Discussion LS3 Week 4

Vikram Singh

1. What is a operon? Several Genes regulated and transcribed together. This also means that it leads to co- transcription. Co transcription basically means that you make one RNA and it gives rise to multiple proteins. This is used mainly in bacteria. Saves Energy. 2. Rank the following in order of increasing intro size. Plants, humans, bacteria. Bacteria<plants<humans Bacteria dont have introns. Introns are within the coding sequence. The linker DNA does not include the intron. Plants have a pretty small intron. Most of the plant genome are exons. Humans have a lot of introns. 3. What are the two differences between type I and type II topoisomerases? Type 1 relaxes supercoils without ATP whereas type II uses ATP to relax supercoils and it can also introduce supercoils. Type I cuts one strand whereas Type II cuts two strand. Type I creates energy by making a temporary phosphodiester bondthe tyrosine forms this with DNA whicht allows it to maintain the energy. 4. Chromatin=____________+________________ Chromatin is a DNA and protein Complex 5. What is DNA wrapped around histones called? Nucleosomes 6. What are the 4 core histones? H3, H2B, H2A, H4 7. What form do they exist in? They exist as an octamer. 8. How can they be modified? Methylation, acetylation 9. How many subunits are in bacterial RNA polymerases? Bacterial RNA polymerase has 5 subunits. 10. Name them. Beta prime, Beta, 2 alpha, one omega 11. What DNA strand has the same sequence as the RNA strand? Template DNA 12. What strand is used for transcription? Coding DNA 13. Given the growing RNA: ppp5 ApApGpUpC3 + pp The three ps represent triphosphate. You need the energy of the two phosphates. The two ps at the ends are pyrophosphatethis makes the reaction energetically favorable. 14. What is the RNA sequence? 5AAGUC3 15. Cooling stand? 5;AAGTC3 16. Template strand? 5GACTT3

Adenylation is a protein modification and is when you add amp to protein. Non-polar is hydrophobic. Know the amino acids. Tyrosine--- is aromaticpoplar--- nonpolar. Tyrosine is all three remember this. For the Midterm you need to know all the amino acids, their name, classification, and their three-letter code. RNA Is less stable than DNA in alkali conditions because DNA doesnt have the 2 hydroxyl group. W is the number of supercoiling. Lac operon is an example of operon. It codes for lactose--- it has multiple genes. Focusing on what she covers in lecture, the book is more of a reference and so focus on lectures. She likes a lot of the bullshit questions where e) all of the above Make sure read all of the answer choices. Know you clicker questions. Overview of Southern Blots You try to find one DNA in more DNA Importantyou only see the shit that the probe binds to. The fragment differentiates by size. So the purpose to find certain genes. --- so identification. DNA complimentary binding probe. Agarose celltransfer to membrane---incubate with probe--- which will expose the ones the probe has bonded to. Northern blot----- RNA on gel--- uses a DNA probe Western blot----protein on gel----antibody probe Southern blot----DNA on a gel----uses a DNA probe