Bearings 6.

CHAPTER-6

BEARINGS

SNO.
1. TYPE OF BEARING 2. SELECTION OF BEARING TYPE 3. SHAFT CIRCULATING CURRENT PROTECTION 4. INSPECTION OF BEARING

Bearings 6. 2

TYPE OF BEARING Purpose of bearing is to support and control the motion of rotating shaft. Bearing facilitate the relative motion of surfaces in contact with low friction and low consumption of energy. TYPES OF BEARING : 1 2. Plain a) b) a) Plain Bearing Antifriction Bearing Bearing Sleeve Bearing hrust Bearing

Sleeve Bearing : he sleeve bearing is li!e a plain cylinder" suitably grooved for proper distribution of lubricant. #n sleeve bearing shaft of motor rides on a thin film of oil having no metal to metal contact during running condition. Prior to starting there is metal to metal contact because of lac! of oil between motor shaft and bearing. As shaft begins to rotate" it climbs up bearing wall. As it climbs the shaft rolls onto a thic! film of oil and begins to slip bac!. $il is drawn by this action to wedge shaped clearance at low right hand portion of bearing. %ore oil is drawn through his converging wedge as shaft increases speed" thus developing a fluid pressure at lawn right hand portion of bearing. his pressure lifts the shaft and pushes it slightly" to left in final running portion. $il is carried from the reservoir to the top of the bearing by an oil ring providing sufficient lubricant to prevent bearing wear. &rooves are cut in the top surface of the bearing to '#) improve oil distribution '##) #ncrease oil flow to obtain greater cooling '###) Prevent oil from lea!ing from bearing end by returning it to the reservoir. (ormally sleeve bearing are designed for radial load only. large si)e of electric motors. hese are used for

a) Thru ! "earing: Bearing designed to ta!e up loads that act mainly along the shaft are called thrust 'A*ial) bearing. +arious types of thrust bearing are as under. i) hrust ball bearing ii) Angular contact thrust ball bearing iii) ,ylindrical roller thrust bearing

Bearings 6. ;

iv) aper roller thrust bearing v) Spherical roller thrust bearing. #. An!i$ri%!i&n Bearing:hese bearings operate on the principle of rolling contact between elastic circular bodies. hese bearing are used at low speeds. hese bearing re-uires very small amount of lubricant and they are relatively in sensitive to change in viscosity. &enerally grease is used as lubricant. hese are of following types. a) b) Ball bearing .oller bearing

a) Ball "earing/ #) 0eep groove ball bearing '&rooves in both inner 1 $uter rings). ##) Angular contact ball bearing/ 2oad is carried over from one ring to the other at an angle. ###) Self Aligning 'Spherical) Ball bearing/ ,an do some e*tent compensate mis3alignment between shaft and housing. b) R&ller "earing: i) ii) iii) iv) ,ylindrical .oller bearing aper roller bearing (eedle roller bearing Spherical roller bearing.

Bearing 'e igna!i&n / Bearing designation will describe bearing type si)e and deviations from normal e*ecution. 4irst digit or letter designate bearing type the second and third digit indicates the dimension series to which the bearing belongs. he second digit represent the width series and third digit the diameter series. he last two digits indicate bore diameter for bearing with bore diameter between 25 and 675 mm bearing bore diameter in mm is obtained by multiplying the last two digits by 8. 4or bearing with bore dia greater than 675 mm the bore diameter is directly indicated after an obli-ue. 9*mple : #f a bearing have number indicated ; 5 2 58 the digit indicates ; 3 aper roller bearing 5.8 3 Bore diameter of bearing 5 3 Bearing width series < 58 * 8 < 28 mm 2 3 Bearing diameter series

Bearings 6. 6

,ode for Bearing ype 5 1 2 ; 6 8 6 = > ( 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Angular contact Ball bearing" double row Self Aligning Ball bearing Spherical roller bearing aper .oller Bearing 0eep &roove" Ball bearing" double row hrust Ball bearing 0eep groove ball bearing" single row Angular contact ball bearing" single row ,ylindrical roller thrust bearing ,ylindrical roller bearing

SE(ECTION OF BEARING TYPE 4or efficient and smooth wor!ing of a rotating machinery" roller bearing arrangement must be perfectly designed this it is necessary to select a suitable bearing type and si)e of bearing. 4or this some factors should be considered for proper functioning of rotating machinery. hese factors are as suitable si)e of bearing" type of -uality of lubricant used" appropriate fitting" internal clearances of bearing" ade-uate bearing seals and covers etc. 4or selecting a bearing for an application several factor are considered as per design of e-uipment and conditions present. So no general rule can be applied. +arious important criteria for designing a bearing arrangement are3 1 Availability of space 2 2oad on bearing ; Speed of machinery 6. ,onsideration of misalignment 8. ?uite running conditions 6 A*ial displacement =. Stiffness of bearing SE(ECTION OF BEARING FOR A PARTIC)(AR )SE ON THE BASIS OF A*AI(ABI(ITY OF SPACE : 3 #n most cases the principal dimensions of the bearing" generally the bore of the bearing is predetermined by the machine design. 4or smaller shaft diameter all type of deep groove ball bearings may be used. (eedle roller bearings are also suitable. 4or large diameter shafts cylindrical roller bearing" spherical roller bearing and taper roller bearings as well as deep groove ball bearing can be used. @hen radial space is limited" bearing with small cross3section should be chosen'normally > or 7 series).

