06543G Index

Index
A
Abrasion resistance index 939
Abrasive wear 965,968,969,1069
definition 965
mechanisms responsiblefor. 965
types 965
Abrasive wear resistance of cemented
carbides, specifications 1100
Acceptable quality level (AQL), definition 707
Acetone " 81
Acid-insolublecontent of copper and
iron powders, specifications 138,1098
Acousticemissiontesting 702,714
Acrawax 127,129,322-325,453--454,478
AcrawaxC 324,374
Activated liquid-phase sintering
(ALPS) 565,571-572
activatorconcentration 571-572
applications 571
densification 571
particlesizeeffect 571
properties 571-572
systems _ 572
temperature 572
time 572
Activated sintering 438, 445--447
copperpowder 862, 864
Activation energy for coarsening 505
Activators, for sintering 446
Additives, ultrafine andnanophase
powdersapplications 76
Adhesivewear 965, 969, 1069
definition 965
examplesof 965
mechanisms proposedfor 965
Admixing 106, 128
Adsorbed layers on the surface,
maximum number of " 275
Adsorption, on activesites atthe surface 275
Adsorption-desorption isotherm 277
Advanced Metalworking System 25
Aerodynamic diameter of particles .. " 257
Aerodynamic particlesizes
(APS)analyzer 256, 257
Aerodynamic sieving 236
Aerodynamic time-of-flight " 237
Aerosizer 257,258
Aerosolizing " 257-258
Aerosol process 77
AF2-lDA-6 887,893,894,898
AF115 887,892,893,894,895,898
Agate
as vialmaterialsfor SPEXmills 82
for planetaryball mill parts 82
Agglomeration 58,59,237
of silverpowders " 183
sieveanalysis 240
thermalsprayforming 414
Aggregation, preciousmetal powders 182
Air atomization 36
bronze 144,145
copper-alloy powders 143
tinpowders " 146
Air entrainment. 299
Air-hardeningsteels 1073
Air-hardening tool steels, as diematerial 353
Air Jet Sieve 216,217-218
Air plasma spray (APS)forming 410, 411, 418
Air plasma spraying 412
AIBeMet 160,162,944-945
Alcoaprocess 148,149, 150
Alcohol, asreducingagent 183
Aldehydes, asreducingagents 183,184
Alkali hydroxides, effecton aluminum powder .. 156
Allowablebending stress 1062
Allowablecontact stress 1062
Alloy713LC, corrosionresistance 1001
Alloy814, corrosionresistance 1001
Alnicopermanent magnet alloys 74,1017,1018
Alpha-beta titanium alloys 164
Alpha brass powder, consolidation of
compacts , 437
Alpha iron plus iron carbide 817
Alpine wet sievingdevice " .. 217
Alumina
compactionpressureeffecton density 506
consolidationof nanocrystalline powder 508
diffusionfactors 451
field-activated sintering 586
injectionmolding 314
physicalproperties 451
as vial materialsfor SPEXmills 82
Alumina-base ceramics, powderinjection
molding 363
Alumina-chromia, injectionmolding 314
Alumina powder, extrusion 370
Alumina-zirconia nanocomposites 505
Aluminides,combustion synthesis. 528,530,532-533
Alumino-thermit method 70
Aluminum
diffusionfactors 451
extrusion 626
melt drop(vibratingorifice)atomization 50-51
milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NorthAmericanmetalpowdershipments
(1992-1996) 16
oxygencontentof water-atomized metal
powder 42
sintering 490--492, 493
soft tooling 427
thermal sprayforming 411
Aluminum alloyforms, applications 1046,1047
Aluminum alloypowders
air atomization 43, 44
coldsintering 576,578-579
commercialpressandsinter 158
consolidation 508
expansionbehavior 1044
extrusion 623, 624
fatigue 960
forgingand hotpressing 632
as fuel source 1089
gas atomization 37,47
hot isostaticpressing 590
hydratedaluminumoxidesurfacefilms 59
metal-matrixcomposites 21
applications 22
particulate-reinforced 22
microexamination 725
microstructures 728,742,743
pneumaticisostaticforging 639
polishing 724
pressedandsinteredproperties 957
productionof. See alsoProductionof aluminum
alloypowder. 148-159
qualitativeSEMshapeanalysis 267,272
rapidsolidification 19
rapidsolidification rateprocess 48
sintering 490-492, 493
spinning-cupatomization 37,48
spraydeposition 20
sprayforming 379,378,404,405
stircast, stickingefficiency 402
vapordeposition 20
Aluminum Association,The 150
Aluminum-base alloys,mechanical
alloying 88
Aluminum-beryllium alloypowders 944,945
Aluminum-B
4C
billets, pneumatic
isostaticforging 640, 641
Aluminum boron carbide powder,
pneumaticisostaticforging 639
Aluminum bronze powder 148
Aluminum carbide, productionof 81
Aluminum chlorhydroxide 158
Aluminum composites, hot isostaticpressing 605
Aluminum-copper alloy powder, spray
forming 400, 402
Aluminum glycinate 158
Aluminum-iron-cerium
milling 62, 63
tensilepropertiesat elevatedtemperatures 20
Aluminum-iron-molybdenum, tensile
propertiesat elevatedtemperatures 20
Aluminum-iron-vanadium-silicon, tensile
propertiesat elevatedtemperatures 20
Aluminum-lead alloys, roll compaction 393
Aluminum-llthium alloys 842
lowdensity , 19
sprayforming 398
Aluminum-magnesium powders
for explosives , , 74
milling .. " , 58
Aluminum-matrix composites, pneumatic
isostaticforging 640, 641
Aluminum-modified molybdenum
silicide 519
Aluminum nitrate 59, 81
Aluminumnitride P/M, ceramics 158
Aluminum nitride powders
combustionsynthesis 535
field-activated sintering 585,586,587-588
injectionmolding 314
Aluminum paints 1087
Aluminum pigment, powder, and paste
for paint, specifications 1086, 1098
Aluminum powder
apparent density 292
coldsintering 581
compressibility 302,304
consolidation 507-508
explosibility 157
explosivecompacting 318
fieldactivatedsintering 586
flowrate. " 297
flowrate throughHall andCarneyfunnels 296
high-purity 156
microstructure 727,746
polishing 724
productionof. SeeProductionof aluminum
powder.
reactivesintering 516-519
roll compacting 391,394
tapdensity 295
tolerances 711
ASM Handbook, Volume 7: Powder Metal
Technologies and Applications (#06543G)
Copyright 1998 ASM International
All rights reserved.
www.asminternational.org
Aluminum powder, flaked, grained, and
atomized, specifications 1098
Aluminum powder metallurgyalloys,
conventional 834---839
advantages 834
applications 834
can vacuumdegassing 838
compacting 835
compositions 835
dipurative degassing 838
directpowderfonning 839
dynamic compaction 839
fabrication schemes 838
forging 836---837
hot isostatic pressing 839
machinability 837
mechanical alloying/dispersion
strengthening 834---835
part processing 835---837
powder degassing and consolidation 837---839
powder production 835
press and sintered 835
properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 834,835, 836, 837
rapid omnidirectional consolidation 839
rapid solidification 834
repressing 835---836
sintering 835, 836, 837
vacuum degassing in a reusable chamber... 838---839
Aluminum powder metallurgy, premixes,
lubricants for 325
Aluminum-silicon alloy powders
applications 853
expansion behavior 1044,1045,1046
sprayfonning , " .398
AluminumsilIcon carbide, pneumatic
isostatic forging 639
A1uminum-silicon-Xternary alloys, spray
forming " 398
Aluminum-titanium alloys, mechanical alloying .. 88
Aluminum-vanadium alloys, compacted with
titaniwn sponge fines 160
Aluminum-zinc alloys, spray forming 398
A1uminum-zirconium-chromium-manganese,
tensile properties at elevated temperatures 20
AmaCor alloys, thermal spray forming 411
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
coding system , . 123-124
Ammonia
as addition for precipitation of metal powder
from solution 69
explosive range , 465
hazards and function of heat treating atmosphere 466
physiological effects 466
safety precautions when sintering 466
Ammonia dissociator 462
Ammonia leaching 141
Ammonia vapor, physical properties 459,460
Ammonium molybdate 197
Ammonium paratungstate (APT) , . 189,191
and recycling tungsten powder. 193
Ammonium sulfamate 172
Ammonium sulfate 172
Ammoniumsulfate recovery 173, 174
Amorphouscoatings 412
Amorphous iron-titanium alloy powders 128
Amorphous metals 37
Anaerobics, self-curing, as impregnationresins 690
Analytical (or measurement) error (AE) 235
Analyzers 226
Ancorbond process 127
Ancorbraze 72 660
Ancordense powder 376,378,674
Ancorsteel grades 127
Ancorsteel powders
chemical composition , 125
prealloyed base, properties 125
properties 125
Andreasen's pipette 245-246
Angle of repose 287,299-301
definition 299
drained 299-300
dynamic 300
tangent of 299-300
Angular, definition 263
Angularity (triangularity) ofthe particle 273
Annealing 322
caused by sintering 441
dimensional change 711
of metal powders 305
platinum 4
porous materials 1035
Annular nozzle atomization, tin powders 146
Annular ram assembly 25
Anode melting rate 99
particle size distribution and 99
Anodic polarization 985-986,990
stainless steel powders 996
Anodic polarization testing, specifications 997
Antimony powder
diffusion factors 451
electrodeposition 70
milling 58
physical properties 451
Antimony powdered, technical, specifications. 1098
Antioxidants, for copper powder grades 134
Anti-segregation process (ASP) 687
Anval (Sweden) 72
Anval gas atomization system 75
Anvil presses 348-349,924-925
Apparent density 287
compressibility " 302,304
definition 292
green strength dependence on 306,307
Apparent bardness ofsintered metal
powder products, determination of,
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Aqua-regia, for precious metal powder
production 182
Arc erosion rate 1022
Arc spay forming " 409-410,411
Arcweld creep rupture machine 849
Area equivalent diameter 237
Area fraction 269
Area fraction of porosity 713
Argon dry box welding, for HlP containers 613
Argon gas atomization 131
Arithmetic-probabilityplots 263
Arnold meter 293
Artificial pore volume effect. 284
ASEASTORAprocess (ASP) 126
Asbbymodel 597,598
As-molded designators 698
Aspect ratio " 263-265,272
definition 264
Associated flow rule 329
Astroloy
applications 999
compositions 1000
corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1000, 1002
Atmospheres, sintering 457-466
Atomet diffusion-bonded powders, properties ... 128
ATOMETiron powders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118
ATOMETsteel powders
chemical composition 125
compressibility 126
green strength 126
Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) 230-231
Atomic absorption spectrometry
advantages 231-232
atomizers 232, 233
sensiti vities 232-233
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 222, 228
Atomic emission spectrometry
(AES) 222,230,231,232
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
(AFS) 230,231,232
Atomic flux (J) 449
Atomic volume 441
symbol 449
Atomization 35-52
air. 36,43-47
aluminum alloys 834
aluminwnpowders 148-153
capacity worldwide 35
centrifugal 35,36
centrifugal methods 48-50
characteristics of atomized metal powders 36-37
composition 37
copper-alloy powders 143
Index/1115
copper powder 859,860
definition 35
for cobalt-base powders 180,181
gas " 36,43-47
industrial methods 35
meItdrop (vibrating orifice) techniques 50-51
microstructure 37
nickel-base powders 174,776
oil atomization 43
operating conditions and properties of water
atomized powders 36
particle size of atomized powders 35,36
purity 36
roller atomization 50
shape of particles 36, 37 .
silver powders 183
soluble-gas 35
superalloy powders 889
tin powders ., 147,147
two-fluid 35
ultrafine and nanophase powders 72-77
ultrasonic (vibrational) atomization 35,36,50
vacuum 35
vibrating electrode 50
water 36,37-39
Atomizers 232, 233
twin , 398
Atomizing 130-131
Attrition 57,59,60
definition 53
Attrition ball mill 82, 83
Attrition grinding 63
Attrition mills 62-64
advantages 63
mechanism of 63
for precious metal powders 182
Attritors 82, 83
Auger electron microscopy 223
Auger electrons 224, 225
Auger electron spectroscopy
(AES) 222, 225-226, 227
Auger electron spectroscopy/scanning
Augermicroscopy 226
Auger transition 225
Auger-type samples : 208
Austenitic stainless steel powders
annealing 305
applications 781,782,783,784
compositions 1073
corrosion resistance 989-991,999
hot isostatic pressing 617,618
powder metallurgy near-net shapes 19
sensitization 477
sintering , 480-481,482
Autohesion , " 59
definition 58
Automated image analysis systems 263
Automatic ratio adjusters for endothermic
atmospheres 461
Automotive antilock brake system
(ADS) sensor rings 775,776-777
Automotive applications ferrous
structural parts 763,766,767
Automotive coatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1087
Automotiveexhaustsystems .... 775,776,777,781
Automotive parts
advances , 21-22
manufacturing costs compared 22
Automotive rear-viewmirror brackets 775-776
Average internal effective strain increment 331-332
Average particle diameter (d}lll 242
Avicel PHlOl (microcrystallme cellulose),
angle of repose 300
AWS specifications, specific types, C3.6-90,
specification of furnace brazing 658
Axial stress 336
B
Ball milling 77,78
of silver powders 183
1116/ Index
Ball mill production processes,
aluminum powder 148
Ball mills, for precious metal powders 182
Ballotini solid glass spheres 300
tocalibrate Hall funnel. 296
Balshin's expression 575
Barium ferrite 1018
Barium stearate 324,325
Barren solution 174
Batch furnaces, to steam treat PIMsteels ., 13
Batch-typefurnaces , 456
Batch-type integral quench furnaces,
nitrocarburizing 650
Batch-type mills 63
Batch-type vacuumsintering furnaces 456,484
Bauschinger effect 917
BCR-67 256, 257
Bearing materials, from metal powders,
patent for 3
Bearings, powder metallurgy 1051-1057
advantages 1051
applications 1051
blending and mixing 1053-1056
bronze .. " 865
compacting 1053
composite, roll compaction 393-394
compositions 1052-1053
design guidelines 13-14
design restrictions 13-14
impregnation 1054-1056
infiltration 552-553
load-carrying capacities 1055,1056-1057
lubrication 1051, 1052
material selection 13
mechanical properties 947
porous metal, and filters 6
self-lubricating 3,7,13-14
sintering 1054
sizing 1054
specifications 1099
Becke test 250-251
Belt-type continuous furnaces, for
steam treating 653
Belt-type sintering furnaces
forinduction hardening 650
for sinter hardening 652
Benzeneloleic acid 322
Bertrandite ore 202
Beryllia
Berylliumalloy powders. Seealso
Production of beryllium powders.
milling 64
rapid solidification rate process 48
Beryllium powders 941-946
applications 6,202,628,941,944-945
attritioning 204
characteristicsused for commercial billets 203,204
cold isostatic pressing 382
cold pressinglsinteringlcoiningtechniques .. 203, 204
compositions 942-943
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
development. 941
elastic modulus 202
extrusion 627-628
gas atomization 204
Hall-Petch relationship 203,204
hot pressing 316,636
impact grinding 202,203
injection molding 314
mechanicalcourrrrrlnution 53
mechanical properties 941-942,943,944
melt drop (vibrating orifice) atomization 50-51
microalloying 942-943
microstructures 728
physical properties 202,451,941
powder forging 635
powder production 943-944
production of 202-203
raw material 202-203
shapemaking by hot pressing 636
uniaxial vacuum hot pressing 203
vacuum hot pressing 202, 204
wrought product forms 944
Beryl ore 202
Bessemer dry stamping process 148
Beta titanium alloys 164
Bevelgears , 1060
Bevels 354
Billet materials 19
Billets, cold isostatic pressing 385
Bi-Iubricantsystems 324-325
Bimetallic components, hot isostatic pressing 619
Bimetallic tubing, powder extrnsion 317
Binder-assisted extrusion 365-375
Binder/plasticizers, injection molding 315
Binders
feedstock formulation 366
forpowdershaping 313-314
in platinum production by Incas 3
premix processing with : 128
removal, postextrusion processing 372
Binder-treated mixes (BTM) 108
Binder-treated powder 322
Binder treatment blending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Bismuth
apparent density 40
mass median particle size of water-atomized
powders 40
mechanical comminution 53
milling " 58
oxygen content. " 40
standard deviation 40
Black cupric oxide 133
Blaine permeameter 278
Blank 772
Bleeding 552
Blended elemental (BE) MMC
titanium approach 21
Blended elemental (BE) method,
titanium alloy powders 874--876,877,
878,880,882
Blenders , 321-322
Blending and premixing of metal
powders and binders 102-105
definitions 102
equipment for. 105
powder characteristics effect of. 104-105
variables 102-104
Blending techniques, effect on
properties of metal powder mixes ..... 106-109
binder-treatedmixes for high-densityparts .. 108-109
binder treatment of metal powder mixes 107-109
dry mixing of metal powders 106-107
flowrate , " 108
green properties 108
physical and green properties and
dust resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107-108
Blistering 458,464,729,747
in continuous furnaces 454
tungsten heavy alloys 499
Blockage 248
photozone method 248
Blowback effects 151
Blowholes 658
Blow molding, porous materials 1034
Boiling acetic acid test. 797
Bolts, hollow titanium 1102-1103
Bonding bridge type (x) , 167
Boride-base cermets 923-924
Boride cladding, of tool steels for
powderinjectionmolding 359
Borides, combustion synthesis 524,527, 530-531
Boron, sensitivity 233
Boron carbide 1065
Boron-chromium 158
Boron nitride 677
admixed toimprove machinability 106
combustion synthesis 535,537
isothermal compression tests 29
Boron powder, applications, nuclear power plants .. 6
Boron stainless steel structural components,
powder metallurgy (PfM)specifications ., . 1099
Bosses 354
Bourdon tube gage 593
Bradley model of gas atomization 45
Brakeliners " " 1092
Brass powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 861, 866, 867, 868
atomization of 37
flow rate through Hall and Carney funnels 296
for sintering, specifications 1098
gas atomization 47
lubricants for 323,324
metalinjectionmolding " 14
microexarnination 725
microstructures 728, 742
production of 143,144
sintering 489-490
tolerances 711
Brazing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 658,659,
660,661,728
conventional die compacted parts 13
porous materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1035
refractory metals 906
Brazing filler-metal atomizer powders .. 1077-1078
Brazing past mixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1078
Brazingpowders 1077-1080
Breakdown potential 985
Breakdown temperature " ., 1050
Breakthrough pressure 622
Bridge 288
Bridgman seals 591
Brinkmann size analyzer 256, 257
Brittle cathode process 70-71
Brittle fractures 55
Broaching 671
Broken-up structure (BUS) treatment 878, 879
Bromine, aluminum halide formation 156-157
Bronze filter powder, specifications 1098
Bronzepowder " 861,864-868
air atomization 144
air atomized, particle size distributions of
atomized powders 35
applications , . 1031,1032
diffusion-alloyed 145
for self-lubricating bearings 13
gold, specifications 1098
gravity-sintered 729,747
metalinjectionmolding , 14,314
microstructures 728,741,742,746
prealloyed 144,145
production of " 143,144-145
sintering 487,489
spherical
8
o/lIl .... " ........ 143,144-145
thermal spray forming 411
tolerances 711
water-atomization 144,145
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
method " 147,274-277
Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface
area measurements, aluminum powder ..... 155
Brushes, electrical contacts, and
carbon stock, electrical contact brush,
specifications 1100
"Bubble-point" test. 1036-1037,1040
specifications " 1036-1037,1038
Buckling 625
Bulk and surface characterization of
powders 222-233
Bulk deformation 316-317
Bulk density of the solid in the bed ("() 295
Bulkiness factor 267-268
definition 271
Bulk modulus 329
Bulk properties of powders 287-301
angle of repose 299-301
apparent density 292-294
bulk density 292-295
cohesive strength 288-290
compressibility 294-295
frictional properties 290-292
particle size effect on apparent density 292
permeability and flow rate 295-297
powder flow 287-288
Bulk properties of powders (continued)
segregation tendency 298-299
sliding at impact points 297-298
tap density 294,295
Bulk screening processes 609
Bulk volume 278
Bulk-weldingprocess 1076-1077
Burnishing 685--686
Bum-off
carbon 324
postextrusionprocessing 372
Burn-offzone 453
c
Cadmium powder
apparent density 40
powders " 40
oxygen content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHi-Doherty shape model. 399-400,402
Calcium carbon, angle of repose 300
Caldofixresin 721
Caliper diameter, maximwn and minimum 237
Calcium hydride 70
Calcium hydride reduction method,
titaniwnpowder 161
Calcium stearate 324,325
Calcium sulfate 423
formsof 423
Cam-Claymodel 334
Camshaft lobes 764,767
Camshaft sprocket assembly 1105,1107
Canning 621,622
Can vacuumdegassing, alwninum alloy powder .. 838
Capillarycondensation effect. 276
Capillary pressure 769
Capillaryradius 280
Capillaryrise phenomenon 280
Cap models 334
Cap shift " 18-19
Capstan, multi-level aluminum 1103, 1104
Carbide-base cermets 922-923
Carbide powders 77
die inserts for compacting 352
green strength 346
Carbides
cold sintering 580
combustion synthesis 524,527, 530, 537
composition 1072-1073
formed in advanced aluminwnMMCs 853
group Va, combustion synthesis 530
hardness 1072, 1073
high-temperature sintering 831-832
in cold-workparticle metallurgy
tool steels 793,794-796,798
in particle metallurgy high-speed steels 789-790
in particle metallurgy tool steels 787
in tool steel powders 970
milling " 63
nomnetal combustion synthesis 530
non-stoichiometric 530
thermally spray deposited 412
wear resistance additives 966-967
Carbon
combined effect on sintering of
ferrous materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470-471
content effect in cemented carbides 494-495
content effect in molybdenum 497
content effect in tungsten 497
effect on magnetic properties 1014-1015
forincandescent lamp filaments 5
Carbon-base materials, hot isostatic pressing 316
Carbon black 77
Carbon-containing cermets 924
Carbon-control agents, as oxide-reducing
agents in sintering atmosphere 464
Carbon dioxide, hazards and function of
heat treating atmosphere 466
Carbon equivalent (CE), for estimating
sintering temperature 483-484
Carbon ferroalloys 474
Carbonitride-base cermets 923
Carbonitrides
as addition to tungsten carbide 195
cold sintering 580
Carbonitriding
ferrous alloys 645,649--650
for fracture resistance 963
Carbon monoxide
disproportionation reaction of 168
explosive range 465
hazards and function of heat treating
atmosphere 466
physiological effects 466
Carbon potential
endothermic gas 469
sintering of steel. 470, 471
Carbon steel powder, mechanical properties ... 1095
Carbon steel powder, plain, for
self-lubricating bearings 13
Carbon tetrachloride 59
reaction to aluminum powder 157
Carbonyliron powders 72,73
annealing of 322
Brinell hardness of compacts 441
electronic and microwave applications 72,73
forinjection molding 73
for magnetic power cores 76-77
for powder metallurgy 73
magnetic properties 1008
metal injection molding applications 76
powder injection molding 359-360
radar absorption applications 73, 76
vibratory compacting of powders 318-319
Carbonyl metallurgy, powder applications 171
Carbonyl nickel powder
density of compacts 439
products 501
sintering 474
Carbonyl powders
iron 113
nickel 113
Carbonyls 69,167-171
Carbonyl vapor deposition, ultrafine and
nanophase powders 72, 75
Carbonylvapormetallurgy , 110,
112-114,167-171
commercial processes 169-170
development of 167
metal carbonyl formation and decomposition 168
metal carbonyls 167
nickel tetracarbonyl 168-169
powder properties .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170, 171
thermal decomposition reactions 168
Carbowax, for cemented carbides 494
Carburization 728,743
and conventional die compaction 13
from soot on belts during sintering 457
iron , 70
molybdenumpowder 497
tungsten powder 497
Carburizing, ferrous alloys 645,646,649--650
Carburizing potential, of cemented carbides 494
Cameytlowmeter 287
Cameyfunnel 292-293
to measure flow rate of powders 296-297
Carrier coatings 1086
Carriers for planetary pinion gears (PfM) .. 764,767
Cascading 60, 61
Case, definition 714
Case-carburizing treatments 13
Case hardening, for fracture resistance 963
Case hardness of powder metallurgy
parts, determining the,
specifications 713,724,1099
Cassiterite 197
Cast iron, thermal spray forming 411
Cast tungsten carbide, as wear resistant
coating 974-975
Catalyst chamber (retort) 462
Catalysts, tungsten carbide powder 196
Cataracting 60,61
Index / 1117
Cathodic polarization, stainless steel powders 9%
Cathodic Tafel slope 987
Cathodoluminescence 223
Cavitation erosion 1069
C-Chart analysis 702-703
CEA/CEREM model ofBIP 602--603
Cement copper 141-142,860
Cementation process . " ., 67,185
copper powder production 132,141-142
Cemented carbide powder, See also
Cennets and cemented carbides 188, 195
definition 492
development of 3,5--6
as die material 353
dimensional tolerance control 10
extrusion 629
fatigue 958
hot isostatic pressing 605, 617
liquid-phase sintering 438,567,568
powderinjection molding 364
as punch material. 353
resistance sintering 583
sintering 438,492--496,567,568,583
specifications 1100
spray drying 95
Cemented tungsten carbide
applications 968,969
cobalt content effect. 967,968,969
grade designation systems 967
microstructure 967-968
properties 967-968
wear resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967-969, 972, 973
as wear resistance coating 974
Centrifugal atomization 36, 131
aluminum and alwninwn alloy powders 148
controlled spray deposition process 319
process method 35
superalloy powders 175-176,889
Centrifugal atomization methods 35,36,48-50
bimodal particle size distribution 50
limitations 49
major producers 48--49
median particle size 49
models 50
rapid solidification rate process 48--49
rotating electrode process 49-50
rotation rate 49
spinning-cup atomization of zinc,
aluminwn, and magnesium 48,50
spinning disk atomization of electronic
grade solder 48
superalloys 50
variants 51
Centrifugal casting, with combustion
synthesis 529,530
Centrifugalimpact atomization 51
Centrifugal pumping systems 253
Centrifugal sedimentation 236,246
Centrifugal slurry casting, porous materials ... 1034
Centrifugal-thermite process 536-538
Centrifuges 529,530
axial , 529
radial , 529
Centroid 265,266
Centroid aspect ratio (CAR), definition 271
Ceracon process . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 84, 606--607
Ceramic-belt conveyor furnace 453,455-456
Ceramic-matrix composites, hot pressing .. 636--637
Ceramic-metal composites, hot pressing 637
Ceramic powders
binder-assisted extrusion 372,373
cold sintering 580
consolidation of ultrafine and
nanocrystalline powders 508-510
deflocculants for 422
die inserts for compaction 352
electric and optical sensing zone analysis 247
extruded 372
field-activatedsintering .. , 586,587,588
gelcasting 432
as hardfacing powders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1074
hot pressi ng 636--637
1118/ Index
Ceramic powders (continued)
milling 63
muffles 454,455
pressureless sintering 509
reactive hot isostatic pressing 520
reactive hot pressing 520
reactive sintering 520
slip casting 314
superconductor wires 373
Cerium
addition to magnesiumalloys 19-20
dispersoid-strengthened
elevated-temperature alloys 19
Cermet, definition 922
Cermets
applications 968
cold sintering 580
gasless combustion synthesis 530,531
infiltration 550,551,552
injection molding 314-315
liquid phase sintering 317
reactive sintering 519,520
wear resistance 967-969
Cermets and cemented carbides 922-940
Cetyl alcohol 59
C-grade system, cemented carbide
classification 934-935
Chalcogenides, combustion synthesis 527, 534
Chamfers 354
Charcoal powder, drained angles of repose 300
Characteristic particle size 525
Charpy C-notch impact testing, cold-work
PM tool steels 795-796
Charpy V-notch impact testing,
specifications 813,918
Charring 413
Chemical analysis 222-233
Chemical analysis of zinc dust (metallic
zinc powder), specifications 1098
Chemical and electrolytic methods of
powder production 67-71
brittle cathode process 70-71
chemical embrittlement 70
direct deposition 70
electrodeposition 70-71
hydride decomposition 70
oxide reduction 67,68
precipitation from a gas 70
precipitation from salt solutions 69
precipitation from solution 67--69
thermal decomposition 69
thermit reactions 70
Chemical conversion process 197
Chemical embrittlement. 70
Chemical potential gradient 442
Chemical precipitation, tin powders 146
Chemical reduction 67
Chemical vapor deposition
coatings for cermented tungsten carbide 968
tool steel powders 788
Chemical vapor reaction (CVR) process 77
tungsten carbide powder 194
Chemical vapor transport (CVT),
tungsten powder 190, 191
Chemisorption effect 275
Chiller chamber 148,149
Chill layer 400-401,403
CHIPprocess 162,883
Chips 671
Chloride baths 114
Chlorine, reaction with aluminum powder 157
Chloroauric acid 184
Chloropalladous acid 185
Chloroplatinic acid 186, 187
Chrome-molybdenum 753
Chrome-molybdenum-manganese steels 753
Chrome steel, for planetary ball mill parts 821
Chromia
Chromiumalloy powders, pneumatic
Chromiumboride 175
Chromiumcarbide 1065
Chromiumcarbide powder
as grain growth inhibitor 496
tap density 295
as wear resistant coating 974
Chromium-copper system 545
Chromiumhexacarbonyl. 167
Chromlum-manganese steels, powder forging 807
Chromium-nickel steel, for planetary ball
mill parts 82
Chromiumplating, hard, for PIMtooling 353
Chromium powder
content effect on pitting potential. 988
effect on aluminum-alloy powders 156
effect on powder compressibility 303
milling 58
multi temperature extrusion 629
sintering 474
tap density 295
Chromiumsteel, sintering 474
Chromiumtrioxide, therrnitreactions 70
Chromizing, for PIMtooling , 353
Chrysler Corporation
powder forged parts 822
test method for flow rate of metal powders 297
Chunkiness 263-265,266,269
Church shapefactor, definition 271
Chute angle 297-298
Chute rimers 260
Chute splitter 209,216
Circulation-type mills 63--64
Cladding 973-974,975
Classical scaling rule 506
Classification of characteristics 705
Classification of powders 206,210-213
air classification 210
basic variables 211-212
crossflow centrifugal classifiers 212, 213
crossflow elbow classifier 212,213
crossflow gravitational classification 211,212
crossflow separation 212
counterflow centrifugal classifiers 212
counterflow equilibrium 212
counterflow equilibrium classifiers in a
gravitational field: elutriators 212
fluid classification 210
systems for 211,212-213
