LTE Frequently Asked Questions

What is LTE? What is goal of LTE? What speed LTE offers? What is LTE Advanced? What is LTE architecture? What is EUTRAN? What are LTE Interfaces? What are LTE Network elements? What are LTE protocols & specifications? What is VoLGA? What is CS Fallback in LTE? How does LTE Security works? What is IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)? How do measurements work in LTE? What is Automatic Neighbor Relation? How Intra E-UTRAN Handover does is performed? How does policy control and charging works in LTE? What is SON & how does it work in LTE? How does Network Sharing works in LTE? How does Timing Advance (TA) works in LTE? How does LTE UE positioning works in E-UTRAN? How many operators have committed for LTE? What is Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)? How does Location Service (LCS) work in LTE network? How does Lawful Interception works in LTE Evolved Packet System? What is carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced? What is Relay Node and how does Relaying works in LTE-Advanced?

What is LTE? LTEi (Long Term Evolution) is initiated by 3GPPi to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions and needs.

What is goal of LTE? The goals for LTE include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards. What speed LTE offers? LTE provides downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, 50 Mbit/s in the uplink and RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10 ms. What is LTE Advanced? LTE standards are in matured state now with release 8 frozen. While LTE Advanced is still under works Often the LTE standard is seen as 4G standards which are not true. 3.9G is more acceptable for LTE. So why it is not 4G? Answer is quite simple - LTE does not fulfill all requirements of ITU 4G definition. Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to identify mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT Advanced systems shall provide best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data rates and corresponding spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency, overall network complexity and quality-of-service management. The new capabilities of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to handle a wide range of supported data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high

What is EUTRAN? The E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the S1-U.

What is LTE architecture? The evolved architecture comprises E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC (Evolved Packet Core) on the core side. The figure below shows the evolved system architecture

What are LTE Interfaces? The following are LTE Interfaces : (Ref: TS 23.401 v 841)

S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME. S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunneling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover. S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state. S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunneling. S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.

S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS. Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW. S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5. S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function. S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer. S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW. S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option. S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR. SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses. Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.

SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control functions. What are LTE Network elements? eNB eNB interfaces with the UE and hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layers. It also hosts Radio Resource Control (RRC) functionality corresponding to the control plane. It performs many functions including radio resource management, admission control, scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers. Mobility Management Entity manages and stores UE context (for idle state: UE/user identities, UE mobility state, user security parameters). It generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs. It checks the authorization whether the UE may camp on the TA or on the PLMN. It also authenticates the user.

Serving Gateway The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and PDN GW). Packet Data Network Gateway The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful Interception and packet screening. What are LTE protocols & specifications? In LTE architecture, core network includes Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) where as E-UTRAN has E-UTRAN NodeB (eNB). See LTE protocols & specifications for specification mappings. Protocol links are as below

Air Interface Physical Layer GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTP-U) GTP-U Transport Medium Access Control (MAC) Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Protocol Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Radio Link Control (RLC) Radio Resource Control (RRC) S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) S1 layer 1 S1 Signalling Transport X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) X2 layer 1 X2 Signalling Transport

What is VoLGA? VoLGA stands for "Voice over LTE via Generic Access". The VoLGA service resembles the 3GPP Generic Access Network (GAN). GAN provides a controller node - the GAN controller (GANC) -

inserted between the IP access network (i.e., the EPS) and the 3GPP core network. The GAN provides an overlay access between the terminal and the CS core without requiring specific enhancements or support in the network it traverses. This provides a terminal with a 'virtual' connection to the core network already deployed by an operator. The terminal and network thus reuse most of the existing mechanisms, deployment and operational aspects. What is CS Fallback in LTE? LTE technology supports packet based services only, however 3GPP does specifies fallback for circuit switched services as well. To achieve this LTE architecture and network nodes require additional functionality, this blog is an attempt to provide overview for same. In LTE architecture, the circuit switched (CS) fallback in EPS enables the provisioning of voice and traditional CS-domain services (e.g. CS UDI video/ SMS/ LCS/ USSD). To provide these services LTE reuses CS infrastructure when the UE is served by E UTRAN. How does LTE Security works? The following are some of the principles of 3GPP E-UTRAN security based on 3GPP Release 8 specifications:

The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the algorithm with which they are used. The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for NAS protection (making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an EPC key). The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key material that was generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure (KASME) and identified with a key identifier (KSIASME). The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is entering ECMCONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context setup).

What is IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)? The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology provides an architectural framework for delivering IP based multimedia services. IMS enables telecom service providers to offer a new generation of rich multimedia services across both circuit switched and packet switched networks. IMS offers access to IP based services independent of the access network e.g. wireless access (GPRS, 3GPPs UMTS, LTE, 3GPP2s CDMA2000) and fixed networks (TISPANs NGN)

IMS defines a architecture of logical elements using SIP for call signaling between network elements and Provides a layered approach with defined service, control, and transport planes. Some of IMS high level requirements are noted below: The application plane provides an infrastructure for the provision and management of services, subscriber configuration and identity management and defines standard interfaces to common functionality. The IMS control plane handles the call related signaling and controls transport plane. Major element of control plane is the Call Session Control Function (CSCF) , which comprises Proxy-CSCF (PCSCF), Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) and Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF). The CSCF (Call/Session Control Function) is essentially a SIP server. The IMS transport plane provides a core IP network with access from subscriber device over wireless or wireline networks. How does a measurement work in LTE? In LTE E-UTRAN measurements to be performed by a UE for mobility are classified as below

Intra-frequency E-UTRAN measurements Inter-frequency E-UTRAN measurements Inter-RAT measurements for UTRAN and GERAN Inter-RAT measurements of CDMA2000 HRPD or 1xRTT frequencies

What is Automatic Neighbor Relation? According to 3GPP specifications, the purpose of the Automatic Neighbour Relation (ANR) functionality is to relieve the operator from the burden of manually managing Neighbor Relations (NRs). This feature would operators effort to provision.

