TECHNICAL REPORT

APPLICATION GUIDE TITLE: Current Transformer Requirements for VA TECH Reyrolle ACP Relays

PREPARED BY:APPROVED :REPORT NO:DATE :-

A Allen B Watson 990/TIR/005/02 24 Jan 2000

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Issue Revision 1 Revision 2

Date 24 Jan 2000 Jan 2004

Modification Original Issue Reference to BS standard changed to IEC. Relays added. Minor corrections.

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CURRENT TRANFORMER REQUIREMENTS FOR VA TECH REYROLLE - ACP RELAYS 1. ARGUS 1 to 6 (Numeric) & 2TJM10 (Electro-mechanical): I.D.M.T.L. , Definite Time and Instantaneous Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection requirements. The following considerations must be made. a) CT Rating - should be chosen at least equal to the maximum continuous load current of the circuit. This includes any emergency rating, e.g. of a power transformer where typically one hour or two hour overload ratings are often provided.

1.1 Introduction A protection 'P' class CT must be used, e.g. in accordance with IEC 60044:Pt1. Typically the CT is specified by means of an accuracy class and an overcurrent accuracy limit factor up to which the CT remains within accuracy error limits with the maximum specified load burden connected to its secondary circuit. eg.: 5VA class 5P 10 5P10 5VA

b) Accuracy Class - Typically standard values of 5P or 10P are employed. 5P where current grading requirements are onerous e.g. where the circuits being graded have similar ratings and there are several stages of grading. In these circumstances an accuracy of 5P assists in allowing small grading steps to be applied. Accuracy levels of 10P are acceptable where large grading steps can be tolerated and only a small number of grading steps are required. c) Overcurrent Accuracy Limit Factor - The factor should be chosen to ensure:i i.d.m.t.l. timing accuracy is not adversely affected by CT ratio errors at high fault levels. ii That any a.c. saturation effects and errors resulting from very large fault current are not so severe as to result in excessive distortion of the secondary current which may cause the relay to slow down or not operate. d) Burden - the total CT load in VA, at rated secondary current. The calculation must include pilot-lead loop-resistance plus the relay and any other burdens. Pilot burden can be high, 2 particularly for 5 amp rated CTs, i.e. I R is 25x compared to only 1x for a 1A CT. Numeric or static protection relays have a very low fixed impedance independent of setting, see the table below for Argus relay burdens. However, for electromechanical relays the impedance is normally dependent on the setting of the relay. e) Examples of typical applications are as follows.

Accuracy Class

Overcurrent Accuracy Limit Factor

Maximum burden at nominal current rating

The accuracy class '5P', defines the maximum composite error at the rated accuracy limit, with rated burden connected, i.e. 5%. This declared maximum error takes account of both phase and magnitude errors and is due to the excitation current and also any turns ratio compensation, expressed as a percent of the primary current. The overcurrent accuracy limit factor is the multiple of the CT rating up to which the ratio, phase angle and composite errors of the CT remain within the accuracy class limits. Thus in the example the 5VA, 5P10 CT will transform primary current of up to 10x its rating and remain within the composite accuracy limit of 5% with a burden of 5VA (at rated current) connected to the CT secondary. If the load burden is less than the rated burden a higher overcurrent accuracy limit factor can be tolerated although not necessarily exactly in inverse proportion, i.e. half the external burden, will not give twice the overcurrent factor. The internal burden of the CT (e.g. its secondary resistance) must be taken in to account if the true equivalent accuracy limit factor is to be established for a lower load burden. Typically, CT requirements for this type of protection vary dependent on the project specific

1.2 Phase Fault I.D.M.T.L. Overcurrent a) For industrial systems with relatively low fault current and no onerous grading requirements a class 10P10 with VA rating to match the load.