zig-zag classifiers 211,212
Classification zone 212
Clean extrusion technique 621
Cleaning during manual wet sieving,
specifications 217
Clear-liquid cold-mounting resins 721
Closed-die compaction 327,328
Closed-die compression 599
Closed-die forging 316
Cluster analysis 271
Cluster carbonyl 168
Cluster formation phenomenon , 297
Clutch lever bearing, bronze 1102
Clutch plates 1107,1108
Coal
angle of repose 301
drained angles of repose 300
Coanda effect 213
Coarsening 404,405,406
Coarsening, degree of 505
Coarsening, rate of 567
Coating reagents, for electrozone analysis 248
Cobalt alloy powders
cold sintering 581
extrusion 625-626
full density 975-976
liquid-phase sintering 570
Cobalt aluminides, cold sintering 579
Cobalt-base alloy powders
applications 179
cold sintering 576, 579
composition 1070-1071
corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
fatigue 958
properties " ., 1070-1071
wear data 1072
Cobalt-basehardfacing alloy powders .. 74,974975
composition 180
hardness 180
Cobalt-base powders, production of. Seealso
Production of cobalt-base powders 179-181
Cobalt-base superalloy powder
extrusion .. " , , 627,628
Cobalt carbonyl .. , 167
Cobalt-cbromium alloys 544
rotating electrode process 100
Cobalt/chrome powder, pneumatic
Cobalt-chromium-tungsten-nickel-carbon
alloys, for hardfacing applications 181
Cobalt-free super-high-speed steels 790-791
Cobaltic hexammine sulfate 180
Cobalt-iron powder, roll compacting 392
Cobalt octacarbonyl 168
Cobalt oxide
diffusion factor 451
thermal decomposition of 180
Cobalt powder
content effect on tungsten heavy alloys 915
in feed solution for nickel reduction . . . . . . . . . . 173
microstructure 727
operating conditions and properties of
water-atomized powders 36
oxide reduction 67
oxygen content of water-atomized
metal powders 42
precipitation from solution 67,69
separation fromnickel. 172
tap density 295
used to produce hard metals 195
world production origin 179
Cobalt-60 containers 6
Cobalt sulfides 173
Cobalt titanides, cold sintering 579
Cobalt-tungsten carbide composites,
cold sintering 580
Cocks'model. 333
Coercive field 1007,1008,1012,1013
defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1007
Coherentlightscattering 237
Cohesion, degree of, between particles 334
Cohesion strength measurement,
specifications 288-289
Coining 639,668,835
Coinjection of materials 413
Co-ion adsorption 421
Coke breeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
in Hoglinlis process .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Cold compaction, vs warm compaction 380
Cold forging
aluminumalloy powders 836, 837
process characteristics 313
Cold hydrostatic pressing, cermets 925-926
Cold isostatic compaction, process
characteristics 313
Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) 316,317,326,382-388
alumina 508
aluminumalloy powder 838
applications 382,385,386,387-388
berylliumpowder 943
cemented carbides 932
ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
commercialization of 7
control and safety features 384
definition 382
Cold isostatic pressing (continued)
depressurization design 384
dimensional control 320
dry-bag process 382
equipment 383-385
evaluation 387
flowchart, for part production, 384
flowdiagram of system , , 383
gas-atomized stainless steel powders 129
invention 382
limitations , , 383
mold material. , 384-385
near-net shapes 385-386
part size and shape , 385-386
process materials 1034
powder properties ., 386-387
process 382
process characteristics 382-383
process parameters 384,385,387
thermal processing 387
litaniumalloy powders 880
tooling 382,384
tooling material 384-385
vs, hot isostatic pressing 606-607
wet-bagprocess , . 382,384,385
withIllP and sintering 387-388
Cold plus hot isostatic process (Cmp), 162
Cold pressing
berylliumpowders 204
combustion synthesis 526
andstructural functions 320
Cold pressing in rigid dies 316
Cold pressingfsinteringfcoining
technique, beryllium powders 203,204
Cold sintering (high-pressure
consolidation) 574-582
amorphous powders 575
composites, by blending ofveryfine
powders 579-580
densification of powders under pressure 575-576
description 574
dies and punches for. 574-575
diffusion 576-577
experimental techniques 574
highperformance materials byfine
elemental powder blends 579-580
homogenization 579
metal matrix composites 580-581
mechanisms of. 576-577
microcrystalline powders 575
microstructures resulting from 574
nanocrystalline powder 506
nanocrystalline powders and nanocomposites 581
net shape parts fabrication of 581
pressure die 574
processing by 577-581
processing of aluminum alloys for
elevated temperatures 578-579
rapidly solidified iron-and nickel-base alloys ... 579
rapidly solidified powders 574,575
reduction of surface oxides 577-578
shear stresses 576
Coldstream impact process " 64
Coldstream process 196, 197
Cold traps 500
Cold welding 53, 55
definition 307
greenstrength 307
Cold welding theory, green strength 307-309
Cold-work particle metallurgytool steels 792-796
applications 795,796
compositions 792,795
development. 792
heat treatment. 792,793,798
primary carbides " 793,794-796,798
Collapsing-bag technique 384
Colloids 70
Colmonoy, thermal spray forming '.' 411
Colorimetric method for corrosion
evaluation 982-983
Columbite 197
Combination gears 1060
Combination sintering-compacting,
cermets 930--931
Combustion analysis 475
Combustion front velocity 526
Combustion spray forming 409,410,411,412
Combustion synthesis 516
Combustion synthesis of advanced
materials 523-540
classes and properties of synthesized
materials 530-538
combustion wave propagation theory 525-526
definition 523
gasless combustion 524,526
gasless combustion synthesis from
elements 523,530-534
gas pressure combustion sintering method 528
gas-solid combustion 524
gas-solid combustion synthesis 523
high-speed shock-wave pressing 528
hot rolling technique 529
infiltration (filtration) combustion synthesis 523
in solid-gas systems 534-536
methods for large-scale synthesis 526-529
microstructural models 525,526
modes of occurrence 523,524
oscillating combustion synthesis regime 526
phenomenological aspects 526
powder production and sintering 527
products synthesized by 524
reduction combustion synthesis 523
reduction-type combustion 524
self-propagating high-temperature
synthesis (SHS) , 523,524,527,530,
531,532-533,
534-535,536,537
shock-induced synthesis 528
spin combustion regime 526
steady propagation for the combustion
synthesis wave (steady SHS process) 526
theoretical considerations 524-526
thermal explosion mode " 523
thermite reaction 523
thermodynamics 524-525
unsteady propagation regimes 526
volume combustionsynthesis(VCS) 523,524,527,
530,531,532,534
Combustion wave velocity 526
Commercial mills for mechanical alloying 82-83, 84
Comminution 54
Co-molding 361
Compactibility 302-306
definition 302
Compacting grade metal powders,
lubricants for 322
Compaction 54-55
Compaction, zone of 54, 55
Compaction in rigid dies 326
Compaction of a two-level component 337-340
Compaction of powders in a rigid die 575
Compaction pressure 344
correction factor for 344
Compactness, planar shape 271
Complex composite electrical
contacts, properties 1025
Composite bearings 393-394
roll compaction 393-394
Composite electrical contacts 1021-1028
Composite materials
applications 628
cold sintering 579,580
nanocrystalline powders , .. " ., .. 510-511
development of 3,5,6
extrusion 628-629
injection molding 314-315
microstructures 728
Osprey process used 75,319
thermal spray forming 413-414
Compound gears 1061
Compressibility 302-306,861
annealing 305
and apparent density 302,304
key variables 302-305
Index/1119
of metal powders 302
of metal powders, definition 302
powder characterization 34
testing 305-306
Compressibility of metal powders in
uniaxial compaction, specification 305, 1098
Compression, definition 53
Compression ratio 302, 315
Compression testing for cemented
carbides, specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1100
Compression testing of metallic materials
at room temperature, specifications 1098
Compressive tests 333,938,1098, 1100
Computational fluid dynamic
(CFD) techniques 46
Computed tomography 702,714
Computer-aided design
engineering (CAE) 433
engineering packages 448
powderforging 635
preforming design of PIFsteel. 807
solid free-form fabrication 843
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
techniques 433
Computer-assisted design
soft tooling file 430
(CAD) systems 426,427,432-433
Computer numerical control (CNC) 666
Computer numerical controlled presses 449
Computer numerical controllers (CNCs) .. 708-709
capability study, existing outside diameter
(OD) grinder 709
capability study, new equipment purchase .. 708,709
lathe, tool life study 708-709
Computer numerically controlled
machining center 673, 684
Computernumericalcontrolmotion 426
Computersimulation software
to model preforms for powder forging 14-15
Concentricity, powder forged parts. . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
(CTC) model of HIP 602
Condensation 442
Condensed corrosion test for welded parts 777
Cone and cup sampler 260
Conforma clad process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1077
Conform process 630
Coning and quartering 207,209,216,241
particle image analysis 260
Connecting rods
comparison of production methods 823
powder forged 822
Connectivity, degree of 268-269
Conservation of mass " 334
Consignment sampling 207,208
Consistency 423,424
Consolidated triaxial test 335
Consolidation 289
Consolidation bench 290
Consolidation by atmospheric
pressure (CAP) 606-607
Consolidation of metal powder,
steps in process 326
Consolidation of ultraflne and
nanocrystalline powder 504-515
Consolidation principles and process
modeling 437-452
activated sintering 445-447
of compacts 437-438
description 437
homogeneity, degree determination 444-445
homogenization during sintering 442-443
liquid-phase sintering 445,447-448
mechanical properties 440-441
microstructure 439-440
physical properties and diffusion factors 450,451
powder, alloy system, and
homogenization variables 443-444
Consolidation principles and process
modeling (continued)
process modeling 448-452
shrinkage and densification 438-439
sintering of simple-metal compacts 441-442
Constitutive material models 23-25,26
1120/ Index
Contact angle, of liquid in a capillary 280
Continuity equation 334-335
Continuous belt furnaces, to steamtreat
PIMsteels 13
Continuous furnaces 453-456
areas 453-455
characteristics 453-455
final cooling area 453,454,455
high heat or sintering area 453,454, 455
preheat area 453-454
slow cool or transition area 453,454-455
types 453,455-456
Continuous sampling 208
Continuous-type mills 63
Continuous vacumn furnace 453
Continuous vacumn sintering furnace 456-457
Continuum models 599
Control charts 707-708
Controlled atmosphere plasma spray
(CAPS) forming 410,411,413
Controlled spray deposition process 319
Control limits 694,695,702,703
Control method 707
Control plans 705,706,707,709
control method 707-708
frequency 708
gaging method 706-707
responsibility 708
Conventional die compaction 12-13
Conventional flame spraying 411
Conventionalforging 951
Conversion, in cobalt recovery 180
Converter clutch cam, powder forged.. 819-820,821
Convex particles, general equations for. 268
Coolidge process 5
Copier powders 1083-1086
Copper alloy powders. SeealsoProduction
of copper alloy powders 143-145
air atomization 43,44
apparent density 40
fatigue 958
as infiltrants 552-553
powders 40
microstructures 735,736,743,744,746,747
operating conditions and
properties of water atomized powders 36
oxygen content. 40
pneumatic isostatic forging 638
sintering atmosphere 462
spray forming 398
tolerances 711
water atomization 37
Copper-aluminum powder, milling 58
Copper-base alloy powders
North Americanmetal powder shipments
(1992-1996) 16
sintering 487-490
Copper boil 172
Copper bronze pigments .. " 1087-1088
Copper-carbon alloy powder, spray formed ..... 398
Copper-chromium-zirconimn alloy powder,
spray formed 398
Copper, Cliff Nickel Refmery 169
Copper-cobalt powder, liquid-phase sintering 447
Copper-infiltrated iron powder
admixed 757-758
chemical composition 757,758
mechanical properties 758,759,770
schematic of copper infiltration 757
Copper-infiltrated sintered carbon
steel structural parts,
specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426-429,433,
441,648,654,
672,714,728,753,
756-762,765,778-779,
1052,1053, 1099
Copper-infiltrated steel powder 13,769-773
admixed 757-758
basic requirements 769
chemical composition 757,758
conventionally (partially) infiltrated steels 769-770
evaluation of infiltrated parts 771-773
fatigue 961
fully infiltrated steels 773
infiltrant materials 771
matrix materials 770--771
mechanical properties 758,759,770,1097
microstructures 726,736
porosity effect 769
process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
properties of high-performance plain
carbon steels 773
schematic of copper infiltration 757
Copper-infiltrated tungsten 13
Copper infiltration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 376, 673,
757-758,769-773
and conventional die compaction 13
cost per pound for production of steel PIMparts 9
Copper-lead bearing alloys, atomization of 37
Copper-lead powder 867
Copper-matrix alloys, pneumatic isostatic forging 641
Copper-nickel-iron powder, green strength 308
Copper-nickel-molybdenmn steels, sintering 474
Copper-nickel powder 866-867
Copper-nickel-tin alloys, spray formed 398
Copper oxide
as-oxidized copper shot 133, 134
free energies, heats, and rates offormation 133
grinding of 133
reduction of 133-134,135
shot after grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133, 134
Copper-phosphorus powder, liquid-phase
sintering 447
Copper powder. SeealsoNickel-copper powder
and Production of copper powders.
acid concentration effect 135, 136
addition agents effect. 135, 137
admixed 322
air-atomized 133
air-shotted 133
alloyed to tungsten 193
apparent density 40, 104, 292
applications 6, 134
atomization 132-133
cold sintering 576
compaction pressure effect on density 506
compressibility 302, 304
consolidation 437,507-508
content in ancient platinum 3
copper concentration effect on current
efficiency and apparent density 135, 136
current density effect 135
electrolyte composition effects 135
electrolytic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70, 132, 136,
137, 138, 139, 860
electrorefining 135
empirical yield function 333
explosibility 157
explosive compacting 318
extrusion 626
for use in ammunition, specifications 1098
for use in antifouling paints, specifications 1098
green strength and oleic acid effect 307, 308
green strength and surface oxide films 308
green strength vs. compaction pressure 306, 308
halo derivative of 168
high-energy-rate compacting 318
in nickel steel powders 727,738,739
isodensity plots 328
leaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140, 141
liquid-phase sintering 438,447
lubricants for 325
powders , 40
melting of 132
microstructure 439,440,727,746
milling 59,65
NorthAmericanmetal powder shipments
(1992-1996) 16
not diffused during PIM sintering 429
operating conditions effect 135-136
oxidation of 133
oxide reduction 67
oxygen content. 40
of water atomized metal powder 42
oxygen-free 132
particle shape effect on density 294
particle size distribution 104
polishing 724
powder removal effect. 136
precipitation from solutions
production of 132-142,859
pure, properties related to density 9
reduction processes 142
removal of 136, 137
shotting of 132-133
shrinkage of compacts 438,439
sintering 5,710,711
sulfuric acid leaching 142
tap densities 104
temperature effect 135-136
water-atomized 36,37,42, 133
yield surface 328
Copper powder metallurgyalloys
and composites 859-873
applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 859,864,
865-866,867,868
atomization 859,860
brass 866
bronze 864-866
copper alloy powders 860-861
copper-base brush materials 869, 871
copper-base contact materials 867-868,870
copper-base friction materials 867,868, 869
copper-lead 867
866-867
copper powder characteristics 860
copper powders 859-860
densification 862, 863-864
development ; 859
electrolysis 859, 860
homogenization (interdiffusion) 863
hydrometallurgy 859, 860
infiltrated parts 869
methods of producing copper powders 859-860
nickel silver 866
ODS copper materials 869-873
oxide reduction 859,860
powder pressing 861,863
prealloying 861
preblending 860-861
properties 859,860,861
Copper powder metallurgy alloys
and composites (continued)
pure copper 864, 865
shipments in 1996 859
sintering 861-864,865,867,868
Copper shot, water atomized particle size
distributions of atomized powders 35
Copper steel powders
admixed 755,756-757
chemical compositions 755,756
free copper 757
high-temperature sintering 830
mechanical properties 755,756,1095-1096
microstructure 756
Copper steels, powder forged 814
Copper steel powders, sintering 757
Copper/steel test 459
Copperstrip " ., 1104,1105
Copper sulfate test 129,476-477
Copper-tin bronze, ink-jet technology tooling 427
Copper-tin-carbon-Iubricant. 102
Copper-tin-lead-bearing alloys 74
Copper-tin-Iubricant 102
Copper-tin powder
green strength 308
Copper-tin powder (continued)
milling , , " ., .. 58
oxygen content of water atomized metal powder .. 42
Copper-titanium alloy powder,
spray forming 401,402,403,404,405
Copper-zinc alloy powder
gas atomization 47
as gilding metal 6
Coprecipitation 69
electrical contact materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1029
Core.rods 351,352,353
Core rod steps 346,347
Core sample 207
Corrosion, in milling environment. 59
Corrosion current density 987
Corrosion-penetration rates 980
Corrosion resistance
hardfacingpowders 1070
in sintering atmospheres. " 459
powder injection molded materials 363,364
stainless steels sintered 476
Corrosion-resistant powdermetaIlurgy
l o y ~ 978-1005
applications 978
evaluatingcorrosion resistance 978-988
passivity enhancement by alloying additions .... 978
processing parameters effect on stainless
steels 991-998
stainless steels 988-998
superalloys 998-1003
Corrosive flux components 1078
Coulomb friction model 338,340
CouIterprinciple 215,247
Counterbores 353
Counter-ions 422
adsorption 421
Countersinks 353
Crackling 465
Crack origin determination 729,732,748
Crater method 300
Craterwear 968
Creep 316-317
advanced aluminum MMCs 849-850,851
Creep law 602
Creep tests 849
Crevice corrosion 978,983,984
stainless steel powders 988,991,995-997
Criticol aspect ratio for fibers 629
Criticol current density 373,985,986,988
Criticol fiber length (L
c)
629
Criticol rotational speed of the mill 61
Critical speed ofthe mill 61
Criticol state .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Criticol state line 24, 25
Crossed-cylinder wear test .. 787,788,794,795,799
Crossflow air classifier 212-213
Crossflow elbow classifier 212-213
Cross-jet atomization, tin powders 146
Crucible model , " 596-597
of HIP 603
Cruelble P/M(CPM) tool steels, as core rod
material 353
CryomilIing 81
Crystalline, definition 263
Crystallites 228
Crystal plasticity theory 332
Cubic boron nitride
tooling for machining 684
Cumulative fraction undersize of
stream (Fc(x 211
Cupric sulfide (CuS) 172
Cuprous sulfide (Cu2S), 172
Curvature, individual. 268
Curvature gradient 449
Cut size , , 210
Cutting fluid 683,684,685
Cyclic elevated temperature
oxidation/corrosion test 777
Cyclic heating, topromote rapid sintering 446-447
Cyclic polarization 985,986
Cylinderporemodel , 284
Cylindrical mirror analyzers 226
D
D' Arcy's equation 424
Darcy's law 295, 1037
Deagglomeration " 219,220,235-236
definition 58
turbidimetry ' 244
Deagglomeration of refractory metal
powders and their compounds
prior to particle, size analysis,
specifications 1099
Debinding 314
powder injection molding 360,361
Debinding reaction injection molding
(D-RIM) 431-432
Deburring 681
Debyeparameter , , , 421
Debye-Scherrercamera technique . " ., 228
Decarburization 728,743
as by-product of annealing 305
dissociated ammonia atmosphere 462, 464
endothermic atmospheres ., 461
sintering atmospheres 459-460
Defect, definition 701
Defective, definition 701
Defect tolerance 887-888
Deflection analysis 352
Deflocculants , 422,423
Defluidization 115, 116
Deformation 53, 55
ductile materials 55
elastic " , .. " 55
plastic " ., 55
Deformation zone geometry 624
Degreasing 979
De Hoff shape parameter 269
Delta ferrite 658
Delubing process 457-458,465
Delubingzone , 453
Demagnetizingfactor 1007
Deming, W. Edward 693
Demixing 104,321,322
Dendrites 401-402
Dendritic, definition 263
Densemixpowder .. , 376
Densification 24,55, 173, 174
amount of. , " , 9
hot isostatic pressing, rate 597
and injection molding 315
mode, and interparticle bonding 320
reduction 180
Densitometry 268
Density 274,278-280
apparent, of metal powders,
specifications 14,147,190,293,1098
of cemented carbides, specifications 816, 1100
definition 712
effect on mechanical properties 440,762,764
final , " ., 565
gradient 701
and interconnected porosity,
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227,699,
712-713,719,720,1099
of loosepowder , , .. 104-105
measurement of , 712-713
near-full 441
relative , , .. 327,333
of sintered metal friction materials,
specifications 1099
theoretical 713
variations 26
Densmix polymerlubricant 304
Deoxidation, vacuum sintering of
high-speed steels 484
Deposition efficiencyyield of an
electrode 1068-1069
Depressurization rate , .. 387
Depth flltratlen 1039
Design of experiments (DOEs) 708
Desktop manufacturing (DTM) 426,427
Detection limits 229
Detonation gun process 1076
Deviation stress, second
invariant of 599,600
Index / 1121
Deviatoric components ... 24,25,329-330,335,336
Deviatoric stress component .. 24,25,329-330,335
Dew point , , 481,482
endothermic gas 469,470
of sintering atmosphere 771
Dezincing 490
Dial indicators (gages) 668, 669
Diametral compression testing of
cemented carbides, specifications , 1100
Diamond, synthesis and deposition
thermal spray forming 416-417
Diamond composites, combustion synthesis 533
Diamond pyramid indenter 713
Diaphragm compressors 592
Dicarbide clusters 168
Dicobalt octacarbonyl 167
Die barrel rotation 318
Die chokes 346,347
Die compaction , 12-13,23,448-449,633
cost advantages 23
limiting factors 23
porous materials 1033-1034
process simulation model 25-26
Diedesign , , . 350
Die entrance angle 370
Dieinserts , " , 352
Die land diameter 369
Die land length/die diameter ratio 370
Die pressing
advantages 373
disadvantages 373
potential difficulties 373
shape of product. 373
uniform powder loading 320
Dies 352
Die sets 345
nonremovable 345
removable 345
Die wall friction , .. " ., 448,729,747
Diewalllubrication 303,307
cermets 925
isostatic pressing 320
titanium powder. 500
Die wall thickness 350-351
formula for. 351
Differential case, steel , 1103, 1104
Differential scanningcalorimeter (DSC) 30
Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
densificati on during reactive sintering. . . . . 517-519
Diffraction, photozone method 248
Diffractometers " ., 257
modem automated powder 228
Diffusion 442-443
inHIPmodel 597,598
Diffusion-alloyed material powders,
Diffusion-olloyed steel powders 126-128
advantages 127
Atomet diffusion-bonded powders 128
commercial grades 127
Distaloy grades 127
Mannesmann Dernag grade 128
Sigmaloy grades , , 127-128
sintering 473
warm compaction benefits 17
Diffusion alloys. See also Partially alloyed
powders 752,753
laser sintering 429
Diffusion-bonded powders 322,473
Diffusion bonding 607--{)08
advanced aluminum MMCs 852
refractory metals 906
versus other joining processes 618
Diffusion coefficient 450,473
Diffusion-controlled reactions 526
Dihedrol angle 565,566,567
Di-iron nonacarbonyl 113
Dilatantfluid flow 366
Dilating-bag technique 384
Dilatometer 437
1122/ Index
Dilatometercurve 437
Dilatometry, densification during reactive
sintering 517
Dilute aqua regia test 797
Diluted bronze. " 1052,1053,1054,1055
Diluted combustion synthesis reaction 518, 519
Dimensional change forecastformula 639
Dimensionality ofthe particle 266, 269
Dimensional swelling phenomenon 87-88,89
Dimensional tolerance, techniques to
improve 663-670
characteristics influencing part coming off press .. 667
compacting 663-667
fill uniformity factors 664-665
handling 667-668
inspectionmeasurement. 669
machining 669
powder " " 663
re-pressing (sizing) 668-669
sintering 668
Dinitrogen derivative 168
Diodecyl dimethylammoniumacetate (DDAA) 81
Dip transfer- CO
2
process 658
Dipurative degassing, aluminum alloy powders .. 838
Direct current plasma-spouted/fluidized bed .... 91
Direct current plasma atomic emission
spectroscopy (DCP-AES) 232
Direct current resistivity testing 715--716
Direct deposition 70
Directed lightfabrication (DLF),
superalloy powders 896--897
Direct fabrication, definition 426
Direct-imaging SIMS instrument 227
Direct lasersintering 427--429
Direct metal deposition, superalloy powders .... 896
Direct powder forming, aluminum alloy
powders 839
Direct powder rolling 7
Direct-reduced iron 116
Disilane " 416
Disk drive parts, miniature 1104,1105
Dislocation density, advanced aluminum
MMCs 848
Dispersants
anionic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
nonionic 247
ultrasonic 247
Dispersion of powders in liquids 218-221
autogenous milling 220
breaking up wetted clumps 219-220
mechanical impact. 219-220
preparation steps for stable dispersion 218
preventing flocculation of the dispersed
particles 220
selecting a dispersing agent 220-221
ultrasonic baths or probes 220
wetting powder clumps into the liquid 218-219
Dispersion-strengthened copper 6
Dispersion-strengthened materials,
extrusion 626--627
Dispersoids 86
ODS alloys 86
Dispersoid-strengthened elevated-temperature
alloys " 19
Displacement principle 278
Disproportionation reaction 113
Dissociated ammonia
atmospheric pressure sintering 487
composition of furnace atmosphere constituents .. 460
for nickel and nickel alloys 501,502
for tungsten heavy alloys 499
lubricant burn-off 324
sintering atmosphere 460,462,464,465
sintering of aluminum and aluminum alloys 491,492
sintering of brass and nickel silvers 490
sintering offerrous materials 470
sintering of molybdenum and tungsten 497
stainless steel sintering 478
Dissociated methanol, composition of
furnace atmosphere constituents 460
Distalloy AE blend 336--337
Distaloy grades 127
Distillation, of iron pentacarbonyl 113
Distortion strain increment 24
Diverter valve sampler 209
Doctor blade
advantages 373
disadvantages 373
shape of product. 373
Dombrowski/Johns model of gas atomization 45, 46
Dome 288
Domferprocess " " 117,119-120
Double action pressing 448
Double crested optics 257
"Double die" system 349-350
Double-focusing mass spectrometer 227
Double-layer theory 421
Double press/double sinter (DP/DS) 948-949,
950,640-641,769
cost. 13
costs per pound for production of steel PIMparts .. 9
coupled with a high temperature sinter 648
for fracture resistance " 963
warm compacted materials 376,377
Double press and sintered (HIP), cost per
pound for production of steel PIM parts 9
Doublepressing " " 377
Dow Chemical, direct carburization of
tungsten carbide powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193
Draft " " 354
metalinjection molding 14
Drag, frictional 298
Drexel University 398-399,401
DrUling " " 684
resin impregnation effect. 691,692
Drill life 673
Drill thrust. 673
Drill torque 673
Drill wear 673
Drive gear for mail handling machine 1101
Droplet diameter, median 98
Dropletformation process 99
Droplet sticking efficiency 398,400
Drop velocity 39
Dropweighttests.. " 714
Drucker-Pragermodel 333
Dry bag isostatic compaction, for forging 633
Drymixing 106
Dual-alloy turbine diskfwheels 895--896
Ductile metals
plastic deformation 55
Ductile tungsten 188
Dump leaching 141
Duoplasmatron ion 227
Duplex stainless steels
powderinjection molding 363
powder metallurgy near-net shapes 19
Durarc process 51
Durite, drained angles of repose 300
Diiron nonacarbonyl. 167
Dusting 753,755,759
Dust resistance factor 108
DVLO theory 421-422
Dwell pressure 385,387
Dwell time 387
Dynamic angle ofrepose method 300
Dynamic coefficient of friction and wear
of sintered metal friction materials
under dry conditions, specifications 1099
Dynamic compaction, aluminum alloy powders .. 839
Dynamic consolidation, nanocrystalline powder 506
Dynamic magnetic compaction (DMC) 583
alumina 508
E
EB-meltingprocess, tantalum powder 909,910
EBS (Acrawax) 322-324
Eddy current/magnetic bridge
testing " 700,702,714-715
Eddycurrentsensors 602
Eddycurrentlosses 1019
Eddycurrenttesting 229,700,702,714,715
Effective fraction ofliquid in spray .. 399,400,401,
402,403,404
Effectiveness of a separation process 211-212
Effective pressure 597
Effective sieve size " , 215
Effective strain, increment 329
Effective stress 329,330,333
Effective stress intensity range 961
Effective surface driving pressure 504
Effective thermal expansion of
porous material 1038
Effective thickness (L) 424
Efficiency
coarse grade 211
fine grade 211
Efficiency (continued)
grade " " 211
at size x 211
grade of classifier 211
Efficiency, total course 211
Efficiency, total fine 211
Efficiency curves, grade 211
Ejection cracks 700
Ejector pins " " " , 14
Elastic compliance matrix 329
Elastic constitutive law 330-331
Elasticmodulus 338
Elasticspringback 577,710
Elastoplastic constitutive equation,
metal powder deformation 26
Electrical contact materials (PfM) .. 188,548-549,
550, 1021-1031
Elecrical discharge compaction (EDC) 583
Electrical discharge machining
tool steel powders " 788
Electrical double layer 421
Electrical resistivity of cemented
tungsten carbides, specifications 1100
Electrical resistivity testing . . . . . . . . . . .. 700, 702,
714-715,716
Electrical sensing zone analysis 247-248
Electrical and optical, sensing zone
analysis " " 237,247-249
EJectrochemical polarization 114
Electrochemical potentiokinetic
reactivation method (EPR) 985,987
Electrochemical reduction 183,185
Electrochemical testing 978,984-988
Electroconductive sintering. See Field-activated
sintering.