How does Intra E-UTRAN Handover is performed? Intra E-UTRAN Handover is used to hand over a UE from a source eNodeB to a target eNodeB using X2 when the MME is unchanged. In the scenario described here Serving GW is also unchanged. The presence of IP connectivity between the Serving GW and the source eNodeB, as well as between the Serving GW and the target eNodeB is assumed. The intra E-UTRAN HO in RRC_CONNECTED state is UE assisted NW controlled HO, with HO preparation signaling in E-UTRAN.

How does policy control and charging works in LTE? A important component in LTE network is the policy and charging control (PCC) function that brings together and enhances capabilities from earlier 3GPP releases to deliver dynamic control of policy and charging on a per subscriber and per IP flow basis. LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPC includes a PCC architecture that provides support for finegrained QoS and enables application servers to dynamically control the QoS and charging requirements of the services they deliver. It also provides improved support for roaming. Dynamic control over QoS and charging will help operators monetize their LTE investment by providing customers with a variety of QoS and charging options when choosing a service. The LTE PCC functions include:

PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow based charging control decisions. PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the serving gateway, this enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the behalf of the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants credit to the PCEF based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events. OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and generates charging data records (CDRs) for the billing system.

What is SON & how does it work in LTE? Self-configuring, self-optimizing wireless networks is not a new concept but as the mobile networks are evolving towards 4G LTE networks, introduction of self configuring and self optimizing mechanisms is needed to minimize operational efforts. A self optimizing function would increase network performance and quality reacting to dynamic processes in the network. This would minimize the life cycle cost of running a network by eliminating manual configuration of equipment at the time of deployment, right through to dynamically optimizing radio network performance during operation. Ultimately it will reduce the unit cost and retail price of wireless data services. How does Network Sharing works in LTE? 3GPP network sharing architecture allows different core network operators to connect to a shared radio access network. The operators do not only share the radio network elements, but may also share the radio resources themselves.

How does Timing Advance (TA) works in LTE? In LTE, when UE wish to establish RRC connection with eNB, it transmits a Random Access Preamble, eNB estimates the transmission timing of the terminal based on this. Now eNB transmits a Random Access Response which consists of timing advance command, based on that UE adjusts the terminal transmit timing. The timing advance is initiated from E-UTRAN with MAC message that implies and adjustment of the timing advance. How does LTE UE positioning works in E-UTRAN? UE Positioning function is required to provide the mechanisms to support or assist the calculation of the geographical position of a UE. UE position knowledge can be used, for example, in support of Radio Resource Management functions, as well as location-based services for operators, subscribers, and third-party service providers. How many operators have committed for LTE? List of operators committed for LTE has been compiled by 3GAmericas from Informa Telecoms & Media and public announcements. It includes a variety of commitment levels including intentions to trial, deploy, migrate, etc. What is Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)? Along with LTE introduction, 3GPP also standardized Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in Release 8 specifications to provide seamless continuity when an UE handovers from LTE coverage (E-UTRAN) to UMTS/GSM coverage (UTRAN/GERAN). With SRVCC, calls are anchored in IMS network while UE is capable of transmitting/receiving on only one of those access networks at a given time. How does Location Service (LCS) work in LTE network? In the LCS architecture, an Evolved SMLC is directly attached to the MME. The objectives of this evolution is to support location of an IMS emergency call, avoid impacts to a location session due to an inter-eNodeB handover, make use of an Evolved and support Mobile originated location request (MO-LR) and mobile terminated location request MT-LR services. Release 9 LCS solution introduces new interfaces in the EPC:

SLg between the GMLC and the MME SLs between the E-SMLC and the MME Diameter-based SLh between the HSS and the HGMLC

How does Lawful Interception works in LTE Evolved Packet System? 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS) provides IP based services. Hence, EPS is responsible only for IP layer interception of Content of Communication (CC) data. In addition to CC data, the Lawful Interception (LI) solution for EPS offers generation of Intercept Related Information (IRI) records from respective control plane (signalling) messages as well. What is carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced? To meet LTE-Advanced requirements, support of wider transmission bandwidths is required than the 20 MHz bandwidth specified in 3GPP Release 8/9. The preferred solution to this is carrier aggregation. It is of the most distinct features of 4G LTE-Advanced. Carrier aggregation allows expansion of effective bandwidth delivered to a user terminal through concurrent utilization of radio resources across multiple carriers. Multiple component carriers are aggregated to form a larger overall transmission bandwidth. What is Relay Node and how does Relaying works in LTE-Advanced? For efficient heterogeneous network planning, 3GPP LTE-Advanced has introduced concept of Relay Nodes (RNs). The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is to provide extended LTE coverage in targeted areas at low cost. The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a modified version of E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves its own UE as usual, in addition to sharing its radio resources for Relay Nodes.

LTE Interview Questions?

1) What happens when a LTE UE is powered on? From PHY Layer Point of view & NAS Point of view? Explain attach procedure in LTE? Why there is two types of security in LTE? What are the measurement events in LTE?

2) 3) 4)

Ans: Intra/Inter Frequency Events:

Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold) Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold) Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell) Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold) Event A5 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold2) Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell)

Inter RAT Events:

Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold) Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold2) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ans: Radio link failure to be detected: 1) upon T310 expiry 2) upon random access problem indication from MAC while neither T300, T301, T304 nor T311 is running What is DCI? What are the contents of DCI? What are the main difference between DCI0 and DCI1a? What is contention resolution? When Radio Link Failure is detected?

3) upon indication from RLC that the maximum number of re-transmissions has been reached

10) What is SRS used for? Ans: UL reference signal used to measure the channel quality over a section of the bandwidth. Node B use this information for frequency selective scheduling and link adaptation decisions. 11) What is DMRS/DRS? Ans: DMRS/DRS is uplink reference signal. Used for : 1)Channel Estimation and synchronization in UL 2)EnodeB can use DMRS for calculating TA command for each UE. Two Types: 1) PUSCH DMRS. 2) PUCCH DMRS. PUSCH DMRS: 1) Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUSCH transmission. 2) Distributed only in Frequency domain to preserve the PAPR characteristic of SC-FDMA. 3) 12 Resource element per resource block allocated to PUSCH DMRS. PUCCH DMRS: 1) Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUCCH transmission(if transmitted).PUCCH occupies 2 resource block per 1 ms subframe when transmitted. 2) No of REs used for PUCCH DMRS depends on a) PUCCH format to be transmitted and whether b) normal or extended cyclic prefix used. 3) PUCCH DRMS used more no of bits in case of format 1,1a,1b and less no of bits in caseof format 2, 2a, 2b. 12) What is SPS? Explain SPS? Ans: http://howltestuffworks.blogspot.in/2013/10/semi-persistent-scheduling.html 13) What is DRX? 14) Explain Connected mode DRX and Idle mode DRX? 15) Why PHICH configuration is mentioned in MIB? 16) In what are the scenario RACH is triggered? 17) What is RACH Procedure? 18) How UE come to know which RACH Preamble to USE? 19) Why there is no SOFT HO in LTE?