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b) For utility distribution networks with relatively high fault current and several grading stages - a class 5P20, with VA rating to match the load. Note: if an accuracy limit factor is chosen which is much lower than the maximum fault current it will be necessary to consider any effect on the protection system performance and accuracy e.g. grading margins. For i.d.m.t.l. applications, because the operating time at high fault current is approaching a definite minimum value, partial saturation of the CT at values beyond the overcurrent factor has only a minimal effect. However, this must be taken into account in establishing the appropriate setting to ensure proper grading. 1.3 Definite Time Overcurrent and Instantaneous

5A Phase/Earth 1A Phase/Earth 5A SEF/REF 1A SEF/REF

< 0.2 VA < 0.05 VA < 0.4 VA < 0.2 VA

< 0.01 < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.2

Minimum CT recommended rated Burdens are as follows: For 1A relays = 2.5VA For 5A relays = 7.5VA This allows for series connection of Argus phase /EF/SEF inputs (0.3VA at 1A and 0.8VA at 5A) and a maximum CT wiring loop burden of 2.2VA for 1A CT (e.g. up to 200 metres of 2.5sq mm copper wire or 6.7VA for 5A CT (e.g. up to 30 metres of 2.5 sq mm copper wire) 1.6 2TJM Burdens < 3VA at setting, for burden impedance characteristics see the 2TJM Manual. A major consideration for an electro-mechanical relay is its burden at nominal current. Selecting a low earth fault setting results in a high nominal burden. In these circumstances the rated burden of the CT must be chosen on the basis of the requirements of the earth fault element. 2. DUOBIAS 4C21 (Electro-Mechanical): Transformer Diffe rential Protection All CTs should be of the low reactance type and the knee point voltage (Vk) should be equal to, or exceed twice the maximum steady state working voltage under any through fault condition. To assess the steady state working voltage the impedances of the Duobias relays are ignored and only the CT winding and interconnecting lead resistances considered. As a general guide the knee point voltage Vk should equal or exceed:For Star connected CTs - Vk equal or greater than 2.If (A+C) For Delta connected CTs - Vk equal or greater than 2.If (B+3D) Where: If = Maximum through fault current referred to the secondary winding of the star connected CTs with a three phase system fault. A = Secondary winding resistance of each of the star connected CTs.

a)

b)

For industrial systems with requirements as for i.d.m.t.l. relays item (a) above, a class 10P10 (or 20). For utilities as for (b) above - a class 5P10 (or 20), with rated burden to suit the load.

Note: Overcurrent factors do not need to be high for definite time protection because once the setting is exceeded magnitude accuracy is not important. Often, however, there is also the need to consider instantaneous HighSet overcurrent protection as part of the same protection system and the settings would normally be of the order of 10x the CT rating or higher. Where higher settings are to be used then the overcurrent factor must be raised accordingly, e.g. to P20. 1.4 Earth Fault Protection

Considerations and requirements for earth fault protection are the same as for Phase fault. Usually the relay employs the same CT's e.g. three phase CTs star connected to derive the residual earth fault current. The accuracy class and overcurrent accuracy limit factors are therefore already determined and for both these factors the earth fault protection requirements are normally less onerous than for overcurrent. 1.5 ARGUS Burdens AC rated

Impedance

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B = Secondary winding resistance of each delta connected CT C = Resistance of each lead between the star connected CT terminals and the relay terminals. D = Resistance of each lead between the delta connected terminals and the relay terminals.

Vk = 41 (Rct+Rl) Where: I = The high-set differential should always be enabled and this setting value employed for the CT calculations. This will be higher than the maximum through fault current but considerably less than the maximum in-zone fault current. Rct = Secondary resistance of the current transformer in ohms Re = The maximum CT secondary loop lead resistance in ohms For restricted earth fault protection it is recommended that all CTs should have an equal number of secondary turns. Line CTs are normally star connected and standard ratios can be selected according to the transformer rating, ratios need not be exact provided they are within the range of the Duobias-M relay current settings ranges and do not cause the CT or relay thermal ratings to be exceeded. Ideally the line CT ratios should be selected to allow Duobias-M relay settings for CT ratio correction factors to be employed in order to balance the secondary current to normal relay current. This allows maximum sensitivity to be achieved for internal faults. Class 'PX' current transformers to IEC 60044: pt1 are recommended, to meet the above requirements. 5. SOLKOR R/RF (Electro-mechanical): Pilot Wire, Feeder Current Differential Protection The minimum knee point voltage of the line current transformers is given by: Vk = 50 + If (Rct + Rl) In N Where: In = If = N = Rct =

Class 'PX' current transformers to IEC 60044: pt1 can be specified to meet the above requirements, and this type are recommended. (Formerly class X to BS3938) 3. B3/5B3 (Electro -mechanical);DAD (Static); Argus 1/2 (Numeric High Impedance/REF): High Impedance Differential and Restricted Earth Fault Circulating Current Protection