Electrodeposition 70-71
tin powders ., 146
Electrodes 548-549,550
Electrodischarge compaction 84
Electrohydrodynamic atomization technique,
ultrafine and nanophase powders 72
Electroless nickel plating 748
Electrolysis 67
copper powder 859, 860
Electrolytic copper powders '" ., 70, 132, 136, 860
alloying additions , 140,141
applications 139
compressibility 302, 304
density of compacts 439
electrodeposition 7Q
flowchart for production of 135
lubricant effect on green strength and
green density 307
properties of 138, 139
properties of commercial grades 137,138
Electrolyticironpowder 59,61,110,114-115
aunealing of 322
apparent density factors 292
applications " 115
chemical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 '
green density and green strength 302, 303
microstructures 726
particle size effect on green strength 308
physical properties '" 114
properties by grade 115
Electrolytic silver powder, electrodeposition 70
Electron beamheating 78
Electron beams
Auger 223,224
backscattered 223,224,225
elastically scattered 224, 225
inelastically scattered 224,225
plasmon and interband transition scattered 224
secondary 223,224
Electron beamvapor, quenching technique 20
Electron beamwelding (EBW) 656,658,659
forHIPcontainers 613
refractory metals 905, 906
Electronic alloys, metal injection molding 14
Electronic cores, acceptance standards
for, specifications 1099
Electronic iron powder core mechanical
test specifications 1099
Electronic pressure transducer 281
Electronics, ultrafine and nanophase
powders applications 76
Electron microprobes 224
Electron microscopy 259,266-267
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 223, 224
Electron probe x-ray microanalysis 224-225
Electron spectroscopy 225
Electrorefming 70, 135
Electroslag heating 130-131
Electrostatic charge phenomena 104
Electrostatic cohesion 236
Electrostatic powder coating 1086
Electrostatic repulsion 182,220
Electrostatic stabilization 220
Electrowinning, copper 142
Electrozone (electrical sensing zone)
size analysis 247-248
Eleema PIOO(microfme cellulose),
angle ofrepose 300
Elevator furnace 456
Elongation, planar shape 271
Elongation ratio, definition 263
Elongation ratio (Hausner), definition 271
Elongation ratio (Heywood), definition 271
Elutriation 212
Elutriators 212
hydraulic cyclone 211,212
Embrittlement, from soot on belts
during sintering 457
Empirical yield functions 333
Encapsulation techniques 594
Endoscopic surgical stapler parts,
17-4PHstainless steel. 1l07-1108
Endothermic atmospheres 458,460-461,465
composition of furnace atmosphere
constituents 460
sintering of ferrous materials 469
Energy balance 518-519,524
reactive sintering 518-519
Energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) 223, 224, 225
Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 222
Energy dispersive x-ray analysis
(EDXA), for particle image analysis 261
Energy-filtered quadrnpole mass
spectrometer 227
Engineered powders 413,414
Enhanced delubing process 454
Enhanced sintering 445,446
Enstatite 677
Enthalpy of oxide formation 473
Epikote 76
Epoxyresins 720-721
Equiprobablesize 211
Equivalent radius (H
a
) 272
Equivalent spherical particle diameters 234
Equivalent strain rate 597
Equivalent stress 597,602
Equivalentweight 987
Erbimn
addition to rapid solidification titanium alloys 20
Erosion 965,972
definition 772
Erosion logic 263
Erosion of matrix 769
Eta (TJ) phase 933,934
Etchants, for examination of P/Mmaterials 725
Ethanol. 81
Ethylene bisstearamide (EBS) wax 106
Europium
Evaporation 442
Evaporation-condensation 449
Evolution law 333
Exhaust manifold flanges,
automotive 1106-1107,1108
Exothermic (exo) atmospheres .. 460,461-462,465
composition of furnace
atmosphere constituents 460
Expert system, hot isostatic pressing 596
Explosive bonding, refractory metals 906
Explosive compaction 318
Explosive forming (shock methods) 84
Exposure testing 979-984
Extractor-condenser 720
Extrolling 630
Extruders 367,368
Exrnsion constant 622--623,625
Extrusion of metal powders. . 11, 606--607, 621--631
advancedaluminumMMCs 850
applications 626
applications, innovative 629--630
binders used in powder shaping 313
canning 621, 622
characteristics 313
cold extrusion 623
comparison with cast and powder billets 624--625
conclusions 630--631
continuous extrusion processes 630
direct 621,622
dispersion-strengthened materials 626--627
hot extrusion 623
hydrostatic extrusion 629--630
indirect. 621,622
materials processed bypowder extrusion 626--629
mechanics of 622--625
mechanisms, types of 621
metallurgical bonding 320
metal/polymer powder mixtures 1091
multitemperature extrusion 629
oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys 85
powder extrusion practice 625--626
titanium alloy powders 877
ultrafine and uanocrystalline powders 506
Extrusion pressure 370,622,623--624
Extrusion ratio 622, 624
Extrusion reduction ratio 629
Eyepiecegraticules 262
F
Face gears 1060
Failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA) 705,706,709
Falsepositives 231-232
Fan cooling 484
Fatigue and fracture control of powder
metallurgy components 957-964
Fatigue endurance limit. 377
Feathering 371,372
Feedstock 355-356
definition 356
Feedstock velocity 370
Ferberite 189
Feret's diameter (F) 237,259,262,268,271
Fermilevel. 226
Ferric chloride test method for corrosion,
Index/1123
Ferritemagnets,applications 1018
Ferrites
as permanent magnets 1017-1018
Ferritic nitrocarburizing (FNC) 650,651
Ferritic stainless steel powders
annealing of 322
applications 780,781,782,783
magnetic 1010,1014
compactibility 305
corrosion resistance 991
magnetic properties 1010-1011
sensitization 477
Ferroalloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158, 1065-1069
granulation 92
Ferroaluminum " 1065
Ferrohoron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1065
Ferrochromium 474
Ferroelectric materials, combustion
synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536, 537
Ferromagnetic cores 1019
Ferromanganese 474, 1065
Ferromagnetism 1008
Ferromolybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1065
Ferroniobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1065
Ferrophosphorns , 571
Ferrosilicon 474, 1065
granulation 92
Ferrosilicon master-alloys 571
Ferro-silicon-zirconium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1065
Ferrotitanimn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1065
Ferro-titanimn-boron 1065
Ferrotungsten 188--189,1065
Ferrous alloy powders
classes 958
extrusion 628
fatigue 961
infiltration 551-552
metal injection molding 14
powder injection molding 363,364
Ferrous metals
high-alloy, Osprey process used 75
lubricants for 323-324
sintering of 468-476
Ferrous powder metallurgymaterials 751-768
adrnixedpowders 752,754-757
alloying methods 752-753
applications for structural parts .. 751,752,762-767
definition offerrous powder metallurgy 751
designations of ferrous materials 753-754
ferrous powder materials 753-760
mechanical properties 760-762,763,764,765
methods of achieving
high-performance PIMsteels 751,752
shipments of iron powder. 751
"systems" approach to PIMpart
development 751,752
Ferrous powder metallurgy
structural parts materials for,
specifications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 426-429,433,
441,648,654,672,
714,728,753,756-762,
765,778--779,1052,1099
Ferrous sulfate forfood enrichment 1091
Ferrovanadium 534, 1065
Ferroxyl test 129,476-477
Fibervolume fraction 374
Fibrous, definition 263
Fick's first law 449
Fick'slaw 862
Field-activated sintering 583-589
Field assisted sintering 583
Filar micrometer eyepiece 262
Filled billet 625
Filled billet extrusion technique 622
Filled billet technique 627
Filler metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1078
Fillers 1090-1091
Fill factor 382
Fill height, definition 347
Filming effect 150
Filter, metal-fiber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1l06, 1107
Filtered particle crack detection 715
Filtered particle inspection 714
1124/ Index
Filter efficiency tests 1040
Filters, bronze 865-866
Filtration, uItrafine and nanophase powders 76
Final density 440
Final filter 890
Fine metal powders, by atomization 72, 73
Finger printing 270
Finite difference methods (FDM) 27,28
Finite element analysis, for determining
die stress and deflection 351
Finite element method (FEM) 26,27,28,326
Finite element method codes 23, 25
Finite element model. 338
Finite volume method 27
Fischmeister universal shape parameter 269
Fishernmnber 242,243
Fishersubsieveanalysis 239,242-243
Fisher subsieve sizer 195,236,239,242-243
specifications 243
standardization 243
Fishersubsievenmnbers 242,243
Fishersubsievesizeroperation 277,278
Fishersubsieve sizes (FSSS) 146,147,294,295
tungsten powder particle size 190
Fixed base cone method 299
Fixed blade, injection molded 1103, 1104
Fixed height cone method 299
Flake pigments 1085-1088
Flakiness ratio, definition 263, 271
Flaking 653
Flaky, definition 263
Flame cutting , 1080-1082
Flame reduction 77
Flange pulley, copper-steel. 1106,1107
Flanges 354,776,777-778,781
Flaws, activated 55
Fleck's model. " 332
Flexible fabrication 433
Floating die table 316
Flocculation 220,422
Flow factor 288
Flow-function of the solid 288
Flow-function test, idealized 288
Flowmeter capillary 277-278
Flow rate of metal powders,
specifications 163,296,1098,698
Flow stress 25,366,625,626
Fluid-die process 606
Fluid flow equations 27
Fluidization,spray granulation " 91
Fluidization segregation test 299
Fluidized-bed oxidation 115
Fluidized-bed reduction '" 110,115-117
advantages 116
commercial viability 116
critical fluidization velocity 116
disadvantages 116
processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Fluidized bed spray granulator 91
Fluorinated polymer coating 1086
Flux " .. 1006
per unit area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Flux-cored wires 1065-1069
Flux density 1006
Fluxing reactions 1001
Food Chemical Codex 115
Forced convection cooling 484
Ford Motor Company
fracture splitting process 822-823
powder forged parts 823
Forged parts (PJM), tolerances 711,712
Forged Rolls (U.K.) 397-398
Forging and hot pressing 632--637,728,743
aluminum alloy powders 836
applications 632,634--635,636-637
comparison of processes 632
computer modeling 632,635
definition offorging 632
definition of hot pressing 632
defonnationmodes 632
forging process 633--634
hot press equipment 636
material preparation for hot pressing 635-636
metallurgical bonding 320
nanocrystalline powder 506
powder preparation for powder forging 632-633
process modeling of forging 635
resistance heating of powder 635
sintering as preparation steps 633
stress conditions 632
tooling metals forhotpressing 636
tungsten heavy alloys .. " 917
Forging preforms, cold isostatic pressing 385
Formaldehyde 185
as reducing agent 182
Formic acid 185
Forming, porous materials 1035
Fourier analysis 265, 267
Fractal analysis 265-266,268,269
Fractal number 265
Fractional defective 702
definition 701
Fractionation by sieving 213
Fraction of liquid on the surface
of the deposit. 400,401,403,404
Fracture " " 53,58
Fracture equation, modes of loading leading to
catastrophic failure 55
Fracture resistance 961
Fracture splitting process 18, 822-823
Frangible rounds 920
Fraunhofer diffraction 237
Free fall nozzle designs . " 151,152
Free-flowing 295
Free-form laser sintering 428
Free-machining agents. . . .. 671, 674, 675, 677, 678
Free-machining steel powders,
microstructures 727, 738
Freesliding 331
Freezecasting " 314
Freeze-drying " 314
Freeze-firing. See alsoFreeze casting 314
Frenkel effect. 516
Frequency, resonant. 25
Fretting 1069
Friction
external 290,291
internal. " 290,291
interparticle 297
Friction, coefficient of .. " 338,1048,1049,1050
Friction, coefficient of, and wear of
sintered metal friction materials under
dry clutch conditions, specifications 1099
Frictional characteristics of sintered
metal friction materials run in
lubricants, specifications 1099
Frictionless closed-die compaction 327
Friction powder metallurgy materials .. 1048-1050
apparent densities 1048
applications 1048
compacting " 1048-1049
composition range 1048
final operations 1049-1050
friction applications 1049,1050
manufacturing 1048-1050
rawmaterial blending 1048
Friction welding (FRW) 656,658,659
advanced aluminumMMCs , 852
Fritsch Pulverisette 82
Fritsch Pulverisette 5 (Germany) mill 65
Fronting 430
Froth flotation 210
Frothing agents 94
Fuels " 1088-1090
Full stream splitter 207
Fuming process 265-266
Functionally graded materials
(FGMs) 408,417-418,433
advanced aluminumMMCs 844
combustion synthesis 533--534
Fundamental error 210
Funnel flow 287,288
Furnaces
batch-type 456
continuous 453-456
for powder forging 807-808
graphite 593
mesh belt electric 137
sintering 453-467
to steam treat PIMsteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
vacuum 456-457
Fusion weld cracking 659-660
G
Gadolinimn
diffusion factors " 451
GAF(lSP) process " " 113
Gages 706,707,708
Gaging method 706-707
Galai particle size analyzer 256, 257
Galling " " .. 1069
Galvanic couples, stainless steel powders 476
Galvanic precipitation 185
Galvanicreduction,silverpowder 183,185
Gamma iron 443
Gamma prime age hardening, MAODS alloys .. 178
Gamma-ray density,
determination " 700,702,714-715
Gamma titanium aluminidealloys .. 84-85,163,164
Gangue, removal of 3
Gas adsorption method 274-277
Gas atomization ..... " 36,43,162,163--164
aluminum alloy powder 148-153
aluminum powder " 148-153
beryllium powders 204
close-coupled-nozzle designs 44
confined nozzle configurations 43,44-45
conventional confined design 43
of copper " 139-140,141
definition 43
droplet diameter " " 45
fine metal powders 73-76,77
free-fall nozzle configurations 43,44
gas-atomized powders 46-47
gas efficiency 44-45
gas flow " " 44
gas-to-metal rations 43,44-45,46
HlPlPMparts " 609
internal mixing 43
internal mixing nozzles. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44,45,47
mass median particle diameter 46
models of 45-46
nickel-base powders . " 174-176
nozzle configurations 143
Osprey process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
oxidation 42
particle shape 47
particle size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 44, 45, 46
powder cleanliness 47
prefilming operations 43
process method 35
process variables 44-45
sonic velocity of the gas 45
stainless steel powders , 129-130,781-785
tool steel powders 130-131
ultrasonic 35,43,47
ultrasonic confined design 43
vacuum atomization 35,47
unit designs 43
vs. water atomization, powder
comparison 43--44,75-76
water-bench testtechniques " 43
Weber number 46
Gas-atomized powders, hot isostatic pressing 19
Gas chromatography 475-476
Gas entrapment 39
Gas metal arc welding
(GMAWJMIG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 656, 6 7 ~ 8
659,660,661
Gas phase evaporation process 78
Gas permeability testing 700,702,714-715,716
Gas porosimetry 280
Gas porosity 36
Gas pressure 398,400
Gas pressure bonding 438
Gas-pressure combustion sintering,
functionally graded materials 533
Gas pressure forging. SeeHot isostatic pressing.
Gas quenching 484
Gas-to-metal ratio (GMR) 43,398,400
Gas tungsten arc welding
(GTAW{fIG) 656,657,658,659,661
for HIP containers 613
refractory metals 905-906
Gas velocity field 398,400,406
Gearing systems
double-reduction 344
single-reduction 344
Gears, powder metallurgy 1058-1064
Gelatin, as surfactant for silver powders 183
Gelcasting 429,432
General Motors Corporation, powder
forged parts 823
General Motors quenchometer ratings 649
Geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GDT) 705,706,707
Geometric shape factors 263
Geometric standard deviation, particle
size of metal powders 36
Germanium
German standard 82-69
Hall flowmeter for measuring flow rate 296
Gilding metal 6
Gilson Compu-Sieve Analysis System 218
GilsonGA-6Autosiever " .218
GKN, Krebsiige ofRadevermwald,
Germany, powder forged connecting rods ... 823
Glass-borosilicate
Glossary for metal powder compacting
presses and tooling, specifications 1100
Gluing, porous materials 1035
Glycerin
as binder 107
for optical sensing zone analysis 249
Glycol, as binder 107, 108
Gold alloy powders
apparent density 40
powders 40
oxygen content. 40
Gold brazing alloy powders 74
Gold bronze pigments " 1087-1088
Gold-nickel powder, oxygen content of
water atomized powder 42
Gold-platinmn powders 182
Gold powder
apparent density 40
for illustrating manuscripts ., 3
halo derivative of " . 168
powders 40
microstructure 727
oxygen content. " 40
Gold powders, production of 182,184-185,186
advantages 184
applications 184
ball milling 185
coatings for particles 184
mechanical processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184-185
properties 184
reducing agents 184
shape characteristics " 184,185,186
Gouy-Chapman model 421
Grade efficiencycurve 211
Gradex Particle Size Analyzer 218
Grain-boundary diffusion 442, 449
Grain boundary sliding 505
Grain coalescence 567
Grain size apparent, and
distribution of cemented tungsten
carbides, specifications " 1100
Grain sizes, spray forming 404-405,406
Granular, definition 263
Granulation 35
definition 91
techniques 91
Graphite. SeealsoIron-graphite powders.
bulk " .. 593
fiberreinforced 593
for heating elements for HIP furnaces 593
as lubricant for bearings 13
Graphite/sulfur 677-678
Graphite-tube furnace atomizer 230
Gravel, angles of repose 301
Gravityfilling, porous materials 1034
Gravitysintering
Green compacts 621
ultrasonic testing 716,717
Green density 25
calculation of 699
cold pressing in rigid dies 316
copper powder 138
definition 699
iron powders 302,303
lubricant effect on 303,305
particle porosity effect 306,307
Green expansion 700
Green machining 674
Green part 23
Green strength 10,302,306-309
definition 306
dependence on apparent density 306,307
geometric powder properties 308-309
increase in 302
intrinsic powder properties 308
iron powders 302, 303
lubricant effect on 303,305,306-307
nonferrous materials and lubricants 324
and oxide reduction 308
particle porosity effect 306,307
particle size effect 308
powder characterization 34
powder forged steel 804
surface-related factors and powder mixtures 308
testing for. 306
theories 307-309
variables affecting 306-307
warmcompaction 378
warmcompaction effect on ferrous
P/Mparts 304-305
water-atomization and powder properties 308
Green strength for compacted
metal powder specimens,
specifications 306,387,441,1098
Griffith model 55
Griffith theory 55
Grinding 686, 687
automatic, and polishing 722,724
manual, and polishing 721,722-723
ultrafine 56
Grinding ratio 686
Grit-blast descaling 615
Gross sample 206, 209
weight required 210
Ground-fault protection 593
GroupIVmetal carbides, combustionsynthesis .. 530
Group Vacarbides 530
Guidance systemsupport baseassembly 1105,1106
Gun drilling 672
Gun parts, complexmetal injection
molding 1107,1108
Gurson model 333
Gypsum 424
as mold material for slip casting 423
H
Hafnimn
Index /1125
Hafnium carbide powder, tap density 295
Halide, addition to sintering atmosphere 446
HaJJflowability 55, 56
Hallflowmeter 287,292-293,296,297
HaJJnozzle design 150
Hall-Peteh relationship, berylliumpowders.. 203,204
Hall-Petch strengthening, with laser-based
direct fabrication 435
Halo derivatives 168
Halogenated hydrocarbons, reaction to
aluminum powder 157
Hammer and rod mills 65, 66
Handsieving , . 241
Hardened steel, as vial materials for SPEX mills .. 82
Hardening Grossman factor 473
Hardfacing 972-975
definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1069
processes 1074-1077
tungstencarbide powder 196
Hardfacing alloy powders 974,975
Hardfacingpowders 1069-1077
Hardingeair-sweptmill 118
Hard metals 188,195
milling 63
recycling 196-197
Hardness, apparent 645,700
Hardness of sintered metal friction
materials, specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Hardness scales 713
Hardness testing of cemented carbides,
specifications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1100
Hartmann (resonating) cavities 151
Hartman tube principle 43
Hastelloy X, corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1001
HasteJloys
filtration applications 76
Hausnerratio , . 287
Hausnershape factors 267,272
definition 271
Hausner shape parameters 270
Heat-affected zone (HAZ) 656, 659
Heat-cure (elevated temperature-cure)
resins, as impregnation resins 690
Heat exchanger, almninmn-berylIium
substrate 1104-1105
Heat of adsorption 275
Heatofcondensation " 275
Heat shields 591,592
Heat shrink assembly technique 383
Heat-sink effect. " 434
Heat treatment
after conventional die compaction 13
dimensional change 711
media recommended after conventional die
compaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
P/Mprocess planning secondary operation 697
process control 700
quality control and inspection 705-706
Heat treatment offerrous powder
metallurgy parts 645-655
alloy content influence on PIM
hardenability 646-647
carbon content effect 647
carbonitriding 645, 649-650
carburizing 645,646,649-650
copper content effect 647, 648
guidelines for heat treating PIMparts 653-654
induction hardening 650
nickel content effect 647,648
nitrocarburizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 645,650-651
porosity effect on material properties 645
porosity influence on case depth 645-646
porous PIMparts 653-654
prealloy/diffusion aJloyedirons 647
processes applied to PIMparts 648-649
sinter hardening 651--652
stearn treating 652-653, 654
tempering 650
Heavy metal alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188, 192-193
liquid-phase sintering 438,567
Heel. " " 208
HEHR processing 584
1126/ Index
Heise-Bourdon manometer 281
He1e-Shaw model for thin cavities 27
Helical gears 1060
Helical shapes 349
Helical spur gears 349
Helium, for gas, atomization of aluminum powder 154
Helium mass spectrometer 613
Helium-neon laser 252
Helium pycnometry 237
Hematite
HEMiU 83
Hemispherical analyzers 226
Heptane 81
Hertz equations 1062
Heterogeneity constant for the material
being sampled 210
Hexaferrite 1018
Hexammine leach solution 179
Hexane 81
Heywood ratios, definition 271
Heywood shape factor, definition 271
High-alloy irons 1073
High-alloypowders 128
High-alloysteels
Osprey process 319
transient liqnid phase sintering 317
High-alloy toolsteels, for PIMtooling dies 350
High-carbon ferrochromium 1065
High critical temperature ceramics, thermal
spray forming 416
Higher-densityconsolidation,
principles and process modeling of .... 590-604
general process parameters 594-595,597
modeling of HIP 595-603
nomenclature used in equations 595,596
process equipment 590-594,595,596
temperature range 590
High-energy high-rate processing
(HEHR) 583,584
High-energy milling 64-66
applications 65
capabilities of size reduction equipment 64,65
global modeling 65
local modeling 65
models of 65-66
particle size importance 53
High-energy -rate compacting 381
High-energy-rateformingtechnique 318
High-pressure combustion sintering, borides 531
High pressure consolidation. SeeCold sintering.
