doi: 10.1098/rspa.2007.

0107
, 491-511 464 2008 Proc. R. Soc. A

Vladimir Gerasik and Marek Stastna

harmonic line tractions

Poroelastic acoustic wave trains excited by

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Poroelastic acoustic wave trains excited
by harmonic line tractions
BY VLADIMIR GERASIK* AND MAREK STASTNA
Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
A two-dimensional boundary-value problem for a porous half-space with an open
boundary, described by the widely recognized Biots equations of poroelasticity, is
considered. Using complex analysis techniques, a general solution is represented as a
superposition of contributions from the four different types of motion corresponding to
P1, P2, S and Rayleigh waves. Far-eld asymptotic solutions for the bulk modes, as well
as near-eld numerical results, are investigated. Most notably, this analysis reveals the
following: (i) a line traction generates three wave trains corresponding to the bulk
modes, so that P1, P2 and S modes emerge from corresponding wave trains at a certain
distance from the source, (ii) bulk modes propagating along the plane boundary are
subjected to geometric attenuation, which is found quantitatively to be x
K3/2
, similar to
the classical results in perfect elasticity theory, (iii) the Rayleigh wave is found to be
predominant at the surface in both the near (due to the negation of the P1 and S wave
trains) and the far eld (due to geometric attenuation of the bulk modes), and (iv) the
recovery of the transition to the classical perfect elasticity asymptotic results validates
the asymptotics established herein.
Keywords: Lambs problem; porous media; Biots theory; Rayleigh wave;
wave propagation
1. Introduction
Studies of acoustic wave processes in porous media are motivated by a number of
applications, for example in the eld of seismic prospecting in petrophysics, the
area of non-destructive testing of concrete and other porous construction
materials, sound-absorbing material acoustics, the testing of surface coating by
nanomaterials and medicine. Depending on the major practical application
involved, frequency bands may vary greatly. For example, while low-frequency
seismic prospecting focuses on frequencies of approximately 50 Hz, medical
applications allow for frequencies up to approximately 3 MHz whereas testing of
nanomaterials requires frequencies of approximately 100 MHz.
Mathematical approaches to acoustic wave propagation in porous media
include the classical Biots model (Biot 1956a,b), often reformulated for the
particular areas of interest, for example for sound-absorbing materials (Allard
Proc. R. Soc. A (2008) 464, 491511
doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.0107
Published online 4 December 2007
* Author for correspondence (sherbourne@mail.ru).
Received 25 June 2007
Accepted 7 November 2007 491 This journal is q 2007 The Royal Society
on February 23, 2010 rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org Downloaded from
1993), thermodynamics-based theory with a balance equation for porosity
(Wilmanski 1996) and a linearized version of the theory of porous media
equations (de Boer 2005).
Boundary-value problems for a poroelastic half-space in the framework of
Biots theory have been studied extensively. In particular, the poroelastic Lambs
problem, the counterpart of the Lambs problem in perfect elasticity (Lamb
1904), was considered in the works of Dey & De (1984), Philippacoupoulos
(1988), Seimov et al. (1990) and Valiappan et al. (1995). The solutions for the
case of axial symmetry were discussed in the works of Halpern & Christiano
(1986), Seimov et al. (1990) and Molotkov (2002a,b). A closed form Cagniard
solution (Aki & Richards 2002) was derived for the transient response problems
in the high-frequency limit in the work of Paul (1976) and, for the case of a uid
porous solid interface, by Feng & Johnson (1983).
Surface or poroelastic Rayleigh waves were studied extensively in a series of
works by Deresiewicz, e.g. Deresiewicz & Rice (1962); results for the uidporous
solid interface can be found in the works of Feng & Johnson (1983; high-frequency
limit) and Gubaidullin et al. (2005; general case). Purely numerical results can be
found, for example, in the works of Mesgouez et al. (2005; nite-element
formulation) and Schanz & Struckmeier (2005; boundary-element formulation).
Asymptotic results for the contact stresses can be found in the work of Gomilko
et al. (2002).
It is important to distinguish between viscous attenuation due to the viscous
interphase interaction and geometric attenuation along a plane boundary.
Physically, waves propagating along the plane boundary of the porous half-space
consist of superimposed bulk modes (P1, P2 and S waves) and a surface mode, or
a poroelastic Rayleigh wave (Deresiewicz & Rice 1962; Seimov et al. 1990).
While in the presence of dissipation all the waves in porous media exhibit viscous
attenuation, it is logical to assume that, similarly to the perfectly elastic case
(Lamb 1904), porous bulk modes will also exhibit geometric attenuation.
Unlike the previous studies, the primary aim of the present work is to carry
out an in-depth analysis of the comparative contribution of each of the four wave
types to general response. Consequently, analysis of the resulting expressions will
allow the characterization of the geometric attenuation of the bulk modes in a
quantitative manner.
In the present work, a two-dimensional boundary-value problem for a porous
half-space, described by the widely recognized Biots equations of poroelasticity,
is considered. In this poroelastic version of Lambs problem, the surface of a
porous half-space is subjected to a prescribed line traction. A formal analytical
solution of the problem in the FourierLaplace space is obtained by the
application of the standard Helmholtz potential decomposition, which reduces
the problem to a system of wave-type equations for three unknown potentials.
These potentials correspond to two dilatational waves (of the rst kind or P1
wave and Biots slow wave of the second kind or P2 wave, which has no
counterpart in elastic wave theory) and one shear wave, or S wave (Biot 1956a;
Bourbie et al. 1987; Seimov et al. 1990).
Analysis of the formal solution based on branch cut integration in the complex
slowness plane allows the representation of the response at the surface as a
superposition of three wave trains, each containing P1, P2, S and Rayleigh
waves. While the Rayleigh wave contribution is found in the closed form of a
V. Gerasik and M. Stastna 492
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residue, the solution for the three bulk wave trains is given in the form of well-
behaved integrals for which far-eld asymptotic results are obtained. The
properties of the bulk and surface modes propagating along the surface are
subsequently discussed in detail.
The remainder of the present article is organizedas follows: 2 contains a detailed
introduction of Biots formalism, gives necessary preliminaries and establishes the
notation; 3 provides the derivation of the formal solution of the initial-value
Lambs problem, often referred to as Greens function; however, it is only used
further to obtain the solution for a simpler harmonic line traction problem; 4
suggests the inversion of the obtained formal solution into physical space based on
branch cut integration, which leads to the desired decomposition of the signal into
contributions relatedto different wave types; subsequently, 5 provides asymptotic
results for each wave train. Finally, the results are summarized in 6.
2. Model description
(a ) Governing equations
Consider Biots set of equations for a full frequency range (Biot 1956b),
l CmVV$u CmV
2
u CQVV$U Zr
11
u Cr
12