The basic requirements are: a) All the current transformers should have identical turns ratios. b) The knee point voltage of the current transformers should be at least twice the relay voltage setting. The knee point voltage is expressed as the voltage at fundamental frequency applied to the secondary circuit of the current transformer which when increased in magnitude by 10% causes the magnetising current to increase by 50%. The current transformers should be of the low leakage reactance type. Low leakage reactance CTs have a jointless core with the secondary winding evenly distributed along the whole length of the magnetic circuit, and the primary conductor passes through the centre of the core, alternatively a uniformly wound primary.

c)

Class 'PX' current transformers to IEC 60044: pt1 are recommended to meet the above requirements. 4. DUOBIAS M (Numeric): Transformer Differential and Restricted Earth Fault

For high-speed operation under all fault conditions and for through fault stability the minimum current transformer knee point voltage should equal or exceed:

Nominal rated current of relay in amp s Primary current under maximum steady state through fault conditions Current transformer ratio Current transformer secondary resistance in ohms

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Rl

The maximum CT secondary wiring loop lead resistance in ohms

Generally it is not recomme nded that any other equipment burdens should be included in the current transformer circuit in order to avoid any possible mal-operation due to through-faults. However, in some instances the protection design often requires the inclusion of starting relays for the Solkor protection and occasionally the addition of i.d.m.t.l. protection to the same CTs, for backup protection. In such cases the extra burden should be carefully established and included in the calculation. The additional burden on each phase should be reasonably balanced. The secondary magnetising currents of the current transformer at opposite ends of the feeder should not differ by more than In/20 amperes for output voltage up to 50/In volts. To ensure good balance of the protection the current transformers at the two ends should have equal turns ratios. Close balance of ratio is provided by current transformers to IEC60044: pt1, class PX, whose ratio error is limited to 0.25% and these CTs are recommended to meet the above requirements. 6. SOLKOR N (Numeric): Feeder Current Differential Protection

X/R = X/R ratio for the maximum through-fault condition (includes both sources and line impedance's). If = Primary current under maximum steady state through fault OR 7.5 x N I Break , whichever is the greater in amps. N = Current Transformer ratio. RCT = Current Transformer secondary Rl = The maximum CT secondary wiring loop lead resistance in ohms Rb = Burden of the Relay in ohms For higher values of X/R, VA TECH Reyrolle should be contacted for advice. It is not recommended that any other burden should be included in the current transformer circuit, but where this cannot be avoided the additional burden should be added to those listed when determining the current transformer output voltage required. In addition to the above, the secondary magnetising currents of the current transformers at opposite ends of the feeder should not differ by more than In/20 amperes for output voltages up to 50/In volts. To ensure good balance of the protection the current transformers at the two ends should have equal turns ratios. Close balance of ratios is provided by current transformers to IEC60044:ptl, Class PX, ratio error limited to 0.25%, and these are recommended. 7. SOLKOR M (Numeric): Feeder Current Differential Protection

Ideally, CTs for current differential schemes should have a high knee-point voltage such that they do not saturate under maximum fault current plus associated X/R. However CTs meeting this requirement tend to be both large and expensive. To reduce CT size and cost, differential protection relay characteristics are designed to tolerate some degree of saturation. On Solkor N this is accommodated by the second stage of bias. Using the default second stage bias settings (which will be suitable for the vast majority of applications): Slope 2 = 150% Ibreak = 2.0 x In And assuming a through-fault X/R <12, the minimum CT knee-point voltage can be calculated using; Vk> (1+0.05 X/R) x If/N x (R CT + Rl + Rb ) Where

The minimum knee point voltage for the line current transformer is given by: Vk = k x X/R x If/N x (Rct + Rl + Rb) where: k = = = =

stability factor 0.3 for system voltages up to 33kV 0.5 for system voltages of 66 - 132kV 0.8 for system voltages 132kV and above

X/R = X/R ratio for the maximum through fault conditions. (Includes both source and line impedance) If = primary current (amps) under maximum through-fault conditions = Current Transformer ratio

