowarnsisexcused.WhileIwasaddressing you,someofyouaroseandopenlyaccusedmeoflying.Istoodthatandpardoned(you).Iam goingtosayastatement.IswearbyAllahthatifanyofyouansweredmewithawordinthisplace ofmine,theswordwouldreachhisheadbeforehesaysanotherword.Therefore,amanshould keepnothingexcepthisownsoul! Hesummonedtheleaderofhisguardsandsaidtohim:Positiontwomenwithswordsbehind eachofthesepeople.Ifanyofthemanswersmewithawordtobelievemeortoaccusemeof lying,letthemstrikehimwiththeirswords!Hewentoutandthepeoplewentoutwithhim.He ascendedthepulpit.HepraisedandglorifiedAllah.Thenhesaid:Surely,thesepeoplearethe mastersoftheMuslimsandthebestofthem.Anaffairisnotextortedwithoutthemnorisit decidedwithoutconsultingthem.TheyaresatisfiedandhavepledgedallegiancetoYazid. Therefore,pledgeallegiance(tohim)inthenameofAllah.[1] Withtheseterriblemeansandflagrantlying,MuawiyaforcedtheMuslimstopledgeallegianceto Yazid.ThroughthatheviolatedtheforbiddenandthrewtheMuslimsintodiscordsand misfortunes. AishaandtheAllegiancetoYazid Aisha,theProphetswife,didnotopposethisbadpledgeofallegiancenordidshetakeany positiveprocedureagainstthisdangerousdisasterthroughwhichtheMuslimswereterrorized andthesacrednessofIslamwasviolated.SheadvisedMuawiyatoforcehisopponentstoobey him.Inthemeantimesheadvisedhimtobekindtothem,thattheymightrespondtohim.She saidtohim:Bekindtothem,fortheywillfollowwhatyoulike,Allahwilling![2] AishatookthispoorattitudetowardthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid,thesinful,thedissolute. Withoutdoubtshehadcometoknowthathewasatransgressor,thatheplayedwiththe leopardsandthedogs,andregardedaslawfulwhatAllahmadeunlawful.Indeedmanstands perplexedbeforethisattitudeofherandherattitudetowardthepledgeofallegiancetoImamAli [1]IbnalAthir,alKamil.Someotherhistorianshavealsonarratedit. [2]AlImamawaalSiyasa.

(a.s),whowasthebrotheroftheProphet,thefatherofhisgrandsons,andthegateofthecityof hisknowledge.Thatisbecausewhenshewastoldaboutthepledgeofallegiancetohim,shelost mind.Sheangrilysaidwhileshewaslookingtowardstheskyandattheearth:ByAllah,would this(thesky)fellonthis(theearth)if(Ali)binAbiTalibbecameacaliph! ThenshereturnedtoMeccatoprovokethepeopletofightagainstImamAli.Sheledthearmiesto battleagainsthim,totheextentthatshefilledthelandwithbloodandspreadorphanhood, sadness,andmourningamongtheMuslimsinordertooverthrowhisgovernment.Anyway AishasattitudetowardthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid,theconfirmationofAbdullahbinUmar andofalltheopportunistforcestoherhavebroughtforMuslimsdiscordsandhardships,brought tothemdisastersandmisfortunes.ThatisbecausetheIslamiccaliphatepassedthrough inheritancetothefreed(prisonersofwar)andtotheirchildren,whosparednoefforttoscheme againstIslam,tospreadrebellionandcorruptionintheland. AnywayMuawiyaintentionallyviolatedallthestipulationsofthepeacemaking.Hedidnotfulfill anyofthemforImamalHasan.Ratherheputthemunderhisfeetjustasheannouncedthat beforethecrowdedpeopleshortlyafterconcludingthetreatyofpeace.Throughthatheshowed hispreIslamicbeliefs,thathewenttoofarincommittingsins,andthathewasvoidofallnoble tendencies.Thehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatheunjustlywenttoofarinshedding thebloodoftheMuslims,thathespreadterrorandfearallovertheIslamicregions.Thatwas whenhecommandedhisgovernorstopunishtheopposingfrontseverely,todeprivethemofall thenaturalrights,andtopracticeviolenceagainstthem.Hisgovernorscarriedthatout,aswe havealreadymentioned. ThemostdangerousthingthroughwhichMuawiyaviolatedthethingsmadeforbiddenbyAllah wasthatheempoweredhissonYazidovertheMuslimsafterhim.Itisworthmentioningthat Yazidprovedthroughallhispoliticalpracticesthathewasanapostatefromthereligionandan infidel.ThatwaswhenhekilledImamalHusayn(a.s)whowastheProphetsgrandson,and destroyedthepurefamilyoftheProphet.Thehistorianssaythathewenttoofarinkillingthem becausehewantedtotakerevengeontheProphetfortheBattleofBadr.Thisdisasterwasthe mostdangerousthingbywhichtheMuslimswerestrickenthroughoutthetimes.
ChapterXXV:HisWivesandChildren SomepeopleaskaboutthereasonwhyImamalHasan(a.s)marriedmanywomen.Someignorant

peoplearesospitefulandillintentionedthattheysay:He(ImamalHasan)marriedmany womeninresponsetotherequirementofinclinationandsatisfactionoflibido.Buttheydonot knowthattheImamwasveryfarawayfromyieldingtothisinstinct,forheisthemasterofthe youthoftheGardenandamongthepeoplewhoseinfallibilityandpuritytheQuranhas mentioned.Wewillmentionthetextofthespeechofthosewhomaintainthatandwewill explainthattheirspeechisinvalidandcorrupt.Astherearedoubts,suspicions,accusations,and criticismaboutthismatter,thereisnoescapefromthatweshouldresearchitandexplainits realityevenifinbrief.I(theauthor)saythatsomemenofknowledgemaintainthatitiscorrect anddoesnotcontradicttheImamsbehaviorandhislineofconduct.Someotherpeoplehave maintainedthatitisfabricatedandincorrect.Itisgoodtomentiontheproofsofbothparties.As forthosewhothinkthatitiscorrect,theyhaveindicateditasfollows: 1.AccordingtotheIslamicsacredlaw,itisnotforbiddenformantomarrymanywomen,forIslam hasmadeitrecommendedforonetomarrymanywomen.ThestatementofthegreatSavior (ProphetMuhammad)astourgingtheMuslimstomarrymanywomenisfamous.He,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,hassaid:Intermarryandreproduceevenifthroughamiscarriedfetusin orderthatImayvieinyouwiththenationsontheDayofResurrection.SufyanalThourihassaid: Thereisnoextravaganceinmarryingmanywomen.TheSecondCaliphUmarbinalKhattabhas said:SurelyImarryawomanwhileIhavenopurposetowardher.IsleepwithherwhileIhaveno libidotowardher.Hewasasked:Sowhydoyoumarryher?Hereplied:Thatthosethrough whomtheProphetsayIhavemanyfollowersmightcomeoutofme.AlMughirabinShuba marriedathousandwomen.[1]ImamAli(a.s)marriedfourwomenandhadnineteenchildren.[2] ThiswasinIslam.AtthetimebeforeIslamSulaymanbinDawudhadsevenhundredfreewomen andthreehundredbondmaids.HisfatherDawud(David)(a.s)marriedahundredfreewomenand threehundredbondmaids.Therefore,accordingtotheIslamiclawandotherthanit,itisnot forbiddentomarrymanywomen.SowhyisImamalHasancriticizedforthat? [1]AlIstiab,vol.4,p.370. [2]AlialQari,SharhalShafa,vol.1,p.208. 2.ImamalHasanmarriedmanywomentobestrongenoughtofacetheUmayyads,whospared noefforttoputanendtotheHashimites,todestroytheirentity,andtoeffacetheirname. 3.SurelythefathersofthewomenaskedImamalHasanandinsistedonhimtomarrytheir daughters,thattheymightbehonoredwithandseeknearnesstohim,forhewasthegrandsonof theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthemasteroftheyouthsoftheGarden. BesidestheycametoknowthatAbuBakerwasofamiddlehonoramongQuraysh,buthe occupiedaremarkablepositionintheIslamicworldaftertheProphethadmarriedhisdaughter Aisha.ForthisreasonthepeopleaskedImamalHasanandinsistedonhimtomarrytheir daughtersthattheymightenjoygloryandhonorthroughtheImamsrelationshipwiththemby

marriage.ThesearetheproofsofthosewhomaintainthatitwascorrectthatImamalHasan marriedmanywomen.Asforthosewhomaintainthatitwasincorrectthathemarriedmany women,theyhavedependedonthefollowingaffairs: 1.DivorceisreprehensibleaccordingtotheIslamiclaw.ThosewhomaintainedthatImamal Hasanmarriedmanywomenprovedthathealwaysdivorcedwomenandthathepartedwith themshortlyafterhehadmarriedthem.Itiswellknownthatdivorceisthemostreprehensibleof allthingsinIslam.Manylinesoftransmissionhaveensuredthetraditionsaboutits reprehensibility.IthasbeennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)thathesaidwhenAbuAyyubwanted todivorcehiswife:SurelydivorcingUmmAyyubisasin.ImamAbuAbdullahalSadiq(a.s)has said:SurelyAllahlovesthehousewherethereisaweddinganddeteststhehousewherethereis adivorce.NothingismoredetestabletoAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,thandivorce.Abu Abdullah(a.s)hassaid:NothingofthethingsmadelawfulbyAllahismoredetestabletoHim thandivorce.SurelyAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,deteststhemoodyonewhodivorcesvery much.He(a.s)hassaid:Marryanddonotdivorce.ThatisbecausetheThrone(ofAllah)shakes becauseofdivorce.[1]Asdivorceisveryreprehensible,howdidImamalHasan(a.s)commitit andgotoofarinit? 2.DivorcecontradictsImamalHasansconductoflife.IthasbeenestablishedthatImamalHasan wasthemostclementoftheMuslimsandwasamodelfornoblemoraltraits.Itiswellknownthat divorcecontradictsclemencybecauseitbreaksthewomansheartandhumiliatesher.Thisdoes notagreewithImamalHasanwhotookgreatcareofdelightingthepeople,turnedawayfrom treatingthembadlyandhurtingtheirfeelings. [1]WasailalShia,vol.15,p.15,pp.267268. 3.ImamalHasanwasdistractedfromthat.HewasdistractedfromsuchaffairsbyservingAllah, clingingtoHim,hisconstantactioninthefieldofreform,grantingtheneedsofthepeople,brining goodtothem,anddrivingevilandunhappinessawayfromthem.Thereforehedidnotthinkof anythingexceptthereformativeaffairs,nordidhehavealeisuretimetospenditonsuchthings. ThesearetheproofsofthosewhomaintainedthatImamalHasandidnotmarrymanywomen, thoughsomeofthemareweak.Asforme(theauthor),IthinkthatsayingthatImamalHasan hadmarriedmanywomenwasfabricatedandveryfarfromthereality.Thiscannotbeexplained exceptthroughshowingthenarrationsandconsideringtheirchainofauthoritiescarefully,which isaconditionforacceptingthenarration.Isaythatthetraditionistshavegreatlydifferedonthe numberofImamalHasanswives.Theyhavesaidthattheyare: 1.Seventy. 2.Ninety. 3.Twohundredandfifty.

4.Threehundred. Numbersotherthanthesehavealsobeennarratedbuttheyareveryirregular.Themost importantthingistheresearchonthechainoftheauthoritiesofthenarrations,foritindicates whetherthenarrationsarecorrectornot.SoIsay: Asforthefirstnarration,ithasbeenreportedbyIbnAbialHaddeedandthelike[1].Henarrated itontheauthorityofAlibinAbdullahalBasri,knownasalMadaini.Thelatterdiedintheyear 225A.H.Heisamongtheweaknarratorsonwhosenarrationsnonedepends.Muslimrefusedto narrateonhisauthorityinhisbookalSaheeh.[2]InhisbookalKamil,IbnAdiyhasregardedhim asweak.Concerninghim,hehassaid:Heisnotstrongintradition.Hehasraretraceable narrations.[3]AlAsmaihassaidtohim:ByAllah,youwillleaveIslambehindyou.[4]He(Alibin AbdullahalMadaini)wasamongthesincerecompanionsofAbuIshaqalMousili.Hemade friendswithhimforhispropertiesandwealth.AhmedbinAbiKhuthaymahasnarrated,saying: Myfather,YahyabinMaeen,andMusabalZubayriusedtositdownatthedoorofMusab.A manpassedbythem.Themanwasridingamuleandwearinggoodclothes.Hegreetedand singledoutYahyawithhis [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8. [2]MizanalItidal,vol.3,p.138.PrintedbyDaarIhyaalKutubalArabiya. [3]LisanalMizan,vol.4,p.252. [4]MizanalItidal,vol.3,p.139. greeting,whosaidtohim:OAbualHasan,whereareyougoing?Themanreplied:Tothehouse ofIshaqalMousili,thegenerousonewhofillsmysleevewithdinarsanddirhams.Whenhewent away,Yahyasaid:Heistrustworthy,trustworthy,trustworthy!SoIaskedmyfather:Whoisthis man?Heanswered:HeisalMadaini.[1]He(alMadaini)narratedtraditionsontheauthority ofAwwanabinalHakam,whodiedintheyear158A.H.,wasafollowerofUthman,andhe fabricatedtraditionsfortheUmayyads.[2]AlMadainilaudedtheUmayyadsandwenttoofarin glorifyingthem.Besides,hewastheretainerofSamrabinHabeebalUmawi.[3]Mostlikely retainersfollowtheirmastersinclinationsandtendencies.AsforalMadaini,hewasimpressed bySamra.SohewasanUmayyadintendencyandamongthosewhodeviatedfromtheProphets household.Afterthis,wedonottrusthisnarrationsandtraditions. Asforthesecondnarration,itwasnarratedbyalShabalanjionly.[4]Hehasnarrateditasan incompletelytransmittedhadith.Therefore,itisnotcorrecttorelyonitbecauseitisan incompletelytransmittedhadith. Asforthethirdandforthnarrations,theywerenarratedbyalMajlsi[5]andIbnShahrashub[6]. EachofthemhasmentionedthathehasquoteditfromthebookQootalQuloobbyAbuTalibal Makki,whodiedintheyear380A.H.Ihavereadthebookandfoundthathehasmentionedit

(thetradition).Thisisthetextofwhathehasmentionedinit:AlHasanbinAli(a.s)married250 women;anditwassaid(thathemarried)threehundredwomen.(Imam)Aliwasboredwiththat andhateditoutofshameoftheirfamilieswhenhedivorcedthem.Hesaid:AlHasandivorces (yourdaughters),sodonotmarry(themtohim).AmanfromHamadansaidtohim:ByAllah,O Commanderofthefaithful,wewillmarryhim(women)whateverhewishes.Hecanclingto whomeverhelovesandcandivorcewhomeverhehates.SoAliwaspleasedwiththatand recited:IfIwasagatekeeperatthegateoftheGarden,Iwouldsayto(thepeopleof)Hamadan: Enteritwithpeace! ThisisoneofthequalitiesinwhichImamalHasanwassimilartoAllahsApostle,peacebeon him.Hewassimilartohiminformandmanner.Allahs [1]LisanalMizan,vol.4,p.253.MujamalUdaba,vol.12,p.126. [2]LisanalMizan,vol.4,p.386. [3]MujamalUdaba,vol.14,p.124.InthebookLisanalMizan,vol.4,p.253,ithasbeen mentioned:He(alMadaini)wastheretainerofAbdalRahmanbinSamra. [4]NooralAbsar,p.111. [5]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.137. [6]AlManaqib,vol.2,p.246. Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtohim:Youaresimilartomeinformand manner.Healsosaid:AlHasanbelongstome,andalHusaynbelongstoAli.PerhapsalHasan marriedfour(women)orperhapshedivorcedfour(women).[1] NonereliesonthebooksofAbuTalibalMekki.Inhisbiographyithasbeenmentionedthatheate somuchrootsofpapyrusthathisskinbecamegreen.Hesufferedfromhysteria.Hewentto Baghdadtopreach(toitsinhabitants).ThepeopleofBaghdadsurroundedhimbuttheycameto knowthattherewasinhisspeechdeliriumanddeviationfromthecriteriaofstraightness;sothey leftandturnedawayfromhim.Amonghisdeliriumandirregularityishisstatement:Thereis nothingmoreharmfultothecreaturesthantheCreator!Hepermittedlisteningtosinging.He invitedAbdalSamadbinAli.Thelattercameintohimandblamedhim.SoAbuTalibsaid: Onight,howmuchenjoymentdoyouhave?Omorning,wouldthatyoudidnotapproach! SoAbdalSamadlefthimwhilehewasdispleasedwithhim.Yetanotherexampleofhis abnormalityisthatwhenhewasabouttodie,acompanionofhiscameintohim.AbuTalibsaid tohiscompanion:Ifmyendisgood,thenscatteralmondsandsugarovermycorpse.His companionaskedhim:Whatisthesignofthat?Hereplied:WhenIheldyourhand.Whenhis deathcame,hestronglytookholdofthehandofhiscompanion.