Bearings 6. 8

@hen space is limited in a*ial direction" single row cylindrical roller bearings and deep grove ball bearings can be used for radial and combined loads. 4or purely a*ial loads needle bearings with cage thrust assemblies can be used.

ON THE BASIS OF (OA'S /3 %agnitude and nature of loads are most important factor in selecting of bearings. +AGNIT)'E OF (OA' /3 %agnitude of the load is a factor which usually decide the si)e of bearing. 4or lighter loads and moderate loads deep groove ball bearing are suitable. 4or heavier loads and large shaft diameter roller bearings are suitable. 'IRECTION OF (OA' : 3 $n a bearing three directional forces may appear. hese are3 I. RA'IA( (OA'S /

.adial loads act in perpendicular direction of the shaft. %ost of the bearing are suitable to support radial nature loads. Some of them can carry some a*ial load also in addition to radial load. Aowever cylindrical roller bearing and needle roller bearings are e*ception to this as they can not carry a*ial loads. II. A,IA( (OA'S / 3

A*ial loads act in a*ial direction of the shaft. hey may act on single or both directions. hrust ball bearing and angular contact ball bearings are most suitable for light and moderate purely a*ial loads. @here is a*ial in one direction single direction thrust ball bearing can be used. 4or both direction a*ial load double side thrust ball bearing are suitable. 4or moderate a*ial load on high speed" angular contact ball bearing are suitable. 4or heavy a*ial load two cylindrical roller thrust bearing or two spherical roller thrust bearing can be used adBacent to each other. III. CO+BIN' (OA'S /3

,ombined loads are those which have both radial as well as a*ial loads. ,arrying radial load is not a problem in selection of bearing as several type ball bearings are available for this application while for a*ial loads selection of bearing is rather difficult.

Bearings 6. 6

Ability of a bearing to carry a*ial load is determined by itCs angle of contact DEC. he greater the contact angle the bearing is more suitable to bear the a*ial load. he a*ial load carrying capacity of deep groove ball bearing depends upon internal clearance of bearing also. 4or combined loads single or double row of angular contact ball bearing and single row of taper roller bearing are most commonly used. 0eep groove ball bearing and spherical roller bearing may also be used for moderate loads. o accommodate single direction a*ial loads along with radial load" single row angular contact ball bearing" taper roller bearing" (F type cylindrical roller bearing" spherical roller bearing" are suitable. 4or both direction of such combined loads" these bearing may be combined with second bearing adBacent to it. 4or this reason single row angular contact ball bearings are available in pairs. @hen a*ial component of combined load is large it will be supported by second bearing. I*. +O+ENT (OA'/ 3

4or some typical applications eccentrically loads a tilting moment shall arise on bearing. 0ouble row of deep groove ball bearing and angular contact bearings can ta!e up tilting moments. SPEE'S :he speed at which bearing can operate is limited by permissible operating temperature. Bearing with low friction and low heat generation in the bearing itself are most suitable for high speed operation. he highest speeds can be achieved with deep groove ball bearing for purely radial loads. 4or combined loads angular contact ball bearing are suitable. +ISA(IGN+ENTS /3 @hen shafts are under heavy operating loads angular misalignment between shaft and housing may occur. .igid bearings can not accommodate any such misalignments. Self aligning bearings such as self aligning ball bearing" spherical roller bearing" spherical roller thrust bearing etc are suitable to accommodate misalignments produced under operating loads and can compensate the errors of misalignments resulting from machine or mounting. -)ITE R)NNING OPERATIONS /3 #n certain applications such as house hold or office machinery " noise produce factor is more important. Aere deep groove ball bearing are specially produced for such operations. A,IA( 'ISP(ACE+ENT OPERATIONS /3