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Rct = Current transformer secondary resistance in ohms Rl = The maxi mum CT secondary wiring loop lead resistance in ohms = burden of relay (ohms). The ac burden of the relay per phase is 0.05V at 1A for 1A tap = 0.05 ohm 0.3VA at 5A for 5A tap = 0.012 ohm

X/R = X/R ratio for the maximum through-fault condition. (Includes both source line impedance's) If = Primary current under maximum steady state through fault conditions (amps) N = Current transformer ratio Rct = Current transformer secondary resistance in ohms Rl = The maximum CT secondary wiring loop lead resistance in ohms Rb = Burden of relay in ohms It is not recommended that any other burden should be included in the current transformer circuit, but where this cannot be avoided the additional burden should be added to those listed when determining the current transformer output voltage required. In addition to the above, the secondary magnetising currents of the current transformers at opposite ends of the feeder should not differ by more than In/20 amperes for output voltages up to 50/In volts.

Rb

It is not recommended that any other burden should be included in the current transformer circuit, but where this cannot be avoided the additional burden should be added to those listed when determining the current transformer output voltage required. In addition to the above, the secondary magnetising currents of the current transformers at opposite ends of the feeder should not differ by more than In/20 amperes for output voltages up to 50/In volts. For example, consider a 33kV feeder with a worst case through-fault of 8kA with a X/R of 10. The minimum current transformer knee point required, given a turns ratio of 400:1, secondary CT resistance of 2 and max. lead loop burden of 2 is :Vk 0.3 x 10 x 8000/400 x (2+2+0.05) = 270volts The secondary burden of the two current transformers should be kept similar. This will then allow a low value of stability factor to be used, hence reducing the knee point voltage requirements of the current transformers. To ensure good balance between relays at each end of the circuit, the current transformers at the two ends shall have equal turns ratios. Close balance of ratios is provided by current transformers to IEC60044: pt1: class PX, the ratio error is limited to 0.25%, and these are recommended 8. MicroPHASE-FM Differential (Numeric): Current

To ensure good balance between relays at each end of the protected circuit, the current transformers at the two ends shall have equal turns ratios. Close balance of ratios is provided by current transformers to IEC60044: pt1: class PX, the ratio error is limited to 0.25%, and these are recommended

Relay AC Burden per phase 0.05VA at 1A for 1A tap = 0.05 ohm 0.3VA at 5A for 5A tap = 0.012 ohm Stability Under through-fault conditions the relay will be stable with fault current equivalent to 50 times the nominal current rating. THR (Static): Distance (Impedance) Protecti on for overhead Transmission Circuits

9.

The minimum knee point voltage for the line current transformers is given by: Vk = k x X/R x If/N x (Rct + Rl + Rb) Where: K = stability factor = 0.8

For high speed operation and accurate impedance measurement the CTs should be class PX to IEC60044: pt1 and have a knee point voltage (Vk) equal to or greater than the following:Vk If [R1 + R2 + X/R (R3 + R2] Where:

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If

Secondary fault current for fault at end of Zone 1 R1 = Resistance burden of THR relay (see table below) R2 = Resistance of connected loads plus CT secondary winding plus lead loop resistances. X/R = Ratio of reactance to resistance of the system for a fault at the end of zone 1 R3 = Constant depending on impedance setting of zone 1 The table below gives values of R1 and R3 for a 1 Amp relay. To calculate values of R1 and R3 for 2A or 5A relays, divide values in the table by 4 or 25 respectively. Relay Nominal Rating (A) 1 Setting of Zone 1 0.8 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 16 16 to 24 24 to 48 R1 Earth Fault 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.5 3.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 R3 Phase Fault 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.9

Xp/Rp = power system reactance to resistance ratio for the total plant including the feeder line parameters calculated for a phase fault at the end of zone 1 Xe/Re = similar ratio to above but calculated for an earth fault at the end of zone 1 Rct = CT internal resistance Rl = lead burden, CT to Ohmega terminals K = Factor chosen to ensure adequate operating speed and is <1. K is usually 0.5 for distribution systems. A higher value is chosen for primary transmission systems. Reyrolle ACP should be consulted. Both Vk values should be calculated, and the highest calculated value defines the CT to be used. 11. GAMMA (Numeric): Generator Protection a) Two off, 3 phase inputs (line end and neutral end)