Accordingly,hiscompanioncarriedthatout.Hescatteredoverhiscorpsealmondsandsugar.[2] Biographershavementionedthathehasmentionedtraditionswithoutchainofauthorities. Accordingtothis,howcanonerelyonhisnarrationsandfollowthem?Asforthosewhonarrated onhisauthority,theyhadnoknowledgeabouthiscondition.AnywaytherecordthatImamal Hasanmarriedmanywomenwastakenfromhim.Ashehadirregularityanddeviation,wecannot dependonwhathementioned.AnyhowwehavenoproofthatImamalHasanmarriedmany womenexceptthesereports.Itisincorrecttodependonsuchnarrationsbecausetheyfacemany suspicionsandcriticisms.ThefollowingpointsindicatethatImamalHasanmarriedmanywomen wasfabricated: [1]QootalQuloob,vol.2,p.246. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.11,p.319.LisanalMizan,vol.5,p.300.AlKunawaalAlqaab,vol. 1,p.106.IbnalJawzi,alMuntazam,vol.7,p.190. 1.Ifthenarrationswerecorrect,thenImamalHasanwouldhavemanychildrensuitabletothe numberofthewomenhehadmarried,whilethegenealogistsandthenarratorshavenot mentionedthattheImamhadmanychildren.TheyhavementionedthatImamalHasanhad twentytwochildrenbothmaleandfemale.ThisnumberdoesnotsuitthatImamalHasanhad marriedmanywomen. 2.Thethingthatclearlyindicatesthatthenarrationsarefabricatedisthedebatesthattookplace betweenImamalHasanandhisopponentsinDamascusandotherthanthat.Hisopponents sparednoeffortandspentalotoftimelookingforathingtodisgracetheImam,thattheymight useitasameanstohaveaudacitytohimandtodefamehim.However,theyhadfoundnowayto that,justaswehavementionedwhenwehaveshownhisdebates.IftheImamhadmarriedmany womenanddivorcedthem,astheysaid,theywouldhavesaidtohim:Youarenotappropriate forthecaliphatebecauseyouarebusymarryingwomen.,theywouldhavespreadthat,useditas ameanstoslanderhim,andfacedhimwithitwhentheymetwithhim.Thattheykeptsilent towarditanddidnotmentionitindicatesthatthenarrationsareuntrueandincorrect. 3.AmongthethingsconfirmingthatthenarrationsareincorrectisthatAbuJafar,died245A.H., hasmentionedinhisbookalMihbarthatImamalHasanhadthreesonsinlaw.TheyareImamAli binalHusayn(a.s)beingmarriedtoUmmAbdullah,AbdullahbinalZubayr,beingmarriedto UmmalHasan,andAmrbinalMundhir,beingmarriedtoUmmSalama.[1]Hehasnotmentioned anythingmorethanthat.IfImamalHasanhadhadmanywives,thenhewouldhavehadmany sonsinlawsuitabletotheirnumbers.Besides,AbuJafarwasamongthosewhotookcareofsuch researches.ThatisbecausehehasmentionedinhisalMihbarmanyexamplesofraremarriages. HewouldhavementionedthatiftheImamhadhadmanywives.

4.Amongthethingsclearlyindicatingthatthenarrationsareincorrectanduntrueiswhathas beennarratedthatImamAli(a.s)ascendedthepulpitandsaid:Donotmarry(yourdaughtersto) alHasanbecausehedivorces(them).ThishasbeennarratedbyAbuTalibandotherthanhim. OnthePulpit,ImamAli(a.s),prohibitedthepeoplefrommarryingtheirdaughterstoalHasan. Thismeansthateitherhe(a.s)hadprohibitedhissonfromthat,andhedidnotrespondtohim,so thathe(a.s)wasforcedtosaythatopenlyandtoprohibitthepeoplefrommarryingtheir daughterstohim,orheprohibitedhimfromthatforthefirsttimewithoutmakinghissonal Hasan(a.s)knowthathehaddetestedandhatedthat.Bothpossibilitiesareuntrue. [1]AlMihbar,p.57. Asforthefirstpossibility,itisuntrue.ThatisbecauseImamalHasanwasamongtheProphets householdfromwhomAllahhaddrivenuncleannessawayandwasoneofthosethroughwhom theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadchallenged(theChristiansofNajran)toa contestofprayertoAllah.Therefore,itwasimpossibleforhimtoopposehisfatherandto disobeyhiscommand. Asforthesecondpossibility,itisfalsebecauseImamAli(a.s),hadtomakehissonknowthathe haddetestedandhatedthatandhehadnottosaythatopenlyonthepulpitbeforethecrowded people.Theaffairisnotvoidofthathehadharboredhatredagainsthisson,hisguardian,andhis partnerintheverseofalTattheer.Besides,theaffairiseitherlawfullypermissibleornot permissible.Ifitispermissible,thenwhydidImamAli(a.s)prohibithissonfromit?Ifitwasnot permissible,thenwhydidImamalHasancommitit?Ihavenodoubtthatthisspeechisfabricated andthatitwastheopponentsoftheImamwhohadfabricatedit,fortheywantedtodefamehis excellentlineofconduct,whichwassimilartothatofhisgrandfather,AllahsApostle,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,andsimilartothatofhisfatherImamAli(a.s). 5.YetamongthefabricatedproofsforthatImamalHasanmarriedmanywomenisthatwhen deathcametoImamalHasan(a.s)manywomenwentoutwhiletheywerebarefootedand bareheadedbehindhiscoffinandsaying:WeareImamalHasanswives![1]Itisclearandplain thatthisstatementisfabricated.Ithinkthatthereisnojustificationforthatthesewomenwent outinfrontofthepeoplewhiletheywerebarefootedandbareheadedandweresayingthatthey weretheImamswives.Iftheywantedtoshowsadnessandsorrow(atthedeathoftheImam), thentherewouldbenojustificationforthattheyintroducedthemselvesandwalkedamongthe processionfullofmenwhiletheyhadbeencommandedtocoverthemselvesandnottoleave theirhouses.CertainlythisstatementandthelikewerefabricatedbytheUmayyadandAbbasid opponentsofImamalHasantodegradehisvalueandtodecreasehisimportance. AmongthefabricatedreportssimilartotheseonesisthatwhichreportedbyMuhammadbin Sireen,whosaid:ImamalHasanmarriedawomanandsentherasadowryahundredslavegirls

witheachofthemtherewasathousanddirhams.[2]IthinkthatitisimpossiblefortheImamto givethisplentifulamountofmoneyasadowrytooneofhiswives.Thatisbecausethisisakind ofwastefulnessandextravagance.IslamhasprohibitedtheMuslimsfor [1]BiharalAnwar. [2]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.38.AlShaheedalThani,alMasalik. givingsuchakindofdowry.IthasorderedthemtoconfinethemselvestothedowryoftheSunna. Itregardsitasreprehensibletoexceedit.IthasbeennarratedfromtheProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,thathehassaid:Thebestofthewomenofmycommunityistheleastof themindowry.HemarriedhiswivesaccordingtothedowryoftheSunna.ImamAli(a.s), marriedaccordingtoitanddidnotexceedit.ThereasonforthatisthatIslamwantstomakeeasy theaffairofmarriagelestpeopleshouldfinditdifficulttogetmarried.CertainlyImamalHasan (a.s)didnotturnawayfromtheSunnaofhisgrandfathernordidhefollowanywayopposinghis law.Surelythisaccountandthelikeofitfromamongthefabricatedonesclearlyandplainly confirmthatitisfalsethatImamalHasanhadmarriedmanywomen. AnywaythereisnoproofshowingthatImamalHasanmarriedmanywomenexceptthese narrations.Thenarrationsfacemuchcriticism;therefore,theycannotbeusedasaproofto establishthesubjectmatter. AlMansursfabricatedLies ItismostlikelythatAbuJafaralMansurwasthefirsttofabricatethisaffair,andthenthe historianstookitfromhim.ThereasonbehindthatwasthattheHasanids(alHasansprogeny) madearevolt,andtherevoltwasabouttooverthrowhisgovernment,andbecauseofthathe orderedAbdullahbinalHasantobecaptured.ThenheaddressedthepeopleofKhurasanwitha speechinwhichhecursedandabusedImamAli(a.s),andhischildrenandfabricatedthatal Hasanhadmarriedmanywomen.Thisisthetextofhisspeech:ByHimotherthanWhomthereis nogod,weleftthechildrenofthefamilyofAbuTalibwiththecaliphate.Weneverinterferedin theiraffairs.AlibinAbiTalib(a.s)undertookthecaliphatebuthedidnotsucceed.Thenhe appointedtwopersonsasarbitrators,sothecommunitydifferedonhimandtheirunitywas divided.Thenhisfollowers,supporters,andtrustworthycompanionsattackedandkilledhim. Then,afterhim,alHasanbinAliundertook(thecaliphate).ByAllah,hewasnotaman.Properties wereofferedtohimandheacceptedthem.Muawiyaschemedagainsthim(andsaidtohimthat) hewouldappointhimashisheirapparentbuthedeposedhim.He(alHasan)withdrewfromthat whichbelongedtohimandhandeditovertohim(Muawiya).Thenheoccupiedhimselfwith women.Hemarriedawomantodayanddivorcedanothertomorrow.Hewassountilhediedon hisbed.[1]

[1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.3,p.226. AlMansursspeechisfulloffallaciesandlies.Hehasmentioned: 1.ImamAli(a.s)appointedtwopersonsasarbitrators.Thisisapurefabricatedlie.Thatisbecause itwastherebelsfromamongtheImamsarmywhoappointedthetwoarbitrators.Theyinsisted onthatandforcedtheImamtoacceptthem,andhe(a.s)wasforcedtorespondtothem,aswe havepreviouslymentioned. 2.InhisspeechhehasmentionedthatImamAliwasattackedandkilledbyhisfollowers, supporters,andtrustworthycompanions.Throughthathecontradictedthereality.Itwasthe Kharijites(rebels)whokilledhim.Theywereneitherfromhisfollowersnorfromhissupporters. Rathertheywerehisenemiesandopponents. 3.HehasmentionedthatImamalHasan(a.s)hadoccupiedhimselfwithwomen,thathemarried awomantodayanddivorcedanothertomorrow.Thisisveryuntrue.Nonesaidthatexcepthim. Heintentionallyfabricatedtheseliestostrengthenhisruleandhisauthority,todestroyalHasans followers,andtodegradethem.ThatisbecausehehadpledgeallegiancetoMuhammadDhual NafsalZakiyyatwice.Hehadnohopeforthecaliphateandhadnopositionwiththepeople.He waspoorandmiserable.Hewalkedthroughthevillagesandcountrysides.Hepraisedthe Prophetspurefamily,sotheMuslimsgavehimsomethingasalms.Neitherhenorhisfamilyhad renderedaservicetothecommunitysothathewasnotworthyofthisimportantoffice(the caliphate). Amongthefabricatedliesofthistyrant(AbuJafar)againstthegrandsonofAllahsApostle(Imam alHasan)waswhathementionedintheletterhesenttoMuhammadDhualNafsalZakiyya.This isthetextoftheletter:Theruleofyourgrandfather(ImamAli)reachedalHasanbuthesolditto Muawiyaforsomeragsanddirhams.ThenhejoinedalHijaz.Hehandedoverhisfollowersto Muawiya,handedoverthecaliphatetothosewhowerenotworthyofit,andtookmoney unlawfully.Ifyouhadhadsomethingastoit(thecaliphate),thenyouhadsolditandtakenits value.[1] AlMansurintentionallyspreadthesefabricatedliesandfallaciesthathemightjustifyhisusurping thecaliphate.Itisworthmentioningthatheunjustlytookthecaliphate,foritwastheAlawids whorevoltedagainsttheUmayyadsandoverthrewtheirgovernmenttoregaintheirusurped right. AsfortheAbbasids,theydidnottakeanypartintherevolt. [1]SubhalAsha,vol.1,p.233.JamharatRasailalArab,vol.3,p.92. LamenssLies

LamensoftenchallengedthedignityofIslam.Heascribedaccusationstoit,anddefameditsmen andprotectors.Inthereasonsforthepeacemakingwehavementionedsomeofhisfabricatedlies againstImamalHasan.InhisresearcheshehaswrittenabouttheImamswives.Thisisthetextof whathehaswritten:Whenhe(ImamalHasan)exceededyouth,hespentthebestofhisyouth marryinganddivorcing.Itwascountedthathehadmarriedaboutahundredwomen.These abandonedmannerswerefastenedonhimandthrewAliintoviolentdisputes.AlsoalHasan provedthathewaswastefulandextravagant.Hespecifiedforeachofhiswivesahousewith servantsandretinue.InthismannerweseehowhewastedthepropertyduringthedaysofAlis caliphatewhenpovertybecameintense.[1] InhisspeechImamalHasanmarriedanddivorcedtoomuch,Lamenshasdependedonthe writingsofalMadainiandthelikeofhimfromamongthosewhofollowedtherulingauthority,so theywroteforrulersandnotforhistory.TheorientalistswhoschemedagainstIslamintheir researchestooktheirinformationfromthosehistorianswhosupportedtheunjustgovernments thatopposedtheProphetsHouseholdandsparednoefforttodefametheirrealityanddegrade theirdignity.AsforLamens,hehasexceededthem.Hehassaidfabricatedlieswhichnonehas eversaidexcepthim.Hehassaid: 1.He(ImamalHasan)threwhisfatherintoviolentdisputesbecausehemarriedanddivorcedtoo much.HowevernoneofthosewhowroteImamalHasansbiographyhasmentionedthese disputesLamenshasclaimed. 2.HehasmentionedthatImamalHasanspecifiedforeachofhiswivesahousewithservantsand retinue.Certainlyallthehistorianshavenotnarratedthat.Therefore,thisisaflagrantlieanda pureslander. SurelythishasbeenspreadbytheChristianmissionarycommitteesthathavewarredagainst Islamandtransgressedagainstit.Theyhaveprovokedsuchmercenariesandinvolvedthemto damageIslam,defameitsreality,anddegradethevalueofitsmenanditsgreatfigureswhohave lightenedthewayformankindandhoistedtheflagofcivilizationintheworld. WiththiswewillendourspeechabouttheImamsmanywivestogetherwiththecriticismsand doubtsaboutthem.Thenwehavetomentionthenamesofhiswivesthehistorianshave mentionedalongwithexplainingwhatwehavementionedastotheirbiographies.Thatisas follows: [1]DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.400. 1.KhawlaalFazariyya