20) What PLMN Selection Order UE follows during Automatic PLMN selection and Manual PLMN Selection? 21) What is Timing Advance? What happens if Timing Advance Timer Expires? Ans: The timing of UL radio frame is relative to DL radio frame. EnB provides timing advance command to each UE such that all UL transmissions arrive at the eNodeB in synchronous manner. If TA timer expires UE goes of reestablishment procedure or move to idle. 22) What is SR? What is the use of SR? 23) What is MAC CE? 24) What is BackOff Indicator? What is the use of Backoff indicator? Ans : Backoff Indicator is a special MAC subheader that carries the parameter indicating the time delay between a PRACH and the next PRACH.

if the Random Access Response contains a Backoff Indicator subheader set the backoff parameter value in the UE as indicated by the BI field of the Backoff Indicator subheader else, set the backoff parameter value in the UE to 0 ms.

25) What is BSR? Ans: The Buffer Status reporting procedure is used to provide the serving eNB with information about the amount of data available for transmission in the UL buffers of the UE.

26) At what scenario UE triggers BSR? Ans:

UL data, for a logical channel which belongs to a LCG, becomes available for transmission in the RLC entity or in the PDCP entity and either the data belongs to a logical channel with higher priority than the priorities of the logical channels which belong to any LCG and for which data is already available for transmission, or there is no data available for transmission for any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Regular BSR"; UL resources are allocated and number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Buffer Status Report MAC control element plus its subheader, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Padding BSR" retxBSR-Timer expires and the UE has data available for transmission for any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Regular BSR" periodicBSR-Timer expires, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Periodic BSR".

27) When different types of BSR are triggered? Ans: For Regular and Periodic BSR:

if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is transmitted report Long BSR else, report Short BSR.

For Padding BSR:

if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Short BSR plus its subheader but smaller than the size of the Long BSR plus its subheader: if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is transmitted: report Truncated BSR of the LCG with the highest priority logical channel with data available for transmission; else report Short BSR. else if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Long BSR plus its subheader, report Long BSR.

28) What is the use of system info modification period? 29) What is the content of RAR? Ans: A MAC RAR consists of the four fields

R Timing Advance Command UL Grant Temporary C-RNTI

30) What is the USE of UE specific Reference signal? 31) What is Cell Specific Reference Signal? 32) In what are the scenario UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment? Ans: UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment procedure on following condition:

Upon detecting Radio Link Failure Handover Failure Mobility From E-UTRA Failure Integrity Failure Indication Received From Lower Layers RRC Connection Reconfiguration Failure 33) What is GUTI? 34) What is the significance of S-TMSI? 35) What is the content of Paging Message? 36) When UE activates integrity and ciphering?

Ans:

The SECURITY MODE COMMAND message is used to command the UE for the activation of AS security. E-UTRAN always initiates this procedure prior to the establishment of Signalling Radio Bearer2 (SRB2) and Data Radio Bearers (DRBs). AS security comprises of the integrity protection of RRC signalling (SRBs) as well as the ciphering of RRC signalling (SRBs) and user plane data (DRBs). The integrity protection algorithm is common for signalling radio bearers SRB1 and SRB2. The ciphering algorithm is common for all radio bearers (i.e. SRB1, SRB2 andDRBs). Neither integrity protection nor ciphering applies for SRB0. The eNodeB sends integrity protected SECURITY MODE COMMAND message to the UE. The UE shall derive KeNB and KRRCint which is associated with integrity protection algorithm indicated in the SECURITY MODE COMMAND. Then, UE verifies the Integrity of the received SECURITY MODE COMMAND by checking the Message Authentication Code (MAC) in the SECURITY MODE COMMAND message. If the SECURITY MODE COMMANDmessage fails the integrity protection check, then the UE sends SECURITY MODE FAILURE to the eNodeB. If the SECURITY MODE COMMAND passes the integrity protection check, then the UE shall derive the encryption keys KRRCenc key and the KUPenc keys associated with the ciphering algorithm indicated in theSECURITY MODE COMMAND. The UE shall apply integrity protection using the indicated algorithm ( EIA) and the integrity key, KRRCintimmediately, i.e. integrity protection shall be applied to all

subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, including the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message. The UE shall apply ciphering using the indicated algorithm (EEA), KRRCenc key and the KUPenc key after completing the procedure, i.e. ciphering shall be applied to all subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, except for the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message which is sent un-ciphered.

36) How many default and dedicated bearer possible in lte? 37) Can there be multiple default bearer to same PDN? 38) How the position of each SIB is calculated in LTE? 39) How measurement GAP calculation happens in LTE?
LTE Long Term Evolution is a technology standard for high-speed wireless communications through cellular networks. Large telecommunication companies around the world have integrated LTE into their networks by installing and upgrading equipment on cell towers and in data centers. 1. What Types of Devices Support LTE? Devices with LTE support began appearing in 2010. Higher-end smartphones starting with Apple iPhone 5 feature LTE support, as do many tablets with cellular network interfaces. Newer travel routers have also added LTE capability. PCs and other laptop or desktop computers generally do not offer LTE. Ads Flight Bookingedreams.com/Flight_OffersOur Best Fares for Your Holidays: Hurry, Check Our Special Offers! Mobile Analysis Webinarwww.exfo.com/Mobile-Network-WebinarEffective mobile network analysis & application monitoring. Learn how! Momondo Cheap Flightswww.momondo.comFind Cheap Flight Tickets from 700+ Different Travel Sites Here! 2. How Fast Is LTE? Customers using an LTE network experience greatly varying connection speeds depending on their provider and current network traffic conditions. Benchmark studies show LTE in the U.S. typically supports downloads (downlink) data rates between 5 and 50 Mbps with uplink (upload) rates between 1 and 20 Mbps. (The theoretical maximum data rate for standard LTE is 300 Mbps.) Technology called LTE-Advanced improves on standard LTE by adding new wireless transmission capabilities. LTE-Advanced supports a theoretical maximum data rate more than three times that of standard LTE, up to 1 Gbps, allowing customers to enjoy downloads at 100 Mbps or better.