High-pressure gas compressor 592,595
High-purity two phase solid-liquid
systems, coarsening 405,406
High shear mixing, of silver powders 183
High-silicon alloys, wear-resistant 19
High-speed photography 406
High-speed pulse welding
(HSPVV/CD) 656,657,661
High-speed steel (HSS) powders 126, 127
cold sintering 577,578, 579
extrusion 628, 630
for core rods 351
gas atomization 37
Osprey forming process 74-75,319
sintering 482-487
water-atomized 130
High-speed tool steel powders
annealing 305
binder-assisted extrusion 374
as core rod materials 353
as die materials 353
High-strain-ratesuperplasticity
(HSRS) 850,851, 852
High-strength corrosion-resistant alloys 19
High-strength steel powders,
chromium-containing, cold sintering 577
High-temperature alloys
spray forming 403
High-temperature combustion 222,228
High-temperature powders, as hardfacing
powders 1074
High-temperaturesintering 317
cost 13
ferrous materials 473,474-476
magnetic materials .. " " 1013-1014
High-temperature sintering of ferrous
powder metallurgy components 828-833
High-temperature steel powders, sintered,
dimensional tolerances 711,712
High-temperature superconductingwires 373-374
High-temperature superconductors,
combustion synthesis 535-536,537
High-temperature vacuum sintering
commercialization of. 7
stainless steel 478
High-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)
thermal spraying. . . . . . . . . . . .. 409,410,411,
412,413,415
equipment, ultrafine and nanophase powders 76
Hilliard shape parameter 270
IDPNAS (fmiteelementprogram) 600
H-iron process 67,116
Histogram 262, 263
Histogram/frequency distribution 707
History of powder metallurgy 3-7
Hogiiniis process 110-111
Holes 354
Homogeneity
definition 206
degree of 444-445
Homogenization 438,443,444-445
Honing 686
Hooke's law 352
Hopper flow factor (fl) 288
Hornet fighter aircraft (F/A-18A) 164,165
Hoskins 592, 875
Hosokawa Mikropul Micron VVashsieve 217
Hot compaction 84
Hot corrosion, superalloy powders 1001-1003
Hot corrosion resistance 85
ODS mechanically alloyed materials 85
Hot extrusion 47,84
cermet billets 930
nickel and nickel alloys 502
ullrafine and nanocrystalline powders 508
Hot forging
aluminumalloy powders 836
costs per pound for production of steel PIMparts .. 9
Hot isostatically pressed superalloys 6
Hot isostatic pressing. SeealsoHigher-density
consolidation, principles and process
modeling of 6, 11,47,84,
316-317,326,438,728,743
advantages 28
afterlaser sintering 428
alloying additions 605-606
alumina 508
aluminumalloy powders 839
applications 590,605,615-608,619
ranges of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
berylliumpowders 204,942,943-944
cable creep (grain boundary diffusion creep) 607
calibration and experimental verification 29
calibration of power-law creep equation 30
cemented carbides 492, 494
ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
cermets 929-930
characteristics 12
cladding 800-801
cladding of powder materials 19
cold isostatic pressing as preliminary step 382
compact manufacture 613-615
compared to other powder processing
methods 12
computer models 28-29
computer programs 597,598-599
consolidation of encapsulated compacts 609-615
consolidation of encapsulated powder 607
container fabrication 612-613
container manufacture 609-612
container and empirical models 612
containers and engineering models 612
controls and instrumentation 593
cost 12,607
definition 605
density 12
description , 11
development of 3, 605
dimensional control. 320
dimensional tolerance 12
empirical models 596,598
encapsulation methods 618
full-density iron and steel 317-318
furnaces 592-593,596
future developments 619
gas atomization 43
gas-atomized powders" 19
gas-atomized stainless steel powders 129
gas system 591-592,594,595
history and development 590
interface/diffusion bonding 607-608,618-619
interlayers, use of 618-619
invention of process 605
leak testing of containers 613, 614
macroscopic models of 699-603
manufacturers of presses 594
maps 597-598,599
materials range 12
material system 9
microscopic models and mechanisms 597-599
modeling and closing porosity in spray
formed billets 619
modeling and microstructure prediction. 28-30,619
modeling, current developments in 600-603
modeling of 595-603
Nabarro-Herring creep (volume
diffusional creep) 607
nickel and nickel alloys 501,502
nomenclature used in equations 595,596
oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys 85
parameters 618
partial testing 29
particle metallurgy tool steels 786
part size 593-594
plastic deformation by dislocation 607
porous materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1034
post consolidation processing 615
powder blending 609
powder manufacture 609
powder particle size classification 609
power-law creep (dislocation creep) 607
pressure mediums used 605
pressure vessels 590-591,592,593
price per ponnd .' 12
process cycles 594
process description 608-609
processing sequence 593,596
process selection 605-607
production quantity 12
production volume 12
properties of products .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
quenching 619
refinements of batch processing 619
rotating electrode process 99
selection of process parameters 594-595
selection of specific cycle parameters 609
size of products 12
superalloys 887,888, 890, 999, 1000
technology 607-608
temperature ranges 60S, 609
thermophysical tests 30
titanium alloy powders 874--875,877,878
titanium powders 500
to achieve 100% density in powder materials 590
versus cold isostatic pressing 606
versus other powder metallurgy methods .. 606-607
vessel efficiency 607
u1trafineand nanocrystalline powders 506
with powderinjection molding 362
with thermal spray forming 412
worldwide capacity 594
Hot isostatic pressing cladding process 609
Hot-oil heaters, for warm compaction 316
Hot powderforging (PF) 18-19
applications 18
cost effectiveness 18
Hot powderforging (continued)
fracture splitting 18
machining requirements 18, 19
Hot pressing 11,316
alumina 508
ceramic composites 510,511
ceramics 509
effect on mechanical properties 951
platinum powder 4
titania " .509
ultrafine and nanocrystalline powders 506,507
Hot repressing 803,810
Hot rolling, oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys .. 85
Hottriaxialcompaction tests " . 619
Hot upsetting 803
beryllium powder 942
Hot work particle metallurgy tool steels 799-800
Howmet, spray forming 398
Hubnerite " 189
Hubs 354
Humpback furnaces 456
Hunter-Kroll unpurified sponge
titaniumfmes 428
Hunter reduction process 160,874
Hybrid alloy powders 752,753,759-760,761
chemical compositions 759,761,762
compressibility 759-760
Hydraulic hot pressing, aluminides 532
Hydraulic molding machines 358
Hydraulic presses 344-345,449
Hydraulic pseudo-isostatic pressing,
borides 530-531
Hydraulic pumping systems 345
Hydrazine , " 185
as reducing agent 182,183,184
Hydride-crnsh-dehydride process,
tantalum powder. " 199
Hydride decomposition 70
Hydride-dehydride process
(HDB) 70, 160,
162-163,609,616,617
niobium powder. 199
titanium powder, extra-low chloride 21
Hydrides, combustion synthesis 530,535
Hydrogen atmosphere
explosive range 465
for cemented carbides 494
for nickel and nickel alloys 501,502
atmospheres 466
sintering of brass and nickel silvers 490
sintering of molybdenum and tungsten 497
Hydrogen chloride, addition for activated
sintering 446
Hydrogen embrittlement, of copper , .. 140
Hydrogen-gas atmosphere
compositionoffumace atmosphereconstituents .. 460
physical properties 459.460
sintering atmosphere 460,462,463-464
Hydrogen injection 173
Hydrogen loss of copper, tungsten, and
iron powders, specifications 138, 1098
Hydrogen peroxide " " . 184
Hydrogen reduction process 172-173
Hydrogen sintering
cemented carbides 492,493,494,495
molybdenum 498
tungsten 498
Hydrogen-to-waterratio 458,461-462,463,464
Hydrometallurgicalprocessing 171-174
for cobalt-base powders 179-180
Hydroniumions 420-421
Hydroquinone 169,184,185
Hydrostatic compaction 327,328
Hydrostatic compaction test. 331
Hydrostaticcomponentofstress " .335
Hydrostatic extrusion 629--{)30
Hydrostatic pressing method, borides 531
Hydrostatic stress 327,332,599
Hydrostatic stress component 23-24. 25
Hydrostatic stress state 632
Hydrostatic tensile stress required to
initiate plastic flow 332
Hydrostatic test unloading 330
Hydroxyapatite, injection molding , 314
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, angle of repose .. 300
Hydroxylamine , 184
Hydroxylions 420-421
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
angle of repose 300
as binder 374
Hypophosphorous acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184, 185
Hysteresis effect, BEf method 277
Hysteresis loop 1006,1007
Idler arms 1102
Image analyzer 805
Image shearing eyepieces 262
Immersion tests 979-983
Impact attritioning, beryllium powder 942, 943
Impact compression stress 53
Impact energy, warm compaction 377
Impact grinding, beryllium powders 202,203
Impact process, model of 53
Impact strength ofsintered metal powder
specimens, determination of,
specifications 1099
Impact tests 714
Impact toughness test 788
Impingementerosion 1069
Impregnation, after conventionaldiecompaction 13
Impregnation methods. See Resin
impregnation of powder metallurgy parts.
Impulse resistance sintering. , 584
Inconel, injection molding 314
Inconelalloys
1N-100 887,889,892,899
applications 999
composition 1000
corrosion resistance 1000,1001,1002
1N-625
corrosion resistance 1002-1003
spray formed 398,399,400,403,404
1N-690 894,897
1N-706 '" 887,892.893-894,899
1N-718(Inconel718) 887,894,897,898,899
1N-738C,corrosionresistance 1001,1002
1N-750,corrosion resistance 1002
1N-939, corrosion resistance 1002
IN-800, corrosion resistance 1001
Inco pressure carbonyl process 169,170
Indium
Individual intersect areas 268
Induced pressure (M') 404
Induction hardening, ferrous alloys 650
Induction-plasma deposition 164
Induction radiant heating
molybdenum 498
tungsten 498
Inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectroscopy
(ICP-AES) , 228,229-230,232
Inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 222
Inert atmosphere melting ,616,617
Inert gas adsorption, tomeasure surface
area of metal powders 147
Inert gas atomization
for HIP/PM parts , 609
hot isostatic pressing , 616
superalloy powders , 175, 176, 177
Inert gas condensation (IGC) 77,78-79
agglomeration 78-79
pickup of gaseous impurities 78-79
process variations 78
quality affecting factors 78-79
Inert gas fusion 222,228,229
Index /1127
Inert gas shrouded plasma spray 411
Inertia welding. See Friction welding.
Infiltrant 769-773
Infiltrated electrical contacts 1025-1026,1027
Infiltration 541-564
after conventional die compaction. . . . . . . .. . . .. 13
binary metal systems 543,544
capillary-dip 542
carbide-based systems 545
carbide infiltration test matrix and
evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545, 546, 547
centrifugal pressure impregnation 543
cermets " 931-932
chemical vapor. 553
composition ranges of infiltrated steels 770
conditions attainable by 541
contact 542
definition 541
efficiency. , 772
external pressure impregnation 543
features of 770
ferrous-base systems 545-547,548
full-dip 542
gravity feed 542-543
in bearing areas , 14
localized 552
mechanism of " 541-542,553
metal matrix composites, references 558-563
modeling 553
nonferrous-based systems 547-548
one-step 769
products 548-553
products, references 563-564
refractory metal-based composite structures 544-545
squeeze casting 553
systems 543-548
systems, references 557-558
techniques 6,542-543
techniques, references 555-557
vacuum 543,547
versus impregnation 552
update on advances 553
Ingot metallurgy (11M) processing 19,605
Initial dense random packing density 331
Initial sieving period, determining of,
specifications 217
Initial wall shearstress 369-370
Injection molding. See also Metal injection
molding 314-315
advantages 373
cermets 927-928
cbaracteristics 313
densification and 315
disadvantages 373
effects on mechanical properties 955-956
sbape of product. 373
and sintering 317
supporting bed as necessity 320
technology 7
uniform powderloading 320
Ink-jet technology 427
Inspection stride, definition 265
Instant process feedback 708
Instrument calculator chart 243
Instrumented pulse electrodischarge
consolidation 584
Integral rotor, phosphorus magnetic iron 1104,1105
Intensity of magnetization " 1006
Interceptlength 268
Interdiffusion 443,444
Interdiffusion coefficients 443,444
Interfacial energy 404
Interfacial energy density 219
Interference fringes 720
Intergranular corrosion , 978,980-983,987,988
porous materials " 1039
stainless steel powders 978-983,989,991.993
Intergranular corrosion testing,
Interlocking theory of green strength 307-308
Intermetallic-matrix composites (IMCs)
fiber-reinforced, thermal spray forming 408
1128/ Index
Intermetallic-matrix composites (continued
Intermetallics
combustion synthesis 524,527,530
development of 3
fracture toughness, and thermal spray forming .. 414
mechanical alloying 84
thermal spray forming 408, 412
Intermittent sampling 208
Internal ring gear, powder forged 820--822
Interrogation zone , 256,258
Invar
Inverted precipitators 141
Iodides, combustion synthesis 534
Iodine, aluminumhalide formation 156-157
Ion adsorption 420
Ion dissolution 420
Ionic strength , 220
Ion microprobes 227
Ion microscope 227
Ion-scattering spectroscopy 225
Iridium, production of 4
Iron
addition to titanium rapid solidification
alloys , 20
apparent density 40
carburization 70
dispersoid-strengthened elevated-temperature
alloys 19
high-ductility, sintering atmospheres 460
high-purity, magnetic materials 1008-1009, 1013
ink-jet technology tooling 427
powders , 40
nanocrystalline particulate powder 504
North Americanmetal powder shipments
(1992-1996) 00 .. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0016
oxygen content. 40
oxygen content of water-atomizedmetal powder .. 42
Iron alloy powders
apparent density. 00 00 00 .... 00 ........ 00 .... 40
powders , 40
oxygen content. 40
oxygen content of water-atomized powder 42
water-atomization 37
Iron aluminides
reactive hot pressing 00 00 . 520
Iron and carbon steel powders
admixed , 754,755-756
mechanical properties 754,755.756
microstructure , 754,755-756
Iron-base alloy powders
applications 6
cold sintering 576,579
composition 1073
diffusion-bonded grades 104
fatigue 958,960,961
hardness 1073
mechanical alloying 87-88,89
microstructures 726,730,731,732,
733,734,735,736,737,
738,743,744,745,747
sintering of 468-476
Iron-basehardfacingalloypowders 974,975
Iron-basesintered bearings 1052,1053,1054,1057
Iron-base sintered bearings,
specifications. . . . . . .. 426-429,433,441,648,
654,728,672,714,728,
753,756-762,765,
778-779,1052,1053,1099
Iron-basesuperalloys, thermal spray forming ... 411
Iron-base tool steel powders, hot isostatic
pressing 594
Iron-bronze sintered bearings
(diluted bronze) ..... " 1052, 1053,1054,1055
Iron-bronze sintered bearings
(oil-impregnated),
specifications. . . . . . .. 426-429,433,441,648,
654, 672,714,728,753,756-762,
765,778,779,1052,1053,1099
Iron carbide powders, field-activated sintering .. 587
Iron-carbon alloy powders
infiltration 551,552
oxygen content of water-atomized metal powder . 42
Iron-carbon-Iubricant 102
Iron carbonyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167
Iron carrier pinion gear, pneumatic
isostatic forging 639,640
Iron contamination, alloyed or unalloyed,
determining the percentage
present in powder forged (P/F)
steel parts,specifications 806,817,1099
Iron content of iron powder, specifications .... 1098
Iron-copper-carbon alloy powders
fatigue 958,960,962
powder forging 00 00 .. 00 00 813,816,953,954
properties 958,960
Iron-copper-carbon-lubricant 102
Iron-copper-graphite, sintering 472-473
Iron-copper steel powders
admixed .. 00 00 755,756-757
infiltration 546,547,548
liquid-phase sintering 447,448,568
mechanical properties 755,756,1095-1096
sintering 472-473
Iron-graphite mixture powder,
Iron-graphite powders
sintering of 470--472
Iron-graphitesintered bearings 1053,1055,1056
Iron-graphite sintered bearings,
specifications 426-429,433,441,
648,654,672,714,
728,753,756-762,
765,778-779,1052,1053
Iron-nickel alloy powders
consolidation of nanocrystalline powder 507
Iron-nickel-molybdenum alloy powders,
Iron-nickel powder
admixed 756, 757
chemical compositions 756
sintering 474
Iron oxide
angles of repose 00 00 00 .. 301
reduction of, ancient methods 3
IronpentacarbonyI. 69,167,168
for carbonyl vapor metallurgy 113
physical properties. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. 113
Iron-phosphorus alloy powder
high-temperature sintering 830, 831
microstructures 726-727,737
production 1006
Iron-phosphorus phase diagram 1009
Iron-phosphorus steel powders 125
warm compaction 378
Iron powder. See also Production of iron powder.
