Electromagnetic Induction 3.

CHAPTER-3

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SNO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF STATICALLY INDUCED EMF

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MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRO MAGNETISM, MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH, MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY) The essential element in all electric machines and electro-mechanical devices of the electromagnetic type is an electromagnetic system. The function of this system is to establish and control electromagnetic fields in order to accomplish the desired process of energy conversion , energy transfer or energy processing. In the simplest sense, an electromagnetic system consists of electric circuits located in a region of space and having a very specific geometry designed to establish the required electromagnetic field relationships. To understand the basic energy conversion process and to be able to determine the electric circuit parameters of an electric machines, it is necessary to understand electromagnetic field of the machine and the terms and analytic e pressions used. FIELD The term field is a concept used to describe a distribution of forces throughout a region of space. The electric field describes the force on a unit of charge of electricity, the electron. The magnetic field describes the forces on a dipole. The electric machine produces forces or torque resulting from the presence of magnetic force field. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT !agnetic flu occupies a magnetic circuit lin"ed by the associated current. #round any path lin"ing it, a current $i% develops a magneto motive force &mmf' ( i, )hen electric circuit is coiled into * turns, a path lin"ing all $*% turns has the mmf ( *i distributed around the magnetic circuit to give a path element of length $l% the magnetic field strength $+% , #t any point $+% gives rise to a magnetic flu of flu density , ( +, )here $% is magnetic property of material medium called its absolute permeability. The summation of $,% over the area of flu path gives the total flu $% . -or field in free space &or air ' ( . 1/-0 ( 112/////. -or fields in ferromagnetic materials, the absolute permeability, ( !ro &The permeability relative to free space' is a numeric, ranging from about 1/ to ./////. Thus a flu density $,% can be setup in ferromagnetic material )ith a smaller mmf than in air. 3onsequently the magnetic circuit of a practical electric machine comprise a ferromagnetic structure )ith an essential air gap in )hich useful force effect can be e ploited. # magnetic circuit equivalent to electric circuit can be dra)n as &i' Fig.-1

&E'
*i'

&4' )here, (mmf in #T&amp.Turn

(4eluctance, (-lu FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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5hen a conductor cuts a magnetic field &relative motion bet)een field 6 conductor' dynamically induced emf produces on it. #verage emf generated pre conductor e ( ( ( d1dt *d1dt *d di di dt ,lv sin ,lv

at ( 7/,

e e

( (

FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE E tend the thumb, first finger 6 second finger of right hand so that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the thumb represents direction of rotation of conductor, first finger is pointed at direction of field &,', the second finger represents the direction of induced emf. FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE E tend the thumb, first 6 second finger of left hand perpendicular to each other, if first finger represents the direction of field and second finger in direction of current, the thumb indicates the direction of the force. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL The magnetic field intensity $+% causes a flu density $,% to be set up at every point along the flu path. 4elation bet)een $, 6 +% is given by , ( o r +, , in )eber &5b' 1 m8 ( Tesla, + in amp.turn 1 meter ( #t1m -0 / ( . 1/ henry1m &absolute permeability of free space' r ( relative permeability of magnetic material # material is classified according to the nature of its relative permeability r )hich is actually related to the internal atomic structure of the material and )ill be classified as a' b' c' d' 9aramagnetic material r slightly greater than 1 :iamagnetic material r slightly less than 1 &*on magnetic' -erro-magnetic material r in range 2/// to 2/////. -erri-magnetic material r in range 2/// to 2/////

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3haracteristic of -e) !agnetic !aterials are ;r. *o 1 2 3 . = !agnetic !aterial Trade *ame .2 *I 9ermalloy &;heet' !oly 9ermalloy &9o)er' -errite !17 9rinciple #lloy .2 < *i *i-!o *i-!o !g-?n ;i ;aturation -lu :ensity &Tesla' 1.2= /.2 /.0 /.37 2.2 + at , saturation &#1m' 2/ .// 1=7// 111= .//// 9ermeability m 2///// 1///// 12= 3.// 1//// Electrical 4esistivity -cm >= == 1/0 .0

-H RELATIONSHIP CUR!E In free space and nonmagnetic materials the permeability is constant i.e o(. 1/-0 and the ,-+ relationship in linear. +o)ever, in magnetic material used in electric machines ,-+ relationship is non linear. The non liner regions designated as @one I 6II in regions III magnetic saturation occurs and the flu density )ithin the material can not increase beyond the saturation density. III ;aturated @one

, II A Binear @one constant

I --Initial non linear @one + Fig.-" 5hen a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magneti@ation, po)er loss occurs )hich is termed as magnetic core losses. This occures in t)o "inds &a' +ysteresis loss &b' Eddy current loss. &a' HYSTERESIS LOSS C 5hen a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magneti@ation i.e. mmf is increased from @ero to ma imum value and then reduced to @ero &reverse direction' in first process energy stored and in second

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energy is given out by the magnetic field, the net energy undergoes in this process )hich is lost irrespectively in the form of heat is called hysteresis loss. +ysteresis loss ph ( "hf ,nm Dh ( characteristic constant of core material ( frequency ,m ( ma imum flu density n ( steinmet@ e ponent varies from 1.= to 2.= depending upon the material used. b' EDDY CURRENT LOSS C 5hen a magnetic material core carries time varying flu , voltages are induced in all possible paths enclosing the flu . The result is production of circulating current in the core &#ll magnetic material are conductor'. These currents are "no)n as eddy current and have po)er loss &i84' associated )ith them called eddy current loss. This loss depends on C &1' &2' 4esistivity of material Bength of circulating current path

