CHAPTER - 10 COMPUTER NETWORKING

INTRODUCTION When two or more objects are connected they form a network. For example in our Vidyalaya all teachers form a network of teachers, all students form a network of students and also in our home there is a family network. Similarly in case of computer networks it is a collection of two or more computers. Network It is a collection of interconnected autonomous computers. It is a collection of networks.

Internet or Internetwork Abbreviation !

bbre!iation " # W # $ # F%& S$%& I$ & $'()$ WWW *&+ #FS ,%$" (,%$ ,%%& %+& I& S"I& &&& SI$ /0 S$S )(0) )-mail #FS W""

Full Form "ocal rea #etwork Wider rea #etwork $etropolitan rea #etwork File %ransfer &rotocol Simple $ail %ransfer &rotocol Internet $ail ccess &rotocol $odulator nd (emodulator World Wide Web *emote &rocedure +all #etwork File System ,yper %ext $arkup "an-ua-e (ynamic ,yper %ext $arkup "an-ua-e ,ypertext %ransfer &rotocol %ransmission +ontrol &rotocol Internet &rotocol Serial "ine Internet &rotocol &oint %o &oint &rotocol Subscriber.s Identification $odule /rd 0eneration of $obile +ommunication %echnolo-y Short $essa-e Ser!ice )nhanced (ata rates for 0lobal )!olution Sendin- 1 recei!in- messa-es electronically #etwork File System Wireless "ocal "oop

+($ F* 0S$ *& #)% 2$" ,%$" 3*" IS& (#S VS#" $%#" W IS S"I& %+& %($ W($ F($ /0

+ode (i!ision $ultiple ccess Fixed *adio ccess 0lobal Switchin- For $obile +ommunication d!anced *esearch &roject -ency #etwork )xtensible $arkup "an-ua-e ,ypertext $arkup "an-ua-e 3niform *esource "ocater Internet Ser!ice &ro!ider (omain #ame System Videsh Sanchar #i-am "imited $ahana-ar #i-am %elephone "imited Wide rea Information Ser!er Serial "ine Internet &rotocol %ransmission +ontrol &rotocol %ime (i!ision $ultiplexinWa!elenth (i!ision $ultiplexinFre4uency (i!ision $ultiplexin%hird 0eneration

"UE#TION PATTERN "1(

$% No "&e tion'

company in *eliance has 5 win-s of buildin-s as shown in the dia-ram6

+enter to center distances between !arious 7uildin-s6 W/ to W8 W8 to W; W; to W5 W5 to W/ W/ to W; W8 to w5 9:m <:m ;9m 8=:m 8;9m >:m

#umber of computers in each of the win-6 W8 89: W; 89 W/ 89 W5 ;9 +omputers in each win- are networked but win-s are not networked. %he company has now decided to connect the win-s also. i? Su--est a most suitable cable layout of the connection between the win-s. ii? Su--est the most suitable win- to house the ser!er of this company with a suitable reason. iii? Su--est the placement of the followin- de!ices with justification6 8? Internet connectin- de!ice1modem ;? Switch 1 ,ub i!? %he company is plannin- to link its head office situated in India with the offices at *eliance. Su--est an economic way to connect it@ the company is ready to compromise on the speed of connecti!ity. Austify your answer.

Mo t I)*ortant Note A**+i,ab+e to A++ "&e tion ba e- on t.e above *atern / w.i,. )a0 be ke*t in )in- 1
i? ii? iii? i!? !? In a Win- 1 7lock 1 "ab connect all computers usin- a ,37 or SWI%+,. %his is known as " # connecti!ity. 7ut now a day we use SWI%+, only as it transmits data to the re4uired destination only and thus faster in transmission. +omputers in a 7lock are connected to the SWI%+,1,37 usin- +at 9 +able. In place of +at 9 +able we can also use Fibre 'ptics cable if we re4uire more speed and can afford cost. Ser!er is placed where there is maximum number of computers as maximum traffic will be in this block only. n additional switch may also be used to connect the block.s switches for faster transmission of data and this is also placed in the block where we ha!e put the ser!er. %hese switches can be connected to the additional switch usin- fibre optics since it will increase speed but cost has to be born. If the company desires to ha!e connecti!ity to the Internet, Internet connection is taken and connected to switch. From here all other buildin-s and further computers can access the Internet connection. If the +ompany wants to connect these blocks to their office in some other distant place then we can connect these blocks with that office usin- an Internet +onnection, *adio Wa!e +onnection Bif office is in hilly area?, W # connection if company can afford cost and re4uires security of data also. When W # connecti!ity is established, switch

!i?

is further connected to a *'3%)*. *outer is costly and filters the network traffic. It routers the data to the destinations usin- most optimal path. +onnecti!ity between the block.s switches is done usin- +at 9 cables. If there is a distance of more than 8:: m between any two blocks then a suitable *)&) %)* has to be placed to join +at 9 cables as in a " # we can use +at 9 cable up to a maximum len-th of 8:: m as the si-nal power attenuates with more distances. So *)&) %)* is used to re-enerate the si-nal.