KhawlaalFazariyya,daughterofManzur,wasamongthegreatladiesinherabundantreasonand herperfection.ImamalHasanmarriedher.Onthenightwhenhemarriedherhespentthenight withheronthehousetop.Shetiedonepartofherveiltohislegandtiedtheotherparttoher anklet.Whenhewokeup,hefoundthat.Heaskedheraboutthat,andsheexpressedherloyalty tohimandhertakingcareofhislife,saying:Ifearedthatyouwouldwakeupandfalldown,soI wouldbethemostillomenedonetotheArabs. Whenheunderstoodthatfromher,hestayedwithherforsevendays.[1]Shestayedwithhimfor ayearwithoutputtingonmakeuporusinganeyelineruntilshebornhimthegreatSayyidal Hasan.Thensheusedcosmetics.Shestayedwithhimuntilhe(a.s)passedaway.Sheshowed strongsadnessathisdeath,soherfatherconsoledher,saying: YesterdayIwasinformedthatKhawlabecameimpatientwiththatthemisfortunesofthetime wouldbefallher.Donotbeimpatient,OKhawla,andbepatient.Surelythegeneroushavebeen builtonpatience.[2] ZaynabalAmiliyya,daughterofAli,hassaidinthebiographyofKhawla:Whenshe(Khawla) cameofage,someQurayshigreatfiguresandnotablesproposedtoher,butherfatherrefusedto respondtothembecausetheywerenotequaltoher.ThenhedivorcedhermotherMakkiya, daughterofKharija.TalhabinAbdullahmarriedherafterhim.HissonMuhammadmarried Khawla,andshebornhimIbrahim,Dawud,andUmmalQasim.WhenherhusbandMuhammad waskilledintheBattleoftheCamel,somemenproposedtoher,butsheentrustedheraffairto alHasan,peacebeonhim.Sohemarriedher.WhentheImamwenttoYathrib,hetookherwith him.Herfatherheardofthat.SohecametotheMosqueofAllahsApostle.Therewasabannerin hishand.HeplantedthebannerintheMosque,andallthepeoplefromthetribeofQaysjoined him.HecalledouttohispeopleandaskedthemforhelptotakehisdaughterfromtheImam. WhenImamalHasanheardofthat,hedivorcedher.Herfathertookherandwentaway.Khawla beggedhimtoreturnhertoImamalHasan,condemnedhimforhisaction,andmentionedtohim theImamsexcellence.Herepentedofhisactionandsaidtoher:Stayhere!Iftheman(alHasan) wasinneedofyou,hewouldfollowyou.ImamalHasan,hisbrotheralHusayn,andAbdullahbin Abbasfollowedhim.Whentheyreachedhim,hewelcomedandhonoredthem,andthenhe returnedherto [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.216. [2]AlZajjajj,alAmali,p.7. theImam.ThensheremainedwithImamalHasanuntilshebecameold.WhentheImamdied, shedidnotgetmarried.ItwassaidthatshemarriedAbdullahbinalZubayr.AlNawar,al Farazdaqswife,cameintoherandaskedhertointercedeforherwithherhusband.Khawla

respondedtoherandspoketoAbdullah,andherespondedtoher. Ithinkthatthisstoryisakindofimaginationandhasnoportionofthereality,becauseitisnot appropriatefortheImamsdignitythathemarriedherwithoutconsultingherfather.Itwas impossiblefortheImamtomarryherwithoutaskingherfatherforherhandandaskingforhis opinion.Therefore,itisimpossiblethatherfatherhadnoknowledgeofthemurderofherfirst husbandduringthatlongperiodoftimeuntiltheImammarriedher.Itisalsoimpossiblethathe wenttoYathribandaskedhispeopletohelphimtakehisdaughterfromtheImam,whilehe intendedtoberelatedbymarriagetothenobleandthegreat.Herefusedsomeofthenoblewho proposedtohisdaughterbecausetheywerenotequaltoher,sowhywashenotsatisfiedat beingrelatedbymarriagetoImamalHasan,whowasthemostbrilliantpersonalityintheIslamic world?Ihavenodoubtthatthisstorywasfabricatedandwasuntrue. 2.Jadah,daughterofalAshath Thehistorianshavedifferedoverhername.ItwassaidthathernamewasSukayna,andwassaid Shatha,andwassaidAisha.ThecorrectnameisJadah,asmostofhistorianshave mentioned.[1]AsforthereasonthatImamalHasanmarriedher,itwasthatImamAli(a.s),asked SaeedbinQaysalHamadaniforhisdaughtershand(UmmUran)andwantedtomarryhertohis sonalHasan.Saeedsaidtohim:OCommanderofthefaithful,givemeatimethatImayconsult (hermother).Thenhelefthim.AlAshathmetSaeedandaskedhimabouthiscoming,andhe toldhimabouttheaffair.Thishypocrite(Ashath)triedtodeceivehimsaying:Howwillyou marry(yourdaughter)toalHasanwhilehewillpridehimselfonher,willnottreatherwithjustice andwillwrongher?Hewillsaytoher:IamthegrandsonofAllahsApostleandsonofthe Commanderofthefaithful(ImamAli),whileshedoesnothavesuchexcellence.Whydoyounot marryhertohercousin?Shebelongstohim,andhebelongstoher. Whoishe?askedSaeed?MuhammadbinalAshath,repliedalAshath.Sothisstupid (Saeed)wasdeceivedbyalAshathsstatementandsaid:Iaccepttomarrymydaughtertohim. [1]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.33.Othersourceshavementionedthat. ThenalAshathquicklywenttoImamAli(a.s),andaskedhim:HaveyouproposedtoSaeeds daughter(tomarryherto)alHasan?Yes.Doyouwant(anotherwoman)morehonorablethan herinhouse,noblerthanherinlineage,morebeautifulthanher,andgreaterthanherin property?Whoisshe?Jadah,daughterofalAshthbinQays.Wehavenegotiatedwithaman. (HemeantSaeedalHamadani).Thereisnowaytothemanwithwhomyouhavenegotiated. HehadleftmetoconsulthermotherHehadmarriedhertoMuhammadbinalAshath.When? BeforeIcametoyou. Accordingly,ImamAli(a.s),agreedonthat.WhenSaeedcametoknowthatalAshathhad

seducedanddeceivedhim,hequicklywenttohimandsaid:Ooneeyed,youhavedeceivedme! Youareoneeyedandwicked!Youwantedtoconsult(yourwife)astothegrandsonofAllahs Apostle,areyounotfoolish?ThenalAshathcamequicklytoImamalHasanandsaidtohim:O AbuMuhammad,doyounotwanttovisityourwife?Hewasquickincarryingouttheaffairlest heshouldmissit.ThenhespreadcarpetsfromthedoorofhishousetotheImamshouse,and thenhecarriedhomehisdaughterinprocession.[1] 3.AishaalKhathamiyya FromAmongthewivesofImamalHasanwasAishaalKhathamiyya.Hemarriedherduringthe lifetimeofImamAli(a.s).WhenImamAli(a.s)waskilled,shewenttoImamalHasan.Shegloated overthedeathofhisfather,saying:Icongratulateonthecaliphate!WhenImamalHasancame toknowthatshegloatedoverhisfatherdeath,hesaidtoher:Haveyougloatedoverthemurder ofAli?Goawayforyouaredivorced!Shewrappedherselfwithherclothesuntilherwaiting periodwasover.ThenImamalHasansenther [1]IbnalJawzi,alAdhkiya,p.27. therestofherdowryalongwithtenthousanddinars,thatshemightsatisfyherneedswith.When themoneyreachedher,shesaid:Littleprovisionfromapartinglover![1]Historyhasnot mentionedthatImamalHasanhaddivorcedawomanexcepther,UmmKulthum,andawoman fromtheBanuShayban.SohowdidtheImammarryanddivorcetoomanywomen,assome historianssay?AsfortherestoftheImamswiveswhosebiographieswehavenotfound,theyare asfollows: 4.UmmKulthoom,daughterofalFadhlbinAbbas ImamalHasan(a.s)marriedher,andthenhedivorcedher.AbuMusaalAsharimarriedherafter him.[2] 5.UmmIshaq,daughterofTalhabinAbdullahalTamimi Shebornhimamalebaby,andhenamedthebabyTalha. 6.UmmBasheer,daughterofMasudalAnsari Shebornhimamalebaby,andhenamedthebabyZayd. 7.Hind,daughterofAbdurrahmanbinAbiBakr

8.AwomanfromthedaughtersofAmrbinAhyamalManqari 9.Awomanfrom(thetribeof)Thaqif Shebornhimamalebaby,andhenamedthebabyUmar. 10.AwomanfromZararasdaughters 11.AwomanfromtheBanuShayban,fromthefamilyofHammambinMurra ItwassaidtoImamalHasan(a.s):ShemaintainsthebeliefsoftheKharijites.Sohedivorcedher andsaid:Idislikemarryingawomanwhoisabrandofhell.[3] 12.UmmAbdullah,daughterofalShaleelbinAbdullah,thebrotherofJareeralBajali 13.UmmalQasim Shewasaslavewoman.ItwassaidthathernamewasNufayla,andsaidthatitwasRamla.Thisis thenumberofthewomenImamalHasanhadmarriedwhichistoodifferentfromthatwhich somehistorianshadclaimed.WiththiswewillendourspeechaboutImamalHasanswives.Now, wehavetomentionthenumberofhischildrenbothmaleandfemale.Thehistorianshave differedon [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.216. [2]AlIstiab,vol.3,p.204. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8. thatverymuch.Theyhavenarratedthattherenumberis: 1.Twelve:eightmalesandfourfemales.[1] 2.Fifteen:elevenmalesandfourfemales.[2] 3.Sixteen:elevenmalesandfivefemales.[3] 4.Nineteen:thirteenmalesandsixfemales.[4] 5.Twenty:sixteenmalesandfourfemales.[5] 6.Twentytwo:fourteenmalesandeightfemales.[6] Numbersotherthanthesehavealsobeenmentioned.Thehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedon thatnoneofalHasanschildrenhadchildrenexceptalHasanandZayd.Asforhisprominentsons, theyareasfollows:

1.AlQasim AlQasimwasontopofthechildrenofImamalHasan.Hewasmartyredwithhispaternaluncle ImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs,attheBattleofKarbala.Hewasthenintheprimeof youth.Helookedlikethemooninbeauty,andfreshness.HetookpartintheBattleofKarbala. ThatwaswhenhesawthathisunclealHusayn(a.s)wasalone,thechoiceofhishousehadbeen martyred.ThewomenfolkoftheProphetwerecryingandlamentingloudly.Hecouldnotstand thatsight.SohewenttohisuncleImamalHusayn,kissedhishandshisfeet,andaskedhimto permithimtodefendhim,andtheImampermittedhim.Asforhowhewasmartyred,itisvery sorrowful.Thehistoriansandbiographershavementioneditindetail. [1]AlMufid,alIrshad. [2]AlNafhaalAmbariya. [3]AlAbdali,ZaynabwaalZaynabiyyat.AlMaqrizi,IttiadalHunafafiAkhbaralKhulafa.Al Majjdi.He(alMajdi)hasmentionedtheirnames.ThemalesareZayd,alHasan,alHasanal Athram,Talha,Ismail,Abdullah,Hamza,Yaqub,AbdalRahman,AbuBakr,andUmar.Asforthe females,theyareUmmalKhayr,Ramla,UmmalHasan,UmmSalama,UmmAbdullah.Inthe bookithasbeenmentionedthatthemotherofZayd,UmmalKhayr,andUmmalHasanwasfrom thetribeofalKhazrajj.ThemotherofalHasanwasKhawlaalFazariya,daughterofManzur.His paternalunclealHusaynmarriedhimtohisdaughterFatima.ThemotherofUmarwasaslave wife.ThemotherofalHusaynwasaslavewife.ThemotherofTalhawasfromTaym,from Quraysh.He(alMajjdi)hasmentionedthatAbdalRahman,ImamalHasansson,diedatal Abwawhilehewasinthestateofritualconsecration.Sohispaternaluncleshroudedhim.Hedid notrubhimwithcamphornordidhecoverhisface. [4]AbuNasralBukhari,SiralSilsilaalAlawiya. [5]IbnalJawzi,TadhkiratalKhawas. [6]AlHadaiqalWardiya,p.107. 2.AbuBakr HisnamewasAbdullah.Hismotherwasabondmaid[1]whosenamewasRamla.[2]AttheBattle ofKarbalaAbdullahcameoutagainsttheenemiestoprotectthereligionofAllahandtodefend ImamalHasanandhewasmartyredinthatbattle. 3.Abdullah HewasmartyredwithhisuncleImamalHusaynintheBattleofKarbala.Hewasthentwentyone yearsold.HelookedathisunclewhentheUmayyadtroopssurroundedhim.Soherushed forwardtodefendhim.AbjarbinKaabrushedtowardsalHusayncarryingaswordinhishand. Theyoungladsaidtohim:Woeuponyou,Osonofanimpurewoman!Areyoutryingtokillmy

uncle?Abjarstruckathimwithhissword.Theboytriedtofendofftheblowwithhisarm.The swordcutthroughhisarmtotheskinontheotherside.Thearmwashangingbytheskin.Theboy askedhisuncleforhelp.ImamalHusaynhurriedtohimandembracedhim.[3]Whiletheboywas inhisuncleslap,HarmalabinKahilshotanarrowathimandkilledhim.[4]Inthepastandpresent historyofmankindthereisnoonesimilartothoseyoungladsintheirmanhood,nobility,and heroism. 4.Zayd HismotherwasfromthetribeofalKhazrajj.Hewasnobleinworth,generousincharacter,and greatinpiety.Thepeoplecametohimfromfarandwidetoseekhisfavor.Hewasinchargeof the(proportionof)taxes(sadaqat)giventotheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.However,whenSulaymanbinAbdulMelikcametoauthority,heremovedhimfromthat. WhenhediedandUmarbinAbdalAzizcametoauthority,hereturnedittohim.Muhammad binBashiralKharijipraisedhim: Whenthesonofthechosenonecomesdownthevalleystream,hedrivesawayitsdroughtand makesitssticksgreenwithvegetation.Zaydisthespringofthepeopleineverywinterseason whentheirrainsandthunderhavecome. (Heis)meekbeforethosewhoseekthebloodpricejustasifhewasasunamiddarknessasifits starswerejoinedtohim.[5] [1]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.269. [2]AlHadaiqalWardiya,p.107. [3]AlTabari,Tarikh,vol.6,p.259. [4]AlLuhuf,p.68. [5]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.180. Herode(hishorse)andcametothemarketofalZahar.Hestopped,andthepeoplecrowdedto lookathim.Theyadmiredhismanners.Theysaid:Heissimilartohisgrandfather,Allahs Apostle.[1]Hediedintheyear120A.H.Hewasthenninetyyearsofage.Agroupofpoets composedelegiesforhim,mentioningtheirlossofhimandhisoutstandingmerits. 5.AlHasan AlHasanwasnobleleaderofhighmeritsandpiety.Hewastheguardianofhisfatherandwasin chargeofthecharities(zakatandkhuma)giventohisfather.[2]Hehadbeenpresentwithhis uncle,alHusayn,attheBattleofKarbala.Hefoughtbesidehimuntilhereceivedawoundandfell

downtotheground.WhentheroguesfromamongthepeopleofKufacametothebattlefieldto cutofftheheadsofthemartyrs,theyfoundthatalHasanwasstillalive.AsmabinKharija,who wasanuncleofhis,cameandintercededforhimwiththem,andtheyacceptedhisintercession. HetookalHasanwithhimtoKufaandtreatedhim.AfteralHasanhadgotwell,hewentto Medina.HewasinchargeofthecharitiesofhisgrandfatherImamAli,peacebeonhim.He marriedtheFatima,daughterofhisunclealHusayn.Whenhedied,sheshowedtoomuchsorrow athisdeath.Shepitchedatentathistombandusedtoofferprayersatnightandfastduringthe day.[3]Hediedofpoisonwhenhewasthirtyfiveyearsofage.ItwasalWaleedbinAbdulMelik whogavehimpoisontodrink.[4] WiththiswewillendourtalkaboutImamalHasanschildren.Wehavementionedanoutlineon eachofthem.IaskAllahtograntmesuccesstohavethehonorofwritingaresearchontheir mannersandthereformativerevoltsoftheirgrandsonsagainsttheoppressorsanddictatorsof theUmayyadandAbbasidcaliphs. [1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.10,p.34. [2]AlHadaiqalWardiya,p.107. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.138.TanqeehalMaqal,vol.1,p.272. [4]UmdatalTalib,p.78.
Epilog Muawiyaachievedallwhathedesiredinthislifeandobtainedfromhisworldallwhathewished andwanted.However,hehadanideathatseducedhimthroughoutallhistimesanddeprivedhim ofsleep.Iftheideahadgonewellwithhim,thenallthingswouldhavegonewellwithhim accordingtohisviewpoint.Theideawasthathewantedhischildrenandprogenytoinheritthe caliphateandabsoluterule.Hemadeeveryefforttoachievethat.Sohebroughtnearthosefar, spentalotofmoney,andtraveledtoYathribinspiteofhisoldageandweakness.However,he didnotgetthataslongasImamalHasanwasalive.Hecametoknowthathewouldnotcarryout histaskbutthroughassassinatingtheImamforwhosejustrulealltheMuslimswaited,that justice,good,andwelfaremightspreadalloverthecountry. Muawiyathoughtofthatforalongtimeandthoughtoverameanstoachievehiswish.Atlasthis statementhehadgivenasanexampleforassassinationandtreachery,SurelyAllahhassoldiers ofhoney,appearedbeforehim.HeusedthatandwassuccessfulinassassinatingSadbinAbi