UCbF _ uK
_
U;
QVV$u CRVV$U Zr
12
u Cr
22

UKbF _ uK
_
U;
_
2:1
where u and Urepresent unknown solid and uid displacement elds, respectively;
r
ij
denote reference phase densities, which can be expressed in terms of the solid
matrix density r
s
, the saturating uid density r
f
, the tortuosity parameter a and
the porosity f as follows: r
11
Z(1Kf)r
s
Cfr
f
(aK1), r
12
Zfr
f
(1Ka), r
22
Zafr
f
; the
damping factor b is given by bZf
2
h/k, where k, h denote the permeability of the
mediumand uid viscosity, respectively; and l, Qand Rare generalized poroelastic
parameters which can be related to the porosity f, the bulk modulus of the solid K
s
,
the bulk modulus of the uid K
f
, the bulk modulus of the porous drained matrix K
b
and the shear modulus m of both the drained matrix and the composite (Biot &
Willis 1957): lZK
b
K2m/3CK
f
(1KfKK
b
/K
s
)
2
/f
eff
, QZfK
f
(1KfKK
b
/K
s
)/f
eff
,
RZf
2
K
f
/f
eff
, f
eff
ZfCK
f
(1KfKK
b
/K
s
)/K
s
.
An expression for the stress tensor s
ij
and the pore pressure p
f
can be written
down in terms of the components of a Cauchy strain tensor e
ij
Z1=2vu
i
=vx
j
C
vu
j
=vx
i
and V$u, V$U,
s
ij
ZlV$ud
ij
C2me
ij
CV$Ud
ij
; 2:2
p
f
ZK
1
f
QV$u CRV$U: 2:3
The characteristic (or roll-over) frequency f
c
is dened as (Biot 1956a)
f
c
Z
b
2pr
12
Cr
22

Z
hf
2pr
f
k
: 2:4
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The normalization frequency used in the present work is dened similarly as
u
c
Z
b
r
Z
b
r
11
Cr
22
C2r
12
Z
hf
2
rk
: 2:5
The frequency correction factor F (see Biot (1956b) and Johnson et al. (1987)
for discussion) is neglected in the following for simplicity. For the particular
results of the present work, the adjustments due to the introduction of the
correction factor F were found not to be signicant.
(b ) Helmholtz potential decomposition
Expansion of the displacement eld into irrotational and solenoidal parts yields
u ZVF
1
CV!J
1
; V$J
1
Z0;
U ZVF
2
CV!J
2
; V$J
2
Z0;
_
2:6
and results in the following scalar and vector set of equations in Laplace space
(Seimov et al. 1990):
l C2mV
2
F
1
CQV
2
F
2
Zr
11
s
2
F
1
Cr
12
s
2
F
2
CbsF
1
KF
2
;
QV
2
F
1
CRV
2
F
2
Zr
12
s
2
F
1
Cr
22
s
2
F
2
KbsF
1
KF
2
;
mV
2
J
1
Zr
11
s
2
J
1
Cr
12
s
2
J
2
CbsJ
1
KJ
2
;
0 Zr
12
s
2
J
1
Cr
22
s
2
J
2
KbsJ
1
KJ
2
:
_

_
2:7
The rst two equations in (2.7) may be rewritten in the matrix form
V
2
F
1
F
2
_ _
Z
~
A
K1
~
N
F
1
F
2
_ _
; 2:8
where
~
A
K1
is the inverse of the rigidity matrix
~
AZ
l C2m Q
Q R
_ _
;
~
A
K1
Z
1
det
~
A
R KQ
KQ l C2m
_ _
;
and the components of mass matrix
~
N are given by
~
N Zs
2
r
11
Cb=s r
12
Kb=s
r
12
Kb=s r
22
Cb=s
_ _
: 2:9
(i) Dilatational waves (P waves)
It can be shown that with a similarity transformation of the matrix
~
A
K1
~
N the
equation (2.8) decouples into two wave equations in an eigenvector reference system
V
2
F

1
Z
s
2
z
1
c
2
F

1
; V
2
F

2
Z
s
2
z
2
c
2
F

2
; 2:10
where z
1;2
satisfy the following quadratic equation (Biot 1956a):
q
11
q
22
Kq
2
12
_ _
z
2
Kq
11
g
22
Cq
22
g
11
K2q
12
g
12
Cb=rs z C g
11
g
22
Kg
2
12
Cb=rs
_ _
Z0
2:11
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with non-dimensional parameters dened as
g
11
Zr
11
=r; q
11
Zl C2m=H; c
2
ZH=r;
g
12
Zr
12
=r; q
12
ZQ=H; r Zr
11
Cr
22
C2r
12
;
g
22
Zr
22
=r; q
22
ZR=H; H Zl C2mCRC2Q:
_

_
2:12
The above equations describe P1- and P2-wave behaviour, respectively, with
phase velocities b
1,2
given by
b
1
Z
c

z
1
p ; b
2
Z
c

z
2
p : 2:13
The P1 wave corresponds to the case when solid and liquid displacements are in
phase, while the P2 wave describes out-of-phase motion (Biot 1956a; Bourbie et al.
1987). Moreover, waves of the rst kind propagate faster and attenuate much slower
than the wave of the second kind. The connection between the reference systems is
given by the eigenvector matrix
~
V
F
1
F
2
_ _
Z
~
V
F