#o kee*in2 in )in- t.e above *re &)*tion we an wer

i? C we will use +at 9 cable to connect all the win-s but in addition to this we will use a *)&) %)* in between the cable when connectin- W5 to W/ as distance is 8=:m and W/ to W; as distance is 8;9m. ii? $ost suitable win- to house the ser!er is Win- W8as number of computers in this win- is more. B lways remember that Ser!er is placed in the Win- where there is maximum number of computers?. iii? +omputer 1 nodes 1 workstations in a "ab 1 Win- are not connected to each other directly. %hey are first connected to either a SWI%+, or ,37 usin- +at 9 cable. %hen this SWI%+, 1 ,37 is -i!en power supply and then " # works. +onnectin- of computers 1 nodes 1 workstations in a "ab is known as " # B"ocal rea #etwork?. 7ut always connect these de!ices with a SWI%+, since its performance is better than a ,37 with reference to transmission of data. Internet connectin- de!ice 1 modem is to be connected to SWI%+, only in that "ab 1 Win- where there is a maximum number of computers. From this switch Internet connectin- can work in all the other labs. Internet connection can also be connected to Ser!er but then we ha!e to use the Windows Share pro-ram to share Internet connection amon- other computers. i!? +ompany.s offices can be connected C Ba? Bb? by Internet connection but then it will ha!e to compromise on security of data and speed of transmission. %he other way is usin- a W # connection. It will be costly, secure and speedier.

In our case the company can compromise on speed. So it can use Internet +onnection as it can be cheaper as its char-es could be fixed or as per usa-e. "3( Dnowled-e supplement 'r-aniEation has set up its new center at $an-alore for its office and web based acti!ities. It has 5 7locks of buildin-s as shown in the dia-ram below6

7loc k 7lock 7

7loc k+ 7loc k(

+enter to center distance between !arious blocks

#umber of +omputers

7lock

to 7lock 7

9: m 89: m ;9 m 8=: m 8;9 m >: m 7lock 7lock 7 7lock + 7lock ( ;9 9: 8;9 8:

7lock 7 to 7lock + 7lock + to 7lock ( 7lock to 7lock (

7lock 7 to 7lock ( 7lock to 7lock +

i. ii. iii.

Su--est a most suitable cable layout of connections between the 7locks. Su--est the most suitable places Bi.e. 7lock? to house the ser!er of this or-aniEation with a suitable reason.

Su--est the placement of the followin- de!ices with justification6 a. *epeater b. ,ub1Switch i!. %he or-aniEation is plannin- to link its head office situated in +ity in a hilly re-ion where cable connection is not feasible, su--est an economic way to connect it with reasonably hi-h speedF AN# - i? +at 9 +able for connectin- 7locks and usin- a *)&) %)* between 7 and +, 7 and (, and ( and also between near to 8::? *)&) %)*S for re-eneratin- si-nal and +at 9 for transferrin- data between blocks and it is networkin- cable. and + Bsince it is just

ii? Suitable place to house ser!er is 7lock + where 8;9 +omputers are to be placed. iii? *)&) %)* between blocks 7 and +, 7 and (, +omputers on " #. and ( and and + for re-eneratin- si-nal. SWI%+,)S 1 ,37 in each block to connect the

i!? * (I' W V) transmission link to connect to office in hilly area as these wa!es can tra!el lon- distance, penetrate in buildin-s and also omni directional. #'%) C for layout etc you ha!e draw a dia-ram of the blocks also and place suitable *)&) %)*S in between the blocks ha!in- lon- distance and also place SWI%+, 1 ,37 in the 7locks.

"4(

Indian Industries has the followin- four buildin-s in +hennai. (istance between !arious win-s is -i!en below6 II8 II ;

II / Win-s "ayout &lans Win- II8 to Win- II / =:m Win- II8 to Win- II ; ;:m Win- II 8 to Win- II 5 889m Win- II / to Win- II 5 /:m Win- II ; to Win- II/ ;9m

II 5

#o of +omputers in each Win-

Win- II 8 Win- II ; Win- II / Win- II 5

/9 ;9 H: <:

i? ii? iii? i!? AN# 1

Su--est suitable + 7") " G'3%S F'* %,)S) 73I"(I#0S. #ame the win- where the Ser!er is to be installed. Austify your answer. Su--est the placement of ,ub1Switch in the network. $ention an economic technolo-y to pro!ide Internet accessibility to all win-s. i? (raw dia-ram of the win-s with +at 9 +able placin- *)&) %)*S between Win-s II8 and II5 as there is more than 8:: m distance. ii? Ser!er to be installed in Win- II/ as it has maximum number of computers. iii? SWI%+, 1 ,37 is to be placed in each Win- to connect them in " # and further these SWI%+,)S are to be connected to another SWI%+,. %his may be placed in Win- II/. i!? 7roadband connection as it is cheaper in the SWI%+, which is connectin- all Win-s Switches and from here all the win-s can access it.