WaqqasandtheleaderMalikalAshtar.Hismeanswasconfinedtothat.Morethanonetimehe sentadeadlypoisontoImamalHasanwhenhewasinDamascusbuthefailedinassassinating him.SohecorrespondedwiththeEmperoroftheRomeandaskedhimtosendhimalethal poisonquickineffect,buttheEmperorrefusedtorespondtohimsaying: Surelyitisnotcorrectinourreligiontohelpsomeonetokillonewhodoesnotfightagainstus. TheEmperorofRomerefusedtodothatbecausehisreligiondidnotpermithimtokillan innocentman,butMuawiyaregardedthataslawfulanditexpressedhisunbelief.Soheagain correspondedwithhimandtoldhimthatsuchanactionwaslawful,saying:Surelythisman(al Hasan)wasthe(grand)sonoftheOnewhowentout(inrevolt)inthelandofTuhama(Allahs Apostle).Hehasgone(inrevolt)toseektheruleofhisfather.Iwantthepoisonforhim.So relievethepeopleandthecountryofhim.Muawiyaregardedaslawfultheassassinationofthe Imambecausehewasthe(grand)sonofAllahsApostle(a.s)whodestroyedtheidolsofthe peoplewholivedbeforeIslamandputanendtopolytheism.Accordingly,theEmperorofRome wassatisfiedwiththatandsenthimadeadlypoison.[1]WhenthepoisonreachedMuawiya,he thoughtofawaytosendittoImamalHasan.HethoughtoftheImamsrelativesandtheir relativesbuthecouldfindnonetohelphim [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.173. committhiscrime.ThenhethoughtoftheImamswivesandconcludedthatJadah,daughterof alAshath,wouldmeethisrequest,forherfatherhadforcedImamAli(a.s),toacceptthe arbitrationandspoiledhisarmy.MuawiyawassurethatalAshathsdaughterwouldhelphim achievehisobjectiveandgethiswish.Atlasthesentherthepoisonwiththesinfulone,Marwan binalHakam.HecommandedMarwantomakeJadahdesireformarryingYazidandtogivehera hundredthousanddirhams.[1]Itwasappropriateforthissinfulwomantorespondtotherequest ofMuawiya.Jadahbelongedtoabadfamilywithablackhistoryandwasdisposedbynaturefor respondingtoallmaterialmotives.Concerningher,ImamalSadiq(a.s)hassaid:Surelyal AshathtookpartinsheddingthebloodofImamAli.HisdaughterJadahpoisonedalHasan.And hissontookpartinsheddingthebloodofalHusayn.[2]Besides,Jadahsufferedfromcomplexes becauseshehadnochildfromtheImamandwastreatedordinarilyinherhouse. MarwancarriedthepoisontoJadah.Hegaveherthemoneyandmadeherdesireformarrying Yazidifsherespondedtohisrequest.Satanwhisperedeviltoher,soshebecamehappywiththe moneyandmarryingwithYazid.Sosheacceptedtocommitthecrime.Shetookthepoisonfrom Marwan.ImamalHasanwasfastingduringaveryhottime.Sheservedhisfoodandputthe poisonintotheyogurt.TheImamtookamouthfulofit.Whenthepoisonreachedhisbowels,it destroyedthem.WhenImamalHasanfeltbitterpain,he(a.s)said:ToAllahwebelongandto Himisourreturn!PraisebelongstoAllahformeetingMuhammad,themasteroftheApostles,my father,themasteroftheguardians,mymother,theprincipalofthewomenoftheworld,my uncle,JafaralTayyar,andHamza,themasterofmartyrs.

ThenheturnedtoJadahandsaidtoher:OenemyofAllah,youhavekilledme!MayAllahkill you!ByAllah,youwillnotgetasuccessorafterme.He(Muawiya)hasdeceivedandmockedat you.MayAllahdisgraceyouandhim![3] CertainlyAllahdisgracedher,forshehasbeencitedasanexampleofevil,disgrace,sin,and treason.ShebroughtshameonherprogenyandchildrenfromotherthantheImam.Whenan argumentoccurredbetweenthemandthe [1]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.353.ItwassaidthatMoawiyasenthertenthousand dinarsandgavehercountryestatesofthelandofKufa.Thishasbeenmentionedinthebook TuhafalUqool,p.391. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.78. [3]TuhafalUqool,p.391. clansofQuraysh,theywouldrevilethem,saying:Sonsofawomenwhopoisonsher husbands.[1]Muawiyabrokehispromisetowardher.HedidnotmarryhertoYazid.Hemocked atherwhensheaskedhimforthat,saying:SurelywelikethelifeofYazid.Wereitnotforthat, wewouldfulfillourpromisetowardyouthroughmarryingyoutohim.[2] MosthistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatImamalHasandiedofpoison,andthatitwas Muawiyawhohad(orderedto)putpoisonintohisfoodandkilledhim.[3]Otherhistorianshave maintainedthatitwasYazidwhopoisonedImamalHasan.[4]Ifweacknowledgedthat,thenhe didthataccordingtohisfatherscommand,fornonebelievesthathecommittedsucha dangerousincidentwithoutconsultinghisfatherandgettinghisapproval.Itisverystrangethat IbnKhaldunhastriedtojustifythisactionofMuawiyaandtodeclarethathewasinnocentofthis crime.Hehassaid:WhatisnarratedthatMuawiyahadpoisonedImamalHasanthroughthe handofhiswife,Jadah,daughterofalAshath,isfromthetraditionsoftheShia.Faritbefrom Muawiya.[5] IbnKhaldunhassaidthatoutoffanaticism.Thishistorianhadbeeninflictedwiththisdisease.He haswrittentheseresearchesfornothing,buttosatisfy [1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.76. [2]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.303. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.17,p.4.TarikhalDuwalalIslamiya,vol.1,p.53. TadhkiratalKhawas,p.222.AlIstiab,vol.1,p.374.AlNasaaihalKafiya,p.62.AbualFida, Tarikh,vol.1,p.194.AllthesebooksbelongtotheSunniMuslims.Theyhaveascribedthemurder oftheImamtoMoawiya.Theyindicatethecorruptionoftheopinionsofsomehistorianswho havemaintainedthatitisonlytheShiiteswhohavenarratedthatMoawiyapoisonedImamal

Hasan.TheyalsoshowthecorruptionoftheviewpointofDr.PhilipHatti,whohasmentionedin hisbookalArab,p.79,saying:AndasfortheShia,theyascribehis(alHasans)murderto Moawiya.TheyregardalHasanasamartyr;ratherthemasterofmartyrs.Dr.PhilipHattiquoted hisspeechfromIbnKhaldunanddidnotfollowtherestofthesources,thathemightunderstand thesubjectmatteringeneral.Thisisaproofofthattheorientalistslackscientificresearchanddo notrelyonlogicandevidenceastotheirresearches. [4]AbualFida,Tarikh,vol.1,p.193.NooralAbbsar,p.112.IbnalWardi,Tarikh,vol.8,p.43.As forIbnKatheer,hethinksitisnotcorrectthatYazidhaddonethatapartfromMoawiya.Hehas notexplainedtheprooffortheincorrectness.Thereisnoreasonforthatexceptreckless fanaticism.Otherwise,whatpreventedYazidfromthatwhileitwashewhokilledImamalHusayn, themasterofyouthoftheGardenandmadeitlawfulforhissoldierstoviolatethesacredthings inMedina,thecapitaloftheApostle,forthreedays.Moreoverhefornicatedhisaunt. [5]IbnKhaldun,Tarikh,vol.2,p.178.InhisbookalTarikhalSiyasi,AbdalMunimhasdepended onIbnKhaldunsstatement.RegardingthemurderoftheImam,hehassaid:Weregarditas unlikelythatMoawiyadidthat. hisfanaticism,sentiment,andinclination.Wewanttoaskhim:WhatwouldpreventMuawiya fromcommittingthiscrimeinorderthathemightmakefirmhisruleandauthorityforwhichhe committeduglyatrocitiesanddangerouscrimes?MuawiyawarredagainstthelegalCaliphImam Ali(a.s),andhissonalHasan.HekilledtheProphetscompanionHijrbinAdiyandhisbelieving companions.HepoisonedMalikalAshtarandSadbinAbiWaqqas.HeaddedtohimselfZiyadbin Abeeh,andotherthanthatfromamonghiscrimesthatnonecancount.Accordingly,whatwould preventMuawiyafromassassinatingandpoisoningImamalHasanwhilehehadcometoknow thattherulewouldnotgowellwithhimexceptthroughthat? StrangeSayings ThereisnoharminmentioningsomestrangestatementsthataresimilartothoseofIbnKhaldun inthattheyareincorrectandfarfromreality.Theyareasfollows: 1.HisDeathofTuberculosis TheorientalistRewaitM.RonaldsonhasmentionedthatImamalHasan(a.s)diedoftuberculosis whenhewasfortyfiveyearsofage.[1]Thisstatementisverystrange.Noneofthehistorianshave mentionedthat,fortheyhaveunanimouslyagreedonthattheImamdiedofpoison,andthathe didnotsuffertuberculosis.Thisorientalisthaswrittenallhisresearchesinthismannervoidof examinationandbasedonslanderandlying.

2.HisDeathofapoisonedStick ProfessorHusaynWaizhasmentioned:ImamalHusaynleftMedinaforMousil,inIraq,toseeka cure,forhefeltthathishealthwasbadaftertheincidentsofpoison.However,apoor,blind personcametohimandaskedhimtogivehimsomethingasalms.He(theImam)wassittingon theground.TheblindpersonputhisstickonalHasansfootandpresseditagainstthefoot.His stickwaspoisoned.Howeverhe(alHasan)wastreatedbyphysiciansandhegotwell.[2] Thisstatementisveryfarfromcorrectness,fornohistorianhasmentionedwhatthismansaid.It isapureslanderandhasnoportionofcorrectness. [1]AqidatalShia,p.90.AstatementwiththesamemeaninghasbeenmentionedbyLamensin DairatalMaarifalIslamiya,vol.7,p.400. [2]RoudatalShuhada,p.107. 3.HewaspoisonedwhilecircumambulatingtheKaaba ThefamoushistorianAhmedbinSahlalBalakhi,betterknownasalMaqdisi,hasmentioned: WhileImamalHasanwascircumambulatingtheKaaba,apersonstabbedhimintheupperpart ofhisfootwithapoisonedspearhead.Hediedbecauseofthat.[1] Thisstatementisverystrange,foronlythishistorianhasmentionedit.Perhapshewantedto deemMuawiyaasfarabovethatandtosaythathewasnotresponsibleforthiscrime.Ithink thatnohistorianhasmaintainedthat. 4.HediedanaturalDeath Dr.HasanIbrahimhasmentionedthatsomehistorianshavemaintainedthatImamalHasandied anaturaldeathfortydaysafterhehadleftIraqforYathrib.[2]Thisstatementisapparently corrupt,for(firstly)ImamalHasandidnotdieanaturaldeath,and(secondly)hestayedinYathrib forsomeyearsbeforehisdeath,asthehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedon. Now,wehavetoreturntodetailthecircumstanceoftheImam.Whenthepoisonreachedhis bowels,hesuffereddeadlypain.Hestayedinthebedofsicknessforfortydays[3],anditwassaid fortwomonths.[4]Theactivityofthepoisoninhisbodyincreaseddaybydayuntilhisholyheart, whichhadloveandaffectiontowardallpeople,meltedoutofpain.HisbrotheralHusayncameto visithim.Hesawhimpaleandwearingaheadcloth.Hecametoknowthatthepoisonhadcuthis bowelsintopieces.Themisfortuneterrifiedhim,soheturnedtohimandasked: Whogaveyouthepoisontodrink?

Whatdoyouwantforhim?Iwanttokillhim!Ifhemayremainasheis,thenAllahwillavenge onhimmoreterriblythanyouwill.Ifhemaynotremainasheis,thenIwouldliketobefreeof anyblame.[5] [1]AlBidwaalTarikh(ParisEdition),vol.6,p.5. [2]TarikhalIslamalSiyasi,vol.1,p.398.Astatementsimilartothathasbeenmentionedby MuhammedAsadTalasinhisbookTarikhalUmmaalArabiya,vol.9,p.16.Hehassaid:Al HasanleftforMedinaafterthepeacemaking.Hedidnotremain(alive)formorethantwo months. [3]AlBustani,DairatalMaarif,vol.7,p.38.IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.4. [4]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.53.Itwassaidthatheremained(alive)twodaysafter hehadbeengiventhepoisontodrink.ThishasbeenmentionedinthebookTuhafalUqool,p. 391. [5]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.374. ImamalHasan(a.s)avoidedsheddingblood.Hedidnotwantbloodtobeshedforhimevena drop.Aphysicianwasbroughttohim.Thephysiciancarefullyexaminedhim,buthehadnohope ofhisrecovery,soheturnedtohisfamilyandsaidtothem:Surelythepoisonhascuthisbowels intopieces![1]JunadabinAbiUmayya,agreatcompanionoftheProphet,cameintoImamal Hasantovisithim.HesaidtotheImam:Preachtome,OsonofAllahsApostle. TheImam(a.s)respondedtohisrequestthoughhewasinacriticalcondition.Hegavehimthese goldenwordswhichweremoreexpensivethanjewelsandinwhichhehadshownthesecretsof hisImamate,saying:OJunada,getreadyforyourjourney(toAllah)andgetyourprovisions beforeyourdeathcomes.Knowthatyouseekthelifeinthisworldwhiledeathseeksyou.Donot carrytheconcernofyourdaythathasnotcomeonyourdaywhenyouare.Youshouldknowthat youwillnotacquireanythingbeyondyourownsustenance,saveasonewholooksafterthingson behalfofothers.Youshouldknowthatyouwillbecalledtoaccountaccordingtothelawfulinthe world,punishedfortheforbiddenwherein,andadmonishedforthesuspicionsTakefromitthat whichsufficesyou.Ifitwaslicit,thenyouwouldrenounceit. Ifitwasforbidden,thentherewouldbenosininitIftherewillbeapunishment,thenthe punishmentwillbeeasy.Actforyourpresentlifeasifthatyouwillliveforever,andactforyour nextlifeasifyouwilldietomorrow.Ifyouwantglorywithoutaclanandrespectwithoutan authority,thencomeoutoftheabasementofdisobedienceintothegloryofobediencetoAllah, theGreatandAlmighty.Ifaneeddisputeswithyouovermakingfriendswithmen,thenmake friendswithonewhoadornsyouwhenyoumakefriendswithhim.Hekeepsyouwhenyoutake fromhim,helpsyouwhenyouaskhimforhelp,believesyouwhenyousay,andstrengthensyour assaultwhenyouassault.Hestretchesouthishand(toyou)whenyoustretchesyourhand(to