1
F

2
_ _
;
~
V Z
v
1
1
v
2
1
v
1
2
v
2
2
_ _
Z
1 1
M
1
M
2
_ _
; 2:14
where the components M
1,2
can be found straightforwardly as
M
1;2
Z
q
22
g
11
Kq
12
g
12
K q
11
q
22
Kq
2
12
_ _
z
1;2
Cq
22
Cq
12
b=rs
q
12
g
22
Kq
22
g
12
Cq
22
Cq
12
b=rs
; 2:15
so that nally
F
1
ZF

1
CF

2
; F
2
ZM
1
F

1
CM
2
F

2
: 2:16
(ii) Shear waves (S waves)
The last two equations in (2.7) can be rewritten using Biots non-dimensional
parameters as
J
2
ZK
r
12
Kb=s
r
22
Cb=s
J
1
ZK
g
12
Kb=rs
g
22
Cb=rs
J
1
ZKM
3
J
1
; 2:17
V
2
J
1
Z
1
m
r
11
Kr
12
M
3
C1 CM
3
b=ss
2
J
1
; 2:18
where
M
3
Z
g
12
Kb=rs
g
22
Cb=rs
:
So that, nally, we arrive at the wave equation
V
2
J
1
Zs
2
H
mc
2
g
11
Kg
12
M
3
C1 CM
3
b=sJ
1
; 2:19
which denes the shear wave phase velocity b
3
in the following way:
b
3
Z

m
r
_

1
g
11
Kg
12
M
3
C1 CM
3
b=rs

: 2:20
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3. Greens functions
(a ) General LaplaceFourier solution
Consider a poroelastic half-space with an open boundary occupying the region
zO0. At time tZ0 the porous half-space is subjected to an impulsive external line
traction KPd(x)d(t) at the surface (instantaneous compression). The boundary
conditions for the governing equations (2.1) and stressstrain relation can be
represented in the following way (zZ0):
s
zz
x; 0; t ZKPdxdt; s
xz
x; 0; t Zpx; 0; t Z0: 3:1
In the case of a two-dimensional problem, introduction of the three scalar
potentials F
1
, F
2
and J
s
(J
1
Z(0, J
s
, 0), J
2
ZKM
3
J
1
) is sufcient, so that
u ZVF

1
CVF

2
CV!jJ
s
;
U ZM
1
VF

1
CM
2
VF

2
KM
3
V!jJ
s
;
_
3:2
and thus the two-dimensional problem reduces to the solution of the wave
equations in Laplace space
b
2
1
V
2
F

1
Zs
2
F

1
; b
2
2
V
2
F

2
Zs
2
F

2
; b
2
3
V
2
J
1
Zs
2
J
s
: 3:3
Equations (3.3), written down in Fourier space, become (here and henceforth,
transformed solutions will be indicated by the arguments)
v
2
F

1;2
k; z; s
vz
2
Z k
2
C
s
2
b
2
1;2
_ _
F

1;2
k; z; s;
v
2
J
s
k; z; s
vz
2
Z k
2
C
s
2
b
2
3
_ _
J
s
;
_

_
3:4
so that, taking into account far-eld conditions, solutions of the above wave
equations can be expressed in the form
F

1;2
k; z; s ZA
1;2
k; sexpKz$x
1;2
k; s;
J
s
k; z; s ZBk; sexpKz$x
3
k; s;
_
3:5
where x
i
k; sZ k
2
Cs
2
=b
2
i
_ _
1=2
(iZ1, 2, 3), with Re x
i
O0 to satisfy radiation
conditions; and A
1,2
(k, s) and B(k, s) are unknown coefcients to be determined
from the boundary conditions (3.1).
In the LaplaceFourier space, the expressions for the stress tensor and the
pressure in terms of the potentials (3.3) can be written down as
s
zz
k; z; s Zl CQ
s
2
b
2
1
F

1
C
s
2
b
2
2
F

2
_ _
CRCQ
s
2
b
2
1
M
1
F

1
C
s
2
b
2
2
M
2
F

2
_ _
C2m x
2
1
k; sF

1
Cx
2
2
k; sF

2
Cikx
3
k; sJ
1
_
;
s
xz
k; z; s Zm K2ikx
1
k; sF

1
K2ikx
2
k; sF

2
Cx
2
3
k; sJ
1
Ck
2
J
1
_ _
;
p
f
k; z; s ZK
1
f
Q
s
2
b
2
1
F

1
C
s
2
b
2
2
F

2
_ _
K
1
f
R
s
2
b
2
1
M
1
F

1
C
s
2
b
2
2
M
2
F

2
_ _
:
_

_
3:6
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Application of the boundary conditions (3.1) to the expressions (3.6) gives a
linear algebraic system to determine the three unknown coefcients A
1,2
(k, s) and
B(k, s) as
A
1
k;sZ
P
2

2p
p
m
n
2
2k
2
Cs
2
=b
2
3
_ _
Fk;s
; A
2
k;sZK
P
2

2p
p
m
n
1
2k
2
Cs
2
=b
2
3
_ _
Fk;s
;
Bk;sZK2ik
P
2

2p
p
m
n
1
x
2
k;sKn
2
x
1
k;s
Fk;s
_

_
3:7
where
m
1;2
Z
lC2mCQM
1;2
2mb
2
1;2
; n
1;2
Z
QCRM
1;2
2mb
2
1;2
;
and F(k, s) is the dispersion relation of the surface Rayleigh waves (Deresiewicz &
Rice 1962; Seimov et al. 1990)
Fk; s Z 2k
2
C
s
2
b
2
3
_ _
n
1
m
2
s
2
Ck
2
Kn
2
m
1
s
2
Ck
2
K2k
2
x
3
n
1
x
2
Kn
2
x
1
: 3:8
Consider, as an example, the vertical component of solid displacement, u
z
. As
follows from (3.2):
u
z
Z
vF
1
vz
C
vJ
s
vx
Z
vF