activated sintering 446
alloys readily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
apparent and tap densities 104
apparent density 00 00 .. 00 00 .. 00 292
applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1092
automotive 6
atomized
annealing of 322
availability 110
as base for admixed powders 752
binder concentration effect on carbon dust
resistance 108
binder concentration effect on flow rate 108
binder treatment effect on green strength. . . 108, 109
brittle cathode process 70-71
calibration of material parameters for a
blend 336-337
carbon content effect on compressibility
and green strength 00 .. 00 00 00 302
carbon-free, infiltration 552
chunkiness-size domain summary 264, 265. 269
cold sintering 581
commercial PIM applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
compacting-grade, chemical properties 114
compacting-grade, physical properties 114
compacting pressure and die temperature
effect 302,303
compacting properties 00 00 . 114
compaction pressure effect on deusity 506
compressibility 302,303,304
consolidation 507
costofproduction .00 00 00 00 .. 00 00 . 110
density effect. 00 .... 00 00 00 . 440--441
die inserts for compaction 352
empirical yield function 333
explosive compacting 318
flow rate 297
flow rate through Hall and Carney funnels 296
for food enrichment. , " 1091
for toxin removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1092
for welding , 1066-1067
as fuel source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1089
grain growth 505
green density and green strength 302, 303
green strength dependence on
apparent deusity 306,307
green strength vs. compaction pressure 306,308
grinding and polishing 721-723,724
heat treatment 728, 744
in powder forging 00 00 . 805-806
isostatic compression 318
lubricant effect on green strength and
green density 307
lubricanttype effect on apparent density 106
lubricanttype effect on compacting pressure 107
lubricanttype effect on flow rate 106
lubricanttype effect on green strength 107
lubrication 322-324
machining and use of resin impregnation .. 691, 692
macroexamination 722, 724
milling of 59
oxide reduction 67
oxygen effect on compressibility 303, 305
pneumatic isostatic forging 640--641
powder temperature effect on
apparent density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 109
processing effect on green properties of
compacts , 304
production, ancient methods 3
production of , 110--122
properties , 110
repressing (sizing) 668
scanning electron microscopy " 724-725,730,
731,732,733
shape characterization 263, 264
sintering 438,439,458,470-472,710,711
sponge, annealing of 322
strength-to-weight-to-cost ratio 110
as supplement for phytoplankton
growth , 1091-1092
Iron powder (continued)
tap density 295
tolerances 711
tons marketed per year 6
uniaxial compression 318
warmcompaction " 377
warmcompaction ofPIMparts 304-305
water-atomized 110,1066,1067
yield surfaces from tension/torsion tests ... 327,328
Iron powder core dimensional specifications .. 1099
Iron powder cores for ratio tuning
devices, development of 6
Iron powder (for pyrotechnics), specifications 1098
Iron powder toroidal core inductance,
determination of, specifications 1099
Iron-silicon alloy powder
injection molding , 314
Iron-silicon phase diagram 1011
Iron-silver 37
Iron sponge powders, admixed powders 752
Iron-tantalumalloy powders 128
Iron titanides, cold sintering 579
Irregular, definition 263
ISO classification, cemented carbides 935, 936
Isodensitylines 26
Isodensityplots 328
Isodensityyield surfaces 25
Isoelectric pH 220
Isopropyl alcohol 59
ISO standards, specific types
565, wire cloth sieve standards 239
2738, measurement of hydrostatic forces 712
3081, minimum incremental mass based
onmaximum particle size 210
3252, particle shapes 266,270
3310/1, wire cloth sieve standards 239
3927, compressibility testing 305-306
3953, mechanical tapping of powders 294
4490, Hall flowmeter for measuring flow rate 296
449112,oxygen content of copper powder 138
4497, sieve testing standards 239
5755, alloy designations for prototype materials 426
9002, test sieve certification and manufacture ... 214
14887, dispersing procedures for
powders in liquids 220
Isostatic compaction
lubricants not required 322
Isostatic compaction test 335,336-337
Isostatic pressing. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316-317
versus injection molding 314
Isostress 25
Isothermal compression tests 29-30
uniaxial 30
Isothermal forging, superalloy powders 999
Isothermal sintering time 449
Isotropic exchange energy 1008
Isotropic hardening 330
Isotropic hardening law for the powder particle 335
Isotropic hardening models 330
Isotropic linear hardening 335
Iteration method 252
J
Jannetty method, platinum production 4
Japanese standard JIS 7-2502-1966,
Hall flowmeter for measuring flow rate 296
Jenike shear cell 288-289,290
Jenike shear tester 289
Jet engine components 550-551
Jet Kote surfacingsystem 1076
Jet milling, of silver powders 183
Jelling phenomena 28,359
Joining processes 656--{i62
adhesive joining ofPIM components 659
brazing 658,659,661
bracing techniques 659,660
definition 656
diffusion/sinter bonding 658--{i59,66O
for dissimilar metals 661--{i62
methods 656--{i59
on lower-density parts 656
P/Mmaterials for joining 66O--{i62
porosity effects on properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
tungsten heavy alloys 920-921
Joint Strike Fighter ' 164
Jointwelding l076-1077
Jominy testing 645
Jominy testing, specifications 645,813
Joule effect 583,584
Joule heating 78
Joule heating and pressure applications 583
K
KanthaIA-1 592
Kawasaki (KIP) prealloy and
diffusion-alloyed powders, compositions ... 126
Kawasaki process 117,121-122
Keltex ' 423
Kelvin equation 277
Kernel function 253
Kerosene, as binder 107,108
Keystone sampler for flow rate checking,
specifications 698, 699
Kinematic hardening model 330
Kinetic function 525,526
Kinetic hysteresis effect 284-285
Kirkendall effect 516
Kirkendall porosity 443,519,566
copper powder 863
superalloy powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1001, 1003
Kirksite-type alloys wire arc sprayed 418
Kistlerdynamometer 673
Klar's rating scheme 979,984
Klein method 628
Kneading 59
Knoop diamond indenter 713,719,723
Knoophardness 435,713
Knuckle press 5
Knudsen flow 278
Kobe atomization process. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126, 127
KobefKobelcoprocess 117,120-121
Kobelco steel powders 126
grades, properties of 126
Koch Triadic Island 265,268
Kovar
metal injection molding 14,314
Kozeny-Carrnan equation 242,277
Krebsiige, powder forged parts 822, 823
Kroll flnes 428
Kroll reduction process 70,160,874
Kronecker delta function 329
Krumbein shape factors, definition 271
Krypton, phase diagram 276
Krypton adsorption, BET-C parameter for 275
L
LA-290 pumping systems 253
Labcon Automatic Sieve System 218
Laboratory of New Thchnology
(LNT, Moscow), mPmodel. 601
Laboratory sample 206
Lacquer coatings 1086
Lagrange method 252
Lame constant. 331
Lamellar, definition 263
Lame's formula 351
Lamination defects 371
Langmuir's kinetic monolayer
adsorption theory 274-275
Lanthana 85
Lanthanum
Index/1129
LaPlace compressive stresses 576
LaPlace equation 441
mercury porosimetry 284
Lapping 686
Lasentec focused beam reflectance
measurement system 256,257
Laser-aided direct deposition ofmela1s 897
Laser-aided direct metal deposition
(LADMD), superalloy powders 8%--897
Laser-assisted rapid prototyping and
manufacturing, superalloy powders 896--897
Laser-based directfabrication 433-435
lasers used 434
microstructures 434-435
Laser beamwelding (LBW) 656,658,659
Laser cutting
advanced aluminumMMCs 851--852,853
Laser diffraction 236, 237
Laser Doppler velocimetry 237
Laser engineered net shaping (LENS),
superalloy powders 896--897
Laser flash technique 30,600
Laserfree-form fabrication 427-429
Laser heating 78
Laser-processed plastic prototypes 426
Laser processing, advanced aluminum
MMCs 851--853
Lasers, for measuring droplet sizes 406
Laser scattering, tungsten powder 190
Laser-spin atomization 51
Lasersystem 426
Laser welding, porous materials . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1035
Lashing 592
Latchbolt, brass 1106,1108
Latching post, magnetic 1104, 1105
Lattice diffusion 443
Laves phase alloys 1073--1074
LCAstroloy 887,890,892,898,899
Lea and Nurse permeability apparatus 277-278
Leaching 171-172
cobalt-base powders 179-180
copper powders 140,141,142
Leach liquor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171, 172
Leach precipitation-flotation method 141
Lead
Lead alloy powder, air atomization 44
Lead foam, expansion behavior. 1044
Lead-platinum alloy powder, oxidation of 4
Lead powder, electrodeposition 70
Lead-tin solder, particle size distributions of
atomized powders 35
Leafing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1087
Lederermethod 5
Ledge method 299-300
Lever rule 726
Lewis number 525
Ligament diameter 45
Light and x-ray turbidimetry 244-245
Light beam scattering 248
Light blockage principle 248
Lightscattering 236,237,250-255
algorithm calculations 251,252-253
applications 253-255
dispersion liquids for laser diffraction
method 254
features of particle-size analysis 147,250
general theory 250-251
instrument design 251-252
liquid feeding 254
on-line analysis 254-255
polystyrene latex (PSL) samples 253
powder jet systems 254
principle 250
refractive indices 250-251
sample feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 254
Limestone
angles of repose 301
drained angles of repose 300
1130/ Index
Limestone (continued)
in Hoglinlisprocess 110
Limited range mass spectrometry techniques .. 614
Limiting weight 210
Lineal fraction 269
Linear thermal expansion for cemented
carbides, specifications 1100
Linexprocess 630
Liquid argon quenching 101
Liquid dye penetrant inspection 702,714
Liquid ion exchange (LIX) process,
tungsten powder 189
Liquid-liquid-solvent extraction process,
tantalumlniobiwn separation 197
Liquid-penetrant crack detection 715
Liquid-phase formation . " " 10
Liquid phasesintering (LPS) 317,437-438,
445-448,565-573,728
activated (ALPS) 565, 571-572
advantages 565
applications 568
cermets 928, 931
characteristics affecting initial-stage
behavior 566,567
.connectivity 565
continguity 565
copper powder 862-863
densification 567,568--569
description 565
diffusivity 566
fabrication concerns 567-568
forms of 565
kinetic factors 565-566
manganese steels 474,475
persistent 565
sequence of stages 566-567
solubility 565-566,567
solution and reprecipitation process 438
transient 438
stainless steel powders -997, 998
supersolidns (SLPS) " 565,568--571
surface energy 565
systems for 565
thermodynamic factors 565-566
transient (TLPS) 565, 571
tungsten heavy alloys 499,916,917,918
with high-temperature sintering 828
Liquid-phasetechniques 77,78
Lithium
used with copper-alloy powders 143-144
LithiumOuoride
Lithium powder, explosibility 157
Lithiumstearate 129,323-324,325,453-454
effect on copper PIMparts 325
for brasses and nickel silvers 489,490
Lithium-zinc stearate " 324-325
LNTmodel, hot isostatic pressing 601
Local curvature 449
Local strain 326
Local stress 326
Locking door unit, MIM parts 1108
Longest dimension 259
Longitundial bend fracture strength test 788
Loosepowdersintering.. " " .437
Lorenzforcemodel " 553
Loose factor " 1046,1047
Lot number 698
Lottraceability 698
Low-alloy steel powders 125-126
forPIM tooling dies , 350
metalinjection molding 14
warm compaction 377
Low-carbon ferrochromium 1065
Low-carbon iron powders, water atomization 110
Low-carbon steel powder
applications 100
Low compressibilitypowders 316
Low-cycle fatigue life 383
Lower control limit (LCL) 694,695
Lowerexplosivelimit(LEL) 148--149
Lower inner punch (LIP) 338
Lower outer punch (LOP) 338
Low-gangue ore 116
Low-pressure liquid-phase sintering 387
Low-pressure molding (LMP) 429,430-432
Low-pressure molding
advantages 432
applications 432
methods 431-432
steps 430,431
Low-pressure plasma sprayforming
(LPPS) 410,411,415
nickel and nickel alloys 502
Low-shear agitated-type blenders 105
Low-stress abrasion test 970-971
Lubanska correlation (1968) 46
Lubricants
copper-infiltrated steels 771
delube and preheat atmospheres 457-458
delubing of stainless steel 477
dry mixing of metal powders 106
effect on compressibility, green strength 303,305
effect on green density 303-304,305
effects on green strength 306-307
for admixed powders 755
for brasses and nickel silvers 489
for copper alloy powders 866
forisostatic pressing 320
for optical sensing analysis 249
for stainless steel powders 307,308,782
for uniaxial die compaction 315
in compacting 453-454
oxidants for enhancing burning 464
powder metallurgy bearings 1051,1053,
1054-1056,1057
solid, added to powder blend to
reduce friction 10
stearate-base 106
titanium powder 500
warm compaction 376
Lucite 721
M
MA956
compositions 1000
corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1001, 1002
MA6000E
applications 999
corrosion resistance 1001,1002
Machinability
definition 672
Machinability of powder metallurgy
materials 671-680
Machine sieving, specifications 217
Machining
bearing surfaces 14
cemented carbides 933-934
PIMprocess planning secondary operation 698
Machining of powder metallurgy materials 681-687
Macroexamination 722, 724
Macro process 194,195
Macroscopic average strain 326
Macroscopic average stress 326
Macroscopic effective stress 334
Macroscopic element 326
Macroscopic plastic multiplier 331
Macroscopic stress state 330
Macrosegregation 405
Magnesia
Magnesium alloy powders
cast, rapid solidification of 19-20
high-strength corrosion-resistant. 19-20
metal-matrix composites 21
spinning-cup atomization 48
Magnesium-aluminum alloy powdered,
specifications 1098
Magnesium-base alloys, mechanical alloying 88
Magnesium nitride, combustion synthesis 534
Magnesium powders
explosibility 157
as fuel source 1089,1090
microstructure 727
Magnesium powders (for use in
ammunition), specification 1098
Magnesiumstearate, angle of repose 300
Magnetic analyzer 227
Magnetic bridge compactor 818-819, 820
Magnetic domain 1008
Magnetic field, definition 1006
Magnetic fuel injections 1012
Magnetic induction. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. 1006
at permeability of 1007
definition 1006
Magnetic materials and properties
for part applications 1006-1020
Magnetic particle crack detection 715-716
Magnetic particle inspection 700, 702, 714-715
powderforged steel 816, 822
Magnetic pole piece 1105,1106
Magnetic powder cores, coding
methods for color identification
of, specifications. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 1099
Magnetic powder cores, ultrafine and
nanophase powder applications 76-77
Magnetic powder cores and ceramic
magnets, specifications 1099
Magnetic powders, electrozone analysis 248
Magnetic properties ofPJMiron,
specifications " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007, 1008
Magnetic steels, sintering atmospheres 460
Magnetic ore, Hoglinlisprocess 110
Magnetization, intensity of 1006
Magnetorheologicaltluids 1092
Magnetorheological solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1092
Magnetron sputtering 78
Main bearing caps, PJM 764,766
Manganese, powdered (for use in
ammunition),specifications 1098
Manganese alloys powders, oxidation 43
Manganese-chromium steel powders 125
Manganese-molybdenum powder 753
Manganese powder
brittle cathode process 71
content effect on oxidation during
effect on aluminum-alloy powders .. . . . . . . . . . 156
for prealloyed powders 322
in steel powders 123
liquid phase sintering 474,475
milling " 58
tap density 295
Manganese silicon steels powder, sintering 474
Manganese steel powder, sintering 474,475
Manganesesulfide 673,675,676,677
as addition to powder forged steel 813-814,815,816
as addition to stainless steel powders 781
admixed to improve machinability 106
in free-machining steels 727,738
Manifolds for hydraulic cam lobe motors 1103
Mannesmann Demag powders 125-126
Manometer 277-278
Manual powder torch welding 1076
Martensitic stainless steel powders
applications 782, 784
compositions " 1073
Martin's diameter 259
Mass
of bulk 210
of nincrements 210
Mass diffusivity 525
Massflow 287,288
Mass flowhoppers 287,291,295
Mass median diameter 153,154
Mass median particle size 39,40
Material bulk density 30
Materialsurface free energy 504
Material theoretical density 504
Matrix 769
Matrix method 251,252
Maximum horizontal intercept 259
Maximum stabilitycriterion 47
Mean, sample 695
Mean, flowpore sizedistribution
technique 1037
Mean free path (MFP) 966,967-968,969,971
Mean interceptlength 237
Mean life 979
Mean (or hydrostatic) stress 327
Mean particle diameter of as-atomized
distribution 73
Mean radius 272,273
Mean roughness depth 683
Mean stress 329, 330, 333
Measured density 719
Measurement betweenwires (MOW) 1063
Measurement over wires (MOW) 1063
Measuring dimensional change of metal
powder specimens due tosintering,
Mechanical alloyedaluminum alloys,
room-temperature mechanicalproperties 20
Mechanical alloyedaluminum-base alloys 20
Mechanical alloyed magnesium-base alloys 20
Mechanical alloyed ODS alloys
commercialalloysand theirapplications 177-178
compositions 177
Mechanical alloyed titanium aluminide
intermetallics 20
Mechanial alloyedtitanium-base alloys 20
Mechanical alloying (MA) . . . . . . . . . . .. 20,33,60,
80-90,128
advantages 80
aluminumandaluminum-alloy powders 148
aluminum-base alloys 88
aluminum-titaniumalloys 88
applications 85-88
attributes 80
consolidation 84-85
definition 80
dispersion-strengthened materials 80-81
displacement reactions 88-89
iron-basealloys 87-88
magnesium-base alloys 88
mechanismof alloying 83--84, 85
mill types 81-83
modeling .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
nickel-basealloys 86-87, 176-178
oxide-dispersion strengthenedmaterials 81
oxide-dispersion strengthened
superalloy powders 176-177
powdercontamination 89-90
powderhandling 83
processcontrolagents 81
processingpath 80, 81
rawmaterialsused 80
superalloypowders 176-178,896,898,899
titaniumalloypowders 880,881--882
titaniumpowder. 164-165
ultrafineandnanophasepowders 72
Mechanical attritioning
aluminumalloys 834-835
berylliumpowders 203
Mechanical behavior of metal powders
and powder compaction modeling .... 326-342
calibrationof materialparametersfor an
ironpowderblend 336-337
compaction of a longbushing 340-341
constitutivemodelfor metallicpowders
withductileparticles 334-335
constitutivemodels 326-334
deformation of powdercompacts 326-329
elastoplastic constitutivebehavior 329-330
experimental determinationof powder
materialconstitutiveproperties
andfunctions 335-337
issuesrelatedtoapplications 326
numericalmodelingof powder
compactionindies 337-341
structureof constitutivelawsfor
powdermaterial 330-334
Mechanical blending 413,414
Mechanical comminution 53
Mechanical grinding 80
Mechanical interlocking
definition 307
porousmaterials 1035
Mechanical interlockingof particles,
greenstrength 307
Mechanical milling, definition 80
Mechanical parts, infiltration 551-552
Mechanical PfMcompacting presses 345
cam-driven 344
eccentric-driven 344
Mechanical prooftesting 714,715
Mechanical properties of high-performance
powder metallurgy components 947-956
bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
density 947-948,949,950
fullydenseferronsparts 950-956
fullydensestainlesssteels 956
highdensityprocessing 948-950
injectionmolding 955-956
powderforging 950-955
surfacedensification 950
warmcompaction 949-950
Median mass diameter 36
particlesizeof metalpowders 36
Median particle size 263
rotatingelectrodeprocess 49
Mediun-carbon alloysteel
as diematerial 353
as toolingsupportadaptermaterial 353
Medium dielectric constant 421
. Melt densification, thermalsprayforming 414
Melt drop (vibrating orifice) technique 50-51
Melt spinning, aluminumalloys 834-835
Melt spinning with attrition, aluminum
andaluminum-alloy powders 148
Melt-spray deposition of powders. . . . . . . . . .. 319
Menstruumprocess 194, 195,932
Mercury
contactanglewithselectP/Mmaterials 282
surfacetensionin vacuum 282
Mercury porosimetry 274,280-285, 1037
MeriSinterAG 376
MERL76 887,894-895,897,898
Mesh-belt conveyorfurnaces .... 453,455,456,469
Mesh belt furnace
hightemperature sintering 475
sinteringofstainless steel 478,479-480
Mesh size 213
Metal carbide powder
as coatingfor wearresistance 974-975
Metal carbide powder
groupIVcombustion synthesis 530
microstructure.. , 728,735,736,737,744
Metal carbonyl carbides 168
Metal chlorides 88
Metal flowrate 398,400
Metal/gasflowrateratio 154
Metal hydrides 88
mechanicalcomminution 53
Metal-injection molded parts, soft
tooling,rapidprototyping 427,428
Metal-injection molding (MIM). Seealso
Powderinjectionmolding. . . . . . . . . .. 11, 17-18,
629,728,743
after selectionlaser sintering 433
applications 18
applications, rangeof 12
capitolequipmentcosts 18
cermets 927-928
characteristics 12
commercialization of. 7
comparedtootherpowderprocessing methods 12
cost. 12
cost effectiveness of short runs 17-18
cost per poundfor production of steel PIMparts 9
densification 17
density 12
Index / 1131
description 11, 14
designguidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
dimensional tolerances 11,12
effectsonmechanicalproperties " 12,955-956
gatelocation 14
magneticmaterials 1006,1010,1012-1013
materialselection 14
materialsrange 12
materialsystem 9
metal/polymerpowdermixtures 1091
near-net-shape capabilities 17
partingline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
porousmaterials 1034
priceper pound 12
productionquantity 12
productionvolume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
propertiesof products 12
schematicof process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
shapeandfeaturesproduced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
size.Ib 12
sizeof products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
stainlesssteel powders 782,783-984,997
toollife 18
ultrafineandnanophasepowdersapplications 76
Metallic filters, developmentof 3,6
Metallicfoams 1043-1047
Metallic nanopowders 72,77-79
Metallized surfaces on ceramic,
specification for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1100
Metallographic determination of
microstructure in cemented carbides,
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1100
Metallographic sample preparation of
cemented carbides, specifications 1100
Metallography of powder
metallurgymateriais 475,476,719-748
automaticgrindingandpolishing 722,724
crackorigindetermination 729,732,748
edgeretention 721
epoxy-resinimpregnation 721
etchantsfor examinationofPIMmaterials. 725,731
fluidremoval andwashing 720
for crackdetection 714,715
macroexamination 722,724
manual grindingandpolishing 724,722-723
measurementof volumeporosity 713
metal powderparticles 723-724
microexamination 725-726,731
microstructures 726-728,730,731,733-743
mountingof compactedspecimens 720-721
mountingof uncompactedmetalpowders 721
powdermetallurgyversus
wroughtmaterials 719
representativemicrographs. . .. 728-729,731,732,
740,741,743-747
samplepreparation 719-722
samplerecord 719
scanningelectronmicroscopy. . . . .. 724-725, 730,
731,732,733
sealedsurface 729,747
sinterhardenedsteels 729,744
specimenidentification 721
specimenselectionandsectioning 719-720
waximpregnation 721-722
Metal-matrix composites
aluminumalloys 21
applications 22
mechanicalproperties 21
particulate-reinforced 22
coldsintering 580-581
developmentof 3
fatigue 958-959
560-563
hot pressing 636-637
magnesiumalloys 21
particulate,references 559-560
reactiveplasmasprayforming 416
references 558-563
titaniumalloys 21
wearresistance 972, 973
Metal-nitride composites 510-511
Metal particles, as dispersingagent. 220
Metal Powder Association 7
Metal powder compactions 23
1132/ Index
Metal powder industries parts recognition,
design competition entries 1103-1108
Metal powderproduction 33-34
Metal powder specifications 1098
Metal powders, specialty applications 1083-1092
Metalspraying, porous materials 1034
Metalsuperheat. 398
Metering 358
Methacrylate, as vial material for SPEX mills 82
Methane 465
endothermic-type gas produced from 469
explosive range 465
Methanol
explosiverange 465
atmosphere 466
as oxide-reducing agent in sinteringatmosphere .. 464
Methanol vapor, physical properties 459,460
Methylcellulose, angle of repose 300
Methylene chloride, reaction to aluminum
powder 157
Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), liquid-liquid
solventextraction 197,198
Microalloying, tantalum powder 910
Microanalysis, definition 223
Microbearings 145
Microcasting/microthermo-mechanical
fonningtecbniques 409
Microchemical analysis 222
Microcomposition 414
Micrormish 700,701
Microfocus electron beam tecbniques 222
Microforging 55,57,58
Microgalvanic cells, stainless steel powders ..... 989
Microhardness and case depth of power
metallurgy parts, specifications ..... 700, 1099
Microhardness measurements,
specifications 817
Microhardness testing 728, 744
Microlaminations 701,728,743,744
Micromechanical models 326,327
yield functions from 331-333
Micromerographs 244
Micro sieves 147
for particle size analysis 147
Micromesh sieving, specifications 240
Micrometers 669
digital. 707
Microplasticity model. 331
Microporosity 275
definition 688
gas-atomized metal powders 47
Microprobe analysis 222
Microscope image analysis 257
Microscopic element 326
Microscopic-immersion method 250
Microscopy, particle image analysis 259
Microsegregation 405
and high-temperature sintering 832
Micro smearing 682,684
Microvoids, advanced aluminum MMCs 849
Microwave heater, for warmcompaction 316
Microwave sintering
alumina 508
titania 509
Miescatteringtheory 237,250
Mild steel powder
Militarystandards, specific types
lOSE,sampling tables 707
MIL-T-21014B, tungsten heavy alloy
processing 499
Mill diameter 61
Milling 33, 685
fine refractory metal powders 72
reactive 81
Milling fluid, viscosity of 57
Milling of brittle and ductile materials 53-66
Mischmetal, additional for hot extrusion 508
Mistake-proofing 708
Mitsubishi 72
Mixers 321-322
convective 103
diffusional 103
ordered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102
random 102
shear 103
Mode conversion around pores 1046
Moa sulfides, chemical composition of 171
Mohr semicircle for unconfined yield strength.. 289
Molar Gibbs free energy component 524
Molten metal infiltration 769
Molten salt electrolytic reduction, titanium
powder 499
Molybdenite 197
Molybdenum alloy powders
for heat shields 592
milling 64
Molybdenum alumino-silicide 532
Molybdenum carbide powder
tap density 295
as wear resistant coating 974
Molybdenum carbonyl. 167
Molybdenum-copper system 544
Molybdenum dioxide 197
Molybdenum disulfide 197,673,675,676,677
Molybdenum electrical contacts 1021-1025
Molybdenumflne powder, hot isostatic
processing 595
Molybdenum hexacarbonyl. 167
Molybdenum-permalloy powder cores,
nominal dimensions of, specifications .... 1099
Molybdenum powders. See also
Refractory metal powders. . . . . .. 5, 197, 903-913
applications 5,6,910-912
alloys 19
for furnace elements 592,595
for heat shields 592
injection moldings 314
microstructure 727
North American metal powder shipments
(1992-1996) 16
oxide reduction ., 67
powder forging 635
production of 5
properties 197
sintering 496-498
tap density 295
Molybdenum-prealloyed steels, warm
compaction benefits 17
Molybdenum silicide 531-532
direct laser sintering 428
Molybdenum-silver electrical contacts,
properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Molybdenum-silversystems 544
Molybdenum trioxide 197
oxide reduction 67
Moment of inertia. . . . . . . . . . . .. 265, 266,268, 271
Mond-Langerprocess 167,169
Monochromator 230,231,232
Monolayer capacity (Vm) 275
Monotape fabrication techniques 413
Morphicfeatures 272
Morphological analysis 272-273
Morphological descriptions 272
Mortiselockparts 1107,1108
Muffie 454,455,456
Mullite
Multidimensional shape
characterization 271-272,273
Multiple-motion adjustable stop presses 349
Multiple-motion die set presses 349
Multitube push type furnace 189-190
Munitions 1092
Mushrooming 417
N
Nt8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 887,888, 889, 890, 899
Nabarro-Herring creep 597,598,607
Nanoceramic composites 511
Nanocrystal 77
Nanodispersion 77
Nanopowder-polymer composites, for
microelectronic applications 79
Nanopowders 77
tungsten carbide powder 194
Nanoscale powders, developments of. 3
Nanostructured materials 21
Nanosuspension 77
Nanoval nozzle design .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lSI
Narrowlimit gaging , 706
Natural gas
atmosphere 466
physical properties 459,460
Natural gas/air, volumetric reaction 460
Natural gas atmosphere, fornickel and
nickel alloys 502
Natural surface charge 220
Near-mesh particles 215
Near-net-shape processes, direct laser
sintering 427-429
Near-pore-free density 379
Near substrate porosity " 406
Nebulization . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35, 229
Nebulizer 230
Neck diameter 449
Neckgrowth,rateof 450
Neck size ratio (X/D) 449
Neodymium, addition to magnesium alloys 19-20
Neodymiumiron boron
applications 1019
as permanent magnets . . . . . . . . .. 1017, 1018, 1019
Neodymium-YAGlaser beams 427-428
Nichrome
Nickel alloy powders
extrusion 626
fatigue 960
maeroexaminations 724
pneumatic isostatic forging 638,639
sintering 501-502
water-atomized 37
Nickel alloy steel powder, tolerances 711
Nickelaluminidepowders 532,1074
apparent density 40
cold sintering 579
mass median particle size of
oxygen content. 40
reactive hot isostatic pressing 520,521
reactive sintering 520,521
Nickelaluminum, atomization of 37
Nickel-aluminum-bonze, laser-based
direct fabrication 434
Nickel-aluminum molybdenum-tantalumalloys 175
Nickel-aluminum molybdenum-tungsten alloys 175
Nickel-base alloy powders
applications 590,1031,1032
hot isostatic pressing 594, 600
Nickel-base alloy powders (continued)
mechanical alloying 86-87
properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071, 1072
rapid solidification rate alloys 48
self-fluxing 1074
spray formed 403,404
wear data " 1072
Nickel-base alloy powders, production of. . 167-178
by atomization 174-176
by hydrometallurgical processing 171-174
carbonyl vapor metallurgy 167-171
mechanicalalloying 176-178
methods 167
Nickel-basebardfacing alloy powders 174,974,975
Nickel-base hardfacing alloys 74
Nickel-base powders, self-fluxing 1069
Nickel-base superalloypowders, corrosion
resistance 978
Nickel-base superalloy powders
extrusion 627
grain sizes, spray formed 405,406
hot isostatic pressing . . . . . . . . . . . .. 590,593,599,
605,615,616
laser-based direct fabrication 434,435
osprey forming process 74-75,319
spray forming 404
tbermalsprayforming 411,415
uniaxial compression tests 599
Nickel-boron compounds 174
operating condition and properties of
water atomized powders 36
Nickel-boron silicon alloys 174
Nickelbriquettes 173,175
Nickel carbonyl powder 167
processing 1032,1033
Nickel-chromiumalloy powder 544
thermal spray forming 409,411
NiCrAlY, field-activated sintering 588
Nickel-cbromium-boron-silicon alloys 174
apparent density 40
Nickel (Ni-Cr-B-8i) alloys
powders 40
oxygen content. 40
Nickel-cobalt separation 180
Nickel-copper powder
degree of homogeneity 444
Kirkendall porosity 443
variation ofsintered density 443
Nickel hydridocarbonyl 167
Nickel iron powder
magnetic properties 1009,1011,1014
milling 58