NETWORKING TERMINO5OG6

Fi- 6 #)%W'*DI#0 +'#+)&%

NETWORK +onnection of ; or more distinct Bpossibly dissimilar? networks. *e4uires some kind of network de!ice to facilitate the connection.

T6PE# 7 MODE5# O8 NETWORK# " # C "ocal rea #etwork $ # C $etropolitan rea #etwork W # C Wider rea #etwork 5o,a+ Area Network connects computers that are physically close to-ether B I 8 mile?. Chi-h speed Cmulti-access %echnolo-ies6 C)thernet 8: $bps, 8::$bps C%oken *in- 8< $bps CF((I 8:: $bps Wi-er Area Network connects computers that are physically far apart. Jlon--haul networkK. -typically slower than a " #. Ctypically less reliable than a " #. Cpoint-to-point

%echnolo-ies6 Ctelephone lines CSatellite communications -microwa!e 1 radio wa!e links Metro*o+itan Area Network "ar-er than a " # and smaller than a W # - example6 campus-wide network - multi-access network %echnolo-ies6 Ccoaxial cable Cmicrowa!e

NETWORK TOPO5OGIE# %opolo-ies refer to the techni4ues 1 ways of inter connectin- computers or networks. $eans how the computers and networks are connected to each other. %hese can be connected in the followin- ways C Rin2 To*o+o20 i? +ommunication is one way in this topolo-y. %he speed is slow. ii? token which carries the data carry on runnin- in the rin-. 'nly one node communicates at a time. iii? #ode for which the data is attached to the token captures the token and after usin- data releases it on the rin-. i!? "ike this the rin- carry on mo!in-. !? If one node becomes unser!iceable, the whole rin- #W is crashed. 9& 7 #eria+ To*o+o20 i? ll nodes are connected to a strai-ht wire Bthinnet of coaxial cable?. Speed is slow. ii? 'nly one node can communicate at a time. iii? +ommunication is both directional but at a time data can pass only in one direction. i!? If one node is unser!iceable, network past of that node becomes unser!iceable.

t the other end of the bus the si-nal is discarded.

#tar 7 Ra-ia+ To*o+o20 i? #odes are attached to a ,37 1 SWI%+, ii? #etwork is faster. iii? It is most widely used topolo-y i!? If one node becomes unser!iceable, the other nodes in the network are not affected all other nodes carry on recei!in- information. 'nly that node is out of network. $esh %opolo-y %ree %opolo-y &oint to &oint 0raph

NETWORKING TECHNI"UE# Peer to Peer C )ach node in the network is ha!in- its own resources 1 processin- capabilities. It may share information amon- others. #odes may not ha!e to depend upon others for carryin- out their work. )ach node its own master i.e. has no boss. %hey are independent and work the way they like. C+ient #erver $C7#' C In this techni4ue there is one dedicated boss that is known as ser!er. Whole the network works under the ser!er and it has full control on all the nodes. 7oss is known as $aster 1 Ser!er. %he other nodes which are controlled by Ser!er are known as Sla!es 1 +lients. +lients send re4uest to the ser!er and the ser!er recei!es their re4uests and reply.

NETWORKING DE:ICE# i? ii? iii? i!? ,ub Switch *epeater 7rid-es

!? !i? !ii? !iii? ix?

*outer 0ateways *A59 +onnector #I+ C #etwork Interface +ard 1 )thernet +ard 1 " # +ard B5H bit $ + ddr '3I-'r-aniEationally 3ni4ue Identifier? $odem

MODE O8 COMMUNICATION# $8U55 DUP5E; :# HA58 DUP5E;' 8&++-D&*+e< ser!ices support the transfer of data in both directions.

Ha+=-D&*+e< ser!ices support the transfer of data in a sin-le direction.