1
vz
C
vF

2
vz
C
vJ
s
vx
; 3:9
so that using (3.5) and (3.7) the above expression becomes
u
z
k; z; s ZKx
1
k; sA
1
k; sexpKz$x
1
k; sKx
2
k; sA
2
k; sexpKz$x
2
k; s
KikBk; sexpKz$x
3
k; s;
3:10
and nally one can get the solution in the Laplace space
u
z
x; z; s ZK
P
4pm
_
CN
KN
1
Fk; s
2k
2
C
s
2
b
2
3
_ _
n
2
x
1
k; sexpKz$x
1
k; s
_
Kn
1
x
2
k; sexpKz$x
2
k; s C2k
2
n
1
x
2
k; sKn
2
x
1
k; s
!expKz$x
3
k; s
_
e
ikx
dk;
3:11
U
z
x; z; s ZK
P
4pm
_
CN
KN
1
Fk; s
2k
2
C
s
2
b
2
3
_ _
n
2
M
1
x
1
k; sexpKz$x
1
k; s
_
Kn
1
M
2
x
2
k; sexpKz$x
2
k; sK2k
2
M
3
n
1
x
2
k; sKn
2
x
1
k; s
!expKz$x
3
k; s
_
e
ikx
dk;
3:12
p
f
x; z; s ZK
Ps
2
2pf
_
CN
KN
1
Fk; s
2k
2
C
s
2
b
2
3
_ _
n
1
n
2
expKzx
1
k; s
KexpKzx
2
k; se
ikx
dk: 3:13
Similarly, it is possible to obtain the exact analytical solutions for the stress
tensor components, as well as the horizontal components of the displacement elds.
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Solution of Lambs problem for the perfectly elastic medium can be used as a
benchmark solution, in the sense that one can show that the limiting case of the
solution(3.11) recovers the analogous perfectlyelastic case (Lamb1904; Seimovet al.
(1990); Graf 1991). Detailed discussion of the limiting case will be followed in 5b.
(b ) Harmonic line traction. Formal solution
Despite the different form of the time dependence, the solution (3.11) can be
used to derive the solution for a harmonic line source. In this particular case, we
assume harmonic time dependence for the displacements as well as for the
components of the total stress tensor and pore pressure. Thus, the rst equation
in (3.1) reads: s
zz
x; 0; tZKPdxe
iut
and one gets, for example, the following
expression for the normal solid-phase displacement at the surface (zZ0) in the
physical domain:
u
z
x; t; u Z
Pu
2
4pmb
2
3
Re
_
CN
KN
n
2
x
1
Kn
1
x
2
Fk; u
expikx Cut dk; 3:14
where x
i
k; uZk
2
Ku
2
=b
2
i

1=2
(iZ1, 2, 3) and F(k, u) is obtained from the
Rayleigh wave secular equation F(k, s) (3.8) by the substitution sZiu.
The change of variable kZup/b
S
is made in (3.14), where p is the non-
dimensional slowness parameter (Lamb 1904; Aki & Richards 2002) and
b
S
Z

m
r
_

1
g
11
Kg
2
12
=g
22

3:15
represents the high-frequency S-wave phase speed limit. The introduction of the
following non-dimensional quantities:
~ x Z
ux
b
S
; ~ z Z
uz
b
S
;
~
t Zut; ~ u Z
ru
b
Z
u
u
c
; ~ u
z
Z
4pm
P
u
z
;
~
U
z
Z
4pm
P
U
z
; ~ p
f
Z
2pfb
S
uP
p
f
;
~
b
i
Z
b
S
b
i
i Z1; 2; 3;
~ m
1;2
Zm
1;2
b
2
S
; ~ n
1;2
Zn
1;2
b
2
S
_

_
3:16
leads to expressions for the non-dimensional vertical displacements, evaluated at
the surface, and pore pressure, in the interior of the half-space. Henceforth tildes
are omitted, and quantities discussed are assumed to be non-dimensional unless
otherwise indicated, as well as the factor e
it
, so that, without loss of generality,
time-independent integrals are considered
u
z
x; 0; u Z2 Re
_
CN
0
b
2
3
n
2
x
1
pKn
1
x
2
p
Fp; u
cospxdp; 3:17
U
z
x; 0; u ZK2 Re
_
CN
0
1
Fp; u
n
2
x
1
p 2p
2
M
1
CM
3
KM
1
b
2
3
_ _
Kn
1
x
2
p 2p
2
M
2
CM
3
KM
2
b
2
3
_ _
cospxdp;
3:18
p
f
x; z; u ZK2 Re
_
CN
0
2p
2
Kb
2
3
Fp; u
n
1
n
2
e
Kzx
1
p
Ke
Kzx
2
p
cospxdp; 3:19
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where x
i
pZ p
2
Kb
2
i
_ _
1=2
(iZ1, 2, 3), F( p, u) is the non-dimensionalized
Rayleigh wave equation (3.8)
Fp; u Z 2p
2
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
Km
2
Kn
2
p
2
Km
1
K2p
2
x
3
n
1
x
2
Kn
2
x
1
: 3:20
The above multivalued integrals represent the formal solution of the
problem, thus evaluation must be carried out taking into account far-eld
conditions Re x
1
O0; Re x
2
O0; Re x
3
O0, which dene the values of the integral
unambiguously.
(c ) Numerical results
Numerical results for the vertical solid and uid displacements according to
(3.17)(3.19) are presented in gures 13 for the case of water-saturated Berea
sandstone (table 1). The following dimensional frequencies are used in
calculations: uZu
c
, 10u
c
, 100u
c
. Further decrease or increase of the source
frequency gives results similar to gures 1 and 3, respectively.
While straightforward numerical evaluation of the integral (3.19) does not
encounter any computational difculty as the integrand decays exponentially for
large values of p, evaluation of the expressions (3.17) and (3.18) requires special
care for sufciently large values of x, as the results for the displacements at the
surface are represented in the form of slowly decaying and highly oscillating,
though convergent, integrals when xs0. At the point xZ0, where the traction is
applied, an integrable singularity is present, which disappears, for example, in
the case of the uniformly distributed stripe load. Indeed, one can show that
the asymptotics of the integrands in (3.17), (3.18) takes the formcos(px)/p as p/N,
so that the convergence of the above integrals follows from the convergence of the
integral cosine function Ci(x) (e.g. Abramovich & Stegun 1974).
Alternatively, the numerical evaluation of the above integrals can be conducted
using branch cut integration (see 4a), in which case the resulting integrals along the
hyperbolic branch cuts pose no computational complications. Results of the
straightforward numerical integration are obtained for the moderate values of x.
Despite the above-mentioned disadvantages of this approach, including the error
introduced while we bound an improper integral, both approaches have been
conrmed to yield matching results for the x values employed herein.
Numerical results shown in gures 13 illustrate the inuence of the source
frequencyonthe character of the spatial oscillations inbothdisplacements andpore
pressure. For relatively lowfrequencies, displacements are observed to be almost in
phase, with approximately the same amplitudes (gure 1), while an increase of the
source frequency leads to a weakening of the viscous coupling effect and, as a
consequence, solid and uid displacements can be of different amplitude and phase
(gures 2 and 3) or, in fact, nearly out of phase in the high-frequency range for
certain materials. Indeed, as follows fromthe governing equations, in the case when
the characteristic frequency lies near unity, the inertia and viscous terms are
approximately of the same order (Biot 1956b), so that an increase of the source
frequency makes inertial terms dominant over viscous terms.
While these numerical results are only the rst step and serve to illustrate the
response at different frequencies, a more intriguing task is to decompose the
obtained general solution into components related to the four different wave
types. This can be achieved by means of contour integration in the upper
499 Poroelastic acoustic wave trains
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0
0
0
0
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
10
10 15
20 20
20 25
non-dimensional distance, x
n
o
n
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