Nickel-modified iron aluminides 519
Nickel-molybdenum admixed composition,
for welding 661
Nickel-molybdenum prealloyed powders.. 758,759
Nickel-molybdenumsteel powders 125
Nickel-niobuim powder, mechanical alloying " .. 80
Nickel oxide, angles of repose 301
Nickel powder
admixed " 322,756-757
apparent density 40,292
applications 6
cold sintering 581
consolidation 507
alloys 19
explosibili ty 157
explosive compacting .. " " .318
powders " .. 40
microstructure 727
milling 59
milling time effect on microhardness 57
oxide reduction 67
oxygen content. 40
(1992-1996) 16
precipitation from solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67,69
reaction with peAs 81
reactive sintering 516-519
roll compacting 391-392,393,394
sintering 501-502,508
tap density 295
water-atomized 37,42
x-ray line broadening vs. vibratory milling time .. 57
Nickel powder (for use in ammunition),
specifications 1098
Nickel, pure, metal injection molding 14
Nickel seed powder 173
Nickelsilverpowder 861,866,867,868
f?r . : 323,324
rrucroexarrunanon 725
productionof(pIM) , .. 143,145
sintering 489-490
Nickel steel powders
admixed 756,757,758
chemical compositions 756
density effect 440
density effects on mechanical properties 9, 10
high-temperature sintering 829-830
laser sintering 429
mechanical properties. . . . . . . . . . .. 757,758,760,
765,949,950,1096
microstructures 727,738,739,743,
744,746,747,757
sintering 474
Nickel sulfides 173
Nickel superalloy powders, Osprey process
atomization 74,75
Nickel tetracarbonyl. 69, 167, 168
decomposition 169
formation of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170, 171
formation rate data 168-169
gaseous 169
industrial applications 169
photochemical decomposition 169
toxicity. and maximum allowable concentration. 169
Nickel tItanides, cold sintering 579
Nickel trialuminide
Nickel-tungsten powder, degree of
homogeneity 444-445
Nickel-zirconium powder
milling 58,65
Niobium alloy powders
compositions 912
hot isostatic pressing 590,593,617,618
powder production 912
properties 912-913
Niobium-base alloys, injection molding 314
Niobiumcarbides
in particle metallurgy high-speed steels .... 789-790
sintering 493,495-496
Niobium fme powder, hot isostatic pressing 595
Niobium fluoride 197
Niobium nitride, combustion synthesis 534
Niobium powder. See also
Refractory metal powders 903-913
applications 6
as stabilizer of ferritic stainless steels 477
developed by P/Mmethod 5
microstructure 728
production of 197-198,199
Niobium tin (Nb3Sn) 60
Nitric acid, for precious metal powder
production 182
Index / 1133
Nitride-base cermets 923
Nitride-base ceramics, combustion
synthesis in solid gas systems 534-535
Nitride powders 77
Nitrides
cold sintering 580
combustion synthesis 524,527,530
in solid-gas systems 534-535
for PIMtooling 353
high-speed steels 485
Nitriding, tool steels 485
Nitrocarburizing
ferrous alloys 645, 650-651
furnaces used 650
Nitrogen
effect on magnetic properties , .. 1015
for gas atomization of aluminum powder 154
hazards and function of heat treating atmosphere 466
sintering atmospheres 460,463
Nitrogen-base atmospheres 460, 463, 465
for nickeland nickelalloys 501
sintering of aluminumand aluminum alloys 491, 492
sintering offerrous materials 469-470
Nitrogen-gas atmosphere, composition
offurnace atmosphere constituents 460
Nodularpowders 154
Nondestructive evaluation methods of
flaw detection 700,702
Nondestructivetestingmethods , 714-715
Nonferrous alloys powders, metal
Nonferrous powder metallurgy (P/M)
structural parts, materials
for, specifications. . . . . . . .. 426-429,433,441,
648,654,672, 714, 728,
753,756-762,765,
778-779,1052,1053,1099
Nonlinear iteration method 252
Nonlinear optimization techniques 602
Nonmetallic inclusion level of powder
forged (PfF) steel parts,
Nonmetallics, effect on compressibility 303
Nonoxide refractories, as dispersing agent. 220
Nonpolar polymers, as dispersing agent. 221
Notch plate 1107,1108
Nucleation, precious metal powders 182
Nucleationreduction 180
Nu-iron process 116
Number of defects " , .702,703
definition 701
o
Oberliinder process 5
Obscuration 248
Obscuration detector 251
Octahedral shear stress component 24
Octane " " .. 81
Oil atomization 43
process method 35
Oil content, determination of,
specifications. . . . . . . . . . .. 227,699,712-713,
719,720,1099
Oil impregnation 683
after conventional die compaction " .. 13
Oleic acid 104,107,322
One-way clutch races 764,767
Opacity, aluminumpowder 150
Open circuit potential. 984-985,986-987
Opening stress range 961
Open-pore foam " 1045
Optical microscopy 223,259,260-261
of carbide precipitates 477
preparation of slides 260-261
Optical particle counting 236,237
Opticalsensing part, brass 1107, 1008
Optical sensing zone size analysis 247,248-249
1134/ Index
Optical stage micrometer 262
Optoholders, brass 1107,1108
Ordering, mechanical 102
Order of the coefficient 272
Osann process 5
Oscillating sampler 260
Osmium, for incandescent lamp filaments 5
Osprey forming process 74-75
Ospreymetals (Wales) 72,379-398
Ospreymode, sprayforming 396,397
Osprey process 74-75,319
as atomized diameters of various alloys
produced 75
Ostwald ripening 567
tungsten heavy alloys 916,917,918
Out-of-roundness 272, 273
Overall estimation error 235
total 235,236
Overblending 104
Overpressure sintering, cemented carbides 493-494
Oversized particle indicator 248-249
Oxalates, as reducing agents 184
Oxalic acid 81
Oxalic acid etch screening 987
Oxidants, as oxide-reducing agents in
Oxidation
belt 459
colors for steel 458
frosted parts 459
heavily oxidized parts 459
surface 458-459
as purity index 36
Oxidation resistance 85
ODS mechanically alloyed materials 85
Oxide-base cermets 923
Oxide-dispersion strengthened
(ODS) alloys 60,81,84,85
commercial processing _ 85
corrosion resistance 998, 1000-1001
Oxide-dispersion strengthened
(ODS) copper 869-873
grades " 870
low-oxygen (LOX) compositions 871
manufacture 869-870
properties 870--871,872, 873
Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS)
iron-basesuperalloys 128,131
Oxide-dispersion strengthened superalloy
powders
Oxide inclusions 412
Oxide-reducing agents, sintering
atmospheres 463-464
Oxide-reduction 67,68
copper powder 859,860
Oxides
cold sintering 580
combustion synthesis 530, 535-536
Oxydrolysis 172
OxyfueIthermalspraywelding 43
gas atomization 43
Oxygen
effect on magnetic properties 1014,1015
effect onpowder compressibility 303, 305
Oxygen-free copper
impurities effect on electrical conductivity ..... 132
p
PA10l 887, 893, 894, 895
Package rolling, electrical
contact materials 1029
Padlock body, net-shape steel. 1108
Palate expander, stainless steel. 1106,1007
Palladiumbromide 185
Palladium nitrate 185
Palladiumpowder
as activator in tungstensintering 446
halo derivative of. 168
microstructure 727
production of 4
Palladium powders, production of 182,185-186
advantages 185
applicatious 185
particle sizes 186
properties 185
reducing agents 185
spray pyrolysis 186
starting materials 185
Palladium-silver alloy powders 182,185
Palladium-holepunch,foldable 1106,1107
Parabolic rate law 133, 541
Paraffin 453-455
Paris growth law, modified 961
Parlodion 261,262
Partek process 715
Partical alloying 647
Partical alloyed powders 752,753,758-759,761
additives 759
mechanical properties 759,761
microstructure 753
Partially prealloyed steels (Distalloy)
Particle cross section 269
Particle deformation 53
Particle diameter 504
Particle distribution of refractory
metal-type powders by turbidimetry,
Particle entertainment 299
Particle hardening 335
Particle image analysis
image analysis of powder size 259-263
particle shape characterization 263-266
particle shape factors 266-273
Particle metallurgy
definition 786
Particle metallurgy high-speed steels 789-792
Particle metallurgy tool steels 786-802
applications, industrial. 789
cobalt-free super-high-speed steels 790--791
cold-work tool steels 792-796
composite bars 800--801
cutting tool applications 792
development 788-789
grindability " 787-788
heat treatment for high-speed steels 791-792
high-speedsteels 789-792
HlPcladding 800--801
hot work particle metallurgy tool steels 799-800
microstructure characteristics 786-787
near-net shapes 800--801
process 786
processing benefits 788
product forms 786
suppliers 786
toughness improvements 787-788
wear/corrosion-resistant tool steels 796-799
Particle size 211
effective 236
Particle size analysis 259, 1099
Particle size and size distribution 234-238,247-248
discrepancies in size measurement 234
dispersion 235-236
measurement method advantages and
disadvantages 236
measurement of particle size " 236-237
measuring techniques 234,235
method and effective size ranges 234,235
sample preparation 235-236
sampling errors 235
sieving as size measurement 234
Particle size of refractory metals
by the Fisher Subsieve Sizer,
specifications 146,147, 190,242,1098
Particle size distribution of metal powders
by light scattering 190,1098
Particlesize distribution of refractory
metals bygravitysedimentation ..... 190,1098
Particle size distributions (PSDs) 218,398,399,406
Particulate reinforced titanium 881,882-883
Parting line, in metal injection molding . . . . . . . .. 14
Pascal Inclyno sieve 216
Passivating treatments, stainless steel powders .. 977
Passive current density 978,985,986,988
Passivity 985,988
p chart analysis 701-701
Pearliticsteels " ;. 1073
Pechukas and Gage apparatus, modified 278
Peeling 659
Penetrator technique 625
Penetrometer assembly 280
Percolation threshold, shift infilled polymers
by usage of highly porous nanosized powders .. 79
Perfect plasticity 330
Perimeter
actual 271
convex , 271
Perimeter diameter , 259,262
Perimeter of projection profile of particles 267
Perimeter of the convex hull 259
Permalloy (2-81), sulfurization 70
Permanent magnets 1017-1019
Permeability 277,424
Permeability equation 424
Permeability factor 295, 297
Permeability of feebly magnetic
materials, specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Permeameters 242
Perrneametry 274,277-278
Perovskites, thermally spray deposited 412
Perspex box 299-300
Perspex tube 300
Phase accommodation 447
Phase-angle ftring 593
Phase identification 228
Phase separation, degree of 529
Phosphides, combustion synthesis 527,534
Phosphines 167
Phosphites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Phosphor-copper shot, water atomized,
particle size distributions of atomized
powders 35
Phosphorus, in iron alloys 726-727,737
Phosphorus-copper,milling 58
Phosphorus deoxidized copper (bronze),
gas atomization 47
Phosphorus iron powder
admixed 758,760
applications 758
magnetic properties , . 1009-1010,1013, 1014
mechanical properties 758,760
properties 758, 760
soft magnetic properties 758, 760
Phosphorus pentoxide, formed in copper
powderproduction 140
Phosphorus steel, sintering 474
Photoelectric effect 224
Photomultiplier tube (pMT) 230
Photon correlation spectroscopy .. " 236,237
Photosedimentation 245
Photozone (photicsensing zone) methods 248
Physical vapor deposition, coatings for
cemented tungsten carbide 968
Pigment soot 77
Pin-abrasion wear testing 794,795,799
Pinning 155
Pin-on-disk wear tests 847
Piston-cylinder high-pressure method 584
Pitot tube measurements 398
Pitting corrosion 978,988
stainless steel powders , , 985,991
Pitting potential 978,985,988
stainless steel powders 985,992,994
Pit-type furnace for steam treating 653
microcarburizing '" .. 650
Planar now casting (PFC) process 835
Planetary ball mill 65, 85
Planetary carrier brazed 1105,1106
Plasma activated sintering (PAS) . . .. 84,584,585,
586,587,588
Plasma arc rotating electrode process
(PREP) " 37,49
Plasma densification 96,414
Plasma-heated tundish (pHT) 75
Plasma nitrocarburizing 650
Plasma processing 20
Plasma reduction 77
Plasma-rotating electrode process
(PREP) 164, 165,609,627
superalloy powders 175, 889
titanium aluminides 883
titanium powder 499
Plasma sintering 584
Plasma sprayforming 411,412,413
Plasma sprayprocess 96, 1075
Plasma transferred arc process . . . . . .. 1070, 1072,
1074,1075-1076
nickel-base powders ' 1072
Plasma tungsten arc (PTA) welding 43
gas atomization 43
Plasma vacuum furnaces, nitrocarburizing 650
Plasma vapor deposition, toll steel powders 788
Plaster-to-water ratio 423-424
Plastic flow 449
Plastic injection molding 427
after selective laser sintering 433
Plasticity theory 809
Plasticizers
effect on blending techniques 108
for warmcompaction 316
Plastic multiplier 329
Plastic polyamide, for planetary ball mill parts 82
Plastics 1087, 1088
as vial materials for SPEX mills 82
Plastic strain 332
Plastic strain increment 24,330,336
Plastic yielding densification 597,598
Plastic zone size 961
Plating
PIMprocessplanningsecondaryoperation .. 697, 698
Platinum alloy powders
apparent density 40
extrusion 627
powders " 40
oxygen content. 40
Platinum-arsenic alloys
fusible .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,4
Platinum fusion process 3,4-5
Platinum-gold powders 184
Platinum-iridium powders 187
Platinum oxide 69
Platinum-palladiumpowders 187
Platinum-palladium-silver 182
Platinum powders
annealing 4
content in ancient ingots 3
for shadowing in transmission electron
microscopy 261
fusion procedure 4-5
halo derivative of. " . 168
history of powder metallurgy of 3-5
malleable, production of " .4
microstructure 727
techniques of production used by Incas 3
Platinum powders, production of 182,186-187
advantages 186
alloys produced 187
applications 186
particle sizes 186
reducing agents 186
Platinum-rhodium powders 187
P/M, See Powder metallurgy.
PMB designation 665
Pneumatic 638
Pneumatic isostatic forging (PIF) 638-641
Pneumatic molding machine 358
Pocket plate 1107,1108
Point fraction 269
Point samplers 208
Poiseuille equation 284,359
Poiseuille's capillarylaw 541, 1036
Poisson law 702
Poisson probability distribution 702-703
Poisson's ratio 333
and part density 808-809
Polar data set (R9) 272
Polarization experiments 985-988
Polarization resistance 985,986,987
Polarization keys, nickel-silver 1105-1106, 1107
Polar materials, as dispersing agent 220
Polar polymers, as dispersing agent 220-221
Polar-substituted polyesters 220
Polyester resin (styrene), as impregnation resin .. 690
Polyethylene, explosibility 157
Polyethylene wax 106
Polymerimpregnation 673
Polymers
addition for warm compaction process ., 316
as binders 107
dilute, for low-pressure molding 429
nonpolar, as dispersing agent 221
polar, as dispersing agent 220-221
Polyvinylalcohol, as binder. 107
Polyvinyl pyrolidone 108,187
Popcorn ball structure 199
Pop out 353
Pore-free density 376,378,719
Pore pressure rupture/gas permeability ... 702,714
Pore pressure rupture testing of
green compacts 715,716
Pore size 274-277, 283, 284, 285
Pore volume 278
Porosity 274-277,278-285
effect on fatigue and fracture control 959-962
of particles 266
sprayforming 402,403-404
Porosity apparent in cemented carbides,
Porosity, intrinsic, offmal product 579-580
Porosity, trapped gas 403-404,406
Porous materials, development of 6
Porous metals, development of, 3
Porous powder metallurgy technology .. 1031-1042
Postcasting processing 605
Postsinter forming, cemented carbides 933
Postsintering heat treatments
Potash pellets, angle of repose 300
Potassium powder
Postassium sulfite 184
as reducing agent 183
Potassium tantalumfluoride 198
Potential-determining ions (PDI) 420-421
Potentiostatic anodic-polarization tests 476, 482
Powder binders 322
Powder characterization and testing
methods,specifications 1098-1099
Powder compaction modeling 326-342
Powder contamination, mechanical alloying .. 89-90
Powder density 210
Powder extrusion 317
Powder fill 54
Powder forged ferrous structural
parts, specifications 804,817,1099
Powder forged steel. 803-827
alloying elements 804-805
applications 803,812,814,819-823
carburizing 812--813
composition 816, 820
compression yield strength 814,817,818
density 816-817
density effect on mechanical properties 803, 804
fatigue resistance 812
forging mode 812,813
forms of powder forging 803
fracture encountered 810
furnaces used 807-808
hardenability 813
healtreating practices 811,812-813
hot repressing 803,805,810
hot upsetting 803,805
.. ..,."I'/.'
Index/1135
inclusion assessment 805, 806
iron powder contamination 805-806
machining required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811, 812
material considerations 803-806
material designations 804,805
mechanical properties 811--815
metal flow 807, 808-810
metallographic analysis 817-819,820
porosity effect 803
porosity effect on mechanical
properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 804, 810,
814,818,819
preforming 806-807
presses used 808
process 803
process considerations 806-811
process line 806
quality assurance for parts 815-819,820
rolling-contact fatigue 814,819
secondary operations 810-811
sintering and reheating 807-808
tempering 813,814
tensile and impact properties 809-810
tensile impact and fatigue
properties 813,815,816,817
tool design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
versus conventional forging operations 811,812
versus forging of wrought steels 803
Powder forging (PJF) 11,14-15,
317,326,376
applications, range of 12
axial, lateral or diametric tolerances . . . . . . . . . .. 15
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
compared to other powder processing methods. .. 12
concentricity 15
configuration guidelines 15
cost. '. 12,13
definition 803
density 12
dimensional tolerance 12
effect on mechanical properties 950-955
heat treatment of steels 955
materials range 12
mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
preform 14-15
price per pound 12
production quantity . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 12
production volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
properties of products 12
size, lb 12
size of products 12
Powderforging connecting rods 763
Powderforgings, properties of steels , 11
Powder handling 83
Powder immersion reaction assisted
coating (pffiAC) 580
Powder injection molding
(pIM). See also Metal
injection molding 26-28,355-364,431
advantages 26,358,360-361
applications 355,362,363-364
binder system 356
core production sequence 355
criteria for 361
defects caused by 26
densification 360
description 355
design guide , 361-363
economics 364
equipment 355-359
geometric considerations 361,362-363
limitations 360-361
materials 355-359,363-364
molding cycles 359-360
molding machines 358-359
other treatments employed 362
parameters 359,360
post-sintering steps 360
process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 355
process description 359-360
processing parameters 26-27
process simulation 27-28
properties attainable 363-364
sintering 360
1136/ Index
Powder injection molding (continued)
soft tooling 430
standard deviation of production
components 362-363
superalloy powders 894, 897
thermal debinding 360
tolerances 361,362, 363
tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 356-358
tool set 357-358
versus die compaction 360-361
Powder injection tooling 26
Powder lancing 1082
Powderlubricants 322-325
amount used 323
bi-Iubricant systems 324-325
examples 322-323
for ferrous materials 323-324
interactions and reactions 322
multicomponent. 323
nonferrous materials 324-325
properties 322, 323
removal 324
selection 322-323
sliding pressure 323
stripping pressure 323--324
stripping strength 324
study of 323
Powderlubrication method 303
Powder metallurgy based metal-matrix
composites, aluminum powders 158
Powder metallurgydispersion-
strengthened products, development of 3
Powder MetallurgyEquipment Association 7
Powder metallurgyforgings 6
Powder metallurgyforging technique 7
Powder metallurgyfriction materials,
pressing of 345
Powder metallurgymethods and design 9-15
Powder metallurgy for rapid prototyping 426-436
applications 428
laser-based direct fabrication 433--435
low-pressure molding (LPM) 430-432
powder metallurgy prototypes 426-429
rapid prototyping methods 426-429
selective laser sintering (SLS) 427,432-433
softtooling 427,429-430
Powder metallurgynear-net shapes 19
Powder metallurgy parts and
products industry, sales
figuresinNorthAmerica 7
Powder metallurgy permanent
magnets, developments of 6
Powder metallurgy powder
production, annual worldwide
tonnage 7
Powder metallurgy powder shipments,
value from U.S. in 1995 7
Powder metallurgy presses and tooling 343-354
Powder metallurgy process, definition 9
Powder metallurgy processing 605
Powder metallurgy process planning 696-698
Powder metallurgy standards,
cross-index of 1098-1100
Powder rolling 84, 317
Powders
cohesive 206
free-flowing 206
Powders, metal, atomized (aluminum,
magnesium, magnesium-aluminum),
specifications 1098
Powder scarling 1082
Powder shaping and consolidation
technologies 313--320
binders used in powder shaping 313-314
bulk deformation processes 317
categories of powder shaping methods 313--315
compaction options 313,315
compaction tohigher density 317-319
powder compaction methods 315-317
selecting a process 319-320
selection factors 313
sintering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
steps in shaping process 314
Powder shoe 297
Powder treatments and lubrication 321-325
annealing 322
classifying/screening 321
lubrication 322-325
mixtures and segregation 321
stabilization of powder mixtures 321-322
Powderwelding 1076
Power-lawcreep 594
Power-lawcreep densification 597,598,599,603
IllP 607
Power-lawcreep equation 30, 849
Power-lawcreep exponent 598, 599
Power-lawkinetics 525
Power ratchet parts 1104, 1105
Power rolling (roll compacting), cerrnets 926-927
Powersteeringmeteringpumps 1103
Prealloyed (PA) method, titanium
alloy powders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 874,876-878,
879,880,881,882
Prealloyed powders 322,752-753,
758,759,761
compressibility curves 758
consolidation of compacts 438
for sinter hardening 651-652
machinability 672
microstructure 759
powder forging 804
shrinkage 710
Prealloyed steel powders
scanning electron microscopy. . . . .. 724-725,730,
731,732,733
sintering 473
Prealloying
before gas atomization 47
Precision electroformed sieves,
specification for 1100
Precision forging 951
Precious metal powders, production of 37, 182-187
Precipitation
from salt solutions 69
from solution 67-69
indirect. 67
successive 69
ultrafine and nanophase powders 72, 75
Precipitation from a gas 70
Precipitators 141-142
Precompaction 621
Preconsolidation 289
Prefilming operation 43,44
Premix bronze powder, flowrate through
Halland Carney funnels 296
Premixes 377,379
Premixing of powders 102
Preoxidized-press-sinter-extrude process,
electrical contact materials 1029
Preoxidized process
electrical contact materials 1029
PREP 616,617
Preshear (consolidation) 289
Preshearnormal stress 289
Presintering 674
Press and sinter process 9,769, 803
Press deflection 352
Press, sintered, size, costs per pound for
production of steel PIMparts 9
Pressed and sintered, costs per pound for
production of steel PIMparts 9
Presses and tooling for powder metallurgy 343--354
Press-ready mixes 106
Press-sintering, electrical contact materials 1028
Press-sinter-extrude method, electrical
contact materials 1028
Press-sinter-repress method, electrical contact
materials 1028
Pressure, maximum 576
Pressure, relative 275
Pressure, saturation 275
Pressure-assisted sintering 438
Pressure-assisted reactive sintering 520-521
Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), vs hot
isostatic pressing 606-607
Pressure balance 613
Pressure casting 424-425
Pressure compacting, disadvantages 420
Pressure component 336
Pressure correction factor 29
Pressure drop 369,370
Pressure generators 384
Pressureless sintering
ceramics 509,510
ultrafine and nanocrystalline powder .. 504-506,509
Pressure required to plastically
deform a compact. 332
Pressure vessels, for cold isostatic pressing .. 383--384
Pressure vessels, design of 590-591,592,593
Pressurized furnaces, to steam treat
PIMsteels 13
Primary passivation potential 988
Principle radii of curvature 449
Printing inks 1087,1088
Prior particle boundaries (PPBs) 131
Prior particle boundary (PPB) problem,
superalloypowders 999,1000
Probabilistic sampling 235
Process capability indices 696, 697
actual 696
Process control 699-700
compacting process control 699
green density checks 699
heat treat process control 700
restrike process control 700
secondary operations 700
sintering process control 699-700
Process control agent (PCA) 81
Process modeling 488-452
Process modeling and design for
powder metallurgyparts 23-30
hot isostatic pressing 28-30
powder injection molding 26-28
Production ofaluminumpowders 148-159
Production ofberyUium powders 202-203
Production of cobalt-base powders 179-181
Production of copper-alloy powders 143--145
Production of copper powders 132-142
Production of iron powder. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110-112
Production sintering practices 468-503
aluminum, sintering of 490-492,493
aluminum alloys, sintering of 490-492, 493
brass, sintering of 489-490
cemented carbides sintering of 492-496
copper-base alloys, sintering of 487-490
ferrous materials sintering of 468-476
high-speed steels, sintering of 482-487
molybdenum, sintering of 496-498
nickel, sintering of 501-502
nickel-alloys, sintering of 501-502
nickel silvers, sintering of 489-490
stainless steel, sintering of 476-482
temperatures for powder metal alloys and
special ceramics 468
titanium, sintering of 499-501
tool steels, sintering of 482-487
tungsten, sintering of 496-498
tungsten heavy alloys, sintering of 499
Proof testing 714
Project area diameter (do) 259,262
Propane gas, physical properties 459,460
Protection potential ., 978, 986
Pseudoagglomerates 263
Pseudo-hot isostatic pressing
aluminides ' 532
diamond composites 533
Pseudoplaslicity 366
Pulleys 354
Pulsed atomization, aluminum and aluminum
alloy powders 148
Pulsed-electrical-discharge
activated-pressure sintering 584
Pulsed electrical discharge with pressure
application 584
Pulse discharge sintering 584
Pulsed laserwelding, advancedaluminumMMCs 852
Pulverisette 82
Punch, tubular 351
Punch clamp rings 353
Punch componentstress 351-352
Punch compression 352
Punches 351, 353
Punch motion 448
Pusher furnace 453.456
sintering of stainless steel 478.479-480
Pushtypefurnaces 189-190.191.193
PV formula 1056
Pycnometry 274.278-280
accuracy 279-280
apparatus 278-279
definition 278
flow chart for pycnometer 279
gas 278.279-280
liquid 278-279
state of the system 279
theory 278-279
zeroed sample system 279
Pyrite,inoredeposits 141
Pyrochlore 197
Pyron iron powders 112.113
Pyron process 110.111-112.113.1048
Pyrophoric iron 116
Q
Q factor 1019
QITiron 117
Qualitative analysis of projected
images 267.268.272
Qualitative SEMshape analysis 266-267.272
Quality control and inspection 698--ti99
Quality control and inspection of
secondary operations 705-709
Quality control ofPJMparts production 693-704
Quantitative image analysis 236-237
Quantitative image analyzers 262
Quantitativeshapeanalysis " 259
Quasi-fluids 630
Quasi-isostatic pressing, ultrafine and
nanocrystalline powders 506
Quebec Metal Powders (QMP)
process 117-119,125.126
Quench furnaces, nitrocarburizing 650
Quenching 231
Quick cool 619
Quick HIPsystem 594
Quickset process. See also Freeze
casting 314.429.431
R
Radar absorption, ultrafine and nanophase
powders applications 76
Radial crushing strength, determination
of, specifications 1099
Radial cutter 209
Radial displacement of powder 54
RadialmassOuxdistribution 398.399,400
Radialskewness 273
Radialstrain increment 336
Radial wedge effect 54
Radiance 273
Radiation shields 592
Radiation treatments, to promote rapid
sintering 446-447
Radii 354
Radius of curvature 404
Ram extruder 367,368
Random assembly 703
Range chart 694. 695. 696, 701
Range, sample 695
Rapid burn-offzones 468
Rapid diffusion 594
Rapid manufacturing 433
Rapid omnidirectional compaction (ROC) 606--ti07
titaniumalloy powders 877
Rapid omnidirectional consolidation
(ROC), aluminum alloy powders 839
Rapid part prototyping, thermal spray
forming 408.412
Rapid prototype tool materials, powder
Rapid prototyping, powder
metallurgy methods for 315.426-436
Rapid solidification (RS) . . . . . . . 19-20. 37. 128
aluminum alloys 19.834
and cold sintering 579
development 3
gamma alloys 20
magnesium alloys 19-20
titaniumalloyed powders 20.880.881
titaniumaluminideintermetallics " 20
vs. mechanical alloying 86
Rapid solidification rate (RSR) process 48-49
Rapid vaporizing 95
Rare earth alloys, as permanent magnets 1018
Rare earth elements, addition to rapid
solidification alloys 20
Rare earth magnets, applications 1018-1019
Ratchet-wheel set, warm compacted 1107. 1108
Ratholes 287,288.290
Rational sampling 694.696
Rattler test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Rayleigh instability 45
Reaction wave velocity 525
Reactive hot isostatic pressing (RHIP) 516.520.521
conditions and tensile properties of compounds.
alloys. and composites fabricated 520
Reactivehotpressing(RHP) .... 516.519.520.521
conditions and tensile properties of compounds,
alloys. and composites fabricated 520
Reactive metals, powder metallurgy used for 6
Reactive milling 81
Reactive plasma spray forming 411.415-416
Reactivesintering 317.516-522
aim 516
atmospheres 521
augmenting liquid phase formation by alloying.. 519
classes of reactions 516-517
conditions and tensile properties of
compounds. alloys and composites fabricated .. 520
control over liquid formation by diluent 518-519
densification during 517-520
green compaction influence 519-520
manipulation ofliquid phase with process
parameters 517-518
microstructure ofproducts 521
porosity evolution during combustion synthesis 516
powder size ratio 517-518
pressure application influence 521
pressure-assisted reactive sintering 520-521
Reactive synthesis " " 516
Real-time data collection 708
Reaming 685
Recarburization, endothermic atmospheres 461
Reciprocating screw machine 358
Recirculation vortexes 150
Recorderchart 291
Recording calipers 262
Recording micrometer eyepieces 262
RecrystaUization, secondary 85
Recycled alloys 19.196-197
Recycling
tungsten carbide powder 196-197
tungsten powder 193
Red cuprous oxide 133
Red hardness 789,790.791
Redox curves 479
Reduced iron powders 675.1066-1067
Reducing agents, for gold powder. 184
Reducingreactant 524
Reduction end solution 173-175
Reduction ratio 370
Reduction temperatures 67
Re-entrant angles 15
powderforged parts 15
Refractories, nonoxide. as dispersing agent 220
Refractory carbides, reactive plasma spray
forming 416
Refractory metal alloys, hot isostatic pressing 605
Refractory metal carbides, properties 932
Index/1137
Refractory metal powders 903-913
applications 903, 906-913
brazing 906
characteristics 903-904
coatings for 903, 904
compositions 904
disadvantages 903
fabrication 904-906
formed using PIMtechniques 6
mill-processing temperature 904. 905
postweld annealing treatment 905
processing 904
properties 906. 906-913
selection 904-906
welding 905-906
Refractory metal powders, production of .. 188-201
molybdenumpowder 5.197
niobium powder 197-198.199
rheniumpowder 903-913
tantalum powder 197-199
tungsten and tungsten carbide powders 188-197
Reichmann method 420
Relative bioavailability (RDV) 1091
Relative density 504
Relative density function 599
Remanence 1007
Remanent magnetization 1007
defined 1007
Rene41 898,899
Rene 88DT 887. 890. 892-893, 899
Rene95 887.888.889.