The current transformer minimum requirements depend on the protection application, the functions employed and the primary circuit configuration. For satisfactory operation of all functions, except the low impedance biased differential function, the use of a class 5P20 to IEC60044: pt1 or any equivalent, would be satisfactory for any application since the fault levels never exceed 20 x the CT rating. The VA rating is chosen to allow for all the circuit burden (e.g. CT secondary cabling and relay burden). For stability of the low impedance biased differential function it may be necessary to provide a design of CT which ensures neither of the two 3phase sets of CTs are overfluxed, e.g. in the event of re-occurring, high magnitude fault current on circuits with a high X/R ratio source impedance. In these circumstances, the CTs can be left with a high level of remnant flux. Any subsequent faults may then cause one of the CTs to fully saturate and the differential function may mal-operate. If this is possible, e.g. for a directly connected generator (no generator transformer), where the two sets of CTs may be supplied by different manufacturers and with slightly different characteristics, and where there is a multi-shot delayed auto -reclose sc heme on feeders local to the grid connection, or where the differential setting chosen is very sensitive, in these circumstances it is

10. OHMEGA 300/400 (Numeric): Distance (Impedance) Protection for Transmission Circuits For high speed operation and accurate impedance measurement the CTs should be class PX to EC60044; pt1 and have a knee point voltage (Vk) equal or greater than the higher of the following two expressions: a) For phase-phase faults :Vk k . Ip (1 + Xp) (0.03 + Rct + Rl) N Rp b) For phase-earth faults :Vk k . Ie (1 + Xe ) (0.06 + Rct + Rl) N Re Where: Ip = Phase fault current calculated for Xp/Rp ratio at the end of zone 1 Ie = earth fault current calculated for Xe/Re ratio at the end of zone 1 N = CT ratio

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recommended that any low reactance CTs (ie with high remanance factor) should have a knee point voltage compliant with the following formula:Vk > 50In (Rct + Rl + Rb) Where maximum through fault current = 10 x In with maximum X/R = 120. Minimum Vk must be 60 volts. Vk > 30In (Rct + Re + Rb) Where maximum through fault current = 10 x In with maximum X/R = 60. Minimum Vk must be 60 volts Where: Vk = In = X/R = Rct = Rl Rb = =

This ensures no possibility of mal-operation of the differential function. For the requirement of redundancy, there is no problem with the performance of either relay when connecting two Gamma relays is series. However, we recommend that the redundancy philosophy be extended and separate CTs used for each relay. Use of duplicate Gamma relays, particularly on high rated generator units e.g. over 15MW, provides a high level of security and integrity which is still cost effective.

Knee point voltage Rated current X/R ratio for the maximum through-fault condition Secondary resistance of the current transformer in ohms Lead loop resistance between the current transformers and the rela y in ohms Resistance of any other protection functions sharing the current transformer in ohms

12. RHO (Numeric): Motor Protection and Electrical Plant Thermal Overload 12.1 RHO 0 for low voltage 3 phase A.C. motors The RHO 0 relay is compatible with CTs having either 25mA or 5A secondary ratings. 25mA rated output CTs are recommended for motor currents up to 100A and 5A up to 3000A. For a 5amp relay input rating some motor control systems result in high multiples of rated current flowing during the start up period, and for some motors the run-up time may be very long e.g. 60 seconds. Because of this there are some limitations on the motor rating that can be utilised with a particular CT rating, due to the thermal capacity of the relay CT input terminals. If the motor rating is limited to less than 75% of the CT rating there is unlikely to be any problem with overheating no matter how onerous the starting current, the starting time or the number of starts in a period of time, i.e. for all practical considerations. The classification for the phase mounted CTs should be 10P10 or better (e.g. 5P10 for improved accuracy), and have a rating to suit the CT secondary total burdens, i.e. CT leads, the RHO 0 relay phase c.t. input burden and any equipment connected in series with the relay. The RHO 0 CT input circuit burden is fixed and is less than 0.25VA, e.g. 0.01 ohm at 5 amp The rated burden is therefore established by selecting a value in excess of the CT secondary circuit loading, e.g. for phase inputs:-

Where all the onerous conditions described above are not required to be met or the CT accommodation facility is limited, the requirements can be reduced. In these circumstances contact VA TECH Reyrolle ACP Ltd for advice. b) Neutral Earth C.T. Inputs:

For solid earthed (e.g. direct connected generator), use the same specification for a class X c.t. as (a) above. For impedance earthed neutrals, a specification can be employed, e.g. 5P5. c) lower

Use of CTs Common to More Than One GAMMA Relay

Generally the CTs employed for generator protection should be dedicated to that one duty, for security of the protection. Technically however there is no reason why other equipment may not share the same CTs, provided that the additional burden is taken into account and also that the CTs for the three phase inputs should have a reasonably balanced burden on each phase.

