Measurement and Instrumentation

Dr. Javaid Khurshid javaidk@pieas.edu.pk

Information

Course : ME-308 - Measurements and Instrumentation Location: SE-210 Course Credits: 2+0 Time table: As circulated by Course Coordinator

Tuesday : 9:30-10:25 Wednesday: 10:35 11:30

Semester: Jan 27, 2014 till May 16, 2014 Text Book: Measurement and Instrumentation Principles Alan S. Morris \\172.30.10.2\learning material\ Javaid Khurshid Dr.\

Introduction

Why do we need measurement? If I cultivate Oranges How many do I need to give to get clothes / Goat etc? How can I seek an advice from a doctor? What should be the standards of interconversion?

Why need measurement?

To understand an event or an operation. To monitor an event or an operation. To control an event or an operation. To collect data for future analysis To validate an engineer design.

Measurement Methods

Direct comparison method

We have a standard and we compare to measure Length of a bar (using ruler) Weight of rice (measuring bots)
We measure the quantity by converting it into another form Measurement of temperature using expansion of liquid in a glass tube

Indirect comparison method

Earlier measurement methods

Earlier:

Length

Unit of Hand Foot Cubit Grain of wheat

Weight

Time Temperature Measured using body parts. All measurements were imprecise Standards vary from one place to other Standards even vary from one person to other

Problems:

Units : Today

There are many units which had to be defined with the development in technical fields. Units should be standardized New units must be incorporated Unit conversion should be possible Now we have the units as

Basic Units (Length, Time etc) Derived Units (Speed, Acceleration etc)

Standardization in Units

SI (System International) Unit

Length (m), Weight (gm)

Length (ft), Weight (lb)

British System (Foot, Pound, Second)

MKS system (Meter, Kilogram, Second) Any other system Need interconversion methods

Some Standard Units

Fundamental Units

Supplementary Fundamental Units

Derived Units

Unit Conversion

Applications of Measuring Systems

Present day applications of measuring instruments are classified in three categories.

1.

2. 3.

In regulating trade, by measuring physical quantities such as length, volume and mass in terms of standard units. Monitoring functions Automatic feedback control systems

Simple Temperature Control System

Elements of a simple closed loop control system

Elements of a measurement system

A measuring system provides information about the physical value of some variable being measured. The system can consist of a single unit that gives an output signal/reading. In complex case, the system consists of several separate elements as shown below

Elements of a measurement system

Sensor 2. Variable Conversion Element 3. Signal Processing Element 4. Signal Display / Recording Element Optional Elements
1.
1. 2.

Signal Transmission Utilization of measured signal (e.g. Control part of a system)

1- Sensor

Gives an output that is a function of the measurand. Measures the physical quantity Mostly the output is approximately linear Examples:

Liquid in glass thermometer Thermocouple Strain gauge

2 Variable Conversion Element

Output of the primary sensor is in inconvenient form. It has to be converted for convenient form. Example (Temperature using expansion of liquids)

change of resistance of thermocouple with change in temperature The resistance change has to be converted into voltage using bridge circuit etc.

3 Signal Processing Element

The output of a sensor is very weak that has to be identified correctly There is noise in the sensors output Example (ECG data)

Amplification of the signal Filtration of the required signal

4 Signal Transmission Element

Signal transmission is needed when the observation of the measurement system is far from the primary sensor. Example:

Measurement of temperature of a volcano Measurement of radiation from a nuclear accidental location

5 Signal Display / Recording

Signal has to be displayed

Example: Display temperature on LEDs / display monitor

Example: Recording of temperature for analysis and prediction of rain, storm etc

Signal may be recorded

Selection of Measurement System

The suitable instrument for measuring a particular quantity depends on many parameters like

Cost Resolution Sensitivity Dynamic performance Ruggedness Durability Maintenance requirement etc

Example: Measuring temperature of a plant, environment, Volcano need different type of temperature sensitive devices

Assignment

Dead line (Feb 12m 2014) in Power point format

Definition of the unit Basic / Derived Unit Name in different systems of units including the ancient/old systems (Indian, British, Roman, Arabic, Japanese etc) Unit symbols

Length, Mass, Volume, Time, Temperature, Current, Voltage, Inductance, Resistance, Capacitance, Force, Pressure, Torque, Force, Frequency, Electric Charge, Electric Flux, Power, Luminance, Gravity Paper sizes (A4, A3,etc), Radiation dose, Metal thickness gauge, wind speed, monitor resolution Internet speed, Energy, Karat, earthquake intensity, Viscosity