d
e
p
t
h
,

z
solid phase
fluid phase U
z
z
z

(
x
,

0
,



)
,

U
z

(
x
,

0
,




)
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Normalized uid and solid displacements at the surface and pressure contour plots in the
interior. Source frequency uZu
c
.
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
10
10 15
20 20
20 25
non-dimensional distance, x
n
o
n
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

d
e
p
t
h
,

z
solid phase
fluid phase U
z
z
(a)
(b)
z

(
x
,

0
,



)
,

U
z

(
x
,

0
,




)
Figure 2. Normalized uid and solid displacements at the surface and pore pressure contour plots in
the interior. Source frequency uZ10u
c
.
V. Gerasik and M. Stastna 500
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complex slowness half-plane, so that the numerical results (for moderate values
of x) presented in gures 13 will serve as a benchmark solution.
4. Poroelastic acoustic wave trains
(a ) Branch cut integration
The integrands in (3.17)(3.19) contain six branch points located at pZGb
1
, Gb
2
,
Gb
3
, such that Im(b
i
)s0, when us0, and two poles at pZGp
R
, Re( p
R
)O0,
0
0 5 10 15
20 20
20 25
non-dimensional distance, x
solid phase
fluid phase U
z
z
0
0
2
2
4
4
5
6
10
n
o
n
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

d
e
p
t
h
,

z
(a)
(b)
z

(
x
,

0
,



)
,

U
z

(
x
,

0
,




)
Figure 3. Normalized uid and solid displacements at the surface and pressure contour plots in the
interior. Source frequency uZ100u
c
.
Table 1. Physical properties of water-saturated Berea sandstone.
porosity f 0.20
permeability (mD) k 360.00
tortuosity a 2.40
frame bulk modulus (GPa) K
b
10.37
shear modulus (GPa) m 7.02
grain bulk modulus (GPa) K
s
36.50
liquid bulk modulus (GPa) K
f
2.25
solid density (kg m
K3
) r
s
2644.00
liquid density (kg m
K3
) r
f
1000.00
liquid viscosity (mPa s) h
f
1.00
characteristic frequency (kHz) f
c
88.40
normalization frequency (kHz) u
c
48.00
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satisfying F( p
R
, u)Z0, which correspond to the Rayleigh wave contribution. The
necessary hyperbolic branch cuts (gure 4) in the complex p-plane ( pZzCih) can be
selected according to
z
2
Kh
2
Ka
2
i
Cl
2
i
%0; zh Ca
i
l
i
Z0 i Z1; 2; 3; 4:1
where a
i
ZRe(b
i
), l
i
ZKIm(b
i
)O0 (some discussionof hyperbolic branch cuts canbe
found in Graf (1991)).
Consider in detail, for example, the integral expression for the solid-phase
vertical displacement component u
z
(3.17)
u
z
x; 0; u Z
_
CN
KN
b
2
3
n
2
x
1
pKn
1
x
2
p
Fp; u
e
ipx
dp: 4:2
Conducting contour integration according to the scheme shown in gure 4, we
note that for xO0 the closure is in the upper half-plane, while for x!0 one should
consider the lower half-plane. Because the contribution of the integral along the
semicircle of innite radius vanishes according to Jordans lemma, the above
integral can be represented in the following way:
_
CN
KN
Z2pi ResK
#
g
C
1
K
#
g
K
1
K
#
g
C
2
K
#
g
K
2
K
#
g
C
3
K
#
g
K
3
; 4:3
where the Rayleigh pole, pZKp
R
, always has a positive imaginary part when
us0 and the values of the radicals along g
G
1
, g
G
2
and g
G
3
are prescribed uniquely
according to the far-eld conditions as follows: x
i
pZ

p
2
Kb
2
i
_
along g
C
i
and
Kx
i
( p) along g
K
i
(iZ1, 2, 3).
Thus, introducing the parametrization
p
1
t ZtKia
1
l
1
=t; p
2
t ZtKia
2
l
2
=t; p
3
t ZtKia
3
l
3
=t; 4:4
Re p
Im p