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Rated VA In 2 . (Rct + Rl + Rb + Re) Where: In = Rated secondary current Rct = Current transformer secondary resistance in ohms Rl = Secondary lead loop resistance in ohms Rb = Relay circuit burden 0.015 ohm for 5amp 11 ohm for 25mA Re = Other equipment burden in ohms per phase For earth fault detection RHO 0 has a separate input which can be employed from a separate core balance CT (CBCT). Alternatively the relay can be set to calculate the earth fault (3-phase residual) current. The CBCT solution is the preferred option and the CT is supplied with the relay, chosen based on motor rating and physical size of the main cables which need to be passed through the centre of the CBCT . The relay is set to the selected mode, e.g. Residual Connection or CBCT in the setting menu. In residual connection mode the trip setting and primary CT rating setting establish the pick-up level. In CBCT mode the primary current setting range is 30mA to 3000mA, and the CBCT ratio is chosen with this in mind to establish a required primary trip current. The actual current input range at the relay terminals is 0.06 to 6.0 milliamps.

In = Rated secondary current Rct = Current transformer secondary resistance in ohms Rl = Secondary lead loop resistance in ohms Rb = Relay circuit burden 0.015 ohm for 5 Amp 11 ohm for 25mA Re = Other equipment burden in ohms per phase RHO 3 Burdens:AC Burden 5A Phase 0.2 VA 1A Phase 0.05 VA 5A Earth 0.4 VA 1A Earth 0.2 VA

Impedance 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.2

For earth fault detection RHO 3 has a separate input which can be employed either from a residual connection of the phase inputs or a separate core balance CT (the preferred option). There is no selection made within the relay, the primary current setting is determined by the re lay current setting and the CT ratio.. If a residual connection is employed and the earth fault setting chosen is both sensitive (e.g. less than 0.5In) and instantaneous, it is recommended that a stabilising resistor be employed in the earth fault input circuit. This must then be taken into account in establishing R1. For residual connection arrangement, Rb will be a summation of the phase fault and earth fault input burdens. 13. PH1 (Numeric): Point-on-Wave Circuit Breaker Controller The PH1 uses its current transformer inputs for monitoring and control rather than protection. The class of CT is therefore not important and either instrument or protection class CTs can be employed, i.e. any CTs already employed for another function. It is only necessary to ensure the additional small burden of the PH1 relay is included in the requirements of the CTs being employed.

12.2

RHO 3 for high voltage 3 phase A.C. motors and electrical plant

The CT class recommended is 5P10. This provides accurate measurement for overloads and also for high current magnitudes beyond typical motor stall current e.g. 6 x full load current. The rated burden is established by selecting a value in excess of the CT secondary circuit loading e.g.Rated VA In2 . (Rct +Rl + Rb + Re) Where:

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14. DELTA Feeder Manager The CT requirements for Accuracy Class and Overcurrent Accuracy Limit Factor, for Phase and Earth Fault circuits, are identical to those of the ARGUS Overcurrent relays. Generally, where high accuracy is needed, 5P20 CTs should be specified with VA rating to suit the load. Delta Burdens: 5A Phase/Earth 1A Phase/Earth 5A SEF/REF 1A SEF/REF AC Burden < 0.2 VA < 0.05 VA < 0.4 VA < 0.2 VA Impedance < 0.01 < 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.2

15. MICROTAPP Automatic Voltage Control The MicroTAPP uses its current transformer inputs for monitoring and control rather than protection. The class of CT is therefore not important and either instrument or protection class CTs can be employed i.e. any CTs already employed for another function. It is only necessary to ensure the additional small burden of the Micro TAPP relay is included in the requirements of the CTs being employed. MicroTAPP BURDENS:AC Burden < 0.03 VA < 1 VA Impedance < 0.03 < 0.03

1 Amp 5 Amp

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