Animals are characterized based on certain characteristics

− Tissues
− Symmetry
− Radial
− Bilateral
− Body Cavity
− Acoelomates
− Pseudocoelomates
− Coelomates
− Patterns of Development
− Segmentation

− Epithelial-endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

− Connective-mesoderm
− Muscle- mesoderm
− Nerval- ecotderm

EctodermNervous system and epidermis

MesodermSkeleton and muscles
Endoderm digestive organs and intestines
 Parazoa
− Lack definite symmetry
− Lack tissues

I. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

− Radial symmetry
− Colonial
− Grow on all types of surfaces
− Both sexual and asexual reproduction
− Sponge body composed of choanocytes (collar cells)
− Cells help circulate water through the sponge

Eumetazoa

Radial Symmetry

I. Phylum Cnidaria
− Two major body forms
− Polyps (cylindrical and attached to a firm surface)
− Medusae (free floating and umbrella shaped tentacles)
− Internal extracellular digestion of food
− No blood vessels, respiratory or excretory organs

1. Class Hydrozoa
− Most are marine and colonial
− Exist in polyp form
− Nematocysts which are stinging cells that act like harpoons and inject
toxins
2. Class Scyphozoa
− The Jellyfish
− Transparent and translucent marine organism
− Exist in the medusae form
3. Class Cubazoa
− The box-jellies
− Exist in medusae form
− Bites are fatal to humans
4. Class Anthozoa
− Sea anemones and corals
II. Phylum Ctenophores
− Comb Jellies
− Exist in medusae form

Bilateral Symmetry

Acoelomates

I. Phylum Platyhelminthes
− The flatworms
− Incomplete GI
− Only one opening

1. Class Tubellaria
− Planaria, simplest
2. Class Monogenera
− Parasitic flat worms
3. Class Trematoda
− The liver flukes
− Live and insect bile passages of liver of humans, cats, dogs, and pigs
− Escape into the water and get ingested by fish and bore into the muscles
o Schistosoma
 Cause Schistosomiasis, which is also called bilharzia
• Chronic disease that causes damage to the internal
organs
4. Class Cestoda
− The tapeworms (genus Taenia)
− Parasitic creatures that ‘hang out’ on the inner walls of their hosts
− Live in intestines of mostly vertebrates and can cause malnutrition

II. Phylum Nemrtae

− Compact body  Possess complete GI
 Closed circulatory system

III. Phylum Cyliophora

− Lobster symbyionts
− Tiny organisms (.)
− Circular mouths covered with cilia

Pseudocoelomates Endo/Meso

I. Phylum Nematoda
 − Roundworms
− Both sexual and asexual reproduction

1. Genus Enterobius
− Pin worms
− Infect mainly childrenform cysts
− Controlled easily by drugs

2. Genus Wucherria
− Filaria cause severe inflammation and swelling of the
lymph nodes
− Bancrofiti causes most severe Elephantiasis
3. Genus Trichinella
− Causes most common and serious disease Trichinosis
− Form resistive cysts
4. Genus Ascaris
− Intestinal round worm
− Live in intestines
− Could lead to malnutrition

II. Phylum Rotifera

− Aquatic animals that propel themselves through the water by beating their cilia, like
boats with ores

Coelomates
I. Phylum Mollusca
− Have a coelomates surrounding a heart
− Digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs concentrated in a visceral mass
− Muscular foot used for locomotion
− Mangle is a thick, epidermal sheet of skin.
− Ctenidia are specialized portions that contain many blood vessles Increase
surface area for gas exchange
− Nitrogenous wastes are removed via a nephridia
− Open circulatory system with a three chambered heart
− Distinct male and female parts
− Head, visceral mass, foot

1. Class Poluplacophora
− Eight overlapping plates
− Chitons
2. Class Gastropoda
− Snails, slugs
3. Class Bivalvia
 − Clams, oysters, scallops
4. Class Cephalopoda
− Squids, octopus

II. Phylum Annelida

− Bodies broken down into distinct ring like segments running the body looking like a sac
of donuts
− Serial segmentation in which segments are divided by septa and each segment contains
excretory and locomotor organs in a repeating fasion (E|L|E|L…)
− Front segments contain specialized sensory organs and a brain
− Closed circulatory system that carries blood from one segment to another
− Move by contracting segments
− Chaetae (segments of chitin) that help anchor

1. Class Polychaeta
− Marine worms
2. Class Oligochaeta
− Earthworms
3. Class Hirudina
− Leaches
III. Phylum Lophorates
− Characterized by a lophophore, a circular U-shaped ridge around the mouth
1. Bryozoans- small and live in colonies that look like moss patches
2. Lamp shells that superficially resemble clams