him)todo(him)afavor,uncoversyourdefects,countsthegooddeedwhenheseesitfromyou, andgivesyouwhenyouaskhim.Hestartsspeakingwithyouwhenyoukeepsilent,andhelpsyou whenamisfortunebefallsyou.Calamitiesdonotcometoyoufromhim.Waysfromhimarenot differenttoyou.Hedoesnotdesertyouduringthefacts,andprefersyou(tohimself)whenyou disputewitheachotheroveranapportionedthing.[2] [1]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.43. [2]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.85. ImamalHasan(a.s)suppliedJunadawiththesebeneficialcommandmentscontainingimmortal lessons,valuable,wisesayings,andcorrectopinionshehadtakenfromhisgrandfatherthe Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andfromhisfatherImamAli(a.s).Heguidedhimto thebestoftheprogramsthatguaranteedhissuccessinthisworldandthenextworld.Umayrbin IshaqvisitedImamalHasan.TheImam(a.s)saidtohim:OUmayr,askmebeforeyouwillbe unabletoaskme!Umayrfounditdifficulttoquestionhimduringthatcriticalcondition.Hesaid tohim:No,byAllah,IwillnotquestionyouuntilAllahmakesyouwell![1] ThenImamalHasanturnedtothemembersofhisfamilyandtoldthemabouttheseverepain fromwhichhesuffered,saying:IhavebeengivenpoisonseveraltimesbutIhaveneverbeen givenpoisonlikethis.Abitofmyliver[2]hascomeoutofmymouthandIbegantoturnitover withastickIhad.[3] [1]SafwatalSafwa,vol.1,p.320.AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.42. [2]Thenarration,ifitwascorrect,hasmentionedthatthepoisonhadaneffectontheliverofthe Imam,peacebeonhim,totheextentthathespewedabitofit.Modernmedicinehas demonstratedthatpoisondoesnotmakeonespewhisliver;rather,itgivesrisetoaninfectionin thestomachanddisordersintheintestines.Thatiswhenthepoisonisstrong.Ifthepoisonisnot strong,itgivesrisetoalowbloodpressureandaninfectioninthenerves.Insomerareconditions itbringsaboutaninflammationintheliverandsomeothersymptomsmentionedbythose specialistsinlegalmedicine.Manmayimaginethatthisspeechcontradictswhathasbeen mentionedinthenarration.Thatisrefusedbecausealkabad(theliver),intheArabicusage,isa namegiventothespecialorganintherightsideandwhichsecretesthebile.Thewordalkabadis alsoappliedtothewholeofthebelly.IthasbeenmentionedinthebooksalQamoos,vol.1,p. 332,andTajjalAroos,vol.2,p.481:Perhapsthewholeofthebellyisnamedalkabad.Ibn SayyidahasnarratedthatKirahasmentionedthewordalkabadinthebookalMunjidand recited:Whenayouthfromamongthemwills,hestretchesouthishandtoasmoothkabad (belly)orabreast. He(IbnSayyida)hassaid:Alkabadisfigurativelyusedasanameofaljanb(thewaistorside).

Thetradition,heputhishandonhiskabad,meansthatheputhishandonhissideorwaistfrom theoutside.Thetraceabletradition:Theearththrowsoutthepiecesofitskabad,meansthatit throwsoutthehiddenthingsinitsuchastreasuresandminerals.HeretheProphethas figurativelyusedthewordalkabad.ThishasalsobeenmentionedinthebookLisanalArab,vol. 4,p.378.Accordingtothat,themeaningofthenarrationisthatImamalHasanspewedfromhis stomachsomecoagulatedbloodsimilartotheliver.Ithinkthatthroughthis(explanation)it seemsthatthereisnocontradictionbetweenthenarrationandwhatthedoctorshave mentioned,andAllahisKnowing. [3]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.17. Hisbrother(ImamalHusayn),visitedhim.Whenhesawhimsufferingfromthepainofthe poison,hewept.SoalHasanlookedathimandasked:Whathasmadeyouweep,OAbu Abdullah? Iamweepingforthatwhichhasbeendonetoyou!ImamalHasanhadcometoknowofthat whichhisbrotherwouldfaceafterhim.Sohisstatewaseasytohim.Heweptandsaidtohimwith shaking,sadtones:Ihavebeengivenpoisontodrink.Iwillbekilledwithit.However,thereisno daylikeyourday,OAbuAbdullah.Thirtythousandpeoplewillapproachyou.Theywillclaimthat theybelongtothecommunityofourgrandfatherMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, andfollowthereligionofIslam.Theywillgathertogethertokillyou,shedyourblood,violateyour sacredness,takeyourprogenyandyourwomenfolkasprisonersofwar,andplunderyou.[1] SurelyallthatwhichthepurefamilymetafterthedeathoftheProphet(a.s)ofsorrowsand misfortuneswasnotsimilartothedisasterofAbuAbdullahalHusayn(a.s).Therewasnodaylike hisday,foronthatday(thedayofAashura),Islamwasabased,thedignityoftheMuslimsandthe sacrednessoftheProphetwereviolated,whileitwasincumbentonpeopletotakecareofhis sacrednessandtobekindtohishousehold.ImamalHasansufferedfromaseverepainandno longercouldbearit.Oneofthosewhovisitedhimsaidtohim:OsonofAllahsApostle,whyhave youbecomeimpatient?IsyourgrandfathernotAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,yourfathernotAli,andyourmothernotFatima?Areyounotthemasteroftheyouthsof theGarden? TheImamansweredhimwithaweakvoice:Iamweepingoutoftwothings;theterrible beginningafterdeathandtheseparationfromthedearones![2] HiswilltoalHusayn Whenhispainincreasedandhisconditionbecamemorecritical,heknewthathewasclosetothe hereafterandfarfromthisworld.Sohesummonedhisbrother(ImamalHusayn),madehiswillto

himandentrustedhimwithhiscovenant.TheShiahavementionedhiswillinamannerdifferent fromwhattheSunnishavenarrated.AsforthetextofwhattheShiahavenarrated,itisas follows:ThisiswhatalHasanbinAlihasbequeathedtohisbrotheralHusayn.Hehasadvised himtobearwitnessthatthereisnogodbutAllahthat [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.123. [2]AlSaduq,alAmali,p.133. Heisuniqueandwithoutpartners,andthatheshouldworshipHimwithatrueworship.Hehasno partnerinthekingdomandnohelpertosaveHimHecreatedeverything,thenordainedforita measure.Heisthebestofthosewhoareworshipedandworthiestofthosewhoarepraised. WhoeverobeysHimisontherightway,whoeverdisobeysHimgoesastray,andwhoeverturnsto Himinrepentanceisrightlyguided.Ihavegivenmywilltoyou,OHusayn,astothosewhomI haveleftbehindfromamongmyfamily,mychildren,andyourhousehold.Pardontheirwrong doer,andacceptfromtheirgooddoer,thatyoumaybeasuccessorandfatherforthem,andthat youmayburymewithAllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,forIamtheworthiest ofhimandhishousehold.Iftheypreventedyou(fromdoingit),thenIadjureyoubeforeAllah,by therelationshipthroughwhichAllahhasmademeclosetoyou,andtheclosekinshiptoAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thatyoushouldnotshedevenadropofbloodin carryingoutmycommanduntilyoumeetAllahsApostle.Thenyouwillbringsuitagainstthem (beforehim)andtellhimabouttheaffairofthepeopletowardus.[1] AsforthetextofwhattheSunnishavenarrated,itisasfollows:Omybrother,whenAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,passedaway,yourfatherlookeduptothisruleand hopedthathewouldbeitsleader.ButAllahturneditawayfromhimtoAbuBakr.Whendeath wasclosetoAbuBakr,healsoyearnedforit,butitwasturnedawayfromhimtoUmar.When Umarwasneartodeath,hemadeitconsultationamongsixpersonsamongwhomhewas.He hadnodoubtthathewouldnotmissit,butitwasturnedawayfromhimtoUthman.When Uthmandied,thepledgeofallegiancewasgiventohim.Thenthepeopledisputedwithhimto theextentthathedrewtheswordandsoughtit(thecaliphate),butnothingofitwentwellwith him.ByAllah,Idonotthinkthattheprophethoodandthecaliphategathertogetheramongus, thehousehold.IhavecometoknowthatthefoolishfromamongthepeopleofKufawillmake lightofyouandmakeyourise.IhaveaskedAishatopermitmetobeburiedinherhousewith AllahsApostle,peacebeonhim.Shehassaid:Yes.Idonotknow,perhapsthatshesaidthatout ofshyness.WhenIdie,thenaskherforthat.Ifsheagrees,thenburymeinherhouse.Idonot thinkbutthatthepeoplewillpreventyouifyouwantthat.Iftheydo,thendonotaskthemfor thatandburymeinthe(cemetery)ofBaqeealGharqad,forIhaveinthoseburiedinitan excellentexemplar.[2] [1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.79.AlSaduq,alAmali.AlSayyidalMurtada,UyunalMujizat.Mirat

alUqool,vol.1,p.226. [2]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.375.TarikhalKhamees,vol.2,p.227. ThesewillhavecontaineddisgracetothedignityofImamAli(a.s),anddisparagingagainsthim. ThisspeechneversuitsthemannersofImamalHasan.Inhistorytherearemanyinsignificant examplessimilartothisone,buttheyarecleartotheintelligent. HiswilltoMuhammad DeathapproachedImamalHasan(a.s)andheknewwellthathewasatthedoorofthehereafter. SoheorderedQanbartosummonhisbrotherMuhammad(binalHanafiyyah).Qanbarquickly wenttoMuhammad.WhenMuhammadsawQanbar,hebecameafraidandaskedhim:Has anythinghappened?But(Ihope)itissomethinggood,repliedQanbarwithaweakvoice, CometoanswerAbuMuhammad(alHasan). Muhammadbecameperplexedandastonished.Hewentoutrunningtotheextentthathewas notabletoputonhissandalsproperly.HecameintoImamalHasan(a.s)whilehisfacewas yellowandhewasshakingwithfear.ImamalHasan(a.s)saidtohim:Sitdown,OAbu Muhammad,fornoonelikeyoushouldnotbeheretohearthespeechbywhichthedeadcome tolifeandthelivingdie.Youmustbevesselsofknowledgeandlampsofguidance,forthelight duringthedayisbrighteratsometimesthanatothers.DoyounotknowthatAllahmadethesons ofIbrahimimams,andmadesomeofthemmoreexcellentthanothers,andhegaveDawudthe Zabur?AndyouknowwithwhatHehasmarkedoutMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.OMuhammadbinAli,Ionlyfearthatyoumaybeenvious,forAllahattributesthisto unbelievers.He,theMostHigh,hassaid:(ManyofthefollowersoftheBookwishthattheycould turnyoubackintounbelieversafteryourfaith,outofenvyfromthemselves,(even)afterthetruth hasbecomemanifesttothem).[1]ButAllahdidnotgiveSatanpoweroveryou.OMuhammadbin Ali,shallIinformyouofwhatIheardfromyourfatherconcerningyou?Yes,Muhammad replied.ImamalHasanwentonsaying: IheardyourfathersayonthedayofBasra(theBattleoftheCamel):Hewhowantstobehave withgoodnesstowardmeinthisworldandthenext,mustbehavewithgoodnesstowardmyson, Muhammad.OMuhammadbinAli,ifyouwantmetoinformyou(aboutyourself)whenyouwere sperminyourfathersloin,Icantellyou.OMuhammadbinAli,didyounotknowthatalHusayn binAliisanImamafterme,afterthepassingawayofmysoulandtheseparationofmysoulfrom mybody,andheisanImambeforeAllahintheBook?ItisaninheritancefromtheProphet(a.s) whichAllahhasaddedtowhatheinheritedfromhisfatherandmother,forAllahknowsthatyou arethechoiceofthe [1]Quran,2,109.

creation,soHehaschosenMuhammadfromamongyou,andMuhammadhadchosenAli,andAli haschosenmeforImamate,andIhavechosenalHusayn.Muhammadshowedobedienceand submissionsaying:YouaremyImam,andyouaremymeanstoMuhammad(theProphet),may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.ByAllah,IwishthatmysoulhaddepartedbeforeIheardthese wordsfromyou.Verily,inmyheadtherearewords(fromawell)whichbucketscannotemptyand which(arelikepoolssoclearthat)blowingwindscannotmakethemcloudy;theyarelikeabook writtenwith(allthe)diacriticalpointsonadecoratedparchment.Iamalwaysabouttobegin speakingthem,butIfindmyselfprecededinitbytheBookthatwassentdown,orwhatthe messengersbrought.Theyarewordsbywhichthetongueofonewhospeaksbecomestiredas wellasthehandofonewhowrites.(Eventhen)itdoesnotreachthestandardofyourexcellence. ThusitisthatAllahrewardsthosewhodogood,andthereisnopowersaveinAllah.Surelyal Husaynisthemostknowledgeableofus,bestofusinclemency,andthenearestofustoAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inkinship.Hewasendowedwithunderstanding beforehewasborn,andhelearnttherevelationbeforehecouldspeak.IfAllahhadknowna goodnessinanyoneofus,hewouldnothavechosenMuhammadfromamongus.Sowhen MuhammadchoseAliasanImam,Alichoseyou(asanImam)afterhim,andyouhavechosenal Husayn(asanImam)afteryou.Wesubmitandaccept(him)whoistheconsent.[1] AlDaynwaryhasmentioned:Inhislasthours,hesentforhisbrotherMuhammad,whowasina countryestateofhis.He(a.s)openedhiseyeswhilehewasunconsciuoswhenMuhammadstood beforehim.FirstheturnedtohisbrotheralHusaynandsaidtohim:Omybrother,Iaskyouto dogoodtoMuhammad,forheisverydear.ThenheturnedtoMuhammadandsaidtohim:O Muhammad,IaskyoutotakecareofalHusayn.Supportandhelphim![2] TowardtheMostHighComrade TheconditionoftheImambecamemorecritical.Hispainbecamemoreintense.Hesufferedfrom theagonyofdeath.Heknewthattherewerejustsomemomentsofhisvaluablelife.Heturnedto themembersofhisfamilyandsaidtothem:TakemeouttotheyardofthehousethatImaylook attheKingdomoftheHeaven. [1]MuhammedbinalHanafiya,p.52. [2]AlAkhbaralTuwal,p.203. Theycarriedhimtotheyardofthehouse.Whenhewasthere,heraisedhisheadtowardsthe heaven,addressedhisLordandbesoughtHim,saying:OAllah,surelyIhavesacrificedmylifein anticipationtoYourreward,foritisthemostlovablelifetome.Ihavebeennotafflictedwith somethinglikeit.OAllah,careformydeathandmercifymylonelinessinthegrave!Thenitcame tohismindthatMuawiyahaddesertedhim,brokenhispromises,andassassinatedhisfather.So hesaid:Hispoisonousdrinkhasacteduponme.ByAllah,hehasnotfulfilledwhathepromised