2
2

p
R
1

2
+
3
1
+

3

1
+
Figure 4. Hyperbolic branch cuts and Rayleigh pole, pZKp
R
, in the complex p-plane (upper
half-plane closure for xO0).
V. Gerasik and M. Stastna 502
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one arrives at g
i
Zg
K
i
Cg
C
i
_ _
_
CN
KN
Z2pi ResK
#
g
1
K
#
g
2
K
#
g
3
; 4:5
where the residue and three contour integrals can be found as
Res Zb
2
3
n
2
x
1
p
R
Kn
1
x
2
p
R

F
0
p
R
; u
e
Kip
R
x
; 4:6
#
g
1
Z
_
Ka
1
0
b
2
3
n
2
x
1
p
1
Kn
1
x
2
p
1

Fp
1
; u
C
n
2
x
1
p
1
Cn
1
x
2
p
1

F
1
p
1
; u
_ _
dp
1
dt
e
ip
1
x
dt; 4:7
#
g
2
Z
_
Ka
2
0
b
2
3
n
2
x
1
p
2
Kn
1
x
2
p
2

Fp
2
; u
K
n
2
x
1
p
2
Cn
1
x
2
p
2

F
2
p
2
; u
_ _
dp
2
dt
e
ip
2
x
dt; 4:8
#
g
3
Z
_
Ka
3
0
b
2
3
n
2
x
1
p
3
Kn
1
x
2
p
3

Fp
3
; u
K
n
2
x
1
p
1
Kn
1
x
2
p
3

F
3
p
3
; u
_ _
dp
3
dt
e
ip
3
x
dt; 4:9
where
F
1
p; u Z 2p
2
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
Km
2
Kn
2
p
2
Km
1
K2p
2
x
3
n
1
x
2
Cn
2
x
1
;
F
2
p; u Z 2p
2
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
Km
2
Kn
2
p
2
Km
1
C2p
2
x
3
n
1
x
2
Cn
2
x
1
;
F
3
p; u Z 2p
2
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
Km
2
Kn
2
p
2
Km
1
C2p
2
x
3
n
1
x
2
Kn
2
x
1
:
(b ) Wave trains
Now the solution for u
z
(3.17) is represented in the form of a sum of
contributions of three wave trains (4.7)(4.9) and, obviously, the contribution of
the Rayleigh wave (4.6), where the location of the pole ( p
R
) should be rst found
numerically to evaluate an expression for the residue. Summarizing the results
obtained with the branch cut integration, one can write the following
decomposition for the displacement eld:
L ZL
P1
CL
P2
CL
S
CR; 4:10
where L
P1
, L
P2
and L
S
are the expressions of the type (4.7)(4.9), taken with
opposite sign, and R denotes the contribution of the Rayleigh wave (4.6).
Similarly, representations in the form (4.10) can be derived for the rest of the
components (though these cumbersome expressions are not provided explicitly,
the results for the uid phase U
z
will be used further for numerical evaluation).
Integrals of the type (4.7)(4.9) pose no computational difculties for numerical
evaluation as their integrands do not contain any singularities; the integration
path is limited, moreover the integrands take zero values at the endpoints.
Numerical results illustrating the above introduced decomposition are
presented in gure 5 for dimensional frequency uZ100u
c
. Each wave train
(4.7)(4.9) represents the waves propagating with the phase slownesses and
attenuations in the range [Ka
i
,0], [l
i
,N), respectively, so that each wave train
contains P1, P2 and S waves, and the waves in the wave trains propagate faster
503 Poroelastic acoustic wave trains
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than the corresponding bulk mode. Moreover, these waves are also viscously
attenuated at a faster rate, so that at a certain distance from the source one can
expect solely P1, P2 and S modes along with the predominant Rayleigh wave.
While detailed discussion of the above results will followin 6, we will next pursue
the asymptotics of integrals of the type (4.7)(4.9). The evolution of the wave trains
in the far eld and the emergence of the P1, P2 and S waves will be subsequently
discussed in 5, where asymptotic results for each wave train are sought.
5. Asymptotic solutions
(a ) Oscillatory Laplace-type integrals
Integrals of the type (4.7)(4.9)
L
i
ZK
_
Ka
i
0
Fte
ip
i
x
dt ZK
_
Ka
i
0
Fte
itx
expa
i
l
i
x=tdt 5:1
with an appropriate change of variable ^ tZKl
i
Ka
i
l
i
=t can be approximated by
the following model integral for sufciently large x:
L
i
za
i
l
i
e
Kia
i
x
e
Kl
i
x
_
N
0
^
F^ t
^ t Cl
i

2
expia
i
=l
i
x^ te
Kx^ t
d^ t; 5:2
where the oscillatory term in (5.2) is approximated by the rst two terms in the
expansion of the expression a
i
l
i
=^ tCa
i
za
i
Ka
i
^ t=l
i
CO^ t
2
around ^ tZ0.
0 10 5 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
3
1
0
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
1
2
non-dimensional distance, x
3
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
P1 wave train
P2 wave train
S wave train
Rayleigh wave
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Contributions from different wave types. (a) Solid-phase displacement decomposition and
(b) uid-phase displacement decomposition. Source frequency uZ100u
c
is deliberately high to
emphasize P2-wave contribution.
V. Gerasik and M. Stastna 504
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The integral in the expression (5.2) is an oscillating Laplace-type integral of
the form (A 1), discussed in the appendix A (equation (A 3)), and satises the
conditions of Watsons lemma reformulated for this particular type of integral
(see appendix A). An expression for the leading-order term follows from the
general asymptotic expansion (A 3):
I
i
xza
0;i
GgC1
x
gC1
exp igC1arctan
a
i
l
i
_ _ _ _
1 C
a
2
i
l
2
i
_ _
gC1=2
; 5:3
so that, in order to determine the unknown terms g and a
0
, it is necessary to
investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the function
^
F^ t as ^ t/0
C
or, in other
words, the behaviour of the integrands (4.7)(4.9) as t/Ka
i
.
It is easy to see that simple manipulations with the integrands allow the
factoring out of the terms x
i
( p
i
) which completely determine the asymptotic
behaviour as t/Ka
i
. For example, in (4.7), the expression in the square
brackets equals
2n
2
x
1
p
1
2p
2
1
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
1
Km
2
_ _
Kn
2
p
2
1
Km
1
_ _ _
Fp
1
; uF
1
p
1
; u
: 5:4
The factor x
i
( p
i
) in some vicinity of tZKa
i
can be approximated by
x
i
p
i
Z
i
jtj