3. Is LTE a 4G Protocol? The networking industry recognizes LTE a 4G technology along with WiMax and HSPA+. None of these qualified as 4G based on the original definition of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standards group, but in December, 2010 the ITU re-defined 4G to include them. While some marketing professionals and press have labeled LTE-Advanced as 5G, no widely-approved definition of 5G exists to justify the claim.

4. Where Is LTE Available? LTE is broadly deployed in urban areas of North America and Europe. Many larger cities on other continents although have LTE rolled out, but the coverage varies greatly by region. Many parts of Africa and some countries in South America lack LTE or similar high-speed wireless communication infrastructure. China has also been relatively slow to adopt LTE compared to other industrialized nations. Those living or traveling in rural areas are unlikely to find LTE service. Even in more populated areas, LTE connectivity can prove unreliable when roaming due to local gaps in service coverage.

5. Does LTE Support Phone Calls? LTE communications work over Internet Protocol (IP) with no provision for analog data such as voice. Service providers normally configure their phones to switch between a different communication protocol for phone calls and LTE for data transfers. However, several voice over IP (VoIP) technologies have been designed to extend LTE to support simultaneous voice and data traffic. Providers are expected to gradually phase these VoIP solutions their LTE networks in the coming years. 6. Does LTE Reduce the Battery Life of Mobile Devices? Many customers have reported reduced battery life when enabling the LTE functions of their device. Battery drain can happen when a device receives a relatively weak LTE signal from the cell towers, effectively making the device work harder to maintain a stable connection. Battery life also decreases if a device maintains more than one wireless connection and switches between them, which can happen if a customer is roaming and changing from LTE to 3G service and back frequently. These battery life complications are not limited to LTE, but LTE can exacerbate them as the availability of service can be more limited than other types of cell communication. Battery issues should become a non-factor as the availability and reliability of LTE improves.

7. How Do LTE Routers Work? LTE routers contain a built-in LTE broadband modem and enable local Wi-Fi and/or Ethernetdevices to share the LTE connection. Note that LTE routers do not actually create a local LTE communications network within the home or local area. 8. Is LTE Secure? Similar security considerations apply to LTE as other IP networks. While no IP network is truly secure, LTE incorporates various network security features designed to protect data traffic. Ads Wlan Wifitechtarget.com/NetworksSolutions to Improve Networking. Expert Tips & Advice. Free Guide! Facebook Account Sign Upwww.facebook.comWorld's Largest Online Community. Join for Free & Enjoy the Benefits! 9. Is LTE Better Than Wi-Fi? LTE and Wi-Fi serve different purposes. Wi-Fi works best for servicing wireless local area networks while LTE works well for long-distance communications and roaming. 10. How Does a Person Sign Up for LTE Service? A person must first acquire an LTE client device and then sign up for service with an available provider. Especially outside the United States, only one provider may service some locales. Via a restriction called locking, some devices, primarily smartphones, only work with one carrier even if others exist in that region.

11. Which LTE Service Providers Are Best? The best LTE networks offer a combination of wide coverage, high reliability, high performance, affordable prices and great customer service. Naturally no one service provider excels in every aspect. Some, like AT&T in the U.S., claim higher speed while others like Verizon tout their wider availability.

1. Which protocol is responsible for Scheduling of user data and HARQ? MAC A Medium Access Control (MAC) Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)layer with fast feedback provides a means for quickly correcting most errors from the radio channel. To achieve low delay and efficient use of radio resources, the HARQ operates with a native error rate which is sufficient only for services with moderate error rate requirements such as for instance VoIP. Lower error rates are achieved by letting an outer Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) layer in the eNB handle the HARQ errors.

2. Which protocol is responsible for ciphering of user data? PDCP The PDCP protocol maps the EPS bearer onto the E-UTRA Radio Bearer and performs Robust Header Compression (ROHC).NAS messages are protected using the ciphering and integrity protection services provided by the PDCP layer. The Packet Data Convergence Protocol supports the following functions: Header compression and decompression of IP data flows using the ROHC (Robust Header Compression) protocol, at the transmitting and receiving entity, respectively. transfer of data (user plane or control plane). This function is used for conveyance of data between users of PDCP services. maintenance of PDCP sequence numbers for radio bearers for radio bearers

mapped on RLC acknowledged mode. in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at Handover duplicate elimination of lower layer SDUs at Handover for radio bearers mapped on RLC acknowledged mode ciphering and deciphering of user plane data and control plane data integrity protection of control plane data timer based discard 3. How does the frequency domain structure differ in UL compared to DL? In UL the frequency allocation must be continuous in order to preserve the single carrier properties. This is not the case in DL, where non-contiguous resource blocks be be allocated to the same user. 4. How much can the data rate be increased with 2x2 MIMO compared to a solution without MIMO? Up to two times With MIMO, multiple antennas and advanced signal processing such as spatial multiplexing, the radio channel can be separated into several layers, or data pipes. Up to four layers can be utilized. This corresponds to up to four times higher data rates for a given bandwidth. 5. Explain the concepts of channel rank, layers, data rate multiplication and codebook. The radio channel properties decide the maximum channel rank that can be used, i.e. how many layers the channel support at the moment. The number of layers that can be transmitted over the radio channel is equal to the data rate multiplication (e.g. two layers give two times the data rate compared to a solution without MIMO). The complex weights that are applied at each antenna port are selected from a finite codebook. The codebook index is suggested and indicated by the UE. 6. How HARQ works?