norishetruthfulinwhathesaid.[1]ThenherecitedsomeversesoftheHolyQuran.He besoughtandsupplicatedAllahuntilhispuresouldepartedtotheGardenoftheAbode.That noblesoul,whichhadnoequalinclemency,generosity,knowledge,mercifulness,affection,and kindnesstoallpeople,rosehightotheMostHighComrade. ImamalHasan,theclementsire,masteroftheyouthsoftheGarden,andtheProphetsdarling passedaway.Theworldbecamedarkbecauseofthisgreatloss,andthehereaftershoneto receive.[2] TheHashimitesandthepeopleofYathribwept,cried,andlamentedforhim.AbuHurayraquickly hurriedtotheMosqueoftheProphet(a.s).Hewasweepingwithastonishmentandshoutingat thetopofhisvoice:ThebelovedoftheProphet(a.s)hasdiedtoday!Weepforhim![3] Hiswordsbroketheheartsandmadesorrowhurtthesouls.ThepeopleofYathribhurriedtothe houseofImamalHasan.Someofthemweresilent,somewerecrying,somewereastonished, andotherswerewailing.TheyshowedgreatsadnessatthedeathofthegreatImam,whowas theirrefuge,shelter,andresortwhenadisasteroramisfortunebefellthem. [1]TadhkiratalKhawas,p.23.IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.226.HulyatalAwliya,vol.2,p.38. SafwatalSafwa,vol.1,p.226. [2]ThehistorianshavedifferedovertheyearwhenImamalHasandied.Itwassaidthathediedin theyear49A.H.ThishasbeensaidbyIbnalAthirandIbnHajarinhisTahdhibalTahdhibinIt wassaidthathediedintheyear51A.H.ThishasbeensaidbyalKhatibalBaghdadiinhisal TarikhandIbnQutaybainhisalImamawaalSiyasa.Otherthanthathasalsobeensaid.The historianshavealsodifferedoverthemonthwhenhedied.ItwassaidthathediedinRabeeal Awwal25.ItwassaidthathediedinSafar28.ItwassaidthathediedonSunday,in(themonth of)alMuharram10,intheyear45,asitisinthebookalMusamarat,p.23.Thefamousnarration withtheShiitesisthathediedontheseventhofSafarwhenceremoniesareheld.InDairatal Maarif,p.23,alSayyidMahdialKazimihasmentionedsomedetailsabouthisdeath. [3]TahdhibalTahdhib,vol.2,p.301.IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.2,p.227. TheImamispreparedforBurial ImamalHusayn(a.s)preparedhisbrotheralHasanforburial.AbdullahbinAbbas,Abdurrahman binJafar,AlibinAbdullahbinAbbas,his(ImamalHusayn)twobrothersMuhammadbinal HanafiyyaandAbualFadhlalAbbashelpedhiminthat.He(ImamalHusayn)washed,shrouded, andrubbedhimwithcamphor.Afterhehadpreparedhimforburial,heorderedhimtobecarried totheMosqueoftheProphet,sothattheprayermightbeperformedoverhim.[1] ProcessionsofEscorting

ManypeopleescortedImamalHasaninamannerthatthecapitaloftheProphet(Medina)had neverwitnessed.TheHashimitessentsomepeopletotheoutskirtsandtheneighboringvillagesto tellthepeoplethereaboutthedeathoftheImam.Thepeoplefromtherecametotakepartin escortingthegreatcorpseoftheImam.[2]ThalababinMalikhasnarratedaboutthegreat numberofthosewhoescortedtheImam,saying:IwitnessedalHasanonthedaywhenhedied andwasburiedin(thecemeteryof)alBaqee.Ifaneedlehadbeenthrown,itwouldnothave fallenbutonamanshead.[3] ThepeoplewhoescortedtheImamweresomanythatthecemeteryofalBaqeedidnotcontain them.ItwasincumbentonthepeopletohurrytoescortthegrandsonoftheirProphetbecause heundertooktheirinterests,helpedtheirweak,anddevotedhimselfforthem. ThePrayerovertheCorpse TheSacredCorpsewascarriedontheheadsfromtheImamshousetotheMosqueofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Prominentandnotablepeopleescortedtheimam. TheholycorpseofImamalHasan(a.s)wasputinthemosque,andImamalHusayn(a.s)ledthe peopleinofferingtheprayeroverhim.TherestoftheProphetscompanionsandthepeopleof variousclassesperformedtheprayerbehindhim.IbnAbialHadeedhasmentioned:Imamal HusaynorderedSaeedbinalAastoperformtheprayeroverImamalHasanspurecorpseand saidtohim:WereforthatitwasSunna,Iwouldnotletyoulead(usinprayer).[4]This statementisimpossiblebecausetherewerebadrelationshipsbetweentheUmayyadsandthe Hashimites.Therefore,howdidImamalHasanlettheirleadersprayover [1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.80. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.8,p.228. [3]AlIsaba,vol.1,p.330. [4]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.18. him?ThecorrectthingisthatnoneoftheUmayyadsattendedthefuneralsofImamalHasan exceptSaeedbinalAas.[1] GreatSedition TheescortingprocessionsheadedfortheHolyShrineoftheProphet,thattheymightletImamal Hasanrenewhiscovenantwithhisgrandfatherandthattheymightburyhimbesidehis grandfather.WhentheUmayyadscametoknowthat,theygatheredtogetherandarmed themselves.SelfishnessandtheenmitytowardtheHashimitesmovedthemtomakean oppositionandariotastoburringImamalHasanalongsidehisgrandfather.Astheyhadcometo

knowthattheirleaderUthmanbinAffanhadbeenburiedinHashKawkab,whichwasthe cemeteryoftheJews,theyrefusedtoletImamalHasantobeburiedbesidehisgrandfather.They regardedthatasshameanddisgraceonthem.Sotheysaidwithonetongue:OLord,battleis betterthanease.ShouldUthmanbeburiedintheoutskirtsofMedinaandalHasanbeburied alongsidetheProphet? MarwanbinalHakamandSaeedbinalAaswenttoAisha.Theyprovokedhertosupportthem. Theyknewwellshewasfullofmalice,jealousy,andenvytowardthesonsofAliandFatima.They saidtoher:Omotherofthebelievers,alHusaynwantstoburyhisbrotheralHasanbesidethe messengerofallah.ByAllah,ifheburiedalHasanbesidehisgrandfather,hewouldremovethe prideofyourfatherandofhiscompanionUmaruntiltheDayofResurrection. ThesewordsmovedAisha,andsheenthusiasticallyrushedtosupportthemasshehadrushed beforetowaragainstImamAli(a.s).Shesupportedthemnotaccordingtoafirmreasonbutout ofherpersonaltendencies.SheaskedMarwan:WhatshallIdo,OMarwan?FollowalHusayn andpreventhimfromburringalHasanalongsidetheProphet! Shequicklyandwithastonishmentarose.Amulewasbroughttoher.Sherodethemuleand movedtowardsthecrowdedescortingprocessions.Shewasshoutingatthetopofhervoice:Do notlethimwhomIdonotlikeentermyhouse!IfalHasanwasburiedinmyhouse,Iwouldcut this(shepointedtoherforelock)![2] [1]TarikhalKhamees,vol.2,p.323. [2]ManyhistorianshavementionedthatAaishaprevented(alHusayn)fromburyingImamal Hasanalongsidehisgrandfather.AmongtheyareIbnAbialHadeed,inhisSharhNahjalBalagha, vol.4,p.18,SibtbinalJawziinhisTadhkiratalKhawas,p. Throughherspeech,AishadidnotknowthatshewouldshedthebloodofMuslimsanddivide theirunity.Withoutdoubtshepaidnoattentiontothat,forshehadshedtheirbloodattheBattle oftheCamelinresponsetohersentimentsfullofmalicetowardImamAli(a.s).Iwonder,firstly, howdidsheownthehousewheretheProphet(a.s)wasburied?Didherfathernotclaimthatthe messengerofAllahsaid:We,theprophets,inheritneithergoldnorsilvernorahousenorareal estate?DidthisnarrationconcernonlyFatima(a.s)whowasdeprivedofherinheritanceand right?Ifitwasgeneral,thenwhydidthemotherofthebelievers(Aisha)notputitintopractice? Ifweacknowledgedthatshehadtherighttoinheritherhouse,thenwhatwastheamountofher shareofit?Thatisbecauseshedeservednothingbutoneninthofoneeighth.Itwassaid(toher): Oneninthofoneeighthbelongstoyouwhileyouhaveownedthewhole. Besides,awifeinheritsnothingoftheground;sheinheritssomeofthebuildingsandtherestof themovableproperties.

Secondly,whydidAishanotlikeImamalHasan,whowastheProphetsmostbelovedsonandthe fruitofhisheart?Itisworthmentioningthathesaidconcerninghim:OAllah,Ilovehimandlove whoeverloveshim!Indeed,throughthat,Aishaturnedawayfromwhatwasnarratedfromthe Prophet(a.s)concerninghisgrandson.[1] Yes,AisharespondedtothedesiresoftheUmayyadsandsetouttotakepartintheirprocession. ShedidnotallowImamalHasan,theProphetsgrandson,tobeburiedbesidehisgrandfather. ShepaidnoattentiontothesacrednessofthepurefamilyoftheProphetwhoseloveAllahhas madeobligatoryinHisHolyBook.However,webelongtoAllahandtoHimisourreturn!
AishapermitsAbdurrahmantobeburied ThehistorianshavementionedthatAishapermittedAbdurrahmanbinAwftobeburiedinthe roomoftheProphet(a.s).[2]Thisattitudewasverystrange.WasAbdurrahmanmoreappropriate totheProphet(a.s)thanImamalHasan,whowashisdeargrandson?OAllah,havemercyonme! Whatanattitude223,AlYaqubiinhisTarikh,vol.1,p.200,AbualFidainhisTarikh,vol.1,p. 192,AbuAlialNisaburiinhisRoudatalWaizeen,p.143,andAbualFarajjalAsfahaniinhis MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.23.Ithasalsobeenmentionedinthebooks:alKharaiyajjwaalJaraiyah, p.23,RoudatalNazir,andBiharalAnwar. [1]WehavealreadymentionedtheProphetstraditionsconcerningImamalHasan.TheMuslims haveunanimouslyagreedonthem. [2]AlDurraalThaminafiTarikhalMedina,p.404. thatwhichAishatookwas!SheallowedAbdurrahmanbinAwftobeburiedbesideAllahs Apostle,andheenjoyedhisneighborhood,whileshesentfarfromhimhisdeargrandsonandthe partofhisliver(ImamalHasan)!Shecamebetweenhimandthedearestofhiswishesandpaid noattentiontothefeelingsoftheProphet(a.s)astohisgreatloveforhimandhisattachmentto him.ProfessorSayyidSaeedalAfghanihascommentedonAishasattitude,saying:Perhapsthe lastexpressionabouther(Aisha)negativeattitudetowardAliisthatsheturnedawayfromhis twosonsalHasanandalHusayn.Sheveiledherselffromthemwhileshewasamongmahrams (thosewhoitisnotlawfultogetmarriedto).Theywerethegrandsonsofherhusband.Itwasnot lawfulforhertomarrythem,norwasitlawfulforthemtomarryher.Itisintuitivelyknownthatit isnotlawfulformanswifetomarryhissonsnorthesonsofhissonsnorthesonsoftheir

daughters.Shedefinitelyknewthatbutsheveiledherselffromthem.Shedidnotgivepermission tothemexceptwhenshewasbehindacurtainasasignofexaggeratinginsendingthemfar. IbnAbbashascommentedonthisattitude,saying:Itwaslawfulforthem(alHasanandal Husayn)tocameintoher.[1]ThenitwasthelastwishofalHasan,afterthedeathofImamAli (a.s),andhisabdicatingthecaliphatetoMuawiya,tobeburiedalongsidehisgrandfather.Itwasa legalwish.Peoplehadnorighttodeprivehimofwish,forhewasthenearestofthesurvivalsto theProphet(a.s),andwastheclosestofthemtohiminkinshipafterhisdaughterandhiswives. Howeverthepoliticalinclinationshaveacoursethatdoesnotyieldtothetruthandlogic.[2] AishawenttoofarinherattitudeandshowedthemalicesheharboredagainstImamAli(a.s),and hissons.Icanfindnojustificationforheraction.WhenMuhammadbinalHanafiyyasawherbad attitude,hebecamedispleasedwithherandsaidtoherwithanger:OAisha,onedayonamule, andonedayonacamel.Youcannotcontrolyourself,norcanyoucontrolyourmovements, becauseofyourenmitytotheHashimites. Thesewordsmadeherangry,andshewantedtoseparateMuhammadfromthesonsofFatima andtomakeadistinctionbetweenhimandthem.Shesaidtohim:Fatimassonsdonotspeak! ItwascleartoImamalHusaynthatAishawantedtodividethem,soherefutedherstatement, saying:HowcanyouseparateMuhammad(binalHanafiya)fromFatimassons?ByAllah,he [1]IbnSad,Tabaqat,vol.8,p.50. [2]AaishawaalSiyasa,p.218. wasdescendedfromthreewomencalledFatima;Fatima,daughterofImranbinAaidbin Makhzum,Fatima,daughterofAsadbinHashim,andFatima,daughterofZaida.Aishasaidwith rageandanger:Takethissonofyoursawayandgowithhim.Indeedyouarecontentious people.[1]HernephewalQasimbinMuhammad,thegoodone,andsonofthegoodone, rebukedanddeterredherfromherattitude,saying:Oaunt,wehavenotwashedourheadsfrom thedisgraceoftheBattleoftheCamelyet.DoyouwantthisdaytobecalledtheDayofthegray Mule?[2]IbnAbbasturnedtoherwhilehecouldnotseehiswaybecauseofanger.Heshotat heranarrowofhispiercingspeech,saying:Whatmischiefyoubringabout,onedayonamule andonedayonacamel!DoyouwanttoextinguishthelightofAllahandfightthefriendsofAllah? Goback!Youhavegivenassuranceagainstwhatyoufearandhavelearnedwhatyouwanted(to know).ByAllah,victorywillcometothisHouse,evenifitisaftersometime. ThenheturnedtoMarwanandsaidtohim:Gobacktowhereyoucamefrom,Marwan.Indeed wedonotintendtoburyourcompanionwiththemessengerofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,butwewanthimtobeabletorenewhiscovenantwithhimbyvisitinghim.Thenwewill takehimbacktohisgrandmother,Fatima,daughterofAsad,andburyhimalongsideher

accordingtohisinstructionsconcerningthat.Ifhehadenjoinedthatheshouldbeburied alongsidetheProphet,youknowthatyouwouldbedefinitelyunabletodeterusfromthat.[3] WhenAbuHurayrasawthat,heshoutedatthetopofhisvoice:Haveyouseenthatifasonof MusabinImrandied,wouldhebeburiedwithhisfatherornot?SurelyIhaveheardAllahs Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:alHasanandalHusaynarethetwomastersof theyouthsoftheGarden! HistoryhasnotrecordedanobleattitudeforAbuHurayraexceptthisone.AsforMarwan,he becamedispleasedwithAbuHurayrassayingandheshouted [1]AlamalWarafiAlamalHuda,p.126. [2]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.200. [3]RoudatalWaizeen,p.143.AyanalShia,vol.4,p.81.ItisworthmentioningthatthisIbn AbbasisnotAbdullahbinAbbas,thereligiousscholarofthecommunity,forhewasinDamascus. ThisIbnAbbasisoneofthesonsofalAbbas.HewaseitherUbaydAllahorotherthanhim. athim:ThetraditionofAllahsApostlehasgotlost![1]AbanbinUthmancameoutshoutingat thetopofhisvoice,saying:Indeedthisisthewonderfulthing!Shouldthesonoftheonewho killedUthmanbeburiedwithAllahsApostle,whileAbuBakr,Umarandthemartyr(Uthman), theoppressedone,beburiedin(thecemeteryof)BaqeealGharqad?[2] WhentheHashimitessawtheUmayyadsattitudethattheypreventedthemfromburyingImam alHasanalongsidehisgrandfather,theydecidedtofightagainstthem.TheUmayyadssidedwith theUmayyads,andtheHashimitessidedwiththeHashimites.Thetwopartiesintendedtoattack eachother.WhenImamalHusaynsawthat,hehurriedtotheHashimitesandsaidtothem:O BanuHashim,(fear)AllahandbewareofHim!Donotlosethewillofmybrother.Takehimto(the cemeteryof)alBaqee.HehadadjuredmebeforeAllahthatifIwaspreventedfromburyinghim withhisgrandfather,Ishouldnotdisputewithanyoneastohimandshouldburyhiminthe cemeteryofalBaqeewithhismother. ThenheturnedtotheUmayyadsandsaidtothem:ByAllah,iftherehadbeennoinjunctionto mefromalHasantopreventbloodshedandthatIshouldnotshedevenadropofbloodin carryinghiswillhis,youwouldhaveknownhowtheswordsofAllahwouldhavetakentheirtoll fromyou.Youhavebrokentheagreementwhichwasmadebetweenyouandus.Youhave ignoredtheconditionswhichwemadewithyouforourselves.[3][1]AyanalShia,vol.4,p.81.A narrationsimilartothathasbeenmentionedbyalHakiminhisMustadrak,vol.3,p.171.InIbn AsakirsTarikhithasbeenmentionedthatMuhrizbinJafarhasnarratedontheauthorityofhis father,whohassaid:IhaveheardAbuHurayrasayonthedaywhenalHasanbinAliwasburied: MayAllahfightMarwan!He(Marwan)said:ByAllah,IwillnotallowthesonofAbuTurab (ImamAli)tobeburiedwithAllahsApostlewhileUthmanwasburiedin(thecemeteryof)al