NEED 7 9ENE8IT# O8 A NETWORK -%o share resources in network -(ecrease costs of transfer -Increase speed in transferrin-Impro!es communication Tran )i ion Me-ia 7 C.anne+ o= Co))&ni,ation %ransmission media is used to establish connecti!ity between computers or networks. %wo %ypes of transmission media G&i-e- Me-ia - in this type connectin- cables are the communication channels between the different works stations. Na)e I-entit0 Twi te- Pair Cab+e Coa<ia+ Cab+e 'rdinary )lectrical +able %V wire O*ti,a+ 8ibre Cab+e hi-h speed wire ha!in- thin -lass

Conne,tor #*eeDi tan,e Co t T0*e

Wire *A 59 8:: C 8::: mbps 8:: meters +heapest S%& L 3&%

7#+ 8: mbps 9:: meters +heaper %hinnet 1 %hicknet

pipe in it. S+ 1 S% 8::: mbps - -i-abits 8:: km +ostly S$ 1 $$

Un2&i-e- Me-ia si-nal. $icrowa!e *adio Wa!e Satellite Infrared wa!es

in this there is no direct connection between the source 1 destination workstations and some wa!es are used to transmit the

Data Co))&ni,ation Ter)ino+o2ie (ata +hannel C is a medium used to carry information 1 data from one point to another point. 7aud 1 7aud *ate C it the measurement unit of data carryin- capacity of a data channel bps bps is bits per second transmitted on a data channel 7ps 7ytes per second transmitted. 7andwidth C it is amount of information tra!elin- throu-h a sin-le channel at any point of time. Data Tran )i ion #wit,.in2 Te,.ni>&e 7 How t.e in=or)ation i .are- 7 Tran =erre- in a NW 1

Information transferred from one node to another node in a network is known as switchin-. Switchin- takes places in the followin- ways C Cir,&it #wit,.in2 - ex %elephone line. In this source is connected to destination from end to end.

Me a2e #wit,.in2 - ex )-mails. 3ses store and forward technolo-y for transfer of information.

Source sends information that is recei!ed by its nearby switch office. %his switch office sends the information to another switch office and that further forwards to another switch office until the whole information is reached at the switch office that is nearer to the destination. %hen this switch officer forwards information to the destination. Pa,ket #wit,.in2 PROTOCO5 &rotocols are the set of rules that -o!ern the communication o!er a network. Some important protocols are C %+& 1 I& C Tran )i ion Contro+ Proto,o+. %his protocol establishes reliable or unreliable connection between the source and destination. It also breaks the data into se-ments. I& C Internet Proto,o+. %his protocol is responsible for pro!idin- #etwork ddress 1 I& ddress of the destination network. I& ddress is /; bit address. I& ddress is di!ided into #etwork ddress and ,ost ddress. ,%%& C ,ypertext %ransfer &rotocol - It allows different types of computers 1 #etworks to establish communication between them. It has two features C re4uests and responses. - %his techni4ue also uses store and forward techni4ue but the data is broken into smaller siEe parts which are known as packets.

DI88ERENCE 9ETWEEN WIRE5E## 7 MO9I5E Wire+e is without use of wire Bland line 1 physical connection?. Mobi+e - %he de!ice is in touch with the data source continuously without physical connection. It satellite or laser etc. may use others media like

:i-eo Con=eren,in2 - It is sounds, !ideo, talkin- and !iewin- o!er internet communication. We need Internet connection, &+ +amera and its Software, !ideophone Software B#et $eetin-? for !ideo conferencin-. WWW C World Wide Web is a protocol that allows to access documents on the internet. Web Pa2e C document on the net is called a web pa-e.

UR5 C )ach web pa-e has an address that is called 3*". 3niform *esource "ocator. H0*erte<t C %he contents of a web pa-e is called ,ypertext. It can be audio, !ideo, text, -raphic and e!en H0*er+ink "ink to some other pa-e in a web pa-e is called ,yperlink. link to some other pa-e.

Te+net C %erminal )mulation. It is a pro-ram that is used to remotely lo-in network ser!er 1 de!ices. Web 9row er- It is a pro-ram that is used to na!i-ate throu-h the web pa-es and display their contents. )x Internet )xplorer, #etscape #a!i-ator and $oEilla etc Web #erver C Web #ite C www ser!er that responds to the re4uests made by web browsers. location on a web ser!er is called a web site. It contains web pa-es and has a uni4ue address. %his address is called 3*".

HTM5 C ,ypertext $arkup "an-ua-e C used to de!elop web pa-es. Web Ho tin2 C ,ostin- of web ser!er application on a computer. Network #e,&rit0 s we ha!e seen that the #W offers a lar-e number of benefits. %hese benefits are prone to threats. #W security means to counter such threats to the #W. Met.o- o= NW #e,&rit0 uthentication C -i!in- passwords etc uthoriEation C only the users lo-in 7iometric Systems C scan retina 1 (# etc Firewall C pre!ents unauthoriEed access to 1 from a pri!ate network. Cookie C It is a messa-e sent by web ser!er to the web browser so that it can keep tract of user.s acti!ities on a specific web site. Cra,ker C seek entry to alien #W with the indention to harm them.

Ha,ker C seek entry to the alien #W with the intention to just ha!e entry without harmin- them.