The eddy current loss can be e pressed by relationship 9e ( "e f8 ,2m )1"g f ,m De ( ( ( frequency !a imum flu density constant depends on type of material and lamination thic"ness

DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF 1. RELATION ETWEEN MAGNETISM # ELECTRICITY 5e "no) that an electric current flo)s through a conductor, a magnetic field is brought into e istence in the space surrounding the conductor. The reverse of this is also true i.e. )here a magnetic field embracing a conductor moves relative to the conductor produce emf and hence current is induced in the conductor )hich is cut across or is cut by a magnetic flu is "no)n as electro-magnetic induction. ". PRODUCTION OF EMF #s sho)n in fig.-3, an insulated coil )hose terminals are connected to the sensitive galvanometer E. It is placed close to a stationary bar magnet initially at position #, &sho)n dotted'. #s some flu from * pole of the magnet are lin"ed

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)ith the coil. ,ut as yet, there is no deflection in the galvanometer. *o) brought the magnet suddenly closer to the coil. There is a momentary deflection in the galvanometer and that lasts so long as the magnet is in motion relative to the coil. This deflection become @ero, )hen the magnet becomes stationary at position 3:. 3
*

#
;

E Fig.-3 *o) ta"e a)ay the magnet suddenly from its stationary position 3: to #,. It is found again there is a momentary deflection in the galvanometer and it persists so long as the magnet is in motion not )hen it becomes stationary. It is to be noted that this deflection is in opposite direction of previous, obviously, due to the )ithdra)al of the magnetic flu lin"ed )ith coil is decreased. The production of this electro-magnetically induced emf is further illustrated by considering a conductor #, lying )ithin a magnetic field and connected to a galvanometer as sho)n in -ig .. It is found that )henever this conductor moves up 6 do)n a momentary deflection is produced in the galvanometer. It means that some emf induced in conductor #,. The magnitude of this induced emf depends upon the quic"ness of the movement of conductor #,.

G
# ; , *

Fig.- 4 These e periments sho)s that )hen any change in lin"ing flu in the conductor or coil by moving the magnet or coil, an emf is al)ays induced in it.

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There are t)o types of induced emf 1. 2. 1. :ynamically induced emf ;tatically induced emf

DYNAMICALLY INDUCED EMF Fsually in this case the field is stationary and conductor cut across it &as in dc generator'. ,ut in case of large alternator conductor is stationary and field cut across it.

# , Fig$%&-'

# , Fig$%&-( v

#s sho)n in fig.-= a conductor # sho)n in cross section lying )ithin uniform magnetic field of flu density , - )b1m2. The arro) attached to # sho)s its direction of motion consider the condition sho)n in fig.-= )hen conductor # cut across at right angle to the flu . ;uppose $l% is its length of conductor lying )ith in the field and let it moves a distance d in time dt. Then area s)ept by it is ( l d . +ence flu cut ( , ld )ebers. 3hange in flu ( ,ld 5eber Time ta"en ( dt second +ence according to faraday%s la)s the emf induced in it &"no)n as dynamically induced emf' is ( rate of change of flu lin"ages ( ,ld 1dt ( ,l d 1dt ( ,lv volt )here, d 1dt velocity-v If the conductor # moves at an angle )ith the direction of flu &fig.->' then the induced emf is e ( ,lv sin Golts The direction of the induced emf is given by fleming%s right hand rule. It should be noted that generator )or"s on the production of dynamically induced emf in the conductor housed in a revolving armature lying )ithin a strong magnetic field.

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STATICALLY INDUCED EMF In this, usually the conductor or the coil and flu lin"ed )ith it changed by simply increasing or decreasing the current producing this flu &as in transformer'. It can be subdivided into &a' !utually induced emf ()) &b' ;elf induced emf

MUTUALLY INDUCED EMF , #

4 G -igure-0 3onsider t)o coils # 6 , lying close to each other as sho)n in fig-0. The coil # Hoined to a battery , s)itch and a variable resistance $4% )here as coil $,% is connected to a sensitive voltmeter $G%. 5hen the current through $#% is established by closing the s)itch, then its magnetic field is set up )hich partly lin"s )ith or threads through the coil $,%. #s current through $#% is changed. The flu lin"ed )ith $,% is also changed. +ence, mutually induced emf is produced in $,% )hose magnitude is given by faraday%s la)s and direction by Ben@%s la). If, no) battery is connected to , and the voltmeter across # , then the situation is reversed and a change of current in , )ill produce mutually induced emf in #. It is obvious that in the e ample considered above, there is no movement of any conductor, the flu variations being brought about by variations in current strength only. ;uch an emf induced in one coil by the influence of the other coil is called statically but mutually induced emf. (*) SELF INDUCED EMF This is the emf induced in a coil due to the change of its o)n flu lin"ed )ith it. If current through the coil &fig-2' is changed , then the flu lin"ed )ith its o)n turns

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)ill also change )hich )ill produce in it )hat is called self induced emf. The direction of this induced emf )ould be such as to oppose any change of flu )hich is in fact, the very cause of its production &Ben@ la)'. +ence, it is also called the opposing or counter emf of self-induction.

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