BaqeeI(AbuHurayra)said:OMarwan,fearAllahanddonotsayanythingaboutAlibutgood.I bearwitnessthatIhaveheardAllahsApostle,(a.s.)sayattheBattleofKhaybar: IwillgivethestandardtoamanwhomAllahandHisApostlelove.Hewillnotflee.Ialsobear witnessthatIhaveheardAllahsApostlesayconcerningalHasan:OAllah,Ilovehim,soYoulove himandlovethosewholovehim.Marwansaid:YouhavesaidmanythingsfromAllahsApostle. Therefore,wewillnothearfromyouwhatyousay.Isthereanyoneotherthanyouknowswhat yousay?He(AbuHurayra)said:Isaid:ThisisAbuSaeedalKhudari.SoMarwansaid:Certainly thetraditionofAllahsApostlehasgotlostwhennoonenarratesitexceptyouandAbuSaeedal Khudari.ByAllah,AbuSaeedalKhudariismereayounglad.Andcertainlyyoucamefromthe MountainsofDusashorttimebeforethedeathofAllahsApostle;therefore,fearAllah,OAbu Hurayra.He(AbuHurayra)said:Isaid:Yes,(thisis)whatIadviseyou(toclingto).Thenhekept silent. [2]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.12.ItisavailableintheLibraryofalImamAmeeralMumineen. [3]TheShiitehistorianshavemaintainedthatAaishacommandedtheUmayyadstoshoot (arrowsat)thecoffinofalHasan,totheextentthatseventyarrowsweredrawnfromit.Thishas beenmentionedinthebookNasikhalTawarikhandthelike.Thisconfirmedbywhathasbeen mentionedinIbnAsakirsTarikh,vol.12:AlHusaynreachedthegraveoftheProphet,(a.s.)and said:Dig(agrave)here.SaeedbinalAas,whowastheEmir,keptsilentanddidnotcome betweenhimandthat.MarwancalledtheUmayyads,andtheyarmedthemselves.Marwansaid: Thatwillneverbe!AlHusaynsaid:OsonofalZarqa(theblueone),thereisnorelationship betweenyouandthis.Orareyoumoreappropriateforit?Marwansaid:Thatwillneverbe,and hewillneverreachitaslongasIamalive.HesummonedtheAllianceofalFudool.So(thetribes of)Hashim,Taym,andAsadgatheredtogether.Theyarmedthemselves.Marwancarrieda standard,andalHusayncarriedastandard.TheHashimitessaid:He(alHasan)willbeburied withtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Totheextentthattheyshotarrowsateach other. ThenImamalHusayn(a.s)orderedthesacredcorpsetobecarriedtoalBaqee,anditwas carried.TheHashimitesandtheTalibidssurroundedthepurecorpseofImamalHasan(a.s).They weresheddingtearsandsighing.Misfortuneovercamethem.Theirheartsmeltedoutofsadness fortheirgreatImamandbecauseofwhattheUmayyadshadcommittedtowardthem.Thepure ImamwasbroughttothecemeteryofalBaqeeandwasburiedalongsidehisgrandmother Fatima,daughterofAsad.[1]ImamalHasanwasburiedintheearth,andclemency,generosity, andvirtuewerealsoburiedwithhim. AttheTomb

ImamalHusayn,themasterofmartyrs,stoodontheedgeofthegrave.Hewasstaringathis brotherandhedidnotblink.Hisheartwasnotquiet.Hepraisedhisbrother.Hecoinedwords fromhissadness,saying:MayAllahhavemercyonyou,OAbuMuhammad!Youreflectedonthe mostlikelyplacesofthetruth.YoupreferredAllahduringthetimeoftherefutationintheplaces ofprecautionarydissimulationwithdeliberation.Youperceivedthegreatmisfortunesofthe worldwithaneyethatdisrespectedandovercamethemwithahandwithpurepartsandfamily. Youdeterredtheactionsofyourenemieswithprovisionseasytoyou.Nowonder!Youbelongto theprogenyofProphethoodandyousuckledthemilkofwisdom.Thereforeyouhavegoneto happinessandbountyandagardenofbliss.MayAllahmakegreattherewardforyouandus, grantyouanduswithgoodcomfort![2] Thenhesatdownonthegrave,watereditwiththetearsofhiseyes,andrecited: [1]KifayatalTalib,p.268,andotherthanit. [2]UyunalAkhbar. ShouldIoilmyheadorshouldmybeautiesbegoodwhileyourcheekiscoveredwithdustandyou areplundered?ShouldIdrinkthewateroftheraincloudswithotherthanitswaterwhilethe bowelshaveincludedaflamebecauseofyou?OrshouldIenjoytheworldforathingIdedicateto allthatwhichadearoneapproachestoyou?Iwillweepforyouaslongasadovecoosandatwig becomesgreeninthelargetreesinalHijaz.HeisastrangerandthesidesofalHijazhave surroundedhim.Verilyallthoseundertheeartharestrangers.Thereforeletnotthesurvival rejoiceatthosewhohavepassedaway,foreveryonehasashareofdeath.Hewhohasbeen afflictedwithhisownpropertyisnotplundered,buthewhohasburiedhisbrotherisplundered. Mycryingislongandmytearsareplentiful.Youarefar,butyourshrineisnear.Yourrelativeishe whosevisionaddressesyou;andthosewhoareundertheearthdonothavearelative.[1] Thenhissad,bereavedbrotherMuhammadbinalHanafiyawalkedtowardsthegraveandstood onitsedgeasifhesufferedfromdeathstruggle.Herespondedtothefeelingsofhissadsouland brokenheart,whichhadnoroomforanythingexceptsorrowandsadness.Hecoinedwordsfrom hissadness,saying:MayAllahhavemercyonyou,OAbuMuhammad!ByAllah,yourlifehad strengthenedus,butyourdeathhasweakenedus.Themostexcellentsoulisthatwhichyour bodybuilt,thebestbodyisthatwhichyourshroudhasincluded,andthebestshroudisthat whichyourgravehascontained.Ofcourse,youareso,foryouarethedescendantofguidance, allyofmenofpiety,andthefifthofthepeoplewhowhereunderthecloak.Yourgrandfatherisal Mustafa(theProphet),yourfatherisalMurtadha(ImamAli),yourmotherisFatimaalZahra,and yourcousinisJafaralTayyarintheGardenofAbode.Thehandsofthetruthfedyou;youwere broughtupinthelapofIslam,andthebreastsoffaithnursedyou.Soyouaregooddeadoralive. Oursoulshavenothatedyourlifenordotheyhavedoubtthatthechoicebelongedtoyou,and

thatyouandyourbrotherarethetwomastersoftheyouthsoftheGarden.Therefore,OAbu Muhammad,peacefromusbeonyou![2] [1]MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.142.ItwassaidthatMuhammedbinalHanafiyarecitedthepoetry lines. [2]ZahratalAdab,vol.1,p.55.AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.200,p.2. AfterImamalHasanhadbeenburiedandpraised,thepeoplewarmlycondoledImamalHusayn (a.s)whowasstandingandthankingthemfortheircondolences. TheEchooftheDisaster WhenthepainfulnewsofImamalHasansdeathwasannounced,itshookandsaddenedthe MuslimsallovertheIslamicworld.Theirmaster,theirImam,andtheironlyrefugehaddied.His deathbroughtaboutabasementtoalltheArabsandtheMuslims.[1]Wehavetomentionthe Islamiccapitalsthatwerecoveredwithsorrowanddistress. 1.Yathrib AsforYathrib,thecapitalofIslam,itwasclothedinsadnessandmourningforthelateImam.The marketsandshopsinitwereclosed.[2]Themenandthewomenweptforhimforsevendays.The womenfolkoftheBanuHashimwailedoverhimforamonth.Theymournedandweredressedin blackforayear.[3] 2.Mecca SadnessandsorrowspreadamongthepeopleofMecca.Whentheterriblenewsreachedthem, theyclosedtheirshopsandstoppedtheirearnings.They,menandwomen,continuedwailing overImamalHasanandweepingforhimforsevendays.[4] 3.Basra AbdullahbinSalamconveyedthepainfulnewstothepeopleofBasra.HetoldZiyadbinAbeeh, thegovernorofBasraaboutthisnews.AlHakambinAbialAasalThaqafiunderstoodthat.He wentoutandannouncedthedeathofImamalHasan.Whenpeopleheardofthat,theywept loudlyandtheyclamored.AbuBakra,Ziyadsbrother,wassick.Heheardpeoplecryingand wailing.HeaskedhisdaughterSoda: Whatisthat?

AlHasanbinAlihasdied,shereplied,PraisebelongstoAllah,Whohasrelievedthepeopleof him. [1]MaqatilalTalibiyyin,vol.1,p.53.IthasbeenmentionedinitthatUmarbinBasheerasked AbuIshaq:Whendidthepeoplebecamelowly?AtthetimewhenalHasandied,he answered. [2]AlHakim,Mustadrak,vol.3,p.173.AsadalGhaba,vol.2,p.11.AyanalShia,vol.4,p.80. [3]AlBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.44. [4]IbnAsakir,Tarikh,vol.4,p.228. Hesaidtoherwithaweakvoice:Keepsilent!Woeuntoyou!Allahhasrelivedhimofmuchevil, andthepeoplehavelostmuchgoodbecauseofhisdeath.MayAllahhavemercyonalHasan![1] 4.Kufa WhenthepainfulnewswasannouncedinKufa,theheartsbrokeandthesoulsshook.TheKufans weptandwailed.TheynumberedtheImamsoutstandingmerits.Theyrememberedtheirmistake andtheirnegligencetowardhim.Theirtalentedpoet,SulaymanbinQutta,elegizedhim.Thegreat poetofKufa,QaysbinUmar,betterknownasalNajashi,elegizedImamalHasaninapoemin whichhehadmentionedthecrimecommittedbyJadah,daughterofalAshath,andinwhichhe hasmentionedImamalHasansexcellence,generosity,andmunificence.,saying: Jadah,weepforhimanddonotbetiredaftertheweepingofthewailerbereavedofachild.The curtainhasneverbeenloweredonthelikeofhim,intheearth,fromamongthoseunshodand shod.Whenhisfirebrokeout,heraiseditwiththethicksupport.Inorderthatthehopeless widowerandthesingleofapeoplewhohadnofamilymightseeit.Heboiledrawmeat.Whenhe cookeditwell,hedidnotbearagrudgeagainstaneater.Imeanhimwhosedestructionwe handedovertothecritical,barrentime.[2] TheShiiteleadersandpersonalitiesheldameetinginthehouseofSulaymanbinSuradalKhuzai. TheysenttoImamalHusaynaletterinwhichtheycondoledhimonhispainfulmisfortuneand expressedtheirallegiance,loyalty,andobediencetohisorders.Thisisthetextoftheirletter:In thenameofAllah,theMostGracious,theMostMerciful.ToalHusaynbinAli,fromhisfollowers (Shia)andfromthefollowersofhisfather,theCommanderofthefaithful.ThepeaceofAllahbe onyou.We,onyourbehalf,praiseAllah,WhomthereisnogodbutHim.Wehaveheardofthe deathofalHasanbinAli.Peacebeonhimonthedayhewasborn,andonthedayhedied,andon thedaywhenhewillberesurrected.MayAllahforgivehimhissin,accepthisgooddeeds,joinhim

tohisProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,doubletherewardforyouin [1]IbnAbialHadeed,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.4. [2]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.303. themisfortuneastohim,andredressthemisfortunethroughyou.YouregardhimaswithAllah. WebelongtoAllahandtohimisourreturn.Whatgreatisthatwithwhichthiscommunityhas beenafflicted,youandtheseShiainparticular,bythedeathofthesonoftheguardian,sonofthe Prophetsdaughter,thebannerofguidance,thelightofthecountry,thehopeforspreadingthe religion,andtherestorerofthemannersoftherighteous.Therefore,bearpatiently,mayAllah havemercyonyou,surelytheseactsrequirecourage.Inyouthereisasuccessortohimwhowas beforeyou;andAllahgivesHisguidancetoonewhofollowsyourguidance.WeareyourShia, whohavebeenafflictedwithyourmisfortune,sadbecauseofyoursadness,whodelightoutof yourdelight,followyourpath,andwaitforyourcommand.MayAllahgiveyoupatience,exalt youresteem,makegreatyourreward,forgiveyoursin,andreturnyourrightbacktoyou.With Greetings.[1] MuawiyasDelight MuawiyaimpatientlyyearnedforthenewsfromYathribandwaitedforthepostmananhourby anhour.HeinsistedonhisgovernortolethimknowthenewsabouttheImameveryday.When thenewsofthedeathoftheImamreachedhim,hedidnotcontrolhimselfoutofdelight,tothe extentthathefelldowninprostration.Heandthosewithhimexclaimed,Allahisgreat!inthe GreenDome.WhenhiswifeFakhita,daughterofQurda,heardofthat,shecameoutthrougha wicketofhers.Sheknewthatherhusbandwashappyanddelighted.Sosheaskedhim:May Allahdelightyou,OCommanderofthefaithful!Whatisthatwhichhasreachedandmadeyou glad?ThedeathofalHasan!heanswered. Sheshedtearsandsaid:WebelongtoAllahandtoHimisourreturn!Thensheweptandsaid: ThemasteroftheMuslimsandsonofthemessengerofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, hasdied![2]MuawiyawonderedatthequickeffectofthepoisonhehadsenttoImamalHasan, saying:Howwonderful!AlHasantookadrinkofhoneymixedwithRomanianwater,andhe died![3]MuawiyaheardofwhattheHashimiteswantedwhentheytriedtoburyalHasan(a.s)in thehouseoftheProphet(a.s).Hesaid:TheBanuHashimdidnottreatuswithjusticewhenthey claimedthattheywantedtoburyalHasanalongsidetheProphet,whiletheyhadpreventedthe peoplefromburying [1]AlYaqubi,Tarikh,vol.2,p.203. [2]AlMasudi,MurujjalDhahab,vol.2,p.305. [3]AlIstiab,vol.1,p.374.