891-892.898,899
applications 999
compositions 1000
corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1000
Reporting particle size characteristics
of pigments, specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Reprecipitation 567
Repressing 317,632.1013
to improve dimensional tolerance 668
Repressing and resintering, for fracture
resistance 963
Residual induction 1007
Residual products 72
Resilience, modulus of 910
Resin impregnation of powder
metallurgy parts 688--ti92
definition 688
dry-vacuumpressure method 689
factors 690
fluids involved in PIMapplications 691
impregnation resins 689
in pressure injection method 689,690
machining benefits 691--ti92
materials used 689,690
methods 688--ti9O
performance 690-692
purposes 688
radial crushing strength comparison 690
technologies 688--ti9O
types ofimpregnation resins 688
wet vacuum impregnation method 689
wet-vacuumpressure method 689
Resistance element heating
molybdenum 498
tungsten 498
Resistance projection welding
(RPW) 656--ti57.659
Resistance sintering 583.584
Resistance/spark sintering under
pressure 584,586.587
Resistive hot pressing 583
Resonance testing 702.714
Resonant frequency 25,330.331
Resonantfrequency testing methods 25
Restricted tolerance attribute gaging 706
Restrike
PIMprocess planning secondary operation 697
process control. 700
Restrike-densification process 705.706.707
1138/ Index
Restrike-sizing process 705
Resulfurized powders 675
Retained magnetism 665
Retarding field analyzers 226
Retrofit 674
Retsch ultrasonic sieving apparatus 218
Retsch wet sieving machine 217
Reversed plastic zone 960
Reversed plastic zone size 961
Reynolds nmnber 613
Rhenium alloy powders
applications 913
properties 912,913
Rhenium powder. See also Refractory metal
powders.
applications 913
properties 912, 913
Rhenium powder, production of, See also
Refractorymetal powders, productionof. 903--913
Rheocasting 401--402
Rheology modifiers 365,366
Rhodium powders 182
Richardson free energy chart 502
Richardson plot. 265-266, 269
Riftling 241
Rippling 458,464
Robots
die compaction 449
pick and place 449
Rockwell hardness .. , .. " 1064
Rocket nozzles 549-550,551
A-scale diamond cone indentation test 938
Bscale 713
Cscale " 714
superficial indenter 723
Rod milling (laboratory milling) 244
Rod mills " 83
Rokide process 412
Roll compacted strip 6
Roll compacting of metal
powders " 11,317,389-395
characteristics of powder 389
cobalt powder strip 391,392
commercial production. " 391-392
composite bearings 393--394
definition 389
materials suitable for 389
nickel powder strip 391-392,393
production procedures 389-391
recent developments 394
specialty applications 392-394
Roller air analyzers 244, 245
Rolleratomization " 50
Roller burnishing 668,684,686
Roller-hearth furnace 453,456
Rolling
beryllium powder 942
Roof coatings 1087
Rootare-Prenzlow equation 284
Rosin-Ramler law 153
Rotating bending fatigue (RBF) testing 377,648
powder forged steel 813,815
Rotating cylinder method 299
Rotating disk process 609
Rotating electrode process (REP) 49,97-101,
164,609,616
superalloy powders 175,998
titanium alloys 99, 100
Rotating electrode process atomization,
Rotation rate, particle size distribution and 99
Rotatory compressor frame
copper-steel. " 1103-1104
Rotary furnaces " 189,190
tungsten carbide powder " . 193
Rotary presses 349
Rotatory sample divider 209-210
Rotor and stator stainless steel. 1104, 1105
Roundness, definition 271
Ruggedness (waviness), planar shape 271
Rule of mixtures approach 625
Runner diameter 359
Run test 694
Rust inhibitors 720
Ruthenimn carbonyl. 167
Ruthenimn-platinmn powders 187
Ruthenium powders 182
s
Safety hazards, alwninum powder 157-158
Safety requirements for the construction,
safeguarding, care, and use ofP/M
presses, specifications 343,1098
Salt mesh digestion, tungstenpowder 193
Salt-spray cabinet test 978, 984
Salt-spray tests 978,982-983,984
Sample record 719
Sample subgroup 694
Sample variance 103
Sampling
particle image analysis 259-260
Sampling and testing aluminum
powder and paste,
specifications 1086-1087,1098
Sampling finished lots of metal
powders, specifications 721, 1098
Samplingofpowders 206-210
by increments " .. 210
chute splitting 209
coning and quartering 209
containers to be sampled from a packaged lot 207
dusty material 209
evaluation of 210
flowing streams 207-210
fromaconveyorbelt 208
from falling streams 208
from trucks or wagons 207
golden rules of 206,209-210
point samplers 208
reduction of sample 209-210
rotatory sample divider 209-210
scoop sampling 209
slurry sampling 210
stored free-flowing material. 207
stored material sampling of 207
stored nonflowing material 207
stream sampling ladles 208-209
table sampling 209
types of errors 206
weight of sample required 210
Samplingspear (thiet) 207
Sampling tables 260, 707
Sand, angles of repose 301
Sandvik, spray forming 398
Sanicro 65,398
Satellites 155
Satelliting 47, 151
Saturated feeding 390
Saturation magnetic moment. 177
Saturation pressure of liquefied gas 275
Sauter mean diameter , 153,155,242
Scale ofscrutiny 103
Scanning Auger microscope 223,224, 225
Scanning electron 223
Scanning electron microscope 222
Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 222,223-224,259,
268,724-725,730-733
particle image analysis..... 261-262,266-267,272
primary carbides in PM
cold-work tool steels 793,798
silicon oxides in stainless steel. 479
tungsten powder 190
Scanning electron microscopy/energy-
dispersive x-ray spectrometry,
wear/corrosion-resistant tool steels ..... 797,798
Scanning transmission electron
microscopy 223,224,225
Scan rate 985,986
Scheelite 189
Scoop sampling 241
particle image analysis 260
Scott volmneter 293,294
Scrap logs 701
Screw extruders 368, 369
Scaled surfaces 729,747
Secondary electron detector , 223
Secondaryion mass spectrometry 222,225
dynamic 227
static , 227
Secondary ion mass spectroscopy 226-227
Secondary ions 226-227
Secondary milling 53
Second moment about the mean 272,273
Sector analyzers 226
Sedigraph 190,245,246
Sedimentation
definition 244
for partial size analysis 147
tungsten powder 190
Sedimentation methods . . . . . . . . 236, 237, 244-246
Segregation 104,755,759
sieve analysis 241
SeishinRobotSifter 218,219
Selective laser reactive sintering
(SLRS) 843
Selective laser sintering (SLS) 427,432-433,843
Selenides, combustion synthesis 534
Selenium oxide 69
Self-curing an aerobics, as impregnation
resins , 690
Self-fluxing alloys 41,411
Self-fluxing reaction 175
Self-hardening steels 1073
Self-passivating 985
Self-propagating high-temperature
synthesis (SHS) 414-415,516
Self-resistance heating 498
Sensitization 987
stainless steel powders. . . . . .. 53,70,990,991,992
Sensitization of microstructure 978
Sensor parts , 764
Serial sectioning 268
Servo-hydraulic valve 449
Settling velocity 244
Shadowgraphy 268
Shaker mills 81-82
Shape analyzer 273
Shape correction factor 1036
Shape terms 267,271
Sharpness index 211
Shear 289-290
definition 53
Shear dilatancy 24-25
Shear modulus 329,331
Shear normal stress 289
Shear rate factor 370
Shearstress 291
maximum 576
Shear testing 289
Shear-thinning exponents 370
Sheelite 932
Sherritt ammonia pressure leach process. . 170, 171
Sherritt cobalt powder, properties 180
Sherritt cobalt refming process. . . . . . 172-175, 179
Sherritt(Corefco)refmery 171,179
Sherritt Gordon process 67-68
nickel powder 391
Sherrittprocess 167,170,171,179
Sherritt's nickel powder, properties
of standard grade 173
Shewhart control charts 693, 694-696
for defect data 701-703
Shima/orfane model. 333
Shock-resisting toolsteels, as punch material. 353
Shockwave consolidation, ultrafme and
nanocrystalline powders 508
Shoreline , " 219
Short rod fracture toughness, specifications .. 1100
Short shots " 359
Shot blasting, stainless steel powders 997
Shot casting 51
Shot peening, for fracture resistance 963
Shotting 35
Shrinkage
isotropic 596,603
manganese silicon steels 474
related to neck size 450
total volumetric 596
Shrinkage factor (Y) 357
Sieve agitators 239
Sieve analysis 236, 239-242
equipment for sieving 239
micromet sieving 240, 241
sieve analysis variations 240-242
sieving problems 239-240
standard test method 239
standardization U.S. sieve series 239
ultrasonic wet sieving devices 240
wet sieving 240
with electrozone analysis 248
Sieve analysis of granular metal
powders,specifications 147,217,
239,1078,1098
Sieve fractionation process 264
Sievert's law 480
Sieves
blinded (blanketed) 240
calibration of 215
certification types 239
damaged 240
electroforrned 213
electroforrned micrornesh 214
etched , .. " 214
matched 239
micromesh 213-214,217,240,241
microplate 214
overloaded 239-240
punched plate 213-214
standard 214
woven-wire 213-214,215,217,239
Sieve size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Sieving
definition 213
tinpowders 147
Sieving conventional rate test 215
Sieving methods 206, 213-218
air-jet sieving 217-218
apertures, variety of 213
automated systems 218
difficulties 213
dry sieving 216
errors 215-216
hand sieving 215,216,217
machine sieving 215,216-217
manual wet sieving 217
methods used 216-218
process variables 214,215-216
sample amount required 216
sieve types 213-214
size distribution given by sieving operation 216
ultrasonic machine sieving 218
ultrasonics as aid 214,217
wet sieving by machine 217
Sieving of coarse aggregates, specifications 217
Sifting 298
Siftingsegregation test 298
Sigma bonding 167
Sigmaloy powders 127
Signaturewaveform of the profile 265, 267
Silica powders
nanoscaled 77
Silanes, for passivating coatings 432
Silicide powders
combustion synthesis .. 524,527,528,530,531-532
Silicon alloy powders, oxidation 42-43
Silicon carbide
for ceramic tubes used in Hoglinlisprocess 110
sinter pIus HlP 606
Silicon carbide whisker-reinforced composites .. 60
Silicon grease 81
Silicon irons, magnetic properties . . 1011-1012, 1014
Silicon-manganese steel powders 125
Silicon-modified aluminide compounds 519
Silicon nitride
combustion synthesis 534-535,536
compaction pressure effect on density 506
for planetary ball mill parts 82
sinter plus HlP 606
Silicon powders
content effect on oxidation during
milling 58
nitridation 523
Silver alloy powders
apparent density 40
extrusion 626--627
atomized powders 36
oxygen content. 40
Silver-cadmium oxide powder 69, 182
Silver electrolytic powder 70
Silver-graphite electrical contacts, properties .. 1024
Silver-graphite powder 182
Silver-infIltrated tungsten, properties 550
Silver-iron electrical contacts, properties 1024
Silver-iron powder 182
Silver-molybdenum powder 182
Silver-nickel electrical contacts, properties 1024
Silver-nickel oxide powder 69
Silver-nickel powder 182
Silver-palladiumpowder. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 182, 185
Silver powders
alloyed to tungsten 193
apparent density 40
microstructure 727
atomized powders 36
oxygen content. 40
oxygen content of water atomized metal
powder 42
Silver powders, production of 182-184
Silver-tin oxide electrical contacts, properties .. 1024
Silver-tungsten carbide powder 182
Silver-tungsten powder 182
Silver-zinc oxide electrical contacts, properties 1024
Si-metal, granulation 92
Simple compression test 327,328
Simple force balance 369
Simple immersion test 978
Simple shear test 327,328
Simulation 450
computer 452
process modeling 448
solid-state sintering 450
Simultaneous transport mechanisms 452
Single-point BET method 275
Single press, single sinter (SP/SS) 640--641,950
cost.. " 13
Single press sinter (SPS) 648
Single-punch opposing ram presses 349
Single-punch withdrawal presses 349
Single-screwextruder 368,369
Single-tube type tungsten carbide powder
production furnace 193
Sink marks 26
Sinterbonding, porous materials 1035-1036
Index/1139
Sinter cakes
milling 65, 66
oxide reduction 67
Sintered aluminum product (SAP) 626
Sintered aluminumstructural parts,
specifications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Sintered bronze bearings. . . . . . .. 1052, 1053, 1057
Sintered bronze bearings
(oil-impregnated), (metric),
specifications .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Sintered copperstructural
parts for electrical conductivity
applications, specifications 1099
Sintered corundum 82
Sintered fractional density 357
Sintered metal powder parts (bearings and
structural parts), specifications. . . . . . . .. 1099
Sintered nickel silver structural
parts, specifications. . . . . . . . . .. 426-429,433,
441,648,654,672,
714,728,753,756-762,765,
778-779,1052,1053,1099
Sintered nickel steel
parts, specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Sintered parts,
specifications 426-429,433,441,648,
654,672, 714, 728,
753,756-762,765,
778-779,1052,1053,1099
Sintered parts, ultrasonic testing 716,717,718
Sintered stainless steel powders,
Sinter forging 803
ceramics 510
titania 509
ultrafine and nanocrystalline powders 506,508
Sinter-hardened steel powder
mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1097
Sinter hardening
effect on mechanical properties 761-762
ferrous alloys 651--652
Sinter hot isostatic pressing, cemented
carbides 493-494,933
Sintering, See also Production
sintering practices.... " 316-317,728,730-734,
740-741,743,745-747
activated 438,445-447
advanced aluminum powder
metallurgy alloys and composites 841
aluminum alloy powders 835,836,837
bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1054
cerrnets 928
changes in dimensions and density 437
composite bearings 394
conditions 468
copper powders 861-864,867,868
definition 468,565
dimensional change 710-711
duration of 443
during consolidation process 320
events altering the tolerances 668
expansion during 439
factors affecting 437,468
factors influencing final size and properties 668
furnace atmospheres 468
green density effect on compacts 439
high-temperature, for production of
platinum powder 4
inadequate 468
liquid-phase 438,445,446,447-448
mechanism ofmaterialtransport 468
parameters in PIMprocess planning 697
poor quality as defect. 701
porous materials 1033, 1034-1035
prealloyed powders 322
pressure-assisted 438
principal driving forces 441
revived in Europe in 18thcentury 3
stages 437,468
stainless steel powders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 782,989,
991-995,997-998
1140/ Index
Sintering (continued)
sulfide stability 676
surface cleaning 320
temperature effect on mechanical
properties 761-762,765
temperature 468
times 468
to improve dimensional tolerance 668
tungsten heavy alloys 915-916
types of sinter reactions 468
ultrasonic testing of parts 716,717,718
vacuum 456
Sintering atmospheres 457--466
carbon control 457,459-460, 461
delube and preheat atmospheres 457-458
functions 457
furnace zones concept 457,463,464-465
oxidation 458-459
preheating zone and oxide removal 458
safety precaution 457, 465-466
types of. 460-464
Sintering cycle 9
Sintering equation for spheres, initial stage 449
Sintering furnaces and atmospheres 453--467
batch-type furnaces 456
continuous furnaces 453-456
vacuum furnaces 456-457
Sintering of metals and alloys
aluminum and aluminumalloys 490-492
alloying elements 490-491
atmospheres " .491
dimensional change during sintering 491-492,493
heating cycles 491,492
properties 491
sintering time 491
temperature 491
brass 489-490
cemented carbides " 492-496
copper " " .508
copper-base alloys 487-490
ferrous materials 468-476
high-speed steels 482-487
molybdenum 496-498
nickel " 501-502,508
nickel alloys 501-502
nickel silvers 489-490
stainless steel 476-lf82
titanium " 499-501
tool steels 482-487
tungsten 496-498
Sintering onset temperature 506
Sintering temperature dependence
on particle size 506
Sintermetallwerke Krebsdge technique 822-823
Sinter plus HIP(containerless mp) 606
Sintrating 552
Sizing " " . 835
Sizing lubricants 720
Skeleton " 541-553
definition 541
Skewness 272,273
Slag, removal of 3
Slagseparation , 130-131
Sliding pressure 323
Slidingwear 965,967,969
Slip casting of metals 313,314,420-425,431
advantages 373
cennets 927
characteristics 313
colloidal stability 420-422
definition 420
disadvantages 373
drain casting 720, 421
filtration mechanics 424
and low-pressure molding 429
mold control. 423-424
pressure casting 424-425
process considerations: slip control 422-423
process steps 420
shape of product " 373
solid casting 420,421
vs. injection molding 314
Slot heater 379
Slug-to-matrix ratio 711,772
Slumping '" 367,499,518,519,916
Smearing 719,720,722,724
Snorkel-type samplers 208
Snyder-c::raafmethod 486
Sodium borohydride 185
Sodium chloride powder
asPCA 81
Sodium chloride salt spray test 777
Sodium chloride salt spray test,
Sodium formate 185
as reducing agent 182, 183
Sodium hydroxide, in silver powders 183
Sodium lauryl sulfate 136
Sodium powder 451
Sodium silicate, as impregnation resin 690
Sodium sulfide/sodium cyanide catalyst 180
Sodium sulfite 184
Sodium tungstate 189
Soft magnetic alloy powders, metal
Soft magnetic powders, water-atomized 37
Soft tooling
attributes and applications 430
definition 429
materials for. 429-430
methods 430
rapid prototyping 427
Soldering powders 1077-1080
Sol-gel materials, mercury porosimetry 283-284
Solid free-form fabrication (SFF) 433
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 417
Solid propellants 1088-1089
Solids loading 357
Solid-solution alloying, effect on
compressibility and green strength 302
Solid-state alloying 53
particle size importance 53
Solid-state blending 53,61
Solid-state diffusion 10,443
Solid-state sintering 447,449-452
tungsten heavy alloys. : 499,916,917,918
Solubility parameter, definition 565
Soluble gas process, nickel-base
and superalloy powder production 175, 176
Soluble gas process atomization,
Solution and reprecipitation method 447,448
Solvay process 167
Solvent extraction 142
molybdenum powder 197
tungsten powder. 189
Sonic Sifter 218
Soot. 457
Sooting 457-458,460,461,464
Sorbents 283
Soxhlet apparatus 720
Soxhlet extractor 227
Spacer and gnide assembly, two-place 1103, 1104
Spade drilling 672,1062
Sparkle effect. , 1087
Spark/plasma sintering 584
Spark-sintering technique 583
Specialty applications of metal powders. 1083-1092
compositions 1083
copier powders 1083-1086
electrical applications 1092
envirorunental remediation 1091-1092
fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1090-1091
flake pigments , .. 1085-1088
food enrichment. 1091
fuels 1088-1090
magnetic applications 1092
material substitution 1092
Species , 415-416
Specification limits 695, 696
Specifications. See Powder metallurgy
standards, cross-index of.
Specifications, sintered parts. .. 426-429,433,441,
648,654,672,714,728,
753,756-762,765,
778-779,1052,1053,1099
Specific face of the particle 259
Specific heat of adsorption 275
Specificsurfacearea 504
Specific surface-free energy of the
solid-liquid interface 541
Specific volume 278
Spent solution 173
SPEXmills " 65,81-82,83,89
Sphere,properties 268
Spherical, definition 263
Spherical cast carbide, as wear resistant
coating 975
Spherical stress component 23-24
Sphericity, definition 271
Spheroidization time 42
Spinel
Spinning-cup atomization 48
Spinning disk atomization 48
Spinning ritllers 216,260
Splash pockets 346, 347
Splat quenching (cooling), aluminrun
alloys 834,835
Splats 408,409,412
Split die systems " 349-350
Spongefmes 160,499,500
Sponge iron powders 677
microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 675,726,733,
734,738,745
used by Egyptians (3000 B.C.) 3
Sponge powders 67
Spools " 354
Spot sample 207
measurement 103
number l03
Spot scanning devices 262
Spray-and-fuse process 1074-1075
Spray casting 402
SpraycastX , 897,898
Spray conversion process, tungsten carbide
powder " 194
Spray deposition 20
Spray drying 92-96
Spray drying and granulation 91-96
Spray forming metallurgy 319,396-407
Spray granulation 91
Spray pyrolysis, silver powder 183
Springback 352,353,368
at molding 710
Springout 700
Sprinkler upper trip, unleaded brass . . .. 11OS, 1106
Sprocket assemblies on agricultural
equipment " 1101-1102
Sprockets 354
Spur gears " 1060
Squareness 272
Squeeze casting 553
Stable particle sizes 152
Stable ratholes 287,288
Stabilizers 321,322
effect on iron-iron contact formation 103
Stage/compaction 327
Stainless steel PJMcomponents, for
joining (welding) 661
Stainless steel powder 74,128,774-785
annealing effect 782,785
apparent density 40, 292
apparent density factors 292, 293
applications " 17,774-778,988,
989,1031,1032
atomization of 37
carbon influence 992,993
characteristics of various grades 776,778
cold sintering " 576,577,579,581
Stainless steel powder (continued)
compacting-grade powders, properties 782,783
compaction 782,784,785
compositions 476,777,778-779,988,989
consolidation of compacts 437
corrosion resistance. . . . . . . . .. 776,778,779,978,
980-984,988-998,999
dimensional shrinkage 780,782
electrochemical testing 984-986,987-988
elevated temperature properties 781,783
explosibility 157
extrusion 628, 629
fatigue 958,959,960
ferritic and magnetic properties 780,781,782
filtration applications 76
flow rate through Halland Carney funnels 296
freeze casting 314
fully dense 782-783,785,956
gas-atomized 129-130
gelcasting 432
green strength 307
green strength and surface oxide films 308
high-temperature sintering 828,829,830-831
hot isostatic pressing 602,617,618
injection molding 314, 315
iron contamination 991-992
lubricant influence 992,993
lubricants for 323
machinability 781
machining and use ofresin impregnation 691
martensitic, sintered, properties 779,780
water-atomizedpowders 40
nitrogen influence 992-994
Osprey forming process 74-75, 319
oxidation with water-atomization 43
oxygen content. 40
oxygen influence on corrosion resistance 994-995
PIMsteels advances 17
pneumatic isostatic forging 639,641
porosity/density influence on corrosion
resistance 995-997
powderinjection molding 363, 364,431
processing 781-785
properties 776,778-781
role compacting 394
scanning electron microscopy . . . . .. 724-725, 730,
731,732,733
sensitization 53,70,987-988
sintered, applications 774,775
sintered, microexamination 725
sintered, microstructures 727, 740, 741
sintering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 476-482,728,
740,741,782,989,
991-995,997-998
sintering atmosphere influence 992-994
sintering atmospheres 460,779--780,781,782
slip casting 422-423,431
sprayed onto mild steel. 403
spray forming 397,398
temperature versus milling time 57, 58
tolerances 711
water-atomized 37,128,129
water vapor/dew point influence on
Stainless steels exhaust flanges, pneumatic
Standard coarsening theory 404,405,406
Standard deviation 272
biased , 103
Starrnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Starting packing density 596
Static cold pressing, cermets 924-925
Static hot pressing, cermets 928-929
StatistiCal errors 206
Statistical process control
concepts (SPC) 693--696,707-708
Statistleal process control (SPC) limits 669
Statistieal tolerancing 702,703-704
key concepts 703
Steam blackening 710,711,728,745
Steam oxidizing, after conventional
die compaction 13
Steam treating
definition 652
ferrous alloys 652--653,654
Stearic acid 81,129,322-324
angleofrepose 300
bi-lubricant systems 325
Steel bushing 340-341
Steel-cutting grades of cemented carbide
alloys, machining 934,935
Steel powders
alloying methods 123
granulation 92
green strength 307
green density, and apparent density 308,309
vs compaction pressure 306,308
infiltration 552,553
lubricant effect on green strength 307
(1992-1996) 16
oxidation colors 458
powder forging 955
rapid solidification rate alloys 48
rotating electrode process 98-99
sintering 469
sintering, and combined carbon effect. 470-471
types of. 123
warm-compacted properties 380
water-atomized 110
Steel powders, production of 123-131
Steering column tilt levers 764,767
Stellite PIMalloys 974,975-976
apparent density 40
brazing 976
cobalt-base, thermal spray forming 411
grinding 976
heat treatment 976
joining '.' 976
machining 976
powders 40
oxygen content. 40
properties 975
welding 976
Step structures 987
Stereolithography 418,433
Stereological shape parameters (factors) .. 268,269
Stereology 268
of shape 268,269
Stereometry 268
Sterle repulsion 220
Sterle stabilization 220,236
Sterling silver, injection molding 314
Stempotential. 421,422
Stick electrodes 1065-1069
Sticking 331
Sticking efficiency. . . . . . . .. 400, 401-403,404,406
Stickwelding, for HIP containers 613
Stircasting 401-402
Stokes diameter 211
Stokes's law offluid dynamics, definition 244
Strain, total 329
Strain-gage pressure transducer 593
Index/1141
Strain-thinning behavior 366
Stream sampling ladles 208-209
Strip, copper-nickel-tin 1104,1105
Stripping mechanism " 152
Stripping pressure " 323-324
Strippingstrength " 324
Stroke capacity ofa press 344
Strontium ferrite 1018
Structural alloys, high-temperature sintering 832
Structural parts
bronze " 866,867,868
specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Superconductors
Sublimation , 314
Submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt
alloys,machining 933-934
Subsieveanalysis 236
of granular metal powders by air
classification, specifications 1098
Suction 148
Sugar, as reducing agents 183
Sulfate baths 114
Sulfides
in particle metallurgy tool steels ., 787
precipitation reaction 173
Sulfonated naphthalenes 220
Sulfur 673,675,676,677
in endothermic atmospheres 460
in free-machining steels 727,738
Sulfuric acid leaching, copper powder 142
Superalloy, defined 887
Superalloypowders 175,176,177,887-902
alloying elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1001
applications 887,888-889,891-895,1031
applications, aerospace 998, 999
atomization of 37, 889
centrifugal atomization 50, 175-176
characteristics 887
coatings for ODS alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1003
cold sintering 577,579,581
compositions " 131,887,891-895,1000
creep crack growth 1002,1003
extrusion 626,627,628,629
fatigue 958,1002,1003
forging and hot pressing 632
gas-atomization 152
hot corrosion 1001-1003
hot pressing 636
infiltration 544,550-551
manufacturing 998
mechanical properties 888,889,890,891-895
melt drop (vibrating orifice)
atomization 50-51
ODS nickel- and iron-base properties 85
oxidation 1000-1001
oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys 1002,1003
postconsolidation processing 891
probabilistic Iifing strategies 889-890
processing 888-891
production of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131, 175, 176, 177
properties 1000
rapid solidification rate (RSR) process 48
soluble gas process 175
specialized PIMsuperalloy processes 895-898
spray forming 398,399
technical issues 898-900
vacuum-atomizationoflN-100 37
vacuum sintering, liquid-phase 570
yttria-dispersion-strengthened PIM 131
Superconducting compounds 60
Superconducting oxides, thermal spray forming 416
Superconductors (YBCO) 586
Superficial relative gas velocity through
the bed of solids 295
Superheat 144
Super-high-speed steels 789
1142/ Index
Superplastic forming, advanced
a1wninummetal-matrix
composites 850, 851, 852, 853
Superplastic superalloys,
development of 3
Supersaturated solid-solution alloys 37
Supersolidus liquid-phase sintering
(SLPS) 565,568-571
atmosphere 570-571
densification 569-570,571
fabrication concerns 570-571
grain coarsening 570
processing variables 569-570
sintering cycles 570
temperature 569-570,571
time 569-570
vacuum sintering 570
Supersolvus treatment 892, 899
Surface
fatigue 965
mechanisms responsible for 965
finishing, conventional compacted parts 13
mean diameter 242
oxidation 1086
potential 421
sampling 207
tension 219,441-442
treatment, effect on magnetic properties 1017
Surface area of powders 274,277-278
Surface ausrolling, for fracture resistance 963
Surface charge 421
density 421
Surface contour function 449
Surface ditTusion 442,449,450
controlled sintering 450
Surface ditTusivity, symbol 449
Surface energy, symbol 449
Surface factor, 267-268
definition 271
Surface finger oxide penetration depth
and presence of interparticle oxide
networks in powder forged (PJF)
steel parts, specifications 817,1099
Surface finger oxides 820
definition 817,820
Surfactants 135,322,541
for electrozone analysis 248
for optical sensing analysis 249
suspension pairs for liquid powder dispersion 237
Suspension viscosity 431
Swaging 5
Sweco vibratory mills 62, 64
Swedish sponge iron process II 0
Swelling, in liquid-phase sintering 448, 568
Swiping 664
T
Taguchiexperiments 640
Tall oil, as binder. ; 107
Tangent diameter 268
Tantalite , 197
Tantalum carbide powder
sintering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 493,495,--496
tap density 295
Tantalumfluoride powder 197
Tantalum powder. See also Refractory
metal powders 903-913
applications 5,908-910
electron beam melted degassed-hydride 199
electron beam melted, dehydrided 198, 199
microstructure 728
production of 197-199
properties 908-910
sodium-reduced 199
Tap density 287,294,295
definition 294
of metal powders, specifications 190,294,1098
Tape casting 163,164,314
binders for 314
binders used in powder shaping 313-314
characteristics 313
Taper 354
Tapered roller bearing race, powder
forged 821, 822
Tapping 684-685
p-chart analysis for fraction defective 701-702
Taylor series expansion, PIMprocess
simulation 27
TD nickel 69
Telluriumoxide ~ 69
Tempering, ferrous alloys 650
Tension test specimens for pressed and
sintered metal powders,
specifications 714, 813, 1099
Tension testing of cemented carbides,
specifications 1100
Terms used in powder metallurgy,
specifications II00
Tesla 1006
Testing
copper-base infiltration powders,
specifications 1099
of metal powder structural parts,
specifications 1099
Testing and evaluation of powder
metallurgyparts 710-718
apparent hardness 713-714
crack detection 714-717
density measurement 713
dimensional evaluation 710-712
mechanical testing/tensile testing 714
microhardness 713-714
Test sample 206
Tetracapped pentagonal prism 168
Textural boundary fractal 265,266, 269
Theoretical density, symbol 449
Theoretical mean density 1031
Thermal barrier coatings 412
Thermal conductivity 30,602
analysis 475
detector 578
therrnophysical tests 30
Thermal debinding, cerrnets 928
Thermal decomposition of cobalt oxide 69
for cobalt-base powders 180
Thermal diffusion, tool steel powders 788
Thermal ditTusivity 525
Thermal imaging 406
Thermal reduction, silver powders 184
Thermalspray 9 ~ 9 7 5
definition 408
Thermalspray forming of materials 408-419
ultrafine and nanophase powders
applications 76
Thermal wave imaging 702,714
Thermite reaction 70
aluminum powder 148
Thermochemical processing (TCP),
titanium alloypowders 878,879, 880
Thermocouples, to measure temperature
in HIP gas system 593
Thermogravimetry 614
Thermohydrogen processing (THP) 20
Thermomechanical processing 605
Thiefprobes 103
Thin foil transmission electron microscopy .. : . 267
Thoria 85
Thorium
developed by PIMmethod 5
Thoriumdioxide dispersion-strengthened
nickel (TD nickel) 69
Thumping 614
Tilting table method 299
Timing gear, aluminum alloy ll04,1105
Time-of-flight 256-258
aerosol spectrometer 257
method 256, 257
Time-of-transit method 256, 257
Tin, pulverized, specifications 1098
Tin alloy powders, air-atomization 44
Tin-lead soldering powders 74
Tin powders. See also Tin powders, production of.
