MA 106 Handout-2

Tutor : Abhinav Rastogi January 22, 2014

Some points to ponder

What is the minimum number of elementary row operations needed to calculate the row echelon form of an arbitrary m n matrix? What about the row canonical form? What is the minimum number of elementary row operations needed to calculate the inverse of an arbitrary n n invertible matrix? The absolute value determinant on a n n matrix can be thought of as the volume of parallelopiped formed by the n column vectors. Can you draw connections between geometrical properties of the volume measure and properties of determinants? Why should a set containing 0 element must be linearly dependent? Can a basis of some vector space contain 0 element? What about basis of the 0 vector space? Can there exist A, B Rnn such that AB BA = In ? If W is a sub-space of V then does every basis of V contain a basis of W ? If every basis of V contains a basis of W , what is the relation between V and W (assuming that the eld of scalars is same)?

Some problems
1. Show that the determinant of an upper triangular matrix equals the product of diagonal enteries. 2. Let f : Rnn R be an alternating multilinear map of columns which is not identically 0. (a) Let M Rnn . Show that f (M ) = 0 i rank(M ) < n. (b) Let n = 3. Find f (I3 ) if f (A) = 1, where A is a 3 3 matrix with aij = 1 ij 3. Find whether the following sets qualify to be a vector space. If yes, nd the dimension and a basis. The addition and scalar multiplication are dened as usual. The eld of scalars is R unless specied. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) Set of all 3 3 matrices of rank 2 having real entries. Set of all n n hermitian matrices having complex entries. The above set if the eld of scalars is C Set of all n n skew hermitian matrices having complex entries. The above set if the eld of scalars is C Set of all 4 4 real matrices X such that T r(AX ) = 0. A is also a 4 4 real matrix. Set of all 5 5 real matrices having (1, 2, 3, 1, 4)T in their column space. Set of all polynomials p(x) with degree less than 5 satisfying p (1) = p (1). Note - The degree of zero polynomial is taken to be . Set of all 5 5 non-invertible matrices having complex entries. Set of all 4 3 real matrices having (1, 3, 2)T in their null-space. Set of all 6 4 real matrices having {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 } as a subset of their null- space. v1 = (1, 2, 1, 2)T , v2 = (2, 1, 2, 1)T , v3 = (3, 2, 3, 2)T , v4 = (3, 3, 3, 3)T and v5 = (5, 3, 5, 3)T . Set of all linear transformations f : R4 R3 having (1, 3, 2)T in their range. Set of all functions of the form f (x) = cos(x + ). , R.

4. Let A, B Rnn such that (A + B )2 = A2 + B 2 . Show that T r(AB ) = 0. 5. Let A be an idempotent matrix i.e, A2 = A. Show that (I A) is also idempotent and (I 2A) is invertible. 6. Let {v1 , v2 , ...vn } be a linearly independent set in Rn and A Rnn . Show that {Av1 , Av2 , ..., Avn } is also linearly independent if A is invertible. Is the converse true? If not, modify the statement so that the converse is also true. 7. Let W be a proper subspace of V . Show that there exists a basis B of V such that B W = .