Bearings 6. =

4or a*ial displacement" location of shaft 1 machine elements is more important. $n this basis locating and non locating bearing are provided. 2ocating bearing provide a*ial location for the machine elements in both direction. %ost suitable bearing for this purpose are those which can accommodate combined loads. (on locating must permit movement in a*ial direction so the bearings are not additionally stressed as a result of thermal e*pansion of shafts. %ost suitable bearing for this purpose are needle bearing and cylindrical roller bearing which have one ring without flange. (G" (F and ( type bearing are most suitable for this purpose. STIFFNESS :Stiffness of a rolling bearing is characteri)ed by magnitude of elastic deformation the bearing under load. &enerally deformation is very less and can be neglected. Because of contact conditions between rolling elements and raceways roller bearing have higher stiffness than ball bearings. Bearing stiffness can be enhanced by applying pre loads in bearings. SHAFT CIRC)(ATING C)RRENTS Phenomena of generating or developing currents in high speed rotating shafts of the various high speed machine such as turbines" generators" compressors etc has a significant effect on functioning of these machines. here are several causes of developing currents in the shaft. Some of them are describes as:')E TO +ETA(()RGICA( CO+POSITION OF THE SHAFT: All the rotating machineries has a shaft which rotates on a rolling arrangement as bearings. Si)e" speed" and load bearing capacity depends upon the re-uirement of the machinary. So" on the basis of the above factors shaft of the machinery are designed. o give strengtht to the shaft some different material are mi*ed to form an alloy steel for fabricating of shafts of the rotating machineries. ')E TO E(ECTROCHE+ICA( POTENTIA( OF +ATERIA(: 9very metal has itCs own electro3chemical potential" however it is very small and of a micro volt or milli volts order. @hen different metals are mi*ed to form an alloy it sets up a potential difference between the particles of the metal. +ery small current always flows between these points. ')E TO +AGNETIS+ OF EARTH: 9arth has two poles as ($. A 1 S$G A. So it has a magnetic field. @hen shaft of a high speed rotating machine rotates" the earth magnetism act as a field and

Bearings 6. >

shaft act as rotor. Aence this arrangement wor!s as a generator and potential difference increases between various points of shaft. #t gives rise to the circulating current. ')E TO HIGH +ECHINES: EN*IRON+ENTA( TE+PERAT)RE ARO)N'

#ncrease in the temperature of the metals gives rise to the electro3chemical potential of the metal. All the high speed mechines such as steam turbine" compressors" and generators usually run in high environmental temperature. So potential difference increaese betweem various points of the shaft and give increase to the shaft currents. hese shaft currents accumulates on long time running of machines on a high speed and potential difference increases dangerously high between shaft and earth. 0ue to this potential difference current start flowing between shaft and earth through bearings and it creates pitting on the bearings. 0ue to these pittings bearings may damage. 0ue to high potential and electrical stresses" dangerously high vibrations may develop in the machine" hence damaging the e-uipment. o protect this one bearing of all the large mechines are !ept insulated from earth by providing an insulation layer. Shafts of all the high speed and large mechines are connected to earth by slip rings and carbon brushes.

INSPECTION OF BEARINGS Ball and roller bearing are among the most commonly and important rolling elements in the rotating electrical machinery such as motors and generators. 9very rolling element or antifriction bearing has a limited life. his life is strongly influenced by selection of bearing" installation" operating condition" lubricants used and maintenance. %achine reliability" efficiency and safety depends upon proper functioning of bearings. o evaluate the life of the bearing" monitoring condition of the bearing is most important

+ETHO'S OF INSPECTION OF BEARING / Several methods are being used for the inspection of the bearings. commonly used methods are +ibration analysis method. he most

Bearings 6. 7

emperature. Sonic or ultra3sonic. Acoustic emission measurement.

SP+ +ETHO' : A method based upon mechanical inspection of bearing damage and operating condition problems is widely used. his techni-ue allows a bearing condition to be tested over itCs entire life. #t is not influenced by design" si)e" or bac!ground vibration of the machine. his method is called SP% method. his is done by an instrument called shoc! pulse meter. 55 : 25 dbm 21 : ;8 dbm ;6 : 65 dbm &ood condition of the bearing. .educed operating' deteriorating) condition of bearing. Bad'damaged) condition of the bearing.

*IBRATION ANA(YSIS +ETHO'/ #t is natural and -uite common phenomena to a machine to +ibrate. 9ven machines in the best operating condition will have some vibration because of minor defects as a result of manufacturing tolerances. herefor each machine whether it is high speed turbine" compressor" motor" generator or fans have a level of vibrations. @hen machinery vibrations increases and becomes e*cessively high" some mechanical trouble is usually a reason. #f attention is not paid it may become serious problem to the machinery. 9*cessive vibrations can result in bearing failure and then rubbing of rotor to the stator resulting damage to the winding. +ibration is usually measured in .%S velocity ' mmHsec ) as per #S Standard. $ne important phenomena of vibration measurement in vibration analysis. his consists of complete plotting of vibration graph with the help of vibration analysis. #t gives amplitude and fre-uencies of various signals present in vibration signal. @ith the help of vibration plotting" root cause of the vibration can be eliminated.