a
i
Ktl
2
i
Ct
2

_

t Ca
i
_
zi

2a 1 C
l
2
i
a
2
i
_ _

t Ca
i
_
5:5
75 100 125 150 175 200
0
non-dimensional distance, x
P
1

w
a
v
e

t
r
a
i
n
S

w
a
v
e

t
r
a
i
n
0
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.06 (a)
(b)
0.03
0.04
0.02
Figure 6. (a) P1 and (b) S wave trains at certain distance from the source (P1 and S waves
emerging from corresponding wave trains). Exact and asymptotic solutions for the vertical solid
displacement eld. Source frequency uZu
c
. (solid line, exact; dashed lines, asympototic.)
505 Poroelastic acoustic wave trains
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or in terms of ^ t as
x
i
p
i
zi

2a
i
1 C
l
2
i
a
2
i
_ _

a
i
^ t
l
i

: 5:6
Taking into account (5.2) and (5.3), the general asymptotic results for all three
integrals can be summarized in the form
L
i
ziA
i

2a
i
_
a
2
i
a
2
i
Cl
2
i
_ _
1=4
G3=2
x
3=2
expip
i
Ka
i
x
!exp
3i
2
arctan
a
2
i
l
2
i
_ _ _ _
1 Ci
l
i
a
i
_ _
:
5:7
It is convenient to introduce an upper index to denote the phase, while the
lower index corresponds to the wave type. Thus A
F
i
and A
S
i
will denote the value
of coefcient A
i
for the uid and solid phases, respectively. These coefcients are
provided for the solid-phase displacements in appendix B.
Figure 6 represents an example of the exact and asymptotic solutions for the
P1 and S wave trains, L
S
P1
and L
S
S
, respectively (vertical solid-phase displacement
is considered). Asymptotic solution appears to be accurate and in phase with the
numerically calculated exact solution. Moreover, comparison of these illustrates
the process of emerging of the wave from the corresponding wave train.
(b ) Limiting case. Benchmark solution
It should be mentioned that the far-eld solution of the form (4.10), (5.7) in
the appropriate limiting case, exactly recovers classical asymptotic results, rst
derived by Lamb (1904), for the analogous elasticity problem.
Indeed, the transition to perfect elasticity (see, for example Bourbie et al. 1987)
follows from the vanishing of the poroelastic parameters: Q/0; R/0; and f/0,
so that r/r
s
, r
12
/0, r
22
/0, n
12
/0, m
12
/1/2, b
1
Zb
2
, b
3
Z1 and l
i
/0.
The solution for the far-eld bulk modes for the vertical component of the
solid-phase displacement, u
z
, in dimensional form in accordance with (4.10), (5.7)
is given by (tildes are reintroduced to indicate non-dimensional quantities)
u
bulk
z
Z
P
4pm
L
S
P1
CL
S
P2
CL
S
S
_ _
e
iut
: 5:8
Using G3=2Z

p
p
=2 and the values of the coefcients A
S
i
provided in appendix
B one gets
L
i
/KA
S
i

p
p
2

2
~
b
i
_
i expiK
~
b
i
~ xKp=4
~ x
3=2
; as l
i
/0;
where
~
b
1;2
Zc
s
=c
p
, and c
p
, c
s
, are longitudinal and transverse phase velocities,
respectively. Introducing hZu/c
p
and kZu/c
s
, so that
~
b
1;2
Zh=k and ~ xZkx,
one arrives at the following expression:
u
bulk
z
ZK
P
8m

2
p
_
A
S
P1
CA
S
P2
_ _

h
k
_
i expiutKhxKp=4
kx
3=2
_
CA
S
S
i expiutKkxKp=4
kx
3=2
_
:
5:9
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The values of the coefcients A
S
i
in the limiting case can be found to be
A
S
P1
CA
S
P2
/K
4
2h
2
=k
2
K1
2
; A
S
S
/K161Kh
2
=k
2
; 5:10
so that, nally, using Lambs (1904) original notation
u
bulk
z
Z
P
2m