Uthman(inanyplace)exceptintheremotestpartofthecemeteryofalBaqee.Ifmyopinionof Marwanwasright,theywouldnotreachthat.Thenhebegansaying:OMarwan,takecareof it![1]AlMiqdambinAdiybinKarb,afollowerofImamAli,cametoMuawiya.Muawiyasaidto himshowinggloatingoverthedeathoftheImam:OMiqdam,didyouknowthatalHasanbinAli hasdied?AlMiqdambecamesadandhewept.HoweverMuawiyaturnedtohim,whilethere wasdelightonhisfaceandasmilewasonhislips,andsaidtohimwithmockery:Doyouthink thatthedeathofalHasanisamisfortune?WhydoInotseeitasamisfortune?repliedal Miqdam,andcertainlythatAllahsApostleputhiminhislapandsaid:This(alHasan)belongsto me,andalHusaynbelongstoAli.[2] Indeed,MuawiyarejoicedatthedeathofImamalHasan,fortheraysofhishopesandhis dreamswentwellwithhim,andthathewouldmaketherulehereditaryamonghissonsand progeny.AlFadhlbinalAbbashasdescribedtoustheextentofMuawiyasdelightandhis gloatingoverthedeathofImamalHasan,saying: Today,Hindsson(Muawiya)hasbecomegloatingandhisarrogancehasbecomemanifestwhen alHasandied.MayAllahhavemercyonhim(alHasan).Surelyheoftengrievedandworried Hindsson.He(Muawiya)hasgotridofhimwhenhehasbecomeahostagetotheeventsofthe time.Therefore,enjoy(yourlife)safely,OHindsson;onlyfatnessmovesthewildass.Youwillnot survive;therefore,donotgloatoverhim.Foreverylivingthingisahostagetodeath.OHindsson, ifyoutastethedeathglass,youwillbeatthetimelikesomethingthatwhichhadnotbeen.[3] HistorianshavementionedthatIbnAbbascameintoMuawiya.Whenhesatdown,Muawiya, whowasdelightedandhappyatthedeathoftheImam,turnedtohimandsaid:OIbnAbbas,al Hasanhasdied! Yes,hehasdied!WebelongtoAllahandtoHimisourreturn!saidIbn [1]IbnAsakir,Tarikh. [2]KifayatalTalib,p.268. [3]AlKhawarizmi,MaqtalalHusayn,vol.1,p.141. Abbasandrepeatedthatseveraltime,Ihaveheardthatyouhaveshownhappinessanddelight athisdeath.ByAllah,hisbodyhasnotclosedyourgravenorhasthedecreaseofhisappointed timeincreasedyourlifetime.Hehasdiedwhileheisbetterthanyouare.Thoughwehave sufferedhismisfortune,wehadsufferedthemisfortuneoftheonewhowasbetterthanhim,his grandfather,AllahsApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ButAllahredressedhis misfortune,andthebestofthesuccessorssucceededhim.IbnAbbassighedoutofsadness,and thenheburstwithtears.ThosewhowereinMuawiyaspalacewept.AsforMuawiya,hefeigned

crying.Onthatdaythepeopleweptverymuch.MuawiyaturnedtoIbnAbbas,whiledelightwas onhisexpressions,andsaidtohim:OIbnAbbas,he(alHasan)hasleftbehindhimsmall children! ItwascleartoIbnAbbasthatMuawiyawantedtogloatoverImamalHasaninhisspeech,andso hesaidtohim:Allofusweresmallandwehavegrownup! Howoldwashe? AlHasansbirthistoogreattobeignoredbyanyone!Muawiyakeptsilentforawhile.Thenhe turnedtoibnAbbastoknowtheextentofhisinclinationtowardalHusayn,saying:OIbnAbbas, youhavebecomethemasterofyourpeople!IbnAbbasunderstoodMuawiyaspurpose,sohe saidtohim:Verily,IwillnotbethemasterofmypeopleaslongasAllahkeepsaliveAbu AbdullahalHusayn. Muawiyadodgedasusualandsaidtohim:ToAllahbelongsyourfather,OIbnAbbas!Whenever Iaskyou,Ifindyouready(toanswer)!WiththiswewillendourspeechaboutImamAbu Muhammad(alHasan).Peacebeonhimonthedayhewasborn,onthedayhedied,andonthe daywhenhewillberaisedtolife.WhentheMuslimslosthim,theylosthistimelyandspiritual leadership,andwereliabletomisfortunesanddisasters,fortheUmayyadsafterhimsparedno efforttohumiliatetheMuslimsandtoforcethemtodowhattheydisliked.Iwouldliketo enlightenthereadersthatthisbookisonlyasummaryofmystudyaboutthepureImamAbu MuhammadalHasan,hislegacy,ideals,time,caliphate,andthedifficultcircumstancesthat surroundedandmadehimmakepeace(withMuawiya).IdonotclaimthatIhavereached perfectionastoit, forperfectionbelongstoAllahonly,butIsparednoeffortconcerningtheresearchandthestudy, thepresentationandanalysisofthenarrations,andthediscussionofsomeofthem.Itmaybe thatIhavesucceededinallofthatandingivingalivepictureofImamalHasanandofthetime whenhelived.IhaveelaboratedondealingwiththeeventsthataccompaniedtheImam.Ithink thatitisnecessarytomentionthem,fortheresearchrequiresthem. BeforeIendmyspeech,IthinkitisincumbentonmetothankHisEminenceHajjMuhammad RashadAjeena,agreatbenefactor,forhisadoptingthepublicationofthebookinallitseditions, asIhavementionedatthebeginningofthebook.He,mayAllahprotecthim,sincerelyand faithfullywantedtheexpensesonthethirdeditiontobefromthecharitiesbequeathedbyhislate fatherHajjMuhammadJawadAjeena,forhehasbelievedthatservingtheImamsoftheAhlul Bayt(a.s)isthebestofdeedsthatbringhimnearertoAllah.MayAllahachievehishopesand guidehimtoallnobleefforts!

Appendix:ZiyarahofImamAlHasan ZiyarahOfImamAlHasanOnMondays assalamualaykayabnarasulirabbilalamin Peacebeonyou,OsonoftheMessengeroftheLordoftheWorlds assalamualaykayabnaamirilmu`minin Peacebeonyou,OsonoftheCommanderofthefaithfulbelievers assalamualaykayabnafatimatazzahra` Peacebeonyou,OsonofFatimaalZahra assalamualaykayahabiballah

Peacebeonyou,OthebelovedofAllah assalamualaykayasafwatallah Peacebeonyou,OthechoiceofAllah, assalamualaykayaaminallah Peacebeonyou,OthetrusteeofAllah assalamualaykayahujjatallah Peacebeonyou,OtheClaimofAllah assalamualaykayanurallah Peacebeonyou,OtheLightofAllah assalamualaykayasiratallah

Peacebeonyou,OthePathofAllah assalamualaykayabayanahukmillah Peacebeonyou,OtheelucidationoftheruleofAllah assalamualaykayanasiradinillah Peacebeonyou,OthesupporterofthereligionofAllah assalamualaykaayyuhassayyiduzzakiy Peacebeonyou,Othepuremaster (739) assalamualaykaayyuhalbarrulwafiy Peacebeonyou,Otheselfrighteousandthetruthful

assalamualaykaayyuhalqaìmulamin Peacebeonyou,Othepractiser(ofGodscommands)andthetrustee assalamualaykaayyhualalimubitta`wil Peacebeonyou,Othewellexperiencedintheinterpretation(oftheHolyQuran) assalamualaykaayyuhalhadilmahdiy Peacebeonyou,Otheguideandthewellguided assalamualaykaayyuhattahiruzzakiy Peacebeonyou,Othepureandtheimmaculate assalamualaykaayyuhattaqiyyunnaqiy Peacebeonyou,Othepiousandtheinfallible

assalamualaykaayyuhalhaqqulhaqiq Peacebeonyou,Otheveritabletruth assalamualaykaayyuhashshahidussiddiq Peacebeonyou,Othemartyrandtheupright assalamualaykayaabamuhammadinilhasanibnialiy Peacebeonyou,OAbuMuhammadalHasanibnAli warahmatullahiwabarakatuh And(onyoube)Allahsmercyandblessings (740) ZiyarahofImamalHasan atalBaqeeCemetery allahuakbarukabiran

Allahis,greatly,theGreatest. walhamdulillahikathiran AllpraisebetoAllahabundantly. wasubhanaallahibukratanwaasilan GlorybetoAllahinmornsandeves. walhamdulillahialfardialssamadi AllpraisebetoAllah,theSingle,theAbsolute, almajidialahadi theGlorious,theOneandOnly, almutafaddilialmannani

theAllobliging,theAllbenefactor, almutatawwilialhannani theDonor,theAllcompassionate alladhymannbitawlihi Whoconferred(uponus)withHisbequests, wasahhalaziyaratasadatybiihsanihi Whohasmadeeasyformetovisitmymasters[1]outofHisbeneficence, walamyajàlnyànziyaratihimmamnuàn Whohasnotpreventedmefromvisitingthem; . baltatawwlawamanaha

ratherHehasbestoweduponmeanddonatedme(thisfavor). alssalamuàlaykumaimmataalhuda Peacebeuponyou:OtheLeadersoftrueguidance. alssalamuàlaykumahlaalttaqwa Peacebeuponyou:Othepeopleofpiety. [1]ThisformofZiyarahiscommonforthefourHolyImamswhoareburiedinalBaqeeCemetery; namely,ImamalHasan,ImamZaynalAbideen,ImamalBaqir,andImamalSadiqpeacebe uponthemall. (741) alssalamuàlaykumayyuhaalhujajuàlaahlialddunya Peacebeuponyou:OtheArgumentsontheinhabitantsofthisworld. alssalamuàlaykumayyuhaalquwamufialbariyyatibilqisti Peacebeuponyou:Othemaintainersofjusticeonpeople.

alssalamuàlaykumahlaalssafwati Peacebeuponyou:Othechoicestpeople. alssalamuàlaykumalarasuliallahi Peacebeuponyou:OtheHouseholdofAllahsMessenger. alssalamuàlaykumahlaalnnajwa Peacebeuponyou:Othepeopleofconfidence. ashhaduannakumqadballghtumwanasahtum Ibearwitnessthatyoudidconvey,offeradvice, wasabartumfidhatiallahi endureforthesakeofAllah,

wakudhdhbtumwausiailaykumfaghafartum andforgivewhenyouwerebeliedandmaltreated. waashhaduannakumualaimmatualrrashidunaalmuhtaduna Ialsobearwitnessthatyouaretheorthodox,thewellguidedImams, waanntaàtakummafrudatun andthattheobediencetoyouisobligatory, waannqawlakumualssidqu andthatyourwordsaretrue, waannakumdaàwtumfalamtujabu andthatyoucalled(toAllah)butyouwerenotanswered,

waamartumfalamtutaù andthatyouenjoined(theright)butyouwerenotobeyed, (742) waannakumdaàimualddiniwaarkanualardi andthatyouarethesupportsofthereligionandtheposesoftheearth. lamtazalubiàyniallahi YouwerealwaysunderthesightofAllah yansakhukumminaslabikullmutahhrin Whomovedyoufromtheloinsofpurifiedmen

wayanqulukumminarhamialmutahharati tothewombsofpurifiedwomen. lamtudanniskumualjahiliyyatualjahlau Thebenightedignorancecouldnotstainyou walamtashrakfikumfitanualahwai andthewhimsicalseditioncouldnotattractyou. tibtumwatabamanbatukum Pleasedbeyouasyouroriginhasbeenpleasant. mannabikumàlaynadayyanualddini TheKingofthereligionhasconferreduponuswiththegraceofouracknowledgmentofyou;

fajaàlakumfibuyutinadhinaallahuanturfaàwayudhkarafihaasmuhu HethereforecausedyoutobeinhouseswhichAllahhaspermittedtobeexaltedandthatHis Namemaybementionedtherein, wajaàlasalatanaàlaykumrahmatanlanawakaffaratanlidhunubina andHehasdecidedourprayersforsendingblessinguponyoutobemercyonusandtobe grantingremissionofoursins, idhiakhtarakumuallahulana Allahhaschosenyouforus (743) watayyibakhalqanabimamannàlaynaminwilayatikum andhaspurifiedourcreationthroughthegraceofourloyaltytoyour(divinelycommissioned) LeadershipwithwhichHehasconferreduponus. wakunnaìndahumusamminabiìlmikum

WehavethusbecomenominatedwithHimduetoouracknowledgementofyou mu`tarifinabitasdiqinaiyyakum andourgivingcredencetoyou. wahadhamaqamumanasrafawaakhtaa So,thisisthesituationofhimwhohascommittedmistakesandsins, wastakanawaaqarrabimajana shownsubmission(toyou),andconfessedofwhathehadcommitted. warajabimaqamihialkhalasa Hence,beinginthissituation,Ihopeforredemption waanyastanqidhahubikummustanqidhualhalkaminaalrrada

andhopethattheSavioroftheperishingonesfromperditionmaysavemethroughyou. fakunulishufaàa So,(please)bemyinterceders, faqadwafadtuilaykumidhraghibaànkumahlualddunya forIhavecometoyouwhenthepeopleofthisworldleftyou, . wattkhadhuayatiallahihuzwanwastakbaruànha tooktheSignsofAllahforajest,andturnedawayfromthemhaughtily. yamanhuwaqaimunlayashu OHeWhoisSelfSubsistingandneverforgets; (744)

wadaimunlayalhu andWhoisEverlivingandneverbecomesheedless; wamuhitunbikullishayin andencompassesallthings: lakaalmannubimawaffaqtani YouarethesourceofthefavorthatYouhaveguidedme(tothis) waàrrftanybimaaqamtanyàlayhi andYouhaveintroducedtomethatonwhichIrest, idhsaddaànhuìbadukawajahiluma`rifatahu whenYourservantsdivertedfromit,ignoredtherecognitionofit,

wastakhaffubihaqqhi belittleditsright, wamaluilasiwahu andinclinedtoelsewhere. fakanatialminnatuminkaàlayya Hence,Youhaveconferreduponme, maàaqwaminkhasastahumbimakhasastanybihi aswellasotherpeople,uponwhomYouhaveconferred,withthisfavor. falakaalhamduidhkuntuìndakafimaqamyhadhamadhkuranmaktuban So,allpraisebetoYou,forIhavebeenmentionedandwrittenwithYouduetothesituationin whichIamnow.

falatahrimnymarajawtu Hence,(please)donotdeprivemeofwhatIlongfor, walatukhayybnyfimadaàwtu anddonotdisappointmeasregardsmysupplication; bihurmatimuhammadinwaalihialttahirina (pleasedoit)inthenameofthesacrednessofMuhammadandhisimmaculateHousehold. . wasallaallahuàlamuhammadinwaalimuhammadin MayAllahsendblessingsuponMuhammadandtheHouseholdofMuhammad.

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ltativeCommittee ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman Uthmaniscriticized ChapterVII:AttheTimeofUthman

TheProphetsTraditions SometraditionshavebeennarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)inrespectofhiseldestgrandson.The traditionshavelaudedhisgreatpositionandindicatedthesincerelovetheProphet(a.s)showed towardhim.Theyareofthreegroups.Thefirstgroupisinrespectofhim.Thesecondgroupisin

ChapterVIII:TheIdeals HighqualitiesandnobleidealswereavailableinImamAbuMuhammad(alHasan).TheIslamic abilities,elements,andfundamentalsembodiedinhim.Accordingtohisabilitiesandtendencies, hewasamongthehumanuniqueminds,oneoftheidealsofthemankindsperfection,and

Ifatimesaddenedme,Iwoulddeterminetobepatient;andeverytribulationthatdoesnotlastis easy.Andifitdelightedme,Iwouldnotrejoiceatitsdelight;andeverydelightthatdoesnotlast ismean.WiththissubjectmatterwewillendourtalkaboutImamalHasansinheritanceand ideals. [1]AlUmda,vol.1,p.21.

WhenMuawiyasawthecourageofImamAlistroops,theweaknessofhisones,hisincapability ofresisting,andtheendofhisaffair,heshookalloverwithfear.Hesummonedhiscunningvizier, AmrbinalAas,andsaidtohim:Onlythisnightandheiscomingtousearlyinthemorningalong withthetroops!Whatdoyouthink?

ChapterXVIII:TheStipulationsofthePeacemaking Thehistorianshavegreatlydifferedovertheonewhohadstartedmakingpeace.IbnKhaldunand agroupofhistorianshavemaintainedthatitwasImamalHasan(a.s)whobeganthatwhenhe

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