Multiple simple stop-and-wait ARQ processes are processed by the HARQ entity in the MAC protocol. The operation is very fast and has a short round-trip-time thanks to the short TTI and the fact that it is located in the eNodeB, close to the radio interface. Feedback from the receiver is sent in terms of short ACK/NACK messages. 7. How to calculate the maximum theoretical physical peak data rate in LTE radio interface? Each OFDM symbol contains, if 64-QAM is used, 6 bits per subcarrier (15kHz). There are, if normal CP is used, 7 OFDM symbols per slot. This ends up with 6*7 = 42 bits per slot. One slot is 0.5 ms which gives us 42/0.5ms = 84kbps per sub-carrier. If the full bandwidth, 20MHz, is used, there are 20MHz/15kHz=1333 subcarriers. However, only 1200 of these are used for user data. This corresponds to 100 resource blocks. 1200*84kbps = 100,8 Mbps. With four MIMO layers, we should be able to achieve 403.2 Mbps of raw data rate in the physical layer. What about the user data rate? The data rates used for L1/L2 signaling, reference signals, PBCH, SCH, layer 3 signaling and protocol headers has to be subtracted from this figure. Then we end up with approximately 320 Mbps of user data rate on RLC level?? In UL we have approximately the same calculation, except that the gain from MIMO cannot be included, since no SU-MIMO is used in UL. Hence, approximately 80-100 Mbps of theoretical bitrate should be possible to reach.
Some questions and answers on LTE Radio Interface - Part1

1. How is the UE getting information that it is scheduled? By reading the PDCCH (this is valid for both UL scheduling grants and DL

scheduling assignments). PDCCH contains DCI(DL control information), which indicate 3 different messages:1. Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH 2. Downlink scheduling assignment for PDSCH 3. TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH 2. In which node is PDCP located and what are the tasks of that protocol? PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption of user data streams and reordering at handover. Each radio bearer also uses one PDCP instance. PDCP is responsible for header compression(ROHC Robust Header Compression) and ciphering/deciphering. Obviously header compression makes sense for IP diagram's, but not for signalling. Thus the PDCP entities for signalling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/deciphering only. 3. What is a resource block? A Resource Block (RB) is a time- and frequency resource that occupies 12 subcarriers (12x15 kHz = 180 kHz) and one slot (= 0.5 ms). RBs are allocated in pairs by the scheduler (then referred to as Scheduling Blocks).

4. What are two radio interface solutions that increase the spectrum efficiency ? Higher order modulation:-LTE support all types of modulation schemes like QPSK,16 QAM, 64 QAM that results in high data rate MIMO:- MIMO increase data rate by doubles in 2*2 and 4 folds in 4*4 case. 5. How large is a Resource Block? 12 subcarriers 15 kHz = 180 kHz in frequency domain and one slot (0.5 ms) in time domain

6. What is the smallest unit the scheduler can allocate? What is the name of that unit? Two consecutive Resource Blocks (RBs) which is called a Scheduling Block (SB). The duration of it is 1 ms and its called TTI.

7. Why is the Cyclic Prefix (CP) needed? In order to reduce the ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and ICI (Inter Carrier Interference) in time dispersive environments. Insertion of cyclic prefix prior to transmission improves robustness in timedispersive channels and Spectral efficiency loss.The Length of cyclic prefix is 4.7microsec in normal case.The CP is copy of the last part of the symbol in order to preserve the subcarrier orthogonality. This is possible since the FFT is a cyclic operation, but it is required that the time dispersion of the radio channel is shorter than the CP length.

8. List some benefits and drawbacks of OFDM Benefits: flexible bandwidth usage, frequency diversity, robust against time dispersion, easy to implement Drawbacks: Sensitive to frequency errors, high PAPR, introduces overhead (CP) 9. On which physical channel is the MIB sent? On which channel is the SIBs sent? MIB is sent on PBCH and SIBs on the PDSCH. MIB(Master information block) is static part of SI is transmitted on the BCH, which in turn is carried by PBCH. Its transmission period is 40ms. The MIB contains e.g. number of antennas, system bandwidth, PHICH configuration, transmitted power and scheduling information on how the SIBs are scheduled together with other data on DL-SCH.

10. How can the uplink be orthogonal within a LTE-cell when WCDMA is not? The resources within a cell are never allocated on the same frequency at the same time in UL (in DL when spatial multiplexing is used resources can be allocated simultaneously at the same frequency on different layers).

How to calculete LTE peak capacity?

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by telecominfo , 05-25-2012 at 04:34 PM (3883 Views)

In this blog, I will look at the peak capacity of LTE. This is the maximum possible capacity which in reality can only be achieved in lab conditions. To understand the calculations below, one needs to be familiar with the technology (I will provide references at the end). But for now, lets assume a 25 MHz LTE system. We first calculate the number of resource elements (RE) in a subframe (a subframe is 1 msec):

12 Subcarriers x 7 OFDMA Symbols x 25 Resource Blocks x 2 slots = 4,200 REs Then we calculate the data rate assuming 64 QAM with no coding (64QAM is the highest modulation for downlink LTE): 6 bits per 64QAM symbol x 4,200 Res / 1 msec = 25.2 Mbps The MIMO data rate is then 2 x 25.2 = 50.4 Mbps. We now have to subtract the overhead related to control signaling such as PDCCH and PBCH channels, reference & synchronization signals, and coding. These are estimated as follows: 1. PDCCH channel can take 1 to 3 symbols out of 14 in a subframe. Assuming that on average it is 2.5 symbols, the amount of overhead due to PDCCH becomes 2.5/14 = 17.86 %. 2. Downlink RS signal uses 4 symbols in every third subcarrier resulting in 16/336 = 4.76% overhead for 22 MIMO configuration 3. The other channels (PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH) added together amount to ~2.6% of overhead. The total approximate overhead for the 5 MHz channel is 17.86% + 4.76% + 2.6% = 25.22%. The peak data rate is then 0.75 x 50.4 Mbps = 37.8 Mbps. Note that the uplink would have lower throughput because the modulation scheme for most device classes is 16QAM in SISO mode only. There is another technique to calculate the peak capacity which I include here as well for a 220 MHz LTE system with 44 MIMO configuration and 64QAM code rate 1:
Downlink data rate:

Pilot overhead (4 Tx antennas) = 14.29% Common channel overhead (adequate to serve 1 UE/subframe) = 10% CP overhead = 6.66% Guard band overhead = 10%

Downlink data rate = 4 x 6 bps/Hz x 20 MHz x (1-14.29%) x (1-10%) x (1-6.66%) x (110%) = 298 Mbps.
Uplink data rate:

1 Tx antenna (no MIMO), 64 QAM code rate 1 (Note that typical UEs can support only 16QAM)

Pilot overhead = 14.3% Random access overhead = 0.625% CP overhead = 6.66% Guard band overhead = 10%

Uplink data rate = 1 * 6 bps/Hz x 20 MHz x (1-14.29%) x (1-0.625%) x (1-6.66%) x (110%) = 82 Mbps. lte-peak-downlink-data-rate.jpg lte-peak-uplink-data-rate.jpg To conclude, the LTE capacity depends on the following:

Channel bandwidth Network loading: number of subscribers in a cell which impacts the overhead The configuration & capability of the system: whether its 22 MIMO, SISO, and the MCS scheme.

Prepare best answers to Umts lte rf engineer interview questions by job interview types:
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Umts lte rf engineer interview questions Umts lte rf engineer interview tips Umts lte rf engineer interview answers
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Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Basic interview). - What is more important to you: the money or the work? - A team experience you found disappointing. - How did you prepare for this work? - Do you work well under pressure? - Do you have any questions for me? Say something relevant to the objective line in the resume. Limit your answer to your career background and experience. Emphasize benefits to the company. Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Behavioral interview). - Give an example of a time you successfully worked on a team. - Describe a situation where you had to plan or organise something.

- Give examples of ideas you've had or implemented. - Has anything ever irritated you about people you've worked with? - What kind of events cause you stress on the job? Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Competency Based job interview). - What was the most complex assignment you have had? - Tell me about a difficult experience you had in working. - What techniques and tools do you use to keep yourself organized? - Why did you decide to pursue this career? - Did you feel you progressed satisfactorily in your last job? Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Phone interview). - When were you most satisfied in your job? - Can you describe a time when your work was criticized? - What are your long-term goals or career plans? - What are you expecting from this firm in the future? - What are three positive character traits you don't have? Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Situational interview). - What attracted you to this company? - What do you think, would you be willing to travel for work? - What would make you happy in a job? - What have you been doing since your last job? - What relevant experience do you have? Think of actual examples you can use to describe your skills. Your answer will affect the rest of the interview. Be sure that you refer to something that was beyond your control. Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Video interview) - How would you weigh a plane without scales? - Situation in which you had to arrive at a compromise. - What was the most important task you ever had? - Give me an example that best describes your organizational skills. - Give some examples of teamwork. Find out about which type of interview it is, how many interviewers and candidates there are, it is a formal interview or informal one. Try to avoid specific classifications, whatever it may be. Make sure you're well prepared for this Umts lte rf engineer interview questions as you won't likely get a second chance to really shine. Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (about Strengths and Weaknesses) - When was the last time you were in a crises? - What has been your most successful experience in speech making? - List five words that describe your character. - Who else have you applied to/got interviews with? - What do you believe are your key strengths? Umts lte rf engineer interview questions (Communication skills) - Describe a recent unpopular decision you made. - What three character traits would your friends use to describe you? - What do you see yourself doing within the first days of this job?

- What do you consider your most significant accomplishment? - What irritates you about other people? Answer Umts lte rf engineer interview questions pertaining to job qualifications and skill sets honestly. Make sure your eye contact with the interviewers during the interview. Don't get trivial or negative answering Umts lte rf engineer interview questions.

CELL_DCH state

A dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE in uplink and downlink. High data rate can be supported because of the dedicated resources

CELL_FACH state

No dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE. UE is on shared channel in downlink and uplink. UE keeps monitoring the FACH channel for transmission destined to its C-RNTI. In the Uplink it can access the RACH channel to send small amounts of data. UE was put in CELL_FACH to save some dedicated channel resources in network.

CELL_PCH state

No dedicated or shared physical channel is allocated to the UE. The UE selects a PCH with the algorithm, and uses DRX for monitoring the selected PCH via an associated PICH. No uplink activity is possible. The position of the UE is known by UTRAN on cell level according to the cell where the UE last made a cell update in CELL_FACH state. UE was put in CELL_PCH when there is no activity for a period of time. This saved battery in UE.

URA_PCH:

No dedicated channel is allocated to the UE. The UE selects a PCH with the algorithm, and uses DRX for monitoring the selected PCH via an associated PICH. No uplink activity is possible. The location of the UE is known on UTRAN Registration area level according to the URA assigned to the UE during the last URA update in CELL_FACH state. UE was put in this state to avoid frequent CELL UPDATES

LTE has only two RRC STATES

RRC_IDLE

there is no RRC CONNECTION and no DTCH/DCCH allocated UE can receive Cell Broadcast and monitors paging for incoming call UE does cell reselections based on neighbor cell measurements UE is not known by the eNodeB RRC_CONNECTED

RRC Connection exitsts and UE can receive/transmit data on shared channels UE monitors the control channels corresponding to the Shared Data channels UE provides channel quality and feedback information eNodeB configures DRX based on UE activity. UE is known at cell level In LTE, the RRC_CONNECTED state has the benefits of CELL_FACH and to some extent CELL_PCH incorporated in it. Since in the downlink the scarce resource is the resource blocks, the downlink logical channels are always mapped onto shared transport channels(exhibiting the CELL_FACH properties). While in RRC_CONNECTED, the UE is configured with DRX cycles, conserving the battery in the UE. With just two RRC states, the RRC state machine is simplified to a great extent, saving a lot of signalling.