2
p
_
h
2
k
2
2h
2
Kk
2

2
i expiut KhxKp=4
hx
3=2
C
2P
m

2
p
_
1K
h
2
k
2
_ _
i expiut KkxKp=4
kx
3=2
: 5:11
6. Summary and nal remarks
The present article is dedicated to the detailed investigation of the wave processes at
the boundary of a porous half-space subjected to a harmonic line traction in the
framework of Biots theory. Formal analytical and closed form far-eld asymptotic
solutions have been established herein, and these allow analysis of the response at
different source frequencies, as well as the investigation of the basic properties of
each wave type travelling along the plane boundary.
Examples of numerical results have been shown (gures 13) and these
illustrate the inuence of the source frequency on the character of the spatial
oscillations in both displacements and pore pressure. These may be summarized
as showing a weakening of the viscous coupling between phases as frequency is
increased, with higher frequency regimes leading to oscillations that are of
different amplitude and phase in the uid and solid. As has been pointed out by
Biot (1956b), this follows from the governing equations. Indeed, in the case when
the characteristic frequency lies near unity, the inertia and viscous terms are
approximately of the same order, so that a further increase of the source
frequency makes inertial terms dominant over viscous terms.
An oscillating line source generates three bulk wave trains, containing P1, P2
and S waves, respectively, and a surface poroelastic Rayleigh wave. Decom-
position of the formal general solution into contributions of the four wave types
reveals the following: bulk modes propagating along the surface exhibit x
K3/2
attenuation in addition to attenuation due to viscous interphase interactions
(terms of the form e
Kl
i
x
in expression (5.7)). Results for the spatial attenuation
are found to be similar to those known from the classical elastic wave theory
(Lamb 1904). Moreover, the classical elastic wave theory asymptotic results can
be exactly recovered in the appropriate limiting case from the asymptotic
solution obtained herein for the poroelastic waves.
Analysis of the formal solution shows that the waves in the bulk wave trains
consist of waves that propagate faster and also exhibit greater viscous
attenuation than the corresponding bulk modes. Thus, at a certain distance
from the source one can observe solely P1, P2 and S modes or, in other words, the
emergence of these modes from the corresponding wave trains (gure 6).
It is known that the P2 effect is difcult to measure at low frequencies (Nagy
1999). Indeed, owing to the rapid viscous attenuation of the slow P2 wave,
high-frequency oscillations are necessary to capture this effect. In the present
507 Poroelastic acoustic wave trains
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work, relatively high dimensional frequency uZ100u
c
was used to emphasize the
P2-wave contribution. In this particular case, the P2 effect is observed only in
the vicinity of the source and is found to be more pronounced in the uid
phase (gure 5).
Poroelastic Rayleigh waves are found to be predominant at the surface in both
the near eld, due to the negation of the P1 and S wave trains, and the far eld,
due to the geometric attenuation of the bulk modes. Thus, the frequency-
dependent character of spatial oscillations and relative vertical uidsolid
motion, or ux, at the surface will mostly be determined by the properties of the
poroelastic Rayleigh waves in both the solid and the uid phases. Taking
advantage of the closed-form solution for the Rayleigh waves, some of their basic
properties have been investigated. In particular, it is found that, unlike the wave
in the solid phase, the amplitudefrequency variation of the Rayleigh wave in the
uid phase is more rapid and exhibits a distinct minimum (gure 6).
Finally, solutions established herein can be used further in the analysis of the
inuence of the frequency correction factor (Biot 1956b; Johnson et al. 1987),
which is left beyond the scope of the present work. Moreover, these results
provide the necessary foundation to explore the questions related to the energy
characteristics of different types of poroelastic acoustic waves.
Appendix A. Watsons lemma for oscillatory Laplace-type integrals
Lemma A.1. Consider the following oscillatory Laplace-type integral:
I x Z
_
N
0
f te
ihxt
e
Kxt
dt; Imh Z0; A 1
where f(t) is continuous on [0,N) and has the asymptotic expansion as t/0
C
f twt
g

N
nZ0
a
n
t
bn
: A 2
Assume that the integral is convergent, so that gOK1, bO0 and f tZoe
ct
for
some c as t/N. Then, as x/N,
I xw

N
nZ0
a
n
Gn
n

x
n
n
e
i arctanh

1 Ch
2
_
_ _
n
n
; n
n
ZgCbn C1: A 3
Proof. Replacing I(x) with I(x; e),
I x; e Z
_
e
0
f te
ihxt
e
Kxt
dt; A 4
introduces exponentially small errors for any eO0. To show this rigorously,
integration by parts can be applied.
Assume eO0 is small enough so that the rst N terms in the asymptotic series
for f (t) are a good approximation to f (t), i.e.
f tKt
g

N
nZ0
a
n
t
bn

%Kt
gCbNC1
; A 5
for 0%t%e and some constant KO0.
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Thus, the following estimate holds:
I x; eK

N
nZ0
a
n
_
e
0
t
gCbn
e
ihxt
e
Kxt
dt

Z
_
e
0
f tKt
g

N
nZ0
a
n
t
bn
_ _
e
ihxt
e
Kxt
dt

%
_
e
0
f tKt
g

N
nZ0
a
n
t
bn

e
Kxt
dt%K
_
e
0
t
gCbNC1
e
Kxt
dt
%K
_
N
0
t
gCbNC1
e
Kxt
dt ZK
GgCbN C1 C1
x
gCbNC1C1
:
A 6
Extending the range of integration in the above-established inequality (A6) to
[0,N), and using (A8), one gets
I x Z

N
nZ0
a
n
_
N
0
t
gCbn
e
ihxt
e
Kxt
dt Co
1
x
gCbNC1
_ _
Z

N
nZ0
a
n
GgCbn C1
x
gCbnC1
e
i arctanh

1 Ch
2
_
_ _
gCbnC1
Co
1
x
gCbNC1
_ _
; A 7
as x/N. Since this is true for every N, (A3) is proved and thus the lemma
follows. &
The proof of the above proposition, in general, repeats the proof of the classical
Watsons lemma (e.g. Bender & Orszag 1978), where the following model
integral (Prudnikov et al. 1986) must be applied instead of a Gamma function:
_
N
0
x
nK1
expKp Ciqt dt ZGnp
2
Cq
2

Kn=2
exp Kin arctan
q
p
_ _ _ _
; A 8
where pO0; Re(n)O0 or pZ0; and 0!Re(n)!1.
Moreover, setting hZ0 one can recover the classical Watsons lemma results.
Appendix B. Coefcients used in the asymptotic expansion
A
S
P1
Z
2n
2
Lb
1

Fb
1
; uF
1
b
1
; u
; B 1
A
S
P2
ZK
2n
1
Lb
2

Fb
2
; uF
2
b
2
; u
; B 2
A
S
S
ZK
4b
2
3
n
1

b
2
3
Kb
2
2
_
Kn
2

b
2
3
Kb
2
1
_
_ _
2
Fb
3
; uF
3
b
3
; u
; B 3
where
Lp Zb
2
3
2p
2
Kb
2
3
_ _
n
1
p
2
Km
2
Kn
2
p
2
Km
1
: B 4
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