IV. Phylum Anthropoda

− Joined appendages
− Tagmatization- the joining of segments
− Exoskeleton made out of chitin
− Compound eye made up of units called ommatida
− Open circulatory system
− Nervous system that is double chain of segmented ganglia running along ventral side
− Respiratory system consists of small branched cuticle air ducts called trachea, which
branch into tracheoles
− Spiracles allow air to enter
− Malphagian tubules are projections of the digestive system which function as removers
of nitrogenous wastes
− Sacum- near the intestines function as the pancrease

1. Class Arachnids
− Mites, ticks (Acari), and spiders (Araneae)
2. Class Myriapods
− Centipedes and millipedes
 3. Class Crustaceans
− Lobsters, crab, shrimp
4. Class Insects
− Largest class
− Undergo metamorphosis
− Simple- the young look similar to the adults
and simply increase in size
− Complex- the young look nothing like the
adults, usually in the larvey form

i. Order Coleo[hidden] ptera[wing]-beetles

ii. Order Diptera- the flies
iii. Order Lepidoptera- butterflies and moths
iv. Order Hymenoptera- bees, wasps, and ants

V. Phylum Echinodermata
− Deuterostomes development
− Body structure discussed by location of their mouths (ventral, dorsal)
− Endoskeleton composed of movable plates called ossicles
− Water-vascular system in which water enters through the madreporite
− Respiration and waste removal occurs through the skin through fingerlike projections
called paupulae
− Able to regenerate lost body parts (asexual respiration, but mostly do sexual)
− Cardiac stomach and pyloric stomach

1. Class Asterodia- the starfish

2. Class Ophiruodia- brittle star fish
3. Class Holothuroidea- sea cucumber
4. Class Crinoidea- sea lilies and feather stars

V. Phylum Chordata
− Coelomates
− Deuterostomes
− Joined appendages
− Segmentation
− Notochord
− Postanal tail
− Hollow, dorsal nerve chord
− Pharyngeal pouches
-Sub-Phylum Urochordata (chordates with no spinal chord, tunicates)
-Sub-Phylum Cephalochordate (lancelets)

-Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
− Vertebral column
− Headcranial vertebrate
− Neural crest(ectoderm)Neural tube(CNS)
− Complex internal organs
− Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

1. The Fish
− Gills located in the back of the pharynx that extract oxygen from water
− Counter-current flow
− Single loop, closed blood circulation
− Nutritional deficiencies (can’t synthesize aromatic A.A)
− Started out as ostracoderms shell-skinned, jawless fish)Agnathans, modern
day jawless fish (the lampreys and hagfish)

1. Class Chondrichytes
− Cartilage fish, sharks, and rays
− No swim bladders
2. Class Actinopterygii
− Ray-finned fish
− Swim bladder
− Gill cover
− Lateral line system
3. Class Sarcoptergii
− Lobe-finned fish that gave rise to amphibians

2. The Amphibians
− Both livesLand (developed legs and lungs)
 Sea (reproduction
− Cutaneous skin allowed for skin respiration
− Partially divided heart and pulmonary veins

1. Order Anura
− Frogs/toads
− No tails
2. Order Caudata
− Salamander/newts
− Visible Tail
3. Order Apoda
 − Caecilian (resemble earthworms and snakes)

3. The Reptiles
− Dry, watertight skin with scales
− More complex lungs for thoracic breathing
− Amniotic Egg
− Amnion- the liquid in which the embryo develops
− Chorion- outer covering, right beneath the shell
− Allantois- waste removal…placenta
− Yolk Sac- provides food

1. Order Squamata
− Suborder Squaria- Lizards
− Suborder Serpentes- Snakes
2. Order Chelonia
− Turtles and Tourtise
3. Class Crocydylia
− Alligators/crocodiles
4. Order Rychocephaila
− Tuataras

Only four groups have evolved the ability to fly

− Insects
− Pterosaurs
− Birds
− Bats

4. The Birds (Class Aves)

− Feathers
− Provide lift for flight
− Insulation of body heat
− Light-weight skeleton
− All bones are hallow allowing support for fly muscles
− Warm-blooded (endoderm) keeps bird active
− Four chamber heart
− Counter-current circulation

1. Order Passeriformes- the song birds (about 60%)

5. Mammals
− Hair
− Mammary glands
− Endothermy
− Placenta
− Teeth-heterodont definition

1. Order Monotremes
− Egg-laying mammals (Duck-Bill Platypus)
2. Order Marsupials
− Pouched mammals, mostly Australian)
3. Order Placental
− 17 major species including humans
1. Order Rodentia- Rodents
2. Order Chiroptera- Bats
3. Order Insectivora- Insect-eaters (moles, shrews)
4. Order Carnivora- dogs, cats, bears
5. Order Primate- apes, humans, monkeys
Hox genes determine front from back, top from bottom
Involved in segmentation
Taken major directions, a unit group of tissues working together evolved about three times
If we understand how and why they are turned off then we can turn them back onstem cells