11. Why doesn't the iPhone come in a 4G version? Since Apple sells the iPhone in the United States under an exclusive contract with AT&T, it has manufactured the phone with chips that connect to AT&T's 3G cellular network. Many people hope that Verizon, which has more-immediate 4G plans for its network than AT&T does, will begin selling a CDMA version of the iPhone later this year. 12. Can I use 4G while I'm on the road, as with a cell phone? Yes. The whole idea behind 4G is that it's not just broadband, but mobile broadband. 13. Can I use 4G services in different cities, similarly to roaming with a cell phone? Yes, sort of. Roaming is supported between different cities covered by the same service, so a Clearwire or Sprint device you buy in Portland should work fine in Las Vegas or Chicago. LTE proponents say that they will support cross-provider roaming, but we'll have to wait a couple years to see whether that works. And while chip vendors

have announced silicon that could link to either a WiMax or an LTE network, no as-yetannounced device can accomplish that trick. 14. Will 4G be offered in rural communities? Smaller providers such as DigitalBridge Communications--which has services in Jackson Hole, Wyoming--already offer mobile WiMax similar to Clearwire's. A company called Open Range Communications has just started offering WiMax services in rural Colorado, and it plans to cover more than 500 rural communities over the next several years. 15. Can 4G services replace my home DSL or cable modem? Yes, unless you're looking for extra-high-speed services for extremely demanding broadband usage. Clearwire's WiMax service already offers faster speeds than the lower-end DSL plans, and it can match some cable modem offerings. For users who want both home and mobile service, WiMax 4G may be a better deal than the combined price of a stationary service and a 3G data plan. 16. What is a portable Wi-Fi router, and how does it use 4G? Clearwire and Sprint sell two versions of a portable Wi-Fi/WiMax router, which uses a link to WiMax on the back end to support a "personal hotspot" capable of broadcasting a Wi-Fi signal that several devices can share. Sprint's forthcoming HTC EVO 4G phone will be able to act as a portable router, too, sharing its WiMax connection with up to eight other devices via Wi-Fi. 17. I've been hearing recently about "HSPA+" or "3.5G" service. What is it? T-Mobile USA is in the process of launching a mobile data network based on a moreadvanced version of the 3G protocols in use today. Theoretically the network can support speeds of up to 21 mbps, but in tests so far it is only marginally faster than most 3G data services. T-Mobile hopes to have the service available in 100 U.S. cities by the end of 2010. 18. Why do some people say that current 4G services are not "true" 4G? Standards bodies have set higher speed goals for what they would like to define as "official" 4G services, performance marks that likely won't be met for another couple

years at the earliest. But marketers think that what's available now is a big enough leap to justify the "next-generation" label--and they're the ones who buy the ads. 19. Will "real" 4G services ever be available? Both WiMax and LTE backers are working on versions of the technology that will support "true" 4G speeds of more than 100 mbps for downloads, but real products using those versions probably won't appear for several years.

20. When will this great service be available in my town? It all depends on when providers decide that your metro area is worthy! Clearwire and Sprint both have interactive maps on their Websites showing where and when services are likely to be available. Verizon is expected to announce its first LTE cities later this summer or early next fall.

LTE Interview Questions?

1) What happens when a LTE UE is powered on? From PHY Layer Point of view & NAS Point of view? Explain attach procedure in LTE? Why there is two types of security in LTE? What are the measurement events in LTE?

2) 3) 4) Ans:

Intra/Inter Frequency Events:

Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold) Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold) Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell) Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold) Event A5 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold2)

Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell)

Inter RAT Events:

Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold) Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold2) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ans: Radio link failure to be detected: 1) upon T310 expiry 2) upon random access problem indication from MAC while neither T300, T301, T304 nor T311 is running 3) upon indication from RLC that the maximum number of re-transmissions has been reached What is DCI? What are the contents of DCI? What are the main difference between DCI0 and DCI1a? What is contention resolution? When Radio Link Failure is detected?

10) What is SRS used for? Ans: UL reference signal used to measure the channel quality over a section of the bandwidth. Node B use this information for frequency selective scheduling and link adaptation decisions. 11) What is DMRS/DRS? Ans: DMRS/DRS is uplink reference signal. Used for : 1)Channel Estimation and synchronization in UL 2)EnodeB can use DMRS for calculating TA command for each UE. Two Types: 1) PUSCH DMRS.

2) PUCCH DMRS. PUSCH DMRS: 1) Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUSCH transmission. 2) Distributed only in Frequency domain to preserve the PAPR characteristic of SC-FDMA. 3) 12 Resource element per resource block allocated to PUSCH DMRS. PUCCH DMRS: 1) Included in every resource block allocated to UE for PUCCH transmission(if transmitted).PUCCH occupies 2 resource block per 1 ms subframe when transmitted. 2) No of REs used for PUCCH DMRS depends on a) PUCCH format to be transmitted and whether b) normal or extended cyclic prefix used. 3) PUCCH DRMS used more no of bits in case of format 1,1a,1b and less no of bits in caseof format 2, 2a, 2b. 12) What is SPS? Explain SPS? Ans: http://howltestuffworks.blogspot.in/2013/10/semi-persistent-scheduling.html 13) What is DRX? 14) Explain Connected mode DRX and Idle mode DRX? 15) Why PHICH configuration is mentioned in MIB? 16) In what are the scenario RACH is triggered? 17) What is RACH Procedure? 18) How UE come to know which RACH Preamble to USE? 19) Why there is no SOFT HO in LTE? 20) What PLMN Selection Order UE follows during Automatic PLMN selection and Manual PLMN Selection? 21) What is Timing Advance? What happens if Timing Advance Timer Expires? Ans: The timing of UL radio frame is relative to DL radio frame. EnB provides timing advance command to each UE such that all UL transmissions arrive at the eNodeB in synchronous manner. If TA timer expires UE goes of reestablishment procedure or move to idle. 22) What is SR? What is the use of SR? 23) What is MAC CE? 24) What is BackOff Indicator? What is the use of Backoff indicator?

Ans : Backoff Indicator is a special MAC subheader that carries the parameter indicating the time delay between a PRACH and the next PRACH.

if the Random Access Response contains a Backoff Indicator subheader set the backoff parameter value in the UE as indicated by the BI field of the Backoff Indicator subheader else, set the backoff parameter value in the UE to 0 ms.

25) What is BSR? Ans: The Buffer Status reporting procedure is used to provide the serving eNB with information about the amount of data available for transmission in the UL buffers of the UE.