annular nozzle atomization 146
apparent density 40
applications 146
cross-jet atomization 146
mass median particle.size of water-atomized
powders 40
microstructure 727
(1992-1996) 16
oxygen content. 40
properties 146-147
sieving 146,147
tap density 295
Tin powders, production of 146-147
air-atomization 146
atomization 146,147
chemical precipitation 146
melting 146
properties of tinpowder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146-147
Tin smelting, byproduct slags as tantalum
feedstock 197
Titania
consolidation ofnanocrystalline powder. .. 508-509
reactive plasma spray forming 416
Titanium alloy powders
applications 590
close-coupled gas-atomization 101
fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958, 960, 962
hot isostatically pressed, rotating
electrode process 99, 100
hot isostatic pressing . . . . . . . . .. 590, 602, 603, 605
hot pressing 636
laser-based direct fabrication 434--435
laser sintering 428
metal-matrix composites 21
microstructure 728, 742
nanostructured materials 21
polishing 723
rotating electrode process 49,98-99, 100
tensile properties of compacts made
from blended sponge fines and AI-V
master alloy powder 160
therrnohydrogen processing 20
vapor deposition 20
Titaniumalloy structural components,
powder metallurgy (PIM),
specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1099
Titanium aluminide alloys .. 532,877,880,881,883
cold sintering 579
developments 160
direct production 161
gas-atomization process. . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163-164
hot isostatic pressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 602
mechanically alloyed 165
reactive hot isostatic pressing 520,521
reactive sintering 520, 521
Titanium aluminide intermetallics
addition to rapid solidification alloys 20
mechanicalalloyed 20
rapid solidified 20
Titanium aluminidejsilieen carbide 165
Titanium a1uminide/titanium silicide 165
Titanium aluminum alloys, mechanical
alloying 89-90
Titanium-base alloy powders
Titanium boride 21
Titanium carbide/nickel system 545
Titanium carbide powder
infiltration 550-551,552
tap density 295
Titanium carbide-titaniumboride
composite ceramics, combustion synthesis .. 531
Titanium compounds, combustion synthesis 532,533
Titanium gas-atomization process
(f(}J\) 162,163-164
Titanium-magnesium alloys 20
Titanium nitrides
production of 81
sintering 510
Titanium powder metallurgy alloys
and composites 874--886
applications 874,879--880
blended elemental compacts 874--876, 877
878,880,882
categories 874
future trends in powder metallurgy
technology 880--882
heat treatment. 878--879
mechanical alloying 880,881--882
mechanical properties 874--879
particulate reinforced titanium 881,882--883
postcompaction treatments 879--879
prealloyed compacts .. 876--878,879,880,881,882
rapid solidification 880,881
thermochemical processing (TCP) 878,879,880
titanium aluminides 877, 880, 881, 883
Titaniumpowders, See also Titaniumpowders,
production of.
addition to rapid solidification alloys 20
carbidization 523
cold isostatic pressing 385,387,388
commercially pure 160, 161
developed by PIM method 5
extrusion 626, 627
as fuel source 1090
hot pressing 636
hydrogenated 162
microstructure 728
milling 59
nitridation 523
particle size distribution for CP titanium 161
prealloyed 160-161
reaction with PCAs 81
roll compacting 394
sintering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449-501
Titanium powders, production of 160-166
chemical reduction 160-162
gas-atomization 160,162,163-164
hydride/dehydride (HDH) process 160, 162-163
mechanical alloying 160,164-165
plasma-rotating electrode process
(PREP) 160, 164, 165
rotating-electrode process 164
Titanium sponge 160
Titanium silicides 531
Titanium tetrachloride 160
Titanium-zirconium-molybdenum
(TZM) alloy 906
Thggle press, used for making platinum
powder compacts 4
Thkyo tungsten 193
Thlerances 695, 696
definition 695
Thluene " , 81
Tool cavity expansion factor 357
Tholing layout 350
Tholing support adapters 353
Tholingsystems 347-348
Tools, infiltration 551
Thol steel atomization 130-131
Thol steel powders
n n ~ l i n 322
atomization 969
cold sintering 577,578,579,581
as core rod material 353
as die inserts 353
as die material 353
extrusion 626, 628, 630
fatigue 958, 960
forging and hot pressing 632
for punches 351
gas atomization 127,130-131
gas-atomized, compositions 126,127
gelcasting 432
green strength 346
grinding 686
high-speed 126,127
high-temperature sintering 831--832
machining 686--687
milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
production methods 126
sintering 482-487,969
sprayed onto iron rolls 403
spray forming 398
transientliquid-phasesintering 317
water-atomized 35,37,126-127,130
wear resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 966,969,970,
971,972,973
Tool steels, high performance, vacuum
sintering, liquid-phase 570
Thmberg relationship, centrifugal atomization 50
Throid test of magnetic response 1006
Torque-type gears 1063
Thtal sampling error 235
Thtal volumetric shrinkage 596
Traditional prototyping 426
Transducers, to induce vibrations in
powder specimen 25
Transient liquid-phase sintering
(TLPS) 317,445,447,
565,571,629
Transitional region 278
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) .. 222, 223
for particle image analysis 261
Transmission sprockets 1105, 1107
Transparent electronic graticule 262
Transverse bend test 306
Transverse rupture or bending strength
of cemented carbides, specifications 1100
of sintered metal friction materials,
specifications 1099
of sintered metal powder test specimens,
determination of, specifications 441, 1099
warm compaction 377,378
Transverse rupture stress 677
Transverse rupture test 714,938
three-point loading 983
Index/1143
Trap die concept 634
Trapping 54
Transverse cutters 208,209
Trend test. 694
Triangularity 272
Triaxial compaction testing 25,331
Triaxial compression, by simultaneous
isostatic and uniaxial compression 318
Triaxial consolidation test 336
Triaxial test 327,328,335-336
unloading , " 330
Tribaloys, cobalt/nickel-base, thermal
spray forming 411
Tribochemical reactions 965
Tribolite alloys, thermal spray forming 411
Tribology, definition 965
'Irtchloretrifluoreethane 81
Triggerguard 1104,1105
Triiron dodecacarbonyl 167
Truncated octahedron, properties 268
'Iubular adapters " 352
Thmbler ball mills " , 60--61,62
Thmbler mills 61
Thmble-type blenders 105
Thmbling, stainless steel powders 997
Thngsten alloy powders
applications 1092
binder-assisted extrusion 374
milling 64
Thngsten and tungsten carbide powders
production of " 5,188-197
recycling 193
tungsten carbide powder 193-197
tungsten metal powder. 189-191
Thngsten-base, high-density metal, sintered
or hot-pressed, specifications 1099
Thngsten-bearingscrap 189
Thngsten carbide
cemented for die inserts for compaction 352
crystalline, specifications 1100
Thngsten carbide/cobalt powders
canning limitations 611
consolidation 511
machining 933, 934
sintering 494,495
spray drying 95
Thngsten carbide/cobalt system 545
Tungsten carbide-copper electrical
contacts, properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Thngsten carbide powders. . . . . .. 70, 193-197, 932
additions to 195
chemical properties 195-196
as core rod material 353
crack detection 715
for core rods 315
for powder metallurgy tooling dies 350
for SPEX mills 82
for wear resistance in powder materials 19
green strength 346
hot pressing 636
milling 63, 64
(1992-1996) 16
production of 81
properties 195-196
recycling 196-197
sinter plus HlP 606
stoichiometric pure 195
tap density 295
as vial materials for SPEX mills ., 82
as wear-resistant coating 914-975
'Iungsten carbide-silver electrical
contacts, properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1024
'Iungsten-cepper composites, metal
1144/ Index
'l\mgsten-copper electrical contacts,
properties 1025
'l\mgsten-copper-nickel heavy metal
compositions, development of 6
'l\mgsten-copperpowder " , 37
Tungsten-copper system 544
'l\mgsten electrical contacts 1021-1025
'Iungsten equivalency 789,790-791
'l\mgsten-gmphite-silver electrical
contacts, properties 1025
'l\mgstenheavyalloypowders 914-921
'l\mgsten heavy metals 908
Tungsten hexacarbonyl. 167
Tungsten high-speed steel, infiltration 551
Tungsten inert as welding, porous materials 1035
'l\mgsten-Iead system 545
Tungsten monocarbide powders 70
'l\mgsten-nickel-iron powder, liquid-phase
sintering 447
'l\mgsten-nickel powder, ink-jet technology
tooling 427
'Iungsten-nlckel system 544
Tungsten oxide 189,190
direct carburization 193
reduction 189-190
'l\mgsten powder. See a/so Nickel-tungsten
powder; Refractory metal powders. 5,903,-913
activated sintering 446
annual consumption 188-189
apparent and tap densities 104,292
applications 5,6,188-189,
191-193,907-908
chemical properties 190, 192
composite materials 192-193
consolidation 507
density 190
electrochemical recovery 193
extrusion 629
microstructure 727
nonsag tungsten 191
(1992-1996) 16
oxide reduction 67
physical properties 190, 191, 192, 451
polishing 724
powder forging 635
properties 190-191,194,907-908
pure tungsten materials 191
recycling 193
special products '.' 191-193
specifications 1098
tap density 295
thoriated 908
ultrahigh purity powders 191
with oxide dispersions 191-192
with thorium-containing compounds 191-192
'l\mgsten-silver electrical contacts, properties .. 1025
Tungsten silver powder, liquid-phase sintering 447
'l\mgsten-silversystem 544
'l\mgsten-titanium carbide powder
(WC-Ti-C), tap density 295
'l\mgsten-titanium composites 510-511
'l\mgsten-titanium-tantalum (niobium)
carbides " 932
'l\mgsticacid 189
Thrbidimeter 244
Thrbidimetry 244-245
Thrbine hub, warm-compacted 1106,1108
Thrndown volume 461
'fuming 671,682-684
resin impregnation effect 691,692
Twin-screw extruders 368
Two-fluid atomization theory 50
Two-phase non-Newtonian flow 27
TZMalloys 911-912
u
Udimet 700,720,887,
891,893,897,899
spray formed 398
Uhlenwinkel and Bauckhage 399
Ultrafme and nanophase powders 72-79
Ultrafmepowdertechnology(U.S.) 72,74
Ultrahigh purity (UHP) powders 191
Ultrabigh vacuum (UHV) environment 226
Ultrampid solidification 7
Ultrasonic agitation, in Osprey system 75
Ultrasonication with a probe 235-236
Ultrasonic "capillarywave" atomization,
process method 35
Ultrasonic gas atomization 35,43,47
aluminumpowder " .. 151
Ultrasonic imaging
C-scan 702,714
SLAM 702,714
Ultrasonic probe, LA-920 pumping system 253
Ultrasonic testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 700,702,
714-715,716-717
green compacts 716,717
sintered parts 716,717,718
Ultrasonic (vibrational) atomization 50
Ultrasound 330,331
Underhardening treatments 791
Undersintering 728,729,746
Uniaxial compaction in a rigid die 315-316
Uniaxial compression tests 599
Uniaxial pressing, borides 530-531
Uniaxial tensile tests 333
Ultrasonic atomization 36
aluminum and aluminum-alloy powders 148
Uniaxial vacuum hot pressing
Unit axis vectors 449
United States Bureau of Mines, explosion
probability rankings for materials 157
United States Standard Sieve Series 214
Unmelts 408
Unnotched Charpy impact strength, testingfor .. 714
Updraught 148
Upper-bound method 624
Uppercontrollimit (UCL) 694,695
Upset compression testing 633-614
Upsetforging 316
Upsetting, tungsten heavy alloys 917
Urania , 451
Uranium dioxide powders 69
thermitreactions 70
Uraniumoxide powders, applications,
nuclear power plants 6
Uranium powders
dissociation in atomizers 231
v
Vacancy concentration " .. 442
Vacuum annealing
afterlaser forming 428
Vacuum atmosphere 462-463
Vacuum atomization process 35,47
Vacuum blending 104
Vacuum degassing in a reusable
chamber, aluminumalloy powders 838-839
Vacuum distillation, titaniumpowder 160
Vacuumevapomtion 314
Vacuumfurnaces 456-457
sintering of stainless steel 478,480
Vacuum hot pressing (VHP)
beryllium powder 202,204,943
titanium alloy powders 877
Vacuum impregnation 721
Vacuuminduction skull melting 616, 617
Vacuum melting, berylliumpowders 203
Vacuum-oil impregnation, bearings 13
Vacuum plasma spray forming
(VPS) 41O-411,413,415
Vacuumpressing, with thermal
spray forming 412
Vacuumsintering 456
cemented carbides 492,493,495,496
ferrous alloys 473
forfracture resistance 963
molybdenum 497
nickel and nickelalloys 502
titaniumpowder 500
tungsten 497
tungsten heavy alloys 499,916
Vacuum sintering furnaces 462
Vacuum (soluble gas) atomization,
process method 35
Valve handle assembly, 316 stainless
steel 1104,1105
Vanadium-aluminum master alloy
powder, laser sintering 428
Vanadium carbide (VC) powder
cold sintering 580
in particle metallurgy cold-work
tool steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793, 794, 796
in particle metallurgy high-speed
steels 789-790, 791
in tool steel powders 727, 741
in tool steels for powderinjection molding 359
sintering of cemented carbides 495-196
tap density 295
as wear-resistant coating 974
Vanadium nitride powder, liqnid-phase
sintering 570
Vanadium powder
Vanadium-rich carbides 486
Van der Waals attractionforces 236
precious metal powders 182
Vapor deposition 20
Vapor pressure, symbol. 449
Variability coefficient. . . . . . . .. . . . .. 104, 321-322
Vatleaching 141
Vending machine parts 1105,1106
Vezin sampler 209
Vezin-type splitter 207
Vibrating electrode atomization 50
Vibrating frame mills 83
Vibrational bending tests 1045
Vibration frequency 275
Vibratory ball mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 61--62,63
rate of processing 62
Vibratory compacting of powders 318-219
Vibratory mills, for precious metal powders 182
Vibratory tube mills 61--62,63
Vibrosomic sieve 218
Vickers diamond pyramid indentation test 938
Viscoelastic fluid flow 366
Viscoplastic potential function, macroscopic 29
Viscosity
symbol 449
models 27
Viscous flow 449
Voids 26
Volatile organic compound (VOC)-based
techniques 413
Voltage pulse, electrozone analysis 247
Volume diffusion 442,449
Volume diffusion controlled sintering 450
Volume diffusivity, symbol 449
Volume fraction porosity 719
Volume specific surface, definition 271
Volume strain increment 24
Volume surface mean particle size 242
Volumetric component of the strain
increment at yield 329
Volumetric components 329,336
Volumetricfeedstock flow rate 359
Volumetric flow rate 1037, 1038
VlinMises
effective strain increment. 332
effective stress 327,331,333
ellipse 329
yield criterion 24
yield ellipse 24
Von Mussin-Puschkin method 4
V-trough precipitators 141
w
Wadell shape factors, definition 271
Walking-beamfurnaces 453,456,469
sintering of stainless steel. 478, 479-480
Wall friction angle 290,291,299
Wall friction test 294
Wall yield locus 291
Warm compaction. . . . . . . . . . . .. 17, 124, 304, 316,
376-381,769,949-950
376-377
applications 378
potential 379-380
commercial powder heating and
delivery systems 378-379
definition 376
development of 3
effects on green and sintered properties 377-378
effect on properties ofPIM parts 11
green strength enhancement 378
magnetic applications 378
part processing considerations 379
process illustration 376
sintering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
specific density as measured by pycnometry 376
steel powders, mechanical properties 380
tooling design for 379
versus cold compaction 380
Warm compaction and sinter, cost. 13
Warm extrusion, cermet powder mixtures 926
Warm formed, costs per pound for production
of steel PIMparts 9
Washburn equation 280,281,282,1037
Waspaloy 898
Water atomization 36,37-39
aluminum powder, not practiced 148
apex angle effect 40-41
asymmetrical 38,39
bronze " 144, 145
configuration 38,39
copper 139-140,141
factors influencing particle size 39-40
high pressure, fine metal powders 74
high-speed tool steel powders 305
iron powder 110,117-122
iron powder compressibility and
green strength 302,303
lubricant effect on green strength of
steel powder 307
mechanism of. 38-39
nickel-base powders 174-176
36,38
OXidation 42
oxygen contentsof water atomizedmetal powder .. 42
parameter effect on 42
particle shape 42
particle size 39-41
particle size distribution 41, 42
powder characteristics 42-43
process method 35
process variables 38-39
properties 42
properties of powders 40,42
solidification times 42
stainless steel powders 128, 129,781-785
steel powder green strength and
density 308,309
superheat effect 40
system schematic flow sheet 38
tank atmosphere effect. 41,42
versus gas atomization, powder comparison .. 75-76
water-jet nozzles 38
Water-atomized iron powders 110
Water-bench test techniques 43
Water flow-to-metal flow ratios 40
Water/gas-atomization system 72
Water granulation 92
Waterleaching, titanium powder 160
Water pressure 39,40
Water quench Jominy tests 645
Water velocity 39
WatsonfWert two surface Drucker-Prager
model. 333
Wavelength-dispersive spectrometers
(WDS) 223,224,225
Wear, definition 965
Wear/corrosion-resistant particle
metallurgy tool steels 796-799
applications 796, 797,799
corrosion testing 797
heat treatment 797,798
primary carbides " 797,798,799
Wear resistance of powder metallurgy
alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 965-977
Wear-resistant steel powders 729,747
Wear-resistant tool steels
as die inserts 353
as punch material 353
Weber number 46,152
Wedgewood pyrometer 5
Weight-loss measurements 979-980
Welding 728
and melt-spray deposition 319
refractory metals 905-906
Welding and hardfacing powders 1065-1082
Welding processes 656-662
Weld lines 26
Wet magnetic compaction 350,351
Wet-sand abrasion test 939
Wetting liquid 219
Wieland (Germany), spray forming 398
Wilhelmy plate method 282
Wire arc spray forming 409-410,
411,412,418
Wire-cloth sieves for testing
purposes, specification for 239,241,1078, 1100
Wire electrical discharge
machining 426,427
Wolframite 189
Wollaston process 3,4-5
steps of 4
Workabilityline 809
Work-hardeningexponent 808
x
X-barchart 694,695,696,701
X-ray compositional line
broadening (XCLB) 444,445
X-ray density 246
X-ray detectors 223,224
X-ray diffraction 222,223
X-ray diffractometer 444
X-ray fluorescence 222,225
X-ray line broadening 57
X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) 222, 225,226, 227
Index/1145
X-ray powder diffraction 222,227-229
X-ray radiography , 700,702,714,-715
X-ray sedimentation 246
X-ray topography 268
y
Yield criterion 599
Yield function 29,331,334
from micromechanica1models 331-333
Yielding, Iimiting pressure for 597
Yield locus 289-290
Yield strength
in hydrostatic compression 331
of material in uniaxialtension 329
Yield stress 25,366,369
room temperature 578,579
Yield surface in stress space 331
Yield surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 327,328,
332,333,336
Young-Laplace equation 280
Young's modulus 331,338
at room temperature for cemented carbides,
determination of, specifications. . . . . . . . . .. 1100
specifications. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1099
Yttria 85
Yttria-stabilized zirconia
cold isostatic pressing 510
pressureless sintering 509-510
Yttrium
addition to magnesium alloys 19-20
aluminates 177
Yttrium-cobalt intermetallic compound,
mechanical alloying 80
z
Zener-Hollomon parameter 30
Zero draft, powder forged parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Zero-growth part , 1009
Zero-orderreaction 525
Zeta potential 220,421
Zig-zag classifiers 211, 212
Zinc alloy powders
air atomization 43, 44
gas atomization 37,47
spinning-cup atomization 48
Zinc-copper alloys powder, expansion
behavior .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1044
Zinc dust
for use in pyrotechnics, specifications. . . . . . .. 1098
Zinc dust (continued)
metallic zinc powder; dry (paint pigment),
specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
Zinc powder
apparent density 40
centrifugally atomized, particle size
distributions of atomized powders 35
e1ectrodeposition 70
gas-atomized, particle size distributions of
atomized powders 35
in feed solution for nickel reduction 173
powders 40
oxygen content. 40
water-atomized 37,42
particlesize distributionsof atomizedpowders... 35
Zinc process 1%,197
Zinc stearate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 322,323-324,
325,453-454
for brasses and nickel silvers 490
used with copper-alloy powders 143-144
1146/ Index
Zinc stearate/stearic acid 325
Zinc sulfides 173
Zinc-titanium 37
Zirconia
injectionmolding 3l4
nanocrystalline particulate powder 504,505
reactive plasma spray forming 416
as vial materials for SPEXmills 82
Zirconia-toughened alumina, consolidation .... 508
Zirconia-yUria
Zirconium carbide
Zirconium-nickel alloy powder, for use in
delay compositions, specifications 1098
Zirconium nitrides, combustion synthesis 534
Zirconium powder
dissociation in atomizers (AFS) 231
for incandescent lamp filaments 5
for use in ammunition, specifications .. . . . . .. 1098
as fuel source 1089-1090,1091
milling .. " 59
reaction with peAs 81
speciallabeling and marking requirements. . .. 1090
tap density 295

06543G Index

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