26) At what scenario UE triggers BSR? Ans:

UL data, for a logical channel which belongs to a LCG, becomes available for transmission in the RLC entity or in the PDCP entity and either the data belongs to a logical channel with higher priority than the priorities of the logical channels which belong to any LCG and for which data is already available for transmission, or there is no data available for transmission for any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Regular BSR"; UL resources are allocated and number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Buffer Status Report MAC control element plus its subheader, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Padding BSR" retxBSR-Timer expires and the UE has data available for transmission for any of the logical channels which belong to a LCG, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Regular BSR" periodicBSR-Timer expires, in which case the BSR is referred below to as "Periodic BSR". 27) When different types of BSR are Triggered? Ans: For Regular and Periodic BSR:

if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is transmitted report Long BSR else, report Short BSR.

For Padding BSR:

if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Short BSR plus its subheader but smaller than the size of the Long BSR plus its subheader: if more than one LCG has data available for transmission in the TTI where the BSR is transmitted: report Truncated BSR of the LCG with the highest priority logical channel with data available for transmission; else

report Short BSR. else if the number of padding bits is equal to or larger than the size of the Long BSR plus its subheader, report Long BSR.

28) What is the use of system info modification period? 29) What is the content of RAR? Ans: A MAC RAR consists of the four fields

R Timing Advance Command UL Grant Temporary C-RNTI

30) What is the USE of UE specific Reference signal? 31) What is Cell Specific Reference Signal?

32) In what are the scenario UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment? Ans: UE Triggers RRC Connection Reestablishment procedure on following condition:

Upon detecting Radio Link Failure Handover Failure Mobility From E-UTRA Failure Integrity Failure Indication Received From Lower Layers RRC Connection Reconfiguration Failure 33) What is GUTI? 34) What is the significance of S-TMSI? 35) What is the content of Paging Message? 36) When UE activates integrity and ciphering?

Ans:

The SECURITY MODE COMMAND message is used to command the UE for the activation of AS security. E-UTRAN always initiates this procedure prior to the establishment of Signalling Radio Bearer2 (SRB2) and Data Radio Bearers (DRBs). AS security comprises of the integrity protection of RRC signalling (SRBs) as well as the ciphering of RRC signalling (SRBs) and user plane data (DRBs). The integrity protection algorithm is common for signalling radio bearers SRB1 and SRB2. The ciphering algorithm is common for all radio bearers (i.e. SRB1, SRB2 andDRBs). Neither integrity protection nor ciphering applies for SRB0. The eNodeB sends integrity protected SECURITY MODE COMMAND message to the UE. The UE shall derive KeNB and KRRCint which is associated with integrity protection algorithm indicated in the SECURITY MODE COMMAND. Then, UE verifies the Integrity of the received SECURITY MODE COMMAND by checking the Message Authentication Code (MAC) in the SECURITY MODE COMMAND message. If the SECURITY MODE COMMANDmessage fails the integrity protection check, then the UE sends SECURITY MODE FAILURE to the eNodeB. If the SECURITY MODE COMMAND passes the integrity protection check, then the UE shall derive the encryption keys KRRCenc key and the KUPenc keys associated with the ciphering algorithm indicated in theSECURITY MODE COMMAND. The UE shall apply integrity protection using the indicated algorithm (EIA) and the integrity key, KRRCintimmediately, i.e. integrity protection shall be applied to all subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, including the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message. The UE shall apply ciphering using the indicated algorithm (EEA), KRRCenc key and the KUPenc key after completing the procedure, i.e. ciphering shall be applied to all subsequent messages received and sent by the UE, except for the SECURITY MODE COMPLETE message which is sent un-ciphered.

36) How many default and dedicated bearer possible in lte? 37) Can there be multiple default bearer to same PDN? 38) How the position of each SIB is calculated in LTE? 39) How measurement GAP calculation happens in LTE?

WiMAX Interview Preparation Guide Download PDF WiMAX Interview Questions and Answers will guide us now that WiMAX mean Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbps with the IEEE 802.16m update expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. So learn WiMAX and get job in WiMAX with the help of this WiMAX Interview Questions with Answers guide WiMAX Questions and Answers: 1 :: What is WiMAX Technology? WiMAX Technology is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). Is This Answer Correct?3 Yes 0 No

2 :: Where did the idea of WiMAX Technology come from? The WiMAX Forum and to the founding members of the WiMAX Technology Forum, which committed themselves early to the process of creating a collaborative standards body. As a founding member of the WiMAX Technology Forum, Intel recognized that a well developed ecosystem was necessary to drive adoption and thereby drive lower hardware costs. Intel was also instrumental in getting other silicon chip manufacturers involved whose products would form the core of WiMAX technology. Is This Answer Correct?0 Yes 0 No

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4 :: Is WiMAX Technology Safe? Since much of the technology being utilized in the IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX Technology standard) is widely deployed, there is a historical body of evidence supporting the safety of technologies used in upcoming WiMAX Technology and WiMAX products. Microwave and other spectrum technologies enjoy over a hundred years of historical evidence of safety when prudently handled and configured. The amount of power allowed to deliver broadband wireless signal varies from frequency to frequency, however, most are modest topping out at around 40 watts at the tower relay site. While certain basic precautions need to be taken when onsite at communications towers (i.e. standing directly in front of active microwave links at essentially zero range) the configurations for public use are understood and safe. Customer premise equipment is even safer. Is This Answer Correct?0 Yes 0 No

5 :: Will WiMAX Technology replace DSL and Cable? It is important to remember that WiMAX Technology is a global broadband wireless standard. The question of whether or not it could replace either DSL or Cable will vary from region to region. Many developing countries simply do not have the infrastructure to support either cable or DSL broadband technologies. In fact, many such countries are already widely using proprietary broadband wireless technologies. Even in such regions however, it is very unlikely that either Cable or DSL technologies would disappear. The business case and basic infrastructure often dictates that the cheapest solutions will predominate. In many areas in developing nations, it may be cheaper to deploy Cable and DSL in the cities at least for fixed applications, whereas WiMAX Technology will dominate outside of major towns. Is This Answer Correct?